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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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2
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Hong J, Li Y, Chen L, Han D, Li Y, Mi X, Liu K, Wang Q, Song Y, Liu T, Yang N, Liu Y, Li Z, Guo X. A53T α-synuclein mutation increases susceptibility to postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery via hippocampal Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116261. [PMID: 38705534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) is a common complication in geriatric surgical patients. The impact of anesthesia and surgery on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) or prion disease, has not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between a pre-existing A53T genetic background, which involves a PD-related point mutation, and the development of postoperative dNCR. We observed that partial hepatectomy induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits in 5-month-old A53T transgenic mice, a model of early-stage PD without cognitive deficits, unlike in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. We respectively examined molecular changes at 6 h, 1 day, and 2 days after partial hepatectomy and observed that cognitive changes were accompanied by weakened angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor [Ang-(1-7)/MasR] axis, increased alpha-synuclein (α-syn) expression and phosphorylation, decreased methylated protein phosphatase-2A (Me-PP2A), and prompted microglia M1 polarization and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus at 1 day after surgery. Nevertheless, no changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity or plasma α-syn levels in either A53T or WT mice. Furthermore, intranasal administration of selective MasR agonist AVE 0991, reversed the mentioned cognitive deficits in A53T mice, enhanced MasR expression, reduced α-syn accumulation and phosphorylation, and attenuated microglia activation and apoptotic response. Our findings suggest that individuals with the A53T genetic background may be more susceptible to developing postoperative dNCR. This susceptibility could be linked to central α-syn accumulation mediated by the weakened Ang-(1-7)/MasR/methyl-PP2A signaling pathway in the hippocampus following surgery, independent of plasma α-syn level and BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dengyang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yitong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinning Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaixi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Rezzani R, Favero G, Gianò M, Pinto D, Labanca M, van Noorden CJ, Rinaldi F. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in the Healthy and Diseased Blood-Brain Barrier. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:199-231. [PMID: 38590114 PMCID: PMC11020746 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241246032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The large family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are integral membrane proteins that function as environmental sensors and act as ion channels after activation by mechanical (touch), physical (heat, pain), and chemical stimuli (pungent compounds such as capsaicin). Most TRP channels are localized in the plasma membrane of cells but some of them are localized in membranes of organelles and function as intracellular Ca2+-ion channels. TRP channels are involved in neurological disorders but their precise role(s) and relevance in these disorders are not clear. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) express TRP channels such as TRP vanilloid 1-4 and are involved in thermal detection by regulating BBB permeability. In neurological disorders, TRP channels in the BBB are responsible for edema formation in the brain. Therefore, drug design to modulate locally activity of TRP channels in the BBB is a hot topic. Today, the application of TRP channel antagonists against neurological disorders is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Labanca
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Cornelis J.F. van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
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Faizan M, Sachan N, Verma O, Sarkar A, Rawat N, Pratap Singh M. Cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 556:117848. [PMID: 38417781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteomic profiling is an effective way to identify biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has direct connectivity with the brain and could be a source of finding biomarkers and their clinical implications. Comparative proteomic profiling has shown that a group of differentially displayed proteins exist. The studies performed using conventional and classical tools also supported the occurrence of these proteins. Many studies have highlighted the potential of CSF proteomic profiling for biomarker identification and their clinical applications. Some of these proteins are useful for disease diagnosis and prediction. Proteomic profiling of CSF also has immense potential to distinguish PD from similar neurodegenerative disorders. A few protein biomarkers help in fundamental knowledge generation and clinical interpretation. However, the specific biomarker of PD is not yet known. The use of proteomic approaches in clinical settings is also rare. A large-scale, multi-centric, multi-population and multi-continental study using multiple proteomic tools is warranted. Such a study can provide valuable, comprehensive and reliable information for a better understanding of PD and the development of specific biomarkers. The current article sheds light on the role of CSF proteomic profiling in identifying biomarkers of PD and their clinical implications. The article also explains the achievements, obstacles and hopes for future directions of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizan
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Sachan
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Oyashvi Verma
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alika Sarkar
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Rawat
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Capacity Building and Knowledge Services, ASSIST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Fang S, Lee PAH, Wang Z, Zhao B. The Impact of 90 Parkinson's Disease-Risk Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Urinary Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate Levels in the Prodromal and PD Cohorts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2286. [PMID: 38396963 PMCID: PMC10889274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a prolonged prodromal phase. Higher urinary bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) levels associate with LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) and GBA1 (glucocerebrosidase) mutations, and are considered as potential noninvasive biomarkers for predicting those mutations and PD progression. However, their reliability has been questioned, with inadequately investigated genetics, cohorts, and population. In this study, multiple statistical hypothesis tests were employed on urinary BMP levels and sequences of 90 PD-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Parkinson's Progression Markers Institution (PPMI) participants. Those SNPs were categorized into four groups based on their impact on BMP levels in various cohorts. Variants rs34637584 G/A and rs34637584 A/A (LRRK2 G2019S) were identified as the most relevant on increasing urinary BMP levels in the PD cohort. Meanwhile, rs76763715 T/T (GBA1) was the primary factor elevating BMP levels in the prodromal cohort compared to its T/C and C/C variants (N370S) and the PD cohort. Proteomics analysis indicated the changed transport pathways may be the reasons for elevated BMP levels in prodromal patients. Our findings demonstrated that higher urinary BMP levels alone were not reliable biomarkers for PD progression or gene mutations but might serve as supplementary indicators for early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zejian Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.F.); (P.A.H.L.)
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.F.); (P.A.H.L.)
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6
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Khor SLQ, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:315-330. [PMID: 36999187 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment. However, the barrier's foundation can become compromised during neurological or pathological conditions, which can result in dysregulated ionic homeostasis, impaired transport of nutrients, and accumulation of neurotoxins that eventually lead to irreversible neuronal loss. Initially, the BBB is thought to remain intact during neurodegenerative diseases, but accumulating evidence as of late has suggested the possible association of BBB dysfunction with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The neurodegeneration occurring in PD is believed to stem from a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms, including tight junction alterations, abnormal angiogenesis, and dysfunctional BBB transporter mechanism, which ultimately causes altered BBB permeability. In this review, the major elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprising the BBB are discussed, along with their role in the maintenance of barrier integrity and PD pathogenesis. We also elaborated on how the neuroendocrine system can influence the regulation of BBB function and PD pathogenesis. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting the NVU components are explored to provide a fresh outlook on treatment options for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lei Qi Khor
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Belloso-Iguerategui A, Zamarbide M, Merino-Galan L, Rodríguez-Chinchilla T, Gago B, Santamaria E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Cotman CW, Prieto GA, Quiroga-Varela A, Rodríguez-Oroz MC. Hippocampal synaptic failure is an early event in experimental parkinsonism with subtle cognitive deficit. Brain 2023; 146:4949-4963. [PMID: 37403195 PMCID: PMC10690043 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory mainly rely on correct synaptic function in the hippocampus and other brain regions. In Parkinson's disease, subtle cognitive deficits may even precede motor signs early in the disease. Hence, we set out to unravel the earliest hippocampal synaptic alterations associated with human α-synuclein overexpression prior to and soon after the appearance of cognitive deficits in a parkinsonism model. We bilaterally injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding A53T-mutated human α-synuclein into the substantia nigra of rats, and evaluated them 1, 2, 4 and 16 weeks post-inoculation by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to study degeneration and distribution of α-synuclein in the midbrain and hippocampus. The object location test was used to evaluate hippocampal-dependent memory. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectrometry-based proteomics and fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation were used to study alterations to protein composition and plasticity in isolated hippocampal synapses. The effect of L-DOPA and pramipexole on long-term potentiation was also tested. Human α-synuclein was found within dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, and in dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals in the hippocampus from 1 week post-inoculation, concomitant with mild dopaminergic degeneration in the ventral tegmental area. In the hippocampus, differential expression of proteins involved in synaptic vesicle cycling, neurotransmitter release and receptor trafficking, together with impaired long-term potentiation were the first events observed (1 week post-inoculation), preceding cognitive deficits (4 weeks post-inoculation). Later on, at 16 weeks post-inoculation, there was a deregulation of proteins involved in synaptic function, particularly those involved in the regulation of membrane potential, ion balance and receptor signalling. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was impaired before and soon after the onset of cognitive deficits, at 1 and 4 weeks post-inoculation, respectively. L-DOPA recovered hippocampal long-term potentiation more efficiently at 4 weeks post-inoculation than pramipexole, which partially rescued it at both time points. Overall, we found impaired synaptic plasticity and proteome dysregulation at hippocampal terminals to be the first events that contribute to the development of cognitive deficits in experimental parkinsonism. Our results not only point to dopaminergic but also to glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunction, highlighting the relevance of the three neurotransmitter systems in the ventral tegmental area-hippocampus interaction from the earliest stages of parkinsonism. The proteins identified in the current work may constitute potential biomarkers of early synaptic damage in the hippocampus and hence, therapies targeting these could potentially restore early synaptic malfunction and consequently, cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Zamarbide
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Merino-Galan
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76010 Querétaro, México
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rodríguez-Oroz
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Lau K, Porschen LT, Richter F, Gericke B. Microvascular blood-brain barrier alterations in isolated brain capillaries of mice over-expressing alpha-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn line 61). Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106298. [PMID: 37716515 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is suggested to play a critical role in the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD-related pathology such as alpha-synuclein accumulation and inflammatory processes potentially affect the integrity of the BBB early in disease progression, which in turn may alter the crosstalk of the central and peripheral immune response. Importantly, BBB dysfunction could also affect drug response in PD. Here we analyzed microvascular changes in isolated brain capillaries and brain sections on a cellular and molecular level during disease progression in an established PD mouse model that overexpresses human wild-type alpha-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn, line 61). BBB alterations observed in Thy1-aSyn mice included reduced vessel density, reduced aquaporin-4 coverage, reduced P-glycoprotein expression, increased low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 expression, increased pS129-alpha-synuclein deposition, and increased adhesion protein and matrix metalloprotease expression together with alterations in tight junction proteins. Striatal capillaries presented with more dysregulated BBB integrity markers compared to cortical capillaries. These alterations of BBB integrity lead, however, not to an overt IgG leakage in brain parenchyma. Our data reveals intricate alterations in key proteins of BBB function together with histological evidence for altered structure of the brain vasculature. Thy1-aSyn mice represent a useful model to investigate therapeutic targeting of BBB alterations in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa T Porschen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Zhang Q, Duan Q, Gao Y, He P, Huang R, Huang H, Li Y, Ma G, Zhang Y, Nie K, Wang L. Cerebral Microvascular Injury Induced by Lag3-Dependent α-Synuclein Fibril Endocytosis Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of α-Synucleinopathies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301903. [PMID: 37381656 PMCID: PMC10477873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and the transmission of misfolded α-Syn underlie α-synucleinopathies. Increased plasma α-Syn levels are associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies, but it is still unknown whether the cognitive deficits in α-synucleinopathies have a common vascular pathological origin. Here, it is reported that combined injection of α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) in the unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex results in impaired spatial learning and memory abilities at 6 months post-injection and that this cognitive decline is related to cerebral microvascular injury. Moreover, insoluble α-Syn inclusions are found to form in primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) through lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag3)-dependent α-Syn PFFs endocytosis, causing poly(ADP-ribose)-driven cell death and reducing the expression of tight junction proteins in BMVECs. Knockout of Lag3 in vitro prevents α-Syn PFFs from entering BMVECs, thereby reducing the abovementioned response induced by α-Syn PFFs. Deletion of endothelial cell-specific Lag3 in vivo reverses the negative effects of α-Syn PFFs on cerebral microvessels and cognitive function. In short, this study reveals the effectiveness of targeting Lag3 to block the spread of α-Syn fibrils to endothelial cells in order to improve cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Zhang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510100China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Qingrui Duan
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yuyuan Gao
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Peikun He
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yanyi Li
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Guixian Ma
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of NeurologyGuangdong Neuroscience InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences)Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510080China
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10
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Duan Q, Zhang Q, Nie K, Huang R, Yang J, He P, Tie Z, Huang H, Ma G, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Wang L. Myo1d promotes alpha-synuclein transfer from brain microvascular endothelial cells to pericytes through tunneling nanotubes. iScience 2023; 26:107458. [PMID: 37575183 PMCID: PMC10416064 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein preformed fibrils (α-syn PFF) in the blood can cross the blood-brain barrier and invade the central nervous system. Our previous study proved that α-syn PFF can be taken up by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). Here, we found that α-syn PFF spread from BMVECs to pericytes with the highest transmission efficiency. We observed abundant tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) connecting BMVECs and pericytes, and α-syn PFF transmitted through these TNTs. Furthermore, α-syn PFF accumulation in BMVECs did not promote TNT formation, but activated the molecular motor Myo1d. Inhibition of Myo1d prevented α-syn PFF transfer from BMVECs to pericytes and decreased the colocalization of Myo1d and F-actin in BMVECs. In summary, we are the first to demonstrate that α-syn PFF spread from BMVECs to pericytes through a mechanism involving TNTs and myosin. Targeting Myo1d may be a promising approach to prevent α-syn spreading from the blood to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Duan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qingxi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Peikun He
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zihui Tie
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guixian Ma
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuyuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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11
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Sharma A, Fernandes DC, Reis RL, Gołubczyk D, Neumann S, Lukomska B, Janowski M, Kortylewski M, Walczak P, Oliveira JM, Maciaczyk J. Cutting-edge advances in modeling the blood-brain barrier and tools for its reversible permeabilization for enhanced drug delivery into the brain. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:137. [PMID: 37501215 PMCID: PMC10373415 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a sophisticated structure whose full functionality is required for maintaining the executive functions of the central nervous system (CNS). Tight control of transport across the barrier means that most drugs, particularly large size, which includes powerful biologicals, cannot reach their targets in the brain. Notwithstanding the remarkable advances in characterizing the cellular nature of the BBB and consequences of BBB dysfunction in pathology (brain metastasis, neurological diseases), it remains challenging to deliver drugs to the CNS. Herein, we outline the basic architecture and key molecular constituents of the BBB. In addition, we review the current status of approaches that are being explored to temporarily open the BBB in order to allow accumulation of therapeutics in the CNS. Undoubtedly, the major concern in field is whether it is possible to open the BBB in a meaningful way without causing negative consequences. In this context, we have also listed few other important key considerations that can improve our understanding about the dynamics of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Stereotacitc and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diogo C Fernandes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dominika Gołubczyk
- Ti-Com, Polish Limited Liability Company, 10-683, Olsztyn, Poland
- Center for Translational Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-797, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Silke Neumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcin Kortylewski
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Jarek Maciaczyk
- Department of Stereotacitc and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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12
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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13
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Liu Z, Huang Y, Wang X, Li JY, Zhang C, Yang Y, Zhang J. The cervical lymph node contributes to peripheral inflammation related to Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:93. [PMID: 37038192 PMCID: PMC10088204 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral inflammation is an important feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, if and how CNS pathology is involved in the peripheral inflammation in PD remains to be fully investigated. Recently, the existence of meningeal lymphatics and its involvement in draining cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) to the cervical lymph node has been discovered. It is known that meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exists in idiopathic PD. The deep cervical lymph node (dCLN) substantially contributes to the drainage of the meningeal lymphatics. In addition, one of the lymphatics draining components, CSF, contains abundant α-synuclein (α-syn), a protein critically involved in PD pathogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, we began with exploring the possible structural and functional alterations of the dCLN in a PD mouse model (A53T mice) and investigated the role of pathological α-syn in peripheral inflammation and its potential underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS In this study, the transgenic mice (prnp-SNCA*A53T) which specifically overexpressed A53T mutant α-syn in CNS were employed as the PD animal model. Immunofluorescent and Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate structure of dCLN. Inflammation in dCLNs as well as in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was assessed quantitatively by measuring the mRNA and protein levels of typical inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α). Intra-cisterna magna injection, flow cytometric sorting and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays were applied to investigate the lymphatic drainage of α-syn from the CNS. RNA-seq and Western blot were used to explore how pathological α-syn mediated the inflammation in PD mice. RESULTS The results unequivocally revealed substantially enlarged dCLNs, along with slow lymphatic flow, and increased inflammation in the dCLNs of A53T mice. Oligomeric α-syn drained from CSF potently activated macrophages in the dCLN via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Notably, inhibition of ER stress effectively suppressed peripheral inflammation in PD mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that lymph node enlargement is closely related to macrophage activation, induced by meningeal lymphatics draining oligomeric α-syn, and contributes to the peripheral inflammation in PD. In addition, ER stress is a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
- National Human Brain Bank for Health and Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310002, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Ibarra-Gutiérrez MT, Serrano-García N, Orozco-Ibarra M. Rotenone-Induced Model of Parkinson's Disease: Beyond Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1929-1948. [PMID: 36593435 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually diagnosed through motor symptoms that make the patient incapable of carrying out daily activities; however, numerous non-motor symptoms include olfactory disturbances, constipation, depression, excessive daytime sleepiness, and rapid eye movement at sleep; they begin years before motor symptoms. Therefore, several experimental models have been studied to reproduce several PD functional and neurochemical characteristics; however, no model mimics all the PD motor and non-motor symptoms to date, which becomes a limitation for PD study. It has become increasingly relevant to find ways to study the disease from its slowly progressive nature. The experimental models most frequently used to reproduce PD are based on administering toxic chemical compounds, which aim to imitate dopamine deficiency. The most used toxic compounds to model PD have been 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which inhibit the complex I of the electron transport chain but have some limitations. Another toxic compound that has drawn attention recently is rotenone, the classical inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. Rotenone triggers the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein inclusions formation in rats; also, rotenone induces microtubule destabilization. This review presents information about the experimental model of PD induced by rotenone, emphasizing its molecular characteristics beyond the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Ibarra-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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15
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Abou Diwan M, Lahimer M, Bach V, Gosselet F, Khorsi-Cauet H, Candela P. Impact of Pesticide Residues on the Gut-Microbiota–Blood–Brain Barrier Axis: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076147. [PMID: 37047120 PMCID: PMC10094680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic exposure to a low level of pesticides found in diet affects the human gut-microbiota–blood–brain barrier (BBB) axis. This axis describes the physiological and bidirectional connection between the microbiota, the intestinal barrier (IB), and the BBB. Preclinical observations reported a gut microbial alteration induced by pesticides, also known as dysbiosis, a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs, such as the BBB. However, the interplay between pesticides, microbiota, the IB, and the BBB is still not fully explored. In this review, we first consider the similarities/differences between these two physiological barriers and the different pathways that link the gut microbiota and the BBB to better understand the dialogue between bacteria and the brain. We then discuss the effects of chronic oral pesticide exposure on the gut-microbiota-BBB axis and raise awareness of the danger of chronic exposure, especially during the perinatal period (pregnant women and offspring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abou Diwan
- PERITOX—Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques—UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France; (M.A.D.); (M.L.); (V.B.); (H.K.-C.)
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, 62300 Lens, France;
| | - Marwa Lahimer
- PERITOX—Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques—UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France; (M.A.D.); (M.L.); (V.B.); (H.K.-C.)
| | - Véronique Bach
- PERITOX—Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques—UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France; (M.A.D.); (M.L.); (V.B.); (H.K.-C.)
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, 62300 Lens, France;
| | - Hafida Khorsi-Cauet
- PERITOX—Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques—UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France; (M.A.D.); (M.L.); (V.B.); (H.K.-C.)
| | - Pietra Candela
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), UR 2465, University of Artois, 62300 Lens, France;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Amagai R, Yoshioka S, Otomo R, Nagano H, Hashimoto N, Sakakibara R, Tanaka T, Okado-Matsumoto A. Post-translational modification of lysine residues in erythrocyte α-synuclein. J Biochem 2023; 173:177-184. [PMID: 36469357 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a protein linked to various synuclein-associated diseases ('synucleinopathies'), including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy Bodies and multiple system atrophy, and is highly expressed in the central nervous system and in erythrocytes. Moreover, α-synuclein-containing erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles may be involved in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies and their progression across the blood-brain barrier. Several post-translational modifications of α-synuclein have been reported in brain inclusions, including S129 phosphorylation, but fewer have been found in erythrocytes. In this study, we analysed the post-translational modifications of erythrocyte α-synuclein using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found that all lysine residues in the α-synuclein protein could be modified by acetylation, glycation, ubiquitination or SUMOylation but that phosphorylation, nitration and acylation were uncommon minor post-translational modifications in erythrocytes. Since the post-translational modification of lysine residues has been implicated in both membrane association and protein clearance, our findings provide new insight into how synucleinopathies may progress and suggest possible therapeutic strategies designed to target α-synuclein.
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Key Words
- Parkinson’s disease
- erythrocyte
- post-translational modification
- synucleinopathy
- α-synuclein.Abbreviations: aa, amino acids; AGE, advanced glycation end product; BBB, blood–brain barrier; CML, Nε-(1-carboxymethyl)-L-lysine; CNS, central nervous system; EVs, extracellular vesicles; IP, immunoprecipitation; LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PTM, post-translational modification; SUMO, small ubiquitin-related modifier
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Amagai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sakura Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Riki Otomo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagano
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoko Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sakakibara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ayako Okado-Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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17
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The impact of α-synuclein aggregates on blood-brain barrier integrity in the presence of neurovascular unit cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:305-320. [PMID: 36535359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to control trafficking of biomolecules and protect the brain. This function can be compromised by pathological conditions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates (αSN-AGs) such as oligomers and fibrils, which contribute to disease progression and severity. Here we study how αSN-AGs affect the BBB in in vitro co-culturing models consisting of human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cells (to overcome inter-species differences) alone and co-cultured with astrocytes and neurons/glial cells. When cultivated on their own, hCMEC/D3 cells were compromised by αSN-AGs, which decreased cellular viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, wound healing activity, TEER value, and enhanced permeability, as well as increased the levels of ROS and NO. Co-culturing of these cells with activated microglia also increased BBB impairment according to TEER and systemic immune cell transmigration assays. In contrast, hCMEC/D3 cells co-cultured with astrocytes or dopaminergic neurons or simultaneously treated with their conditioned media showed increased resistance against αSN-AGs. Our work demonstrates the complex relationship between members of the neurovascular unit (NVU) (perivascular astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells), αSN-AGs and BBB.
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18
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Brsikyan LA, Poluektova EA, Poluektov MG. The gut microbiome as a factor in the development of Parkinson's disease. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2023. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2023-1-90-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Brsikyan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)
| | - E. A. Poluektova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)
| | - M. G. Poluektov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)
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19
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Lee HY, Baek S, Cha M, Yang SH, Cho I, Shin H, Lee S, Kim HY, Lee S, Shin J, Lee D, Kim K, Park I, Yoon S, Kim J, Park SJ, Kim SM, Kim KE, Kim HJ, Oh MS, Lee GH, Yu BY, Kannan P, Park K, Kim Y. Amyloid Against Amyloid: Dimeric Amyloid Fragment Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments by Direct Clearance of Oligomers and Plaques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210209. [PMID: 36316282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) in the form of neurotoxic aggregates is regarded as the main pathological initiator and key therapeutic target of Alzheimer's disease. However, anti-Aβ drug development has been impeded by the lack of a target needed for structure-based drug design and low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An attractive therapeutic strategy is the development of amyloid-based anti-Aβ peptidomimetics that exploit the self-assembling nature of Aβ and penetrate the BBB. Herein, we designed a dimeric peptide drug candidate based on the N-terminal fragment of Aβ, DAB, found to cross the BBB and solubilize Aβ oligomers and fibrils. Administration of DAB reduced amyloid burden in 5XFAD mice, and downregulated neuroinflammation and prevented memory impairment in the Y-maze test. Peptide mapping assays and molecular docking studies were utilized to elucidate DAB-Aβ interaction. To further understand the active regions of DAB, we assessed the dissociative activity of DAB with sequence modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Minhae Cha
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Illhwan Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Songmin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - InWook Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Soljee Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Seong Jeong Park
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Seong Muk Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Ko Eun Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Hye Ju Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
| | - Min-Seok Oh
- Advanced Analysis and data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Gwan-Ho Lee
- Advanced Analysis and data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Yu
- Advanced Analysis and data Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Priyadharshini Kannan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.,Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangwon-do, 25451, South Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.,Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, South Korea
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20
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Ryman S, Vakhtin AA, Richardson SP, Lin HC. Microbiome-gut-brain dysfunction in prodromal and symptomatic Lewy body diseases. J Neurol 2023; 270:746-758. [PMID: 36355185 PMCID: PMC9886597 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, vary in their clinical phenotype but exhibit the same defining pathological feature, α-synuclein aggregation. Microbiome-gut-brain dysfunction may play a role in the initiation or progression of disease processes, though there are multiple potential mechanisms. We discuss the need to evaluate gastrointestinal mechanisms of pathogenesis across Lewy body diseases, as disease mechanisms likely span across diagnostic categories and a 'body first' clinical syndrome may better account for the heterogeneity of clinical presentations across the disorders. We discuss two primary hypotheses that suggest that either α-synuclein aggregation occurs in the gut and spreads in a prion-like fashion to the brain or systemic inflammatory processes driven by gastrointestinal dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of Lewy body diseases. Both of these hypotheses posit that dysbiosis and intestinal permeability are key mechanisms and potential treatment targets. Ultimately, this work can identify early interventions targeting initial disease pathogenic processes before the development of overt motor and cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sephira Ryman
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Andrei A Vakhtin
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Sarah Pirio Richardson
- Nene and Jamie Koch Comprehensive Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Department of Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
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21
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Lee HY, Baek S, Cha M, Yang S, Cho I, Shin H, Lee S, Kim HY, Lee S, Shin J, Lee D, Kim K, Park I, Yoon S, Kim J, Park SJ, Kim SM, Kim KE, Kim HJ, Oh M, Lee G, Yu B, Kannan P, Park K, Kim Y. Amyloid Against Amyloid: Dimeric Amyloid Fragment Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments by Direct Clearance of Oligomers and Plaques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yang Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Seungyeop Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Minhae Cha
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Seung‐Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology Dongguk University Jung-gu Seoul 04620 South Korea
| | - Illhwan Cho
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Sejin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Songmin Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Jisu Shin
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - InWook Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Soljee Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Brain Science Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Seong Jeong Park
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Seong Muk Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Ko Eun Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Hye Ju Kim
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
| | - Min‐Seok Oh
- Advanced Analysis and data Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
- Department of Stem Cell Biology Konkuk University Gwangjin-Gu Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | - Gwan‐Ho Lee
- Advanced Analysis and data Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Byung‐Yong Yu
- Advanced Analysis and data Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 South Korea
| | - Priyadharshini Kannan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering Gangneung-Wonju National University Gangneung 25457 South Korea
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangwon-do 25451 South Korea
| | - Keunwan Park
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Gangwon-do 25451 South Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Yonsei University Yeonsu-gu Incheon 21983 South Korea
- Amyloid Solution Bundang-gu Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13486 South Korea
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22
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Regulated Chaperones as a Serum Biomarker Panel for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1476-1485. [PMID: 36478320 PMCID: PMC9899193 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Examination of post-mortem brain tissues has previously revealed a strong association between Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Evidence in the literature regarding the circulation of ER stress-regulated factors released from neurons provides a rationale for investigating ER stress biomarkers in the blood to aid diagnosis of PD. The levels of ER stress-regulated proteins in serum collected from 29 PD patients and 24 non-PD controls were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A panel of four biomarkers, protein disulfide-isomerase A1, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, and clusterin, together with age and gender had higher ability (area under the curve 0.64, sensitivity 66%, specificity 57%) and net benefit to discriminate PD patients from the non-PD group compared with other analyzed models. Addition of oligomeric and total α-synuclein to the model did not improve the diagnostic power of the biomarker panel. We provide evidence that ER stress-regulated proteins merit further investigation for their potential as diagnostic biomarkers of PD.
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23
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Zhang Z, Liu Z, Lv A, Fan C. How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson's disease in the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154626. [PMID: 37207228 PMCID: PMC10189046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a large number of experimenters have found that the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease may be related to the gut microbiome and proposed the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptors, especially Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are key mediators of gut homeostasis. In addition to their established role in innate immunity throughout the body, research is increasingly showing that the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways shape the development and function of the gut and enteric nervous system. Notably, Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 are dysregulated in Parkinson's disease patients and may therefore be identified as the core of early gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. To better understand the contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 dysfunction in the gut to early α-synuclein aggregation, we discussed the structural function of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 and signal transduction of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in Parkinson's disease by reviewing clinical, animal models, and in vitro studies. We also present a conceptual model of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, in which microbial dysbiosis alters the gut barrier as well as the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to a positive feedback loop for chronic gut dysfunction, promoting α-synuclein aggregation in the gut and vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
- Baotou Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihui Liu,
| | - Ao Lv
- The First Clinical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chenhui Fan
- Safety Engineering, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
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24
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Costa HN, Esteves AR, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Parkinson's Disease: A Multisystem Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:113-124. [PMID: 35994167 PMCID: PMC9849652 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The way sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is perceived has undergone drastic changes in recent decades. For a long time, PD was considered a brain disease characterized by motor disturbances; however, the identification of several risk factors and the hypothesis that PD has a gastrointestinal onset have shed additional light. Today, after recognition of prodromal non-motor symptoms and the pathological processes driving their evolution, there is a greater understanding of the involvement of other organ systems. For this reason, PD is increasingly seen as a multiorgan and multisystemic pathology that arises from the interaction of susceptible genetic factors with a challenging environment during aging-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Nunes Costa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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25
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Yuan Y, Sun J, Dong Q, Cui M. Blood-brain barrier endothelial cells in neurodegenerative diseases: Signals from the "barrier". Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1047778. [PMID: 36908787 PMCID: PMC9998532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1047778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption emerges as a common problem in the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, the crucial roles of barrier-type brain endothelial cells (BECs), the primary part of the BBB, have been reported in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms of how early vascular dysfunction contributes to the progress of neurodegeneration are still unclear, and understanding BEC functions is a promising start. Our understanding of the BBB has gone through different stages, from a passive diffusion barrier to a mediator of central-peripheral interactions. BECs serve two seemingly paradoxical roles: as a barrier to protect the delicate brain from toxins and as an interface to constantly receive and release signals, thus maintaining and regulating the homeostasis of the brain. Most previous studies about neurodegenerative diseases focus on the loss of barrier functions, and far too little attention has been paid to the active regulations of BECs. In this review, we present the current evidence of BEC dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and explore how BEC signals participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Zhu C, Zhu J, Xiang Y, Bu XL, Jin WS, Wang YJ. A Conceptual Study on the Peripheral Clearance of Brain-Derived α-Synuclein in Humans. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1485-1492. [PMID: 36278352 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal intracellular expression and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is the histopathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases especially Parkinson's disease. However, safe and efficient approaches to clear α-syn remain unavailable. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the process of peripheral catabolism of brain-derived α-syn. METHODS Thirty patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) (left accessory pathways) who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) were enrolled in this study. Blood was collected via catheters from superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC) proximal to the hepatic vein (HV), the right femoral vein (FV), and femoral artery (FA) simultaneously during RFCA. Plasma α-syn levels of AVRT patients and soluble α-syn levels of the brain samples were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS The α-syn concentrations in different locations of veins were divided by time-matched arterial α-syn concentrations to generate the venous/arterial (V/A) ratio. The V/A ratio of α-syn from the SVC was 1.204 (1.069-1.339, 95% CI), while the V/A ratio of α-syn from IVC was 0.831 (0.734-0.928, 95% CI), suggesting that brain-derived α-syn in the arterial blood was physiologically cleared while going through the peripheral organs and tissues. And it was estimated that about half of brain soluble α-syn could efflux and be cleared in the periphery. Moreover, the glomerular filtration rate was found correlated with V-A difference (FA-ICV) (p = 0.0272). CONCLUSION Under physiological conditions, brain-derived α-syn could efflux into and be catabolized by the peripheral system. The kidney may play a potential role in the clearance of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Jin
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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27
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Huang J, Ding J, Wang X, Gu C, He Y, Li Y, Fan H, Xie Q, Qi X, Wang Z, Qiu P. Transfer of neuron-derived α-synuclein to astrocytes induces neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage after methamphetamine exposure: Involving the regulation of nuclear receptor-associated protein 1. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:247-261. [PMID: 36089218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in methamphetamine (METH)-induced neurotoxicity. Neurons can transfer excessive α-syn to neighboring neurons and glial cells. The effects of α-syn aggregation in astrocytes after METH exposure on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor family widely expressed in the brain, was involved in the process of METH-induced α-syn accumulated in astrocytes to activate neuroinflammation. The role Nurr1 plays in astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, which results in BBB injury induced by METH, remains uncertain. This study found that METH up-regulated α-syn expression in neurons extended to astrocytes, thereby eliciting astrocyte activation, increasing and decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and GDNF levels by down-regulating Nurr1 expression, and ultimately damaging the BBB. Specifically, the permeability of BBB to Evans blue and sodium fluorescein (NaF) increased; IgG deposits in the brain parenchyma increased; the Claudin5, Occludin, and PDGFRβ levels decreased. Several ultrastructural pathological changes occurred in the BBB, such as abnormal cerebral microvascular diameter, astrocyte end-foot swelling, decreased pericyte coverage, and loss of tight junctions. However, knockout or inhibition of α-syn or astrocyte-specific overexpression of Nurr1 partially alleviated these symptoms and BBB injury. Moreover, the in vitro experiments confirmed that METH increased α-syn level in the primary cultured neurons, which could be further transferred to primary cultured astrocytes, resulting in decreased Nurr1 levels. The decreased Nurr1 levels mediated the increase of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the decrease of GDNF, thereby changing the permeability to NaF, transendothelial electrical resistance, and Claudin5 and Occludin levels of primary cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Based on our findings, we proposed a new mechanism to elucidate METH-induced BBB injury and presented α-syn and Nurr1 as promising drug intervention targets to reduce BBB injury and resulting neurotoxicity in METH abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cihang Gu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yitong He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoliang Fan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqian Xie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Infertility and Sexual Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113043. [PMID: 36361826 PMCID: PMC9657547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of the population all around the world suffer from age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disorder presents different signs of genetic, epigenetic and environmental origin, and molecular, cellular and intracellular dysfunction. At the molecular level, α-synuclein (αSyn) was identified as the principal molecule constituting the Lewy bodies (LB). The gut microbiota participates in the pathogenesis of PD and may contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons through mitochondrial dysfunction. The most important pathogenetic link is an imbalance of Ca2+ ions, which is associated with redox imbalance in the cells and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that cause these disorders and their cause-and-effect relationships are considered. As a constituent of environmental factors, the example of organophosphates (OPs) is also reviewed. The role of endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of PD is discussed, and a ‘triple hit hypothesis’ is proposed as a modification of Braak’s dual hit one. In the absence of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, more and more evidence is emerging about the positive impact of nutritional structure and healthy lifestyle on the state of blood vessels and the risk of developing these diseases.
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Long H, Zhang S, Zeng S, Tong Y, Liu J, Liu C, Li D. Interaction of RAGE with α-synuclein fibrils mediates inflammatory response of microglia. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111401. [PMID: 36130498 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, both as pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), crosstalk to exacerbate degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and PD progression. However, the mechanism underlying their interaction is poorly understood, which obstructs effective therapeutic inhibition of α-syn-induced neuroinflammation. Here, we initiate from structure-based interaction predictions and find that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) serves as a receptor of α-syn fibrils on microglia. Results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mutagenesis validate that the V domain of RAGE that contains an alkaline surface can bind with acidic C-terminal residues of α-syn. Furthermore, the binding of α-syn fibrils with RAGE induces neuroinflammation, which is blocked by both genetic depletion of RAGE and inhibitor FPS-ZM1. Our work shows the important role, as well as the structural mechanism, of RAGE in mediating the inflammatory response of microglia to α-syn fibrils, which may help to establish effective therapeutic strategies to alleviate α-syn-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfang Long
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyi Zeng
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yilun Tong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; WLA Laboratories, World Laureates Association, Shanghai 201203, China; Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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30
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Mitusova K, Peltek OO, Karpov TE, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS. Overcoming the blood–brain barrier for the therapy of malignant brain tumor: current status and prospects of drug delivery approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:412. [PMID: 36109754 PMCID: PMC9479308 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain tumors. Therapeutic molecules crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaching an appropriate targeting ability remain the key challenges. Many invasive and non-invasive methods, and various types of nanocarriers and their hybrids have been widely explored for brain tumor treatment. However, unfortunately, no crucial clinical translations were observed to date. In particular, chemotherapy and surgery remain the main methods for the therapy of brain tumors. Exploring the mechanisms of the BBB penetration in detail and investigating advanced drug delivery platforms are the key factors that could bring us closer to understanding the development of effective therapy against brain tumors. In this review, we discuss the most relevant aspects of the BBB penetration mechanisms, observing both invasive and non-invasive methods of drug delivery. We also review the recent progress in the development of functional drug delivery platforms, from viruses to cell-based vehicles, for brain tumor therapy. The destructive potential of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered to the brain tumor is also considered. This review then summarizes the existing challenges and future prospects in the use of drug delivery platforms for the treatment of brain tumors.
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31
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Zhang X, Wang S, Li X, Li X, Ran W, Liu C, Tian W, Yu X, Wu C, Li P, Li N, Wei Y, Wang Y, Yu S, Chen Z. Hemoglobin-binding α-synuclein levels in erythrocytes are elevated in patients with multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett 2022; 789:136868. [PMID: 36087813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in the normal aging brain is associated with a parallel increase in hemoglobin-binding α-syn (Hb-α-syn) in the brain and peripheral erythrocytes (ERCs), indicating that Hb-α-syn levels in ERCs may reflect the α-syn changes in the brain. However, if there is any change in ERC Hb-α-syn levels in disease condition is unclear. In this study, Hb-α-syn levels in ERCs from 149 Patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and 149 healthy controls (HCs) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that Hb-α-syn levels in ERCs were significantly increased in MSA patients in comparison with those in HCs (777.84 ± 240.82 ng/mg vs 508.84 ± 162.57 ng/mg, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) indicated that increased Hb-α-syn in ERCs could discriminate MSA patients from HCs, with a sensitivity of 71.8%, a specificity of 80.5%, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.837. The positive and negative predictive values at a cut-off value of 616.12 ng/mg were 78.7% and 74.1%, respectively. However, the increase in Hb-α-syn levels did not show any association with the age of onset and consultation, disease duration, and UMSARS (I-IV) score. This pilot study suggests that ERC Hb-α-syn is increased in MSA patients and could evaluate α-syn accumulation in the brain of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan 1st Block, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China China
| | - Sushi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan 1st Block, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China China
| | - Xuran Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Weizheng Ran
- Department of Acupuncture, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No. 15, Lequn Road, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Wenyang Tian
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, No. 5, North Line Pavilion, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaohan Yu
- Beijing Parkcare Technology Co Ltd, No. 18, Xihuan South Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Beijing Parkcare Technology Co Ltd, No. 18, Xihuan South Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Pengjie Li
- Beijing Parkcare Technology Co Ltd, No. 18, Xihuan South Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Nannan Li
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan 1st Block, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China China
| | - Yifo Wei
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 69, Fengcheng Eighth Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan 1st Block, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Parkcare Technology Co Ltd, No. 18, Xihuan South Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan 1st Block, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China China.
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Chen SJ, Lin CH. Gut microenvironmental changes as a potential trigger in Parkinson's disease through the gut-brain axis. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:54. [PMID: 35897024 PMCID: PMC9327249 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease attributed to the synergistic effects of genetic risk and environmental stimuli. Although PD is characterized by motor dysfunction resulting from intraneuronal alpha-synuclein accumulations, termed Lewy bodies, and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra, multiple systems are involved in the disease process, resulting in heterogenous clinical presentation and progression. Genetic predisposition to PD regarding aberrant immune responses, abnormal protein aggregation, autophagolysosomal impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction leads to vulnerable neurons that are sensitive to environmental triggers and, together, result in neuronal degeneration. Neuropathology studies have shown that, at least in some patients, Lewy bodies start from the enteric nervous system and then spread to the central dopaminergic neurons through the gut-brain axis, suggesting the contribution of an altered gut microenvironment in the pathogenesis of PD. A plethora of evidence has revealed different gut microbiomes and gut metabolites in patients with PD compared to unaffected controls. Chronic gut inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier integrity have been observed in human PD patients and mouse models of PD. These observations led to the hypothesis that an altered gut microenvironment is a potential trigger of the PD process in a genetically susceptible host. In this review, we will discuss the complex interplay between genetic factors and gut microenvironmental changes contributing to PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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33
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Neuronal ApoE Regulates the Cell-to-Cell Transmission of α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158311. [PMID: 35955451 PMCID: PMC9369063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of protein inclusions, called Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), in the brain is the main feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent evidence that the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn), as a major component of LBs and LNs, plays an important role in the progression of PD has gained much attention, although the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated whether neuronal ApoE regulates the cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn and explored its molecular mechanism using in vitro and in vivo model systems. We demonstrate that neuronal ApoE deficiency attenuates both α-syn uptake and release by downregulating LRP-1 and LDLR expression and enhancing chaperone-mediated autophagy activity, respectively, thereby contributing to α-syn propagation. In addition, we observed that α-syn propagation was attenuated in ApoE knockout mice injected with pre-formed mouse α-syn fibrils. This study will help our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying α-syn propagation.
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which affects 6.1 million people worldwide. The neuropathological hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites caused by α-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation in the brain. The prodromal phase happens years before the onset of PD during which time many patients show gastro-intestinal symptoms. These symptoms are in support of Braak’s theory and model where pathological α‐synuclein propagates from the gut to the brain. Importantly, immune responses play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. The innate immune responses triggered by microglia can cause neuronal death and disease progression. In addition, T cells infiltrate into the brains of PD patients and become involved in the adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, α‐synuclein is associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses by directly interacting with microglia and T cells. Here, we give a detailed review of the immunobiology of Parkinson’s disease, focusing on the role α-synuclein in the gut-brain axis hypothesis, the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in the disease, and current treatments.
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35
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Jeong JH, Lee DH, Song J. HMGB1 signaling pathway in diabetes-related dementia: Blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ accumulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112933. [PMID: 35413600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes contributes to the onset of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the similarities and relationship between diabetes and dementia as an important issue for treating diabetes-related cognitive deficits. Diabetes-related dementia exhibits several features, including blood-brain barrier disruption, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ over-accumulation. High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a protein known to regulate gene transcription and cellular mechanisms by binding to DNA or chromatin via receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Recent studies have demonstrated that the interplay between HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 can impact both neuropathology and diabetic alterations. Herein, we review the recent research regarding the roles of HMGB1-RAGE-TLR4 axis in diabetes-related dementia from several perspectives and emphasize the importance of the influence of HMGB1 in diabetes-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Alam P, Holst MR, Lauritsen L, Nielsen J, Nielsen SSE, Jensen PH, Brewer JR, Otzen DE, Nielsen MS. Polarized α-synuclein trafficking and transcytosis across brain endothelial cells via Rab7-decorated carriers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:37. [PMID: 35637478 PMCID: PMC9150364 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractParkinson’s disease is mainly caused by aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. Exchange of α-syn between the brain and peripheral tissues could have important pathophysiological and therapeutic implications, but the trafficking mechanism of α-syn across the blood brain-barrier (BBB) remains unclear. In this study, we therefore investigated uptake and transport mechanisms of α-syn monomers and oligomers across an in vitro BBB model system. Both α-syn monomers and oligomers were internalized by primary brain endothelial cells, with increased restriction of oligomeric over monomeric transport. To enlighten the trafficking route of monomeric α-syn in brain endothelial cells, we investigated co-localization of α-syn and intracellular markers of vesicular transport. Here, we observed the highest colocalization with clathrin, Rab7 and VPS35, suggesting a clathrin-dependent internalization, preferentially followed by a late endosome retromer-connected trafficking pathway. Furthermore, STED microscopy revealed monomeric α-syn trafficking via Rab7-decorated carriers. Knockdown of Caveolin1, VPS35, and Rab7 using siRNA did not affect monomeric α-syn uptake into endothelial cells. However, it significantly reduced transcytosis of monomeric α-syn in the luminal-abluminal direction, suggesting a polarized regulation of monomeric α-syn vesicular transport. Our findings suggest a direct role for Rab7 in polarized trafficking of monomeric α-syn across BBB endothelium, and the potential of Rab7 directed trafficking to constitute a target pathway for new therapeutic strategies against Parkinson’s disease and related synucleinopathies.
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Ling L, Wang F, Yu D. Beyond neurodegenerative diseases: α-synuclein in erythropoiesis. Hematology 2022; 27:629-635. [PMID: 35621991 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2078041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a highly conserved and thermostable protein that is widely distributed in human brain. An intracellular aggregation of α-syn in dopaminergic neurons is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease. Interestingly, α-syn is also highly expressed in red blood cells and is considered as one of the most abundant proteins in red blood cells. Moreover, α-syn is thought to play a regulatory role during normal erythropoiesis. However, whether α-syn participates in the pathogenesis of erythroid diseases has not been reported. In this review, we discuss the protein structure of α-syn and the importance of α-syn in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Yangzhou University, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Duonan Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Medical College, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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38
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Li W, Hu J, Li X, Lu Z, Li X, Wang C, Yu S. Receptor-Dependent Endocytosis Mediates α-Synuclein Oligomer Transport Into Red Blood Cells. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:899892. [PMID: 35669464 PMCID: PMC9163663 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.899892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of oligomeric α-synuclein (o-α-Syn) in red blood cells (RBCs) has been shown to be promising in diagnosing Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies. However, if RBC o-α-Syn derive from plasma and can reflect changes of plasma o-α-Syn remains unclear. In this study, synthetic o-α-Syn was intravenously injected into mice and dynamic changes in plasma and RBC o-α-Syn levels were investigated. Injection of o-α-Syn induced a temporary increase in plasma o-α-Syn levels, which then decreased to a relatively stable level. In contrast, levels of RBC o-α-Syn increased steadily and significantly. Besides, α-Syn-immunoreactive particles were observed in RBCs of the injected mice, suggesting that RBCs can actively take up and enrich o-α-Syn from plasma. Moreover, incubation of o-α-Syn with isolated RBCs at concentrations lower than those of endogenous o-α-Syn led to a time- and concentration-dependent o-α-Syn elevation in RBCs, which was impaired by lowering the temperature and treatment with proteinase K. The o-α-Syn accumulation in RBCs was also inhibited by specific inhibitors of receptor-dependent endocytosis, including dynamin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. The above results suggest that plasma o-α-Syn can be actively transported into RBCs via receptor-dependent endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Junya Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xuying Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chaodong Wang,
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Shun Yu,
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39
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Sorboni SG, Moghaddam HS, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Soleimanpour S. A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0033820. [PMID: 34985325 PMCID: PMC8729913 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial acquisition of microbiota occurs from both the external and maternal environments, and the vast majority of them colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These microbial communities play a central role in the maturation and development of the immune system, the central nervous system, and the GIT system and are also responsible for essential metabolic pathways. Various factors, including host genetic predisposition, environmental factors, lifestyle, diet, antibiotic or nonantibiotic drug use, etc., affect the composition of the gut microbiota. Recent publications have highlighted that an imbalance in the gut microflora, known as dysbiosis, is associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Moreover, characterization of the microbiome-host cross talk pathways provides insight into novel therapeutic strategies. Novel preclinical and clinical research on interventions related to the gut microbiome for treating neurological conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and stroke, hold significant promise. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the potential involvement of the human gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, with a particular emphasis on the potential of microbe-based therapies and/or diagnostic microbial biomarkers. This review also discusses the potential health benefits of the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Blood Borne Infectious Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Ye T, Yu Q, Yu J, Yuan S, Gao X, Wan X, Zhang R, Han W, Zhang Y. Effect of Coffee against MPTP-Induced Motor Deficits and Neurodegeneration in Mice Via Regulating Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:184-195. [PMID: 35016506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of coffee against Parkinson disease (PD) remained incompletely elucidated. Numerous studies suggested that gut microbiota played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD. Here, we explored the further mechanisms of coffee against PD via regulating gut microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce a PD mouse model, then treated with coffee for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral tests consisting of the pole test and beam-walking test were conducted to evaluate the motor function of mice. The levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein (α-syn) were assessed for dopaminergic neuronal loss. The levels of occludin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were detected. Moreover, microbial components were measured by 16s rRNA sequencing. Our results showed that coffee significantly improved the motor deficits and TH neuron loss, and reduced the level of α-syn in the MPTP-induced mice. Moreover, coffee increased the level of BBB tight junction protein occludin and reduced the level of astrocyte activation marker GFAP in the MPTP-induced mice. Furthermore, coffee significantly decreased the levels of proapoptotic proteins, including Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c, while it increased the level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, consequently preventing MPTP-induced apoptotic cascade. Moreover, coffee improved MPTP-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. These findings suggested that the neuroprotective effects of coffee on PD were involved in the regulation of gut microbiota, which might provide a novel option to elucidate the effects of coffee on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qingxia Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shushu Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinxin Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Weihua Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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Woerman AL, Tamgüney G. Body-first Parkinson's disease and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - similar or different? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 164:105625. [PMID: 35026401 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In several neurodegenerative disorders, proteins that typically exhibit an α-helical structure misfold into an amyloid conformation rich in β-sheet content. Through a self-templating mechanism, these amyloids are able to induce additional protein misfolding, facilitating their propagation throughout the central nervous system. This disease mechanism was originally identified for the prion protein (PrP), which misfolds into PrPSc in a number of disorders, including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). More recently, the prion mechanism of disease was expanded to include other proteins that rely on this self-templating mechanism to cause progressive degeneration, including α-synuclein misfolding in Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies now suggest that PD patients can be subcategorized based on where in the body misfolded α-synuclein originates, either the brain or the gut, similar to patients developing sporadic CJD or vCJD. In this review, we discuss the human and animal model data indicating that α-synuclein and PrPSc misfolding originates in the gut in body-first PD and vCJD, and summarize the data identifying the role of the autonomic nervous system in the gut-brain axis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Woerman
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Gültekin Tamgüney
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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Rice O, Surian A, Chen Y. Modeling the blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221095997. [PMID: 35586265 PMCID: PMC9109496 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221095997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the most specialized biological barrier in the body. This configuration of specialized cells protects the brain from invasion of molecules and particles through formation of tight junctions. To learn more about transport to the brain, in vitro modeling of the BBB is continuously advanced. The types of models and cells selected vary with the goal of each individual study, but the same validation methods, quantification of tight junctions, and permeability assays are often used. With Transwells and microfluidic devices, more information regarding formation of the BBB has been observed. Disease models have been developed to examine the effects on BBB integrity. The goal of modeling is not only to understand normal BBB physiology, but also to create treatments for diseases. This review will highlight several recent studies to show the diversity in model selection and the many applications of BBB models in in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Rice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Allison Surian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Lin W, Shaw J, Cheng F, Chen P. Plasma total tau predicts executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 145:30-37. [PMID: 34398474 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment is an important non-motor aspect of Parkinson's disease (PD). Amyloid-β and tau pathologies are well-established in Alzheimer's disease and commonly coexist with synucleinopathy in PD. However, the levels of these biomarkers in the plasma of patients with PD and their relationship with specific cognition domains remain to be clarified. The current study compared the motor severity and neuropsychological assessment of general and specific cognition, with plasma levels of α-synuclein (α-syn), amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), and total tau (t-tau) in PD subjects. METHODS Plasma levels of α-syn, Aβ42, and t-tau were measured in 55 participants with PD through immunomagnetic reduction assay. The evaluation of motor severity and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was performed in all participants. RESULTS The level of plasma α-syn was negatively correlated with the scores of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III [r = (-.352), p = .008]. The level of plasma t-tau was negatively correlated with the scores of digits recall forwards and digits recall backwards [r = (-.446), p = .001; r = (-.417), p = .002, respectively]. No correlations were found between the levels of α-syn and Aβ42 and any neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSIONS This study concluded a lower level of plasma α-syn was correlated with motor dysfunction in PD patients, and a higher level of plasma t-tau was correlated with lower cognitive performance, especially for attention and executive function. These results propose the possibility of using plasma biomarkers to predict specific cognitive performance in PD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Ting Lin
- Department of Neurology MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jin‐Siang Shaw
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Fang‐Yu Cheng
- Institute of Long‐Term Care MacKay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology MacKay Memorial Hospital Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medicine MacKay Medical College New Taipei City Taiwan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
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44
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Nguyen B, Bix G, Yao Y. Basal lamina changes in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:81. [PMID: 34876200 PMCID: PMC8650282 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of age-associated diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the CNS. Two key pathological features of these disorders are blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and protein aggregation. MAIN BODY The BBB is composed of various cell types and a non-cellular component---the basal lamina (BL). Although how different cells affect the BBB is well studied, the roles of the BL in BBB maintenance and function remain largely unknown. In addition, located in the perivascular space, the BL is also speculated to regulate protein clearance via the meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic system. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have shown that the BL actively regulates BBB integrity and meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic function in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting that it may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on changes of the BL and its major components during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). First, we introduce the vascular and lymphatic systems in the CNS. Next, we discuss the BL and its major components under homeostatic conditions, and summarize their changes during aging and in AD, PD, and ALS in both rodents and humans. The functional significance of these alterations and potential therapeutic targets are also reviewed. Finally, key challenges in the field and future directions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Understanding BL changes and the functional significance of these changes in neurodegenerative disorders will fill the gap of knowledge in the field. Our goal is to provide a clear and concise review of the complex relationship between the BL and neurodegenerative disorders to stimulate new hypotheses and further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, MDC 8, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA.
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El-Ansary A, Alhakbany M, Aldbass A, Qasem H, Al-Mazidi S, Bhat RS, Al-Ayadhi L. Alpha-Synuclein, cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandins-EP2 receptors as neuroinflammatory biomarkers of autism spectrum disorders: Use of combined ROC curves to increase their diagnostic values. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:155. [PMID: 34742290 PMCID: PMC8571879 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Neuroinflammation and abnormal lipid mediators have been identified in multiple investigations as an acknowledged etiological mechanism of ASD that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. METHODS In this study, multiple regression and combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine the relationship between the neuroinflammatory marker α-synuclein and lipid mediator markers related to inflammation induction, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin-EP2 receptors, in the etiology of ASD. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the linear combination that maximizes the partial area under ROC curves for a set of markers. Forty children with ASD and 40 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in the study. Using ELISA, the levels of α-synuclein, cyclo-oxygenase-2, and prostaglandin-EP2 receptors were measured in the plasma of both groups. Statistical analyses using ROC curves and multiple and logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS A remarkable increase in the area under the curve was observed using combined ROC curve analyses. Moreover, higher specificity and sensitivity of the combined markers were reported. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that measurement of the predictive value of selected biomarkers related to neuroinflammation and lipid metabolism in children with ASD using a ROC curve analysis should lead to a better understanding of the etiological mechanism of ASD and its link with metabolism. This information may facilitate early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Center for Medical Studies and Scientific Section, King Saud University, P. O Box 22452, Riyadh, KSA, 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manan Alhakbany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Aldbass
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Qasem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Al-Mazidi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Eisenbaum M, Pearson A, Gratkowski A, Mouzon B, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J, Bachmeier C. Influence of traumatic brain injury on extracellular tau elimination at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:48. [PMID: 34702292 PMCID: PMC8549249 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive head trauma has been associated with the accumulation of tau species in the brain. Our prior work showed brain vascular mural cells contribute to tau processing in the brain, and that these cells progressively degenerate following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI). The current studies investigated the role of the cerebrovasculature in the elimination of extracellular tau from the brain, and the influence of r-mTBI on these processes. Following intracranial injection of biotin-labeled tau, the levels of exogenous labeled tau residing in the brain were elevated in a mouse model of r-mTBI at 12 months post-injury compared to r-sham mice, indicating reduced tau elimination from the brain following head trauma. This may be the result of decreased caveolin-1 mediated tau efflux at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), as the caveolin inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, significantly reduced tau uptake in isolated cerebrovessels and significantly decreased the basolateral-to-apical transit of tau across an in vitro model of the BBB. Moreover, we found that the upstream regulator of endothelial caveolin-1, Mfsd2a, was elevated in r-mTBI cerebrovessels compared to r-sham, which coincided with a decreased expression of cerebrovascular caveolin-1 in the chronic phase following r-mTBI (> 3 months post-injury). Lastly, angiopoietin-1, a mural cell-derived protein governing endothelial Mfsd2a expression, was secreted from r-mTBI cerebrovessels to a greater extent than r-sham animals. Altogether, in the chronic phase post-injury, release of angiopoietin-1 from degenerating mural cells downregulates caveolin-1 expression in brain endothelia, resulting in decreased tau elimination across the BBB, which may describe the accumulation of tau species in the brain following head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA. .,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - Andrew Pearson
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Arissa Gratkowski
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.,The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Hinojosa CD, Tien-Street W, Manolakos ES, Vekrellis K, Hamilton GA, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Karalis K. Modeling alpha-synuclein pathology in a human brain-chip to assess blood-brain barrier disruption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5907. [PMID: 34625559 PMCID: PMC8501050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and gliosis of the substantia nigra. Although clinical evidence and in vitro studies indicate disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Parkinson's disease, the mechanisms mediating the endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. Here we leveraged the Organs-on-Chips technology to develop a human Brain-Chip representative of the substantia nigra area of the brain containing dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and microvascular brain endothelial cells, cultured under fluid flow. Our αSyn fibril-induced model was capable of reproducing several key aspects of Parkinson's disease, including accumulation of phosphorylated αSyn (pSer129-αSyn), mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and compromised barrier function. This model may enable research into the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in human synucleinopathies and serve as a testing platform for target identification and validation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Pediaditakis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Serqet Therapeutics, Inc. 55 Cambridge Parkway, Suite 800E, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
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Hanafy AS, Dietrich D, Fricker G, Lamprecht A. Blood-brain barrier models: Rationale for selection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113859. [PMID: 34246710 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain delivery is a broad research area, the outcomes of which are far hindered by the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Over the last century, research has been revealing the BBB complexity and the crosstalk between its cellular and molecular components. Pathologically, BBB alterations may precede as well as be concomitant or lead to brain diseases. To simulate the BBB and investigate options for drug delivery, several in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, in situ and in silico models are used. Hundreds of drug delivery vehicles successfully pass preclinical trials but fail in clinical settings. Inadequate selection of BBB models is believed to remarkably impact the data reliability leading to unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. In this review, we suggest a rationale for BBB model selection with respect to the addressed research question and downstream applications. The essential considerations of an optimal BBB model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Blood-Derived α-Synuclein Aggregated in the Substantia Nigra of Parabiotic Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091287. [PMID: 34572500 PMCID: PMC8471402 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a pathological biomarker of Parkinson’s disease, α-synuclein is thought to be a prion-like protein, but evidence for the transmission of α-synuclein from blood to the brain is unclear. The goals of this study were to determine whether blood-derived α-synuclein could enter the brains of mice and whether α-synuclein in the brain could be cleared by parabiosis. Heterochronic parabiosis was performed on SNCAA53T transgenic mice (A53T mice) and wildtype mice. The levels of human α-synuclein in the blood and substantia nigra of wildtype mice were significantly increased after 4-month parabiosis with A53T mice. Moreover, the expression of α-synuclein filament, but not of total α-synuclein, was significantly increased in the substantia nigra of wildtype mice that were paired with A53T mice. However, the levels of human α-synuclein displayed no significant change in the serum, blood, or substantia nigra of A53T mice. These results provide direct evidence that pathological α-synuclein can be transmitted from blood to the brain in the heterochronic parabiosis system; however, it appears to be difficult to clear it from the brain in a short period of time.
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50
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Han L, Jiang C. Evolution of blood-brain barrier in brain diseases and related systemic nanoscale brain-targeting drug delivery strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2306-2325. [PMID: 34522589 PMCID: PMC8424230 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood–brain barrier (BBB) strictly controls matter exchange between blood and brain, and severely limits brain penetration of systemically administered drugs, resulting in ineffective drug therapy of brain diseases. However, during the onset and progression of brain diseases, BBB alterations evolve inevitably. In this review, we focus on nanoscale brain-targeting drug delivery strategies designed based on BBB evolutions and related applications in various brain diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, traumatic brain injury and brain tumor. The advances on optimization of small molecules for BBB crossing and non-systemic administration routes (e.g., intranasal treatment) for BBB bypassing are not included in this review.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AMT, alpha-methyl-l-tryptophan
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- BACE1, β-secretase 1
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BTB, blood–brain tumor barrier
- Blood–brain barrier
- Brain diseases
- Brain-targeting
- CMT, carrier-mediated transportation
- DTPA-Gd, Gd-diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid
- Drug delivery systems
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- GLUT1, glucose transporter-1
- Gd, gadolinium
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- KATP, ATP-sensitive potassium channels
- KCa, calcium-dependent potassium channels
- LAT1, L-type amino acid transporter 1
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LDLR, LDL receptor
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function associated antigen-1
- LRP1, LDLR-related protein 1
- MFSD2A, major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a
- MMP9, metalloproteinase-9
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PEG, polyethyleneglycol
- PEG-PLGA, polyethyleneglycol-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products
- RBC, red blood cell
- RMT, receptor-mediated transcytosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TJ, tight junction
- TfR, transferrin receptor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZO1, zona occludens 1
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 512 65882089.
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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