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Park H, Song J, Jeong HW, Grönloh MLB, Koh BI, Bovay E, Kim KP, Klotz L, Thistlethwaite PA, van Buul JD, Sorokin L, Adams RH. Apelin modulates inflammation and leukocyte recruitment in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6282. [PMID: 39060233 PMCID: PMC11282314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Demyelination due to autoreactive T cells and inflammation in the central nervous system are principal features of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and highly disabling human disease affecting brain and spinal cord. Here, we show that treatment with apelin, a secreted peptide ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ/Aplnr, is protective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Apelin reduces immune cell entry into the brain, delays the onset and reduces the severity of EAE. Apelin affects the trafficking of leukocytes through the lung by modulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte recruitment. In addition, apelin induces the internalization and desensitization of its receptor in endothelial cells (ECs). Accordingly, protection against EAE major outcomes of apelin treatment are phenocopied by loss of APJ/Aplnr function, achieved by EC-specific gene inactivation in mice or knockdown experiments in cultured primary endothelial cells. Our findings highlight the importance of the lung-brain axis in neuroinflammation and indicate that apelin targets the transendothelial migration of immune cells into the lung during acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany.
| | - Jian Song
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Max L B Grönloh
- Vascular Cell Biology Lab, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, and Section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bong Ihn Koh
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Esther Bovay
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jaap D van Buul
- Vascular Cell Biology Lab, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, and Section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Münster, Germany.
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2
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Kamińska K, Borzuta H, Buczma K, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Neuroprotective effect of apelin-13 and other apelin forms-a review. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:439-451. [PMID: 38568371 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, which occur when neurons begin to deteriorate, affect millions of people worldwide. These age-related disorders are becoming more common partly because the elderly population has increased in recent years. While no treatments are accessible, every year an increasing number of therapeutic and supportive options become available. Various substances that may have neuroprotective effects are currently being researched. One of them is apelin. This review aims to illustrate the results of research on the neuroprotective effect of apelin amino acid oligopeptide which binds to the apelin receptor and exhibits neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. The collected data indicate that apelin can protect the central nervous system against injury by several mechanisms. More studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of this peptide in neurodegenerative diseases and various other types of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kamińska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hubert Borzuta
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kasper Buczma
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Monastero R, Magro D, Venezia M, Pisano C, Balistreri CR. A promising therapeutic peptide and preventive/diagnostic biomarker for age-related diseases: The Elabela/Apela/Toddler peptide. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102076. [PMID: 37776977 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Elabela (ELA), Apela or Toddler peptide is a hormone peptide belonging to the adipokine group and a component of apelinergic system, discovered in 2013-2014. Given its high homology with apelin, the first ligand of APJ receptor, ELA likely mediates similar effects. Increasing evidence shows that ELA has a critical function not only in embryonic development, but also in adulthood, contributing to physiological and pathological conditions, such as the onset of age-related diseases (ARD). However, still little is known about the mechanisms and molecular pathways of ELA, as well as its precise functions in ARD pathophysiology. Here, we report the mechanisms by which ELA/APJ signaling acts in a very complex network of pathways for the maintenance of physiological functions of human tissue and organs, as well as in the onset of some ARD, where it appears to play a central role. Therefore, we describe the possibility to use the ELA/APJ pathway, as novel biomarker (predictive and diagnostic) and target for personalized treatments of ARD. Its potentiality as an optimal peptide candidate for therapeutic ARD treatments is largely described, also detailing potential current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Monastero
- Section of Neurology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Magro
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marika Venezia
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogera Pisano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tor Vergata University Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
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4
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A. Madiha S, Sharma B. Elabela and Apelin regulate coronary angiogenesis in a competitive manner. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000886. [PMID: 37799200 PMCID: PMC10550380 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
APJ, a G-protein coupled receptor, regulates coronary angiogenesis in the developing mouse heart. However, the exact mechanism by which APJ regulates coronary angiogenesis from its dual ligands, ELABELA and APELIN, is unclear. Our study show that ELABELA and APELIN both stimulate angiogenic activities such as proliferation and sprouting outgrowth in explant cultures. We found APELIN to be a more robust angiogenic stimulant compared to ELABELA. When explant cultures were stimulated by both ligands together, we found that ELABELA repress the angiogenic activity of APELIN. Collectively, we show that ELABELA and APELIN regulate coronary angiogenesis in a competitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda A. Madiha
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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Demirel O, Berezin AE, Mirna M, Boxhammer E, Gharibeh SX, Hoppe UC, Lichtenauer M. Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in Patients with Paroxysmal or Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Following External Direct Current Electrical Cardioversion. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1452. [PMID: 37239123 PMCID: PMC10216298 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with atrial remodeling, cardiac dysfunction, and poor clinical outcomes. External direct current electrical cardioversion is a well-developed urgent treatment strategy for patients presenting with recent-onset AF. However, there is a lack of accurate predictive serum biomarkers to identify the risks of AF relapse after electrical cardioversion. We reviewed the currently available data and interpreted the findings of several studies revealing biomarkers for crucial elements in the pathogenesis of AF and affecting cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, adipose tissue dysfunction, myopathy, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although there is ample strong evidence that elevated levels of numerous biomarkers (such as natriuretic peptides, C-reactive protein, galectin-3, soluble suppressor tumorigenicity-2, fibroblast growth factor-23, turn-over collagen biomarkers, growth differential factor-15) are associated with AF occurrence, the data obtained in clinical studies seem to be controversial in terms of their predictive ability for post-cardioversion outcomes. Novel circulating biomarkers are needed to elucidate the modality of this approach compared with conventional predictive tools. Conclusions: Biomarker-based strategies for predicting events after AF treatment require extensive investigation in the future, especially in the presence of different gender and variable comorbidity profiles. Perhaps, a multiple biomarker approach exerts more utilization for patients with different forms of AF than single biomarker use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Demirel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Alexander E. Berezin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Zaporozhye State Medical University, 69035 Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Moritz Mirna
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Elke Boxhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Sarah X. Gharibeh
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Uta C. Hoppe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (O.D.); (M.M.); (E.B.); (S.X.G.); (U.C.H.); (M.L.)
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6
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Rossin D, Vanni R, Lo Iacono M, Cristallini C, Giachino C, Rastaldo R. APJ as Promising Therapeutic Target of Peptide Analogues in Myocardial Infarction- and Hypertension-Induced Heart Failure. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051408. [PMID: 37242650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ) is activated by two bioactive endogenous peptides, apelin and ELABELA (ELA). The apelin/ELA-APJ-related pathway has been found involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological cardiovascular processes. Increasing studies are deepening the role of the APJ pathway in limiting hypertension and myocardial ischaemia, thus reducing cardiac fibrosis and adverse tissue remodelling, outlining APJ regulation as a potential therapeutic target for heart failure prevention. However, the low plasma half-life of native apelin and ELABELA isoforms lowered their potential for pharmacological applications. In recent years, many research groups focused their attention on studying how APJ ligand modifications could affect receptor structure and dynamics as well as its downstream signalling. This review summarises the novel insights regarding the role of APJ-related pathways in myocardial infarction and hypertension. Furthermore, recent progress in designing synthetic compounds or analogues of APJ ligands able to fully activate the apelinergic pathway is reported. Determining how to exogenously regulate the APJ activation could help to outline a promising therapy for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Roberto Vanni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, IPCF ss Pisa, CNR, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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7
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liu Z, Wang N, Zhao X, Guo R. DNMT1 mediates proliferation, migration and invasion of extravillous trophoblasts by regulating the methylation level of APLNR. Placenta 2023; 138:33-43. [PMID: 37167781 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proliferation, migration and invasion of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) play an important role in the progression of preeclampsia (PE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism by which DNA methylase regulates the transcription level of APLNR and affects the phenotypic function of EVTs. MATERIALS AND METHODS PE mice model and H/R model in HTR8/Svneo cells were constructed. Clinical samples of normal pregnant women and PE patients were collected. Expression and methylation level of APLNR in vivo and in vitro were detected. ChIP-qPCR was used to detect the binding of DNA methyltransferase at the APLNR promoter. The expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), NO and eNOS in vitro were detected. EVTs proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro were detected. RESULTS In placental tissues or HTR8/Svneo cells of the PE model group, the expression of APLNR was reduced and APLNR methylation level was up-regulated. There was no significant difference in the APLNR expression in placental tissues between normal pregnant women and PE patients. H/R conditions only promote the binding of DNMT1 at the APLNR promoter. DNMT1 interference decreased the enrichment degree of DNMT1 in APLNR promoter region and up-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of APLNR in vivo and in vitro. The activation of APLNR by Elabela (ELA) can promote eNOS transcription, thereby promoting cell proliferation and NO level, while eNOS inhibitor can reverse this effect. DNMT1 down-regulation inhibted APLNR methylation level, promoted eNOS transcription, and promoted EVTs proliferation, migration and invasion, which could be revised by the interference of APLNR. DISCUSSION DNMT1 promotes eNOS transcription by inhibting APLNR methylation level, and promotes EVTs proliferation, migration and invasion, thus providing a new and broad application prospect for PE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zheng Zhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zheng Zhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zheng Zhou, 450052, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zheng Zhou, 450052, China
| | - Xianlan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zheng Zhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruixia Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zheng Zhou University, Zheng Zhou, 450052, China.
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8
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Pang B, Jiang YR, Xu JY, Shao DX, Hao LY. Apelin/ELABELA-APJ system in cardiac hypertrophy: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175727. [PMID: 37062502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the most significant public health problems faced by millions of medical researchers worldwide. And pathological cardiac hypertrophy is considered one of the possible factors of increasing the risk of heart failure. Here, we introduce apelin/ELABELA-APJ system as a novel therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy, bringing about new directions in clinical treatment. Apelin has been proven to regulate cardiac hypertrophy through various pathways. And an increasing number of studies on ELABELA, the newly discovered endogenous ligand, suggest it can alleviate cardiac hypertrophy through mechanisms similar or different to apelin. In this review, we elaborate on the role that apelin/ELABELA-APJ system plays in cardiac hypertrophy and the intricate mechanisms that apelin/ELABELA-APJ affect cardiac hypertrophy. We also illuminate and make comparisons of the newly designed peptides and small molecules as agonists and antagonists for APJ, updating the breakthroughs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Yin-Ru Jiang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Jia-Yao Xu
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast Northern Ireland, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Dong-Xue Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Li-Ying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Dumond Bourie A, Potier JB, Pinget M, Bouzakri K. Myokines: Crosstalk and Consequences on Liver Physiopathology. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071729. [PMID: 37049569 PMCID: PMC10096786 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease mainly characterized by the hepatic accumulation of lipid inducing a deregulation of β-oxidation. Its advanced form is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which, in addition to lipid accumulation, induces hepatocellular damage, oxidative stress and fibrosis that can progress to cirrhosis and to its final stage: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, no specific therapeutic treatment exists. The implications of organ crosstalk have been highlighted in many metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, metabolic-associated liver diseases and obesity. Skeletal muscle, in addition to its role as a reservoir and consumer of energy and carbohydrate metabolism, is involved in this inter-organs’ communication through different secreted products: myokines, exosomes and enzymes, for example. Interestingly, resistance exercise has been shown to have a beneficial impact on different metabolic pathways, such as lipid oxidation in different organs through their secreted products. In this review, we will mainly focus on myokines and their effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and their complication: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Dumond Bourie
- European Center for the Study of Diabetes (CeeD), Research Unit of Strasbourg University “Diabetes and Therapeutics”, UR7294, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Michel Pinget
- European Center for the Study of Diabetes (CeeD), Research Unit of Strasbourg University “Diabetes and Therapeutics”, UR7294, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- European Center for the Study of Diabetes (CeeD), Research Unit of Strasbourg University “Diabetes and Therapeutics”, UR7294, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- ILONOV, 67200 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Xu P, Kong L, Tao C, Zhu Y, Cheng J, Li W, Shen N, Li R, Zhang C, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang G, Liu X, Sun W, Hu W. Elabela-APJ axis attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:171-186. [PMID: 36681202 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of non-apoptotic cell death caused by iron-dependent peroxidation of lipids. It contributes to ischemic stroke-induced neuronal damage. Elabela (ELA), a novel endogenous ligand for Apelin receptor (APJ), regulates oxidative stress and exerts a protective role in cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of ELA-APJ axis on cellular ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remains elusive. The present study showed that ELA and APJ were expressed on neurons and increased after cerebral I/R injury. The I/R insult triggered typical molecular and morphological features of neuronal ferroptosis, including iron and MDA accumulation, mitochondrial shrink and membrane rupture, upregulation of positive ferroptosis regulators and downregulation of negative regulators. ELA-32 treatment reduced brain infarction and ameliorated neurobehavioral deficits and cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, ELA-32 administration alleviated neuronal ferroptosis, accompanied by reduced iron deposition, decreased mitochondrial damage, relived lipid peroxidation and glutathione reduction. Such effects of ELA-32 were abolished by AAV-APJ-RNAi or nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) inhibitor ML385. Mechanistically, ELA was shown to bind to APJ and activate NRF2/ARE anti-oxidative signaling pathway via Gα13. Together, these findings suggested that ELA-APJ axis mitigates neuronal ferroptosis after ischemic stroke and that the ELA-32 peptide may be a putative therapeutic avenue for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Lingqi Kong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Chunrong Tao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yuyou Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Wenyu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
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11
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Inukai K, Kise K, Hayashi Y, Jia W, Muramatsu F, Okamoto N, Konishi H, Akuta K, Kidoya H, Takakura N. Cancer apelin receptor suppresses vascular mimicry in malignant melanoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610867. [PMID: 36776217 PMCID: PMC9912982 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several reports indicate that apelin is often over-expressed in tumors, and therefore it has been suggested that the apelin-apelin receptor (APJ) system may induce tumor progression. In contrast, our previous research revealed high expression of the apelin-APJ system in tumor blood vessels, suggesting its involvement in the regulation of tumor vessel formation and normalization, resulting in the suppression of tumor growth by promoting the infiltration of T cells. Thus, the effect of the apelin-APJ system on tumors remains controversial. In this report, to clarify the effect of apelin in tumor cells, we analyzed the function of APJ in tumor cells using APJ knock out (KO) mice. In APJ-KO mice, Apelin overexpression in B16/BL6 (B16) melanoma cells induced greater tumor growth than controls. In an APJ-KO melanoma inoculation model, although angiogenesis is suppressed compared to wild type, no difference is evident in tumor growth. We found that APJ deficiency promoted vascular mimicry in tumors. In vitro, cultured APJ-KO B16 cells demonstrated a spindle-like shape. This phenotypic change was thought to be induced by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) based on evidence that APJ-KO B16 cells show persistently high levels of the mesenchymal maker, Zeb1; however, we found that EMT did not correlate with the transforming growth factor-β/smad signaling pathway in our model. We propose that apelin-APJ system in cancer cells induces tumor growth but negatively regulates EMT and tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inukai
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kise
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hayashi
- Department of Integrative Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Weizhen Jia
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Muramatsu
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Keigo Akuta
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kidoya
- Department of Integrative Vascular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan,World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Osaka University, Suita, Japan,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Japan,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan,*Correspondence: Nobuyuki Takakura,
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12
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Adiarto S, Prakoso R, Firdaus I, Indriani S, Rudiktyo E, Widyantoro B, Ambari AM, Sukmawan R. A Novel Peptide Elabela is Associated with Hypertension-Related Subclinical Atherosclerosis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2023; 30:37-44. [PMID: 36449232 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-022-00554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elabela is a newly identified peptide which, alongside apelin, acts as an endogenous ligand that activates the angiotensin receptor-like 1 receptor. Previous studies have shown the association of elabela with hypertension, but information about the role of elabela in hypertension-related subclinical atherosclerosis is scarce. AIM We aimed to determine the elabela levels in hypertensive patients and explore its association with subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 104 subjects with hypertension were included in the study. Elabela levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by first extracting the peptide following the manufacturer's instructions. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by measuring the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) using ultrasound. RESULTS Compared to stage 1, elabela levels decreased in stage 2 hypertension (0.23 [0.13, 0.45] ng/ml vs. 0.14 [0.09, 0.23] ng/ml; P = 0.000), and in the group with increased carotid IMT compared to normal IMT (0.24 [0.13, 0.38] ng/ml vs. 0.15 [0.10, 0.23] ng/ml; P = 0.005). Additionally, a linear correlation analysis showed that elabela had a significant negative correlation with systolic blood pressure (r = - 0.340, P = 0.000) and carotid IMT (r = - 0.213; P = 0.030). In multivariate analysis, lower elabela levels were associated with a higher cardiovascular risk group in this study (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.8-13.5, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated for the first time that circulating elabela declined in a higher stage of hypertension and hypertensive patients with increased carotid IMT, implicating that elabela may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension-associated subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suko Adiarto
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Radityo Prakoso
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Isman Firdaus
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suci Indriani
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Estu Rudiktyo
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Widyantoro
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ade Meidian Ambari
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Renan Sukmawan
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia
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13
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Sharma M, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Elabela Peptide: An Emerging Target in Therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1304-1318. [PMID: 36029072 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220826160123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Elabela, a bioactive micropeptide, is recognized as the second endogenous ligand for the Apelin receptor and is widely distributed in different tissues and organs. Elabela plays an important role in various physiological processes, such as blood pressure control, heart morphogenesis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, etc. Elabela is also implicated in pathological conditions, like cardiac dysfunctions, heart failure, hypertension, kidney diseases, cancer and CNS disorders. The association of Elabela with these disease conditions makes it a potential target for their therapy. This review summarizes the physiological role of Elabela peptide as well as its implication in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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14
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Rakhshan K, Sharifi M, Ramezani F, Azizi Y, Aboutaleb N. ERK/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway: a molecular target of ELABELA (ELA) peptide for attenuating cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by promoting angiogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10509-10519. [PMID: 36129600 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is caused by a chain of events such as endothelial dysfunction. This study was conducted to investigate protective effects of ELABELA against myocardial I/R in Wistar rats and clarify its possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: MI model was established based on the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for 30 min. Then, 5 µg/kg of ELA peptide was intraperitoneally infused in rats once per day for 4 days. Western blot assay was used to assay the expression of t-ERK1/2, and p-ERK1/2 in different groups. The amount of myocardial capillary density, the expression levels of VEGF and HIF-1α were evaluated using immunohistochemistry assay. Masson's trichrome staining was utilized to assay cardiac interstitial fibrosis. The results showed that establishment of MI significantly enhanced cardiac interstitial fibrosis and changed p-ERK1/2/ t-ERK1/2 ratio. Likewise, ELA post-treatment markedly increased myocardial capillary density, the expression of several angiogenic factors (VEGF-A, HIF-1α), and reduced cardiac interstitial fibrosis by activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Collectively, ELA peptide has ability to reduce myocardial I/R injury by promoting angiogenesis and reducing cardiac interstitial fibrosis through activating ERK/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Rakhshan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Sharifi
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaser Azizi
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Aboutaleb
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Qi Y, Hou Y, Ma M, Li X, Wu J. Circulating levels of Elabela in pregnant women with missed abortion. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:693-696. [PMID: 35758889 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2022.2090539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to detect Elabela concentrations in the serum of Missed abortion (MA) and compare them with the healthy pregnancies.Materials and methodsThis retrospective case-control study was performed in the second affiliated hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University March 2019 to September 2019. A total of 108 healthy (35 early, 36 middle and 37 late) pregnant women and 25 (early gestational stage) MA patients were involved. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. The concentration of plasma Elabela was examined using ELISA.ResultsThe level of plasma Elabela was increased in early and middle stages and decreased in late stage of healthy pregnant women. Maternal serum Elabela levels were significantly lower in MA patients (4.59 ± 1.23 ng/mL) compared to healthy pregnant women (5.77 ± 1.21 ng/mL, p < 0.01).ConclusionMaternal circulating levels of Elabela were significantly lower in MA patients than in healthy pregnant women. We consider that Elabela might be a crucial biomarker of the pathophysiologic process in MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Qi
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuemin Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Miaoyan Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinfang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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16
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Hu Y, Jin L, Pan Y, Zou J, Wang Z. Apela gene therapy alleviates pulmonary hypertension in rats. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22431. [PMID: 35747913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200266r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a common disease that threatens human health. At present, no treatment can cure PAH, and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, it is important to determine new targets for PAH treatment. Recently, a novel endogenous ligand Apela (ELABELA/Toddler/ELA32) of apelin peptide jejunum (APJ) receptor was identified as a possible PAH target. This study explored the potential effect of Apela gene therapy on rats with PAH. An AAV-ELA32 recombinant expression vector was constructed by molecular cloning. Purified adeno-associated virus (AAV) was injected into monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats via tail vein 1 and 2 weeks after modeling. Apela gene therapy significantly reduced the increased right ventricular systolic pressure and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in PAH rats. The results of histopathology and immunofluorescence showed that Apela gene therapy not only reduced the rate of pulmonary arteriole muscularization and media thickening in PAH rats but also inhibited the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the pulmonary arteriole. Western blotting showed that Apela gene therapy up-regulated the expression of KLF2/eNOs and BMPRII/SMAD4 in pulmonary arterioles of PAH rats. Overall, the results show that Apela gene therapy can inhibit pulmonary arteriolar vascular remodeling and reduce pulmonary artery pressure in PAH rats. These effects may be related to KLF2/eNOs and BMPRII/SMAD4 signaling pathways. The apelinergic system may be a potential new target for the prevention and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangli Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jue Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Goldfogel MJ, Jamison CR, Savage SA, Haley MW, Mukherjee S, Sfouggatakis C, Gujjar M, Mohan J, Rakshit S, Vaidyanathan R. Development of Two Synthetic Approaches to an APJ Receptor Agonist Containing a Tetra- ortho-Substituted Biaryl Pyridone. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Goldfogel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christopher R. Jamison
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Scott A. Savage
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew W. Haley
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Manjunath Gujjar
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Jayaraj Mohan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Souvik Rakshit
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
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18
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Cardiac Peptides—Current Physiology, Pathophysiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Application. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020330. [PMID: 35205196 PMCID: PMC8869103 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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de Oliveira AA, Vergara A, Wang X, Vederas JC, Oudit GY. Apelin pathway in cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases: Therapeutic role of apelin analogs and apelin receptor agonists. Peptides 2022; 147:170697. [PMID: 34801627 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The apelin/apelin receptor (ApelinR) signal transduction pathway exerts essential biological roles, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Disturbances in the apelin/ApelinR axis are linked to vascular, heart, kidney, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the apelinergic system has surfaced as a critical therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases (including pulmonary arterial hypertension), kidney disease, insulin resistance, hyponatremia, preeclampsia, and erectile dysfunction. However, apelin peptides are susceptible to rapid degradation through endogenous peptidases, limiting their use as therapeutic tools and translational potential. These proteases include angiotensin converting enzyme 2, neutral endopeptidase, and kallikrein thereby linking the apelin pathway with other peptide systems. In this context, apelin analogs with enhanced proteolytic stability and synthetic ApelinR agonists emerged as promising pharmacological alternatives. In this review, we focus on discussing the putative roles of the apelin pathway in various physiological systems from function to dysfunction, and emphasizing the therapeutic potential of newly generated metabolically stable apelin analogs and non-peptide ApelinR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A de Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ander Vergara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaopu Wang
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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A new immunometabolic perspective of intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:47-60. [PMID: 34845360 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common finding on spine imaging that increases in prevalence with age. IVD degeneration is a frequent cause of low back pain, which is a leading cause of disability. The process of IVD degeneration consists of gradual structural change accompanied by severe alterations in metabolic homeostasis. IVD degeneration, like osteoarthritis, is a common comorbidity in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two metabolic syndrome pathological conditions in which adipokines are important promoters of low-grade inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis. Impairment in white adipose tissue function, due to the abnormal fat accumulation in obesity, is characterized by increased production of specific pro-inflammatory proteins such as adipokines by white adipose tissue and of cytokines such as TNF by immune cells of the stromal compartment. Investigations into the immunometabolic alterations in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and their interconnections with IVD degeneration provide insights into how adipokines might affect the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration and impair IVD function and repair. Toll-like receptor-mediated signalling has also been implicated as a promoter of the inflammatory response in the metabolic alterations associated with IVD and is thus thought to have a role in IVD degeneration. Pathological starvation, obesity and adipokine dysregulation can result in immunometabolic alterations, which could be targeted for the development of new therapeutics.
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21
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Pagliaro P, Thairi C, Alloatti G, Penna C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a key enzyme in key organs. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:1-11. [PMID: 34091532 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
2020 marked the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This major event that changed the way we see the renin-angiotensin system today could have passed quietly. Instead, the discovery that ACE2 is a major player in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has blown up the literature regarding this enzyme. ACE2 connects the classical arm renin-angiotensin system, consisting mainly of angiotensin II peptide and its AT1 receptor, with a protective arm, consisting mainly of the angiotensin 1-7 peptide and its Mas receptor. In this brief article, we have reviewed the literature to describe how ACE2 is a key protective arm enzyme in the function of many organs, particularly in the context of brain and cardiovascular function, as well as in renal, pulmonary and digestive homeostasis. We also very briefly review and refer to recent literature to present an insight into the role of ACE2 in determining the course of coronavirus diseases 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - Cecilia Thairi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | | | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
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22
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Lin R, Rahtu-Korpela L, Szabo Z, Kemppi A, Skarp S, Kiviniemi AM, Lepojärvi ES, Halmetoja E, Kilpiö T, Porvari K, Pakanen L, Tolva J, Paakkanen R, Segersvärd H, Tikkanen I, Laine M, Sinisalo J, Lakkisto P, Huikuri H, Magga J, Junttila J, Kerkelä R. MiR-185-5p regulates the development of myocardial fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 165:130-140. [PMID: 34973276 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis stiffens the ventricular wall, predisposes to cardiac arrhythmias and contributes to the development of heart failure. In the present study, our aim was to identify novel miRNAs that regulate the development of cardiac fibrosis and could serve as potential therapeutic targets for myocardial fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Analysis for cardiac samples from sudden cardiac death victims with extensive myocardial fibrosis as the primary cause of death identified dysregulation of miR-185-5p. Analysis of resident cardiac cells from mice subjected to experimental cardiac fibrosis model showed induction of miR-185-5p expression specifically in cardiac fibroblasts. In vitro, augmenting miR-185-5p induced collagen production and profibrotic activation in cardiac fibroblasts, whereas inhibition of miR-185-5p attenuated collagen production. In vivo, targeting miR-185-5p in mice abolished pressure overload induced cardiac interstitial fibrosis. Mechanistically, miR-185-5p targets apelin receptor and inhibits the anti-fibrotic effects of apelin. Finally, analysis of left ventricular tissue from patients with severe cardiomyopathy showed an increase in miR-185-5p expression together with pro-fibrotic TGF-β1 and collagen I. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that miR-185-5p targets apelin receptor and promotes myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhu Lin
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lea Rahtu-Korpela
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland; Division of Cardiology, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Kemppi
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Skarp
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti M Kiviniemi
- Division of Cardiology, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Samuli Lepojärvi
- Division of Cardiology, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eveliina Halmetoja
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu Kilpiö
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Katja Porvari
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lasse Pakanen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Tolva
- Transplantation laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Paakkanen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Segersvärd
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Tikkanen
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Laine
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lakkisto
- Unit of Cardiovascular Research, Minerva Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Heikki Huikuri
- Division of Cardiology, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Division of Cardiology, Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Risto Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Single cell multi-omic analysis identifies a Tbx1-dependent multilineage primed population in murine cardiopharyngeal mesoderm. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6645. [PMID: 34789765 PMCID: PMC8599455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The poles of the heart and branchiomeric muscles of the face and neck are formed from the cardiopharyngeal mesoderm within the pharyngeal apparatus. They are disrupted in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, due to haploinsufficiency of TBX1, encoding a T-box transcription factor. Here, using single cell RNA-sequencing, we now identify a multilineage primed population within the cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, marked by Tbx1, which has bipotent properties to form cardiac and branchiomeric muscle cells. The multilineage primed cells are localized within the nascent mesoderm of the caudal lateral pharyngeal apparatus and provide a continuous source of cardiopharyngeal mesoderm progenitors. Tbx1 regulates the maturation of multilineage primed progenitor cells to cardiopharyngeal mesoderm derivatives while restricting ectopic non-mesodermal gene expression. We further show that TBX1 confers this balance of gene expression by direct and indirect regulation of enriched genes in multilineage primed progenitors and downstream pathways, partly through altering chromatin accessibility, the perturbation of which can lead to congenital defects in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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24
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Plasma Levels of Apelinergic System Components in Patients with Chronic and Acute Coronary Syndromes-A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194420. [PMID: 34640437 PMCID: PMC8509670 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the apelinergic system components apelin (AP) and elabela (ELA) in the regulation of human cardiovascular homeostasis, and data concerning the relationship between ELA and AP and coronary artery disease (CAD) are yet unknown. The aim of the study was the evaluation of AP, ELA and APJ-receptor levels in the plasma of patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The study group consisted of 114 patients with CAD and 33 healthy controls. Patients were divided into two groups: with CCS (n = 30) and ACS (n = 84). Routine laboratory tests and plasma ELA, AP-17, AP-13 and APJ receptor levels were measured. Echocardiographic data were analyzed in all patients. Levels of AP-17 and ELA were significantly lower in CCS than in healthy controls and ACS patients. We demonstrated significant increase of levels of plasma apelinergic system peptides, especially ELA and AP-17 in ACS patients compared with healthy controls and CCS, suggestive of compensating up-regulation mechanisms. There is a relationship between circulating ELA and AP-17 levels and classical, biochemical markers of ischemia and left ventricular ejection faction as well.
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25
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Jin L, Li Q, Li J, Pan Y, Zou J, Wu X, Wang Z. Apela inhibits systemic and renal inflammatory reactions in mice with type I cardiorenal syndrome. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21907. [PMID: 34516679 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101030r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of apela on renal function and anti-inflammatory effect on whole body and kidney tissue in mice with type I cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). The murine type I CRS model was established and apela was subcutaneously infused for two weeks. Cardiac and renal functions were evaluated by echocardiography and blood biochemistry, respectively. The systemic and renal inflammatory responses were examined with molecular biological and histological methods. Human renal glomerular endothelial cells (RGECs) were used to evaluate the adhesion effect of monocytes in vitro. Compared to mice from the control group (CRS + vehicle), the plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly decreased, while the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was increased in apela-treated CRS mice at the 4th week. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the circulation and kidney was decreased in apela-treated mice compared with control mice, and apela improved cardio-renal pathology in mice with type I CRS. Additionally, Apela significantly suppressed the expression of MCP-1, TNF-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in RGECs induced by angiotensin II (Ang II), and inhibited the promoting effect of Ang II on the adhesion of THP-1 cells to RGECs. Western blot results showed that the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (phospho-NFκB) in CRS mice was increased, but the expression of phospho-NFκB was down-regulated after apela treatment. Furthermore, apela significantly inhibited the Ang II-mediated increase in phospho-NFκB expression in RGECs in vitro, but the administration of an apelin peptide jejunum receptor (APJ) inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effect of apela. This study revealed that apela improves cardiorenal function and reduces systemic and renal inflammatory response in type I CRS mice and the apela/APJ system may alleviate renal inflammatory responses by inhibiting the NFκB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangli Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanyi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jue Zou
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Giguère H, Dumont L, Tran K, Noll C, Ionescu AL, Côté J, Longpré JM, Carpentier A, Marsault É, Lesur O, Sarret P, Auger-Messier M. Elabela Protects Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats From Hypertension and Cardiorenal Dysfunctions Exacerbated by Dietary High-Salt Intake. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709467. [PMID: 34385922 PMCID: PMC8353398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Arterial hypertension, when exacerbated by excessive dietary salt intake, worsens the morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Stimulation of the apelinergic system appears to protect against several circulatory system diseases, but it remains unknown if such beneficial effects are conserved in severe hypertension. Therefore, we aimed at determining whether continuous infusion of apelinergic ligands (i.e., Apelin-13 and Elabela) exerted cardiorenal protective effects in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats receiving high-salt diet. Methods: A combination of echocardiography, binding assay, histology, and biochemical approaches were used to investigate the cardiovascular and renal effects of Apelin-13 or Elabela infusion over 6 weeks in SHR fed with normal-salt or high-salt chow. Results: High-salt intake upregulated the cardiac and renal expression of APJ receptor in SHR. Importantly, Elabela was more effective than Apelin-13 in reducing high blood pressure, cardiovascular and renal dysfunctions, fibrosis and hypertrophy in high-salt fed SHR. Unlike Apelin-13, the beneficial effects of Elabela were associated with a counter-regulatory role of the ACE/ACE2/neprilysin axis of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in heart and kidneys of salt-loaded SHR. Interestingly, Elabela also displayed higher affinity for APJ in the presence of high salt concentration and better resistance to RAAS enzymes known to cleave Apelin-13. Conclusion: These findings highlight the protective action of the apelinergic system against salt-induced severe hypertension and cardiorenal failure. As compared with Apelin-13, Elabela displays superior pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that warrant further investigation of its therapeutic use in cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Giguère
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kien Tran
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Noll
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Andrei L Ionescu
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - André Carpentier
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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27
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Tian QP, Liu ML, Zhang YR, Ji DR, Liu SM, Zhao J, Qi YF. Plasma Level of Elabela in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Its Correlation with the Disease Classification. Int Heart J 2021; 62:752-755. [PMID: 34276017 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.20-817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of plasma elabela (ELA) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and its correlation with the disease classification.We enrolled 238 patients diagnosed by coronary angiography as CHD and 86 controls. The CHD group was divided into three subgroups: stable angina (SA), unstable angina (UAP), and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The plasma levels of ELA were measured in all participants and compared among different groups. The relationship between ELA and CHD classification was analyzed.ELA levels were markedly higher by 10.71% in patients with CHD than in controls (P < 0.05). The concentration of ELA in UAP and AMI subgroups were higher than in controls and SA subgroup. The former difference was significant (P < 0.05), but the latter was not. In addition, the ELA concentration was not correlated with SYNTAX score, left ventricular ejection fraction, and other biochemical variables.The newfound hormone, ELA, significantly increased in patients with UAP and AMI. There is a tendency that ELA levels might be correlated with CHD classification, but not with lesion severity. ELA may play a role in acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Tian
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital
| | - Mei-Lin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital
| | - Ya-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
| | - Deng-Ren Ji
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
| | - Shi-Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center
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28
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Tharakan R, Sawa A. Minireview: Novel Micropeptide Discovery by Proteomics and Deep Sequencing Methods. Front Genet 2021; 12:651485. [PMID: 34025718 PMCID: PMC8136307 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.651485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel class of small proteins, called micropeptides, has recently been discovered in the genome. These proteins, which have been found to play important roles in many physiological and cellular systems, are shorter than 100 amino acids and were overlooked during previous genome annotations. Discovery and characterization of more micropeptides has been ongoing, often using -omics methods such as proteomics, RNA sequencing, and ribosome profiling. In this review, we survey the recent advances in the micropeptides field and describe the methodological and conceptual challenges facing future micropeptide endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Tharakan
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Akira Sawa
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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29
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de Carvalho AETS, Cordeiro MA, Rodrigues LS, Ortolani D, Spadari RC. Stress-induced differential gene expression in cardiac tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9129. [PMID: 33911098 PMCID: PMC8080723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response is adaptive and aims to guarantee survival. However, the persistence of a stressor can culminate in pathology. Catecholamines released as part of the stress response over activate beta adrenoceptors (β-AR) in the heart. Whether and how stress affects the expression of components of the intracellular environment in the heart is still, however, unknown. This paper used microarray to analyze the gene expression in the left ventricle wall of rats submitted to foot shock stress, treated or not treated with the selective β2-AR antagonist ICI118,551 (ICI), compared to those of non-stressed rats also treated or not with ICI, respectively. The main findings were that stress induces changes in gene expression in the heart and that β2-AR plays a role in this process. The vast majority of genes disregulated by stress were exclusive for only one of the comparisons, indicating that, in the same stressful situation, the profile of gene expression in the heart is substantially different when the β2-AR is active or when it is blocked. Stress induced alterations in the expression of such a large number of genes seems to be part of stress-induced adaptive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa T S de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil.
| | - Marco A Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil
| | - Luana S Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil
| | - Daniela Ortolani
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil
| | - Regina C Spadari
- Laboratory of Stress Biology, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Campus Baixada Santista, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim,136, sala 310, Santos, São Paulo, 11020-015, Brazil.
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30
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Behram M, Oğlak SC, Dağ İ. Circulating levels of Elabela in pregnant women complicated with intrauterine growth restriction. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2021; 50:102127. [PMID: 33781971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to detect Elabela concentrations in the serum of normotensive pregnant women complicated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and compare them with the uncomplicated healthy pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective case-control study was performed from May 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020. Of the 92 pregnant patients included in the study, we enrolled 49 normotensive patients complicated with IUGR as the study group, and 43 normotensive healthy gestational age-matched and body mass index (BMI)-matched patients without IUGR or additional pregnancy complication as the control group. Demographic and clinical characteristics, and maternal serum Elabela concentrations were recorded. RESULTS Maternal serum Elabela levels were significantly lower in IUGR pregnancies (4.02±3.42 ng/mL) compared to healthy pregnant women (14.01±18.38 ng/mL, p<0.001). There was a positive intermediate correlation between maternal serum Elabela levels and the birth weight (r = 0.308, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Maternal circulating levels of Elabela were significantly lower in IUGR pregnancies than in healthy pregnant women. Also, birth weight was positively correlated with maternal serum Elabela levels. We consider that Elabela might be a crucial biomarker of the pathophysiologic process in pregnancies complicated by IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Behram
- Department of Perinatology, Health Sciences University, Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Cemil Oğlak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Dağ
- Department of Biochemistry, Eyüpsultan Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Johnson JA, Kim SH, Jiang J, Phillips M, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Luk CE, Generaux C, He Y, Chen XQ, Xu C, Galella MA, Wang T, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Discovery of a Hydroxypyridinone APJ Receptor Agonist as a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3086-3099. [PMID: 33689340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apelin-13 is an endogenous peptidic agonist of the apelin receptor (APJ) receptor with the potential for improving cardiac function in heart failure patients. However, the low plasma stability of apelin-13 necessitates continuous intravenous infusion for therapeutic use. There are several approaches to increase the stability of apelin-13 including attachment of pharmacokinetic enhancing groups, stabilized peptides, and Fc-fusion approaches. We sought a small-molecule APJ receptor agonist approach to target a compound with a pharmacokinetic profile amenable for chronic oral administration. This manuscript describes sequential optimization of the pyrimidinone series, leading to pyridinone 14, with in vitro potency equivalent to the endogenous ligand apelin-13 and with an excellent oral bioavailability and PK profile in multiple preclinical species. Compound 14 exhibited robust pharmacodynamic effects similar to apelin-13 in an acute rat pressure-volume loop model and was advanced as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Johnson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Soong-Hoon Kim
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Monique Phillips
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chiuwa E Luk
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Yan He
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Michael A Galella
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
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32
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Abstract
Elabela, also known as Toddler or Apela, is a recently discovered hormonal peptide containing 32 amino acids. Elabela is a ligand of the apelin receptor (APJ). APJ is a G protein-coupled receptor widely expressed throughout body, and together with its cognate ligand, apelin, it plays an important role in various physiological processes including cardiovascular functions, angiogenesis and fluid homeostasis. Elabela also participates in embryonic development and pathophysiological processes in adulthood. Elabela is highly expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells and regulates endoderm differentiation and cardiovascular system development. During differentiation, Elabela is highly expressed in pluripotent stem cells and in adult renal collecting ducts and loops, where it functions to maintain water and sodium homeostasis. Other studies have also shown that Elabela plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. This review addresses the role of Elabela in kidney diseases including renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiorenal syndrome.
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33
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Jiang Y, Yan M, Wang C, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhang R, Wan L, Ji B, Dong B, Wang H, Chen J. The Effects of Apelin and Elabela Ligands on Apelin Receptor Distinct Signaling Profiles. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630548. [PMID: 33746758 PMCID: PMC7970304 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin and Elabela are endogenous peptide ligands for Apelin receptor (APJ), a widely expressed G protein-coupled receptor. They constitute a spatiotemporal dual ligand system to control APJ signal transduction and function. We investigated the effects of Apelin-13, pGlu1-apelin-13, Apelin-17, Apelin-36, Elabela-21 and Elabela-32 peptides on APJ signal transduction. Whether different ligands are biased to different APJ mediated signal transduction pathways was studied. We observed the different changes of G protein dependent and β-arrestin dependent signaling pathways after APJ was activated by six peptide ligands. We demonstrated that stimulation with APJ ligands resulted in dose-dependent increases in both G protein dependent [cyclic AMP (cAMP), Ca2+ mobilization, and the early phase extracellular related kinase (ERK) activation] and β-arrestin dependent [GRKs, β-arrestin 1, β-arrestin 2, and β2 subunit of the clathrin adaptor AP2] signaling pathways. However, the ligands exhibited distinct signaling profiles. Elabela-32 showed a >1000-fold bias to the β-statin-dependent signaling pathway. These data provide that Apelin-17 was biased toward β-arrestin dependent signaling. Eabela-21 and pGlu1-Apelin-13 exhibited very distinct activities on the G protein dependent pathway. The activity profiles of these ligands could be valuable for the development of drugs with high selectivity for specific APJ downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Jiang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Maocai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Lei Wan
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Huiyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Ma Z, Zhao L, Martin S, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Zhong JC, Yang XC. Lower Plasma Elabela Levels in Hypertensive Patients With Heart Failure Predict the Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiac Events: A Preliminary Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:638468. [PMID: 33738301 PMCID: PMC7960768 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.638468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Elabela, a novel cardiac developmental peptide, has been shown to improve heart dysfunction. However, the roles and correlation of Elabela in predicting adverse cardiac events in hypertensive patients with heart failure (HF) remain largely unclear. Objective: To measure plasma levels of Elabela in hypertensive patients with HF and evaluate its prognostic value. Methods: A single-site, cohort, prospective, observational study was investigated with all subjects, including control subjects and hypertensive patients with or without HF, whom were recruited in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University form October 2018 to July 2019. The subjects among different groups were matched based on age and sex. The clinical characteristics were collected, and plasma Elabela levels were detected in all subjects. The hypertensive patients with HF were followed up for 180 days, and the major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were recorded. The Cox regression was used to explore the correlation between Elabela level and MACE in hypertensive patients with or without HF. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to access the predictive power of plasma Elabela level. Results: A total of 308 subjects, including 40 control subjects, 134 hypertensive patients without HF, and 134 hypertensive patients with HF were enrolled in this study. Plasma levels of Elabela were lower in hypertensive patients compared with control subjects [4.9 (2.8, 6.7) vs. 11.8 (9.8, 14.0) ng/ml, P < 0.001]. Furthermore, HF patients with preserved ejection fraction had a higher plasma Elabela level than those with impaired left ventricular systolic function (heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction). The hypertensive patients with HF and higher plasma Elabela levels had a better readmission-free and MACE-free survival than those with lower plasma Elabela levels in survival analysis. The Cox regression analysis revealed that plasma Elabela levels were negatively associated with MACE (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61–0.99, P = 0.048) in hypertensive patients with HF. Conclusion: Plasma Elabela levels were decreased in hypertensive patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Thus, Elabela may be potentially used as a novel predictor for MACE in hypertensive patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sara Martin
- Santa Rosa Family Medicine Residency, Santa Rosa, CA, United States
| | - Yeping Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Chun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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35
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Iwasaki M, Saito J, Zhao H, Sakamoto A, Hirota K, Ma D. Inflammation Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Augment Drives Multiple Organ Failure of Severe COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications. Inflammation 2021; 44:13-34. [PMID: 33029758 PMCID: PMC7541099 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The S spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a functional "receptor" and then enters into host cells to replicate and damage host cells and organs. ACE2 plays a pivotal role in the inflammation, and its downregulation may aggravate COVID-19 via the renin-angiotensin system, including by promoting pathological changes in lung injury and involving inflammatory responses. Severe patients of COVID-19 often develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction/failure with high mortality that may be closely related to the hyper-proinflammatory status called the "cytokine storm." Massive cytokines including interleukin-6, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) released from SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages and monocytes lead inflammation-derived injurious cascades causing multi-organ injury/failure. This review summarizes the current evidence and understanding of the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 and inflammation co-mediated multi-organ injury or failure in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Iwasaki
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Saito
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hailin Zhao
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hirota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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Leigh RS, Ruskoaho HJ, Kaynak BL. Cholecystokinin peptide signaling is regulated by a TBX5-MEF2 axis in the heart. Peptides 2021; 136:170459. [PMID: 33249116 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The procholecystokinin (proCCK) gene encodes a secreted peptide known to regulate the digestive, endocrine, and nervous systems. Though recently proposed as a biomarker for heart dysfunction, its physiological role in both the embryonic and adult heart is poorly understood, and there are no reports of tissue-specific regulators of cholecystokinin signaling in the heart or other tissues. In the present study, mRNA of proCCK was observed in cardiac tissues during mouse embryonic development, establishing proCCK as an early marker of differentiated cardiomyocytes which is later restricted to anatomical subdomains of the neonatal heart. Three-dimensional analysis of the expression of proCCK and CCKAR/CCKBR receptors was performed using in situ hybridization and optical projection tomography, illustrating chamber-specific expression patterns in the postnatal heart. Transcription factor motif analyses indicated developmental cardiac transcription factors TBX5 and MEF2C as upstream regulators of proCCK, and this regulatory activity was confirmed in reporter gene assays. proCCK mRNA levels were also measured in the infarcted heart and in response to cyclic mechanical stretch and endothelin-1, indicating dynamic transcriptional regulation which might be leveraged for improved biomarker development. Functional analyses of exogenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) administration were performed in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and the results suggest that CCK-8 does not act as a differentiation modulator of cardiomyocyte subtypes. Collectively, these findings indicate that proCCK is regulated at the transcriptional level by TBX5-MEF2 and neurohormonal signaling, informing use of proCCK as a biomarker and future strategies for upstream manipulation of cholecystokinin signaling in the heart and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Leigh
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki J Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Barisón MJ, Pereira IT, Waloski Robert A, Dallagiovanna B. Reorganization of Metabolism during Cardiomyogenesis Implies Time-Specific Signaling Pathway Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1330. [PMID: 33572750 PMCID: PMC7869011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cell differentiation process involves the characterization of signaling and regulatory pathways. The coordinated action involved in multilevel regulation determines the commitment of stem cells and their differentiation into a specific cell lineage. Cellular metabolism plays a relevant role in modulating the expression of genes, which act as sensors of the extra-and intracellular environment. In this work, we analyzed mRNAs associated with polysomes by focusing on the expression profile of metabolism-related genes during the cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We compared different time points during cardiac differentiation (pluripotency, embryoid body aggregation, cardiac mesoderm, cardiac progenitor and cardiomyocyte) and showed the immature cell profile of energy metabolism. Highly regulated canonical pathways are thoroughly discussed, such as those involved in metabolic signaling and lipid homeostasis. We reveal the critical relevance of retinoic X receptor (RXR) heterodimers in upstream retinoic acid metabolism and their relationship with thyroid hormone signaling. Additionally, we highlight the importance of lipid homeostasis and extracellular matrix component biosynthesis during cardiomyogenesis, providing new insights into how hESCs reorganize their metabolism during in vitro cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Dallagiovanna
- Basic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas-FIOCRUZ-PR, Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba, PR 81350-010, Brazil; (M.J.B.); (I.T.P.); (A.W.R.)
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Shao ZQ, Dou SS, Zhu JG, Wang HQ, Wang CM, Cheng BH, Bai B. Apelin-13 inhibits apoptosis and excessive autophagy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1044-1051. [PMID: 33269749 PMCID: PMC8224111 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin-13 is a novel endogenous ligand for an angiotensin-like orphan G-protein coupled receptor, and it may be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia injury. However, the precise mechanisms of the effects of apelin-13 remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of apelin-13 on apoptosis and autophagy in models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, a rat model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Apelin-13 (50 μg/kg) was injected into the right ventricle as a treatment. In addition, an SH-SY5Y cell model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, with cells first cultured in sugar-free medium with 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 4 hours and then cultured in a normal environment with sugar-containing medium for 5 hours. This SH-SY5Y cell model was treated with 10–7 M apelin-13 for 5 hours. Results showed that apelin-13 protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Apelin-13 treatment alleviated neuronal apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and significantly decreasing cleaved caspase-3 expression. In addition, apelin-13 significantly inhibited excessive autophagy by regulating the expression of LC3B, p62, and Beclin1. Furthermore, the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was markedly increased. Both LY294002 (20 μM) and rapamycin (500 nM), which are inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, significantly attenuated the inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis caused by apelin-13. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that Bcl-2 upregulation and mTOR signaling pathway activation lead to the inhibition of apoptosis and excessive autophagy. These effects are involved in apelin-13-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, both in vivo and in vitro. The study was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Jining Medical University, China (approval No. 2018-JS-001) in February 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Shao
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dou
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Ge Zhu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui-Qing Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bao-Hua Cheng
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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39
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Fu J, Chen X, Liu X, Xu D, Yang H, Zeng C, Long H, Zhou C, Wu H, Zheng G, Wu H, Wang W, Wang T. ELABELA ameliorates hypoxic/ischemic-induced bone mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis via alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:541. [PMID: 33317626 PMCID: PMC7734864 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have exerted their brilliant potential to promote heart repair following myocardial infarction. However, low survival rate of MSCs after transplantation due to harsh conditions with hypoxic and ischemic stress limits their therapeutic efficiency in treating cardiac dysfunction. ELABELA (ELA) serves as a peptide hormone which has been proved to facilitate cell growth, survival, and pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells. Although ELA works as an endogenous ligand of a G protein-coupled receptor APJ (Apelin receptor, APLNR), whether APJ is an essential signal for the function of ELA remains elusive. The effect of ELA on apoptosis of MSCs is still vague. Objective We studied the role of ELABELA (ELA) treatment on the anti-apoptosis of MSCs in hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) conditions which mimic the impaired myocardial microenvironment and explored the possible mechanisms in vitro. Methods MSCs were obtained from donated rats weighing between 80~120 g. MSCs were exposed to serum-free and hypoxic (1% O2) environments for 24 h, which mimics hypoxic/ischemic damage in vivo, using serum-containing normoxic conditions (20% O2) as a negative control. MSCs that were exposed to H/I injury with ELA processing were treated by 5 μM of ELA. Cell viability and apoptosis of MSCs were evaluated by CCK8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Mitochondrial function of MSCs was also assessed according to mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP content. The protein expression of key kinases of the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways involving t-AKT, p-AKT, t-ERK1/2, and p-ERK1/2, as well as apoptosis-related protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved Caspase 3, were monitored by Western blot. Results We found that ELA treatment of H/I-induced MSCs improved overall cell viability, enhanced Bcl/Bax expression, and decreased Caspase 3 activity. ELA inhibited H/I-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing ATP concentration and suppressing the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. However, this anti-apoptotic property of ELA was restrained in APJ-silenced MSCs. Additionally, ELA treatment induced the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, while the blockade of PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 pathways with respective inhibitors, LY294002 and U0126, suppressed the action of ELA. Conclusion ELA positively affected on the survival of MSCs and exhibited anti-apoptotic characteristics when exposed to hypoxic/ischemic condition in vitro. Also, the function of ELA was correlated with the APJ receptor, reduced mitochondrial damage, and activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 signal axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Fu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxiang Chen
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Daishi Xu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaotao Zeng
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huibao Long
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Zhou
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Wu
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Emergency, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuming Wang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Emergency, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Du B, Wu Y, Chen Q, Zhang X, Lu Y, Chen S, Sun K. Elabela: A Novel Biomarker for Right Ventricular Pressure Overload in Children With Pulmonary Stenosis or Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:581848. [PMID: 33282918 PMCID: PMC7688667 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.581848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Assessing right ventricular overload in children is challenging. We conducted this study involving children with pulmonary valvular stenosis (PS) or pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) to evaluate the potential of a new endogenous ligand of apelin receptor, Elabela (ELA), as a potential biomarker for right heart overload. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, a total of 118 congenital heart diseases patients with right ventricle outflow tract obstruction were recruited from 2018 to 2019. Among them, 44 isolated PS and 7 PA/IVS patients were selected. Their venous blood was collected, and all patients underwent an echocardiographic examination. Among them, post-operative blood was collected from 24 patients with PS after percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. The plasma ELA concentration was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The ELA was significantly associated with the peak transvalvular pulmonary gradient (r = −0.62; p = 0.02), thus reflecting the severity of PS or PA/IVS. The ELA significantly increased at 3 days after intervention, when mechanical obstruction of the right outflow tract was relieved. Based on the receiver-operator characteristic curve results, ELA could be a risk factor for duct dependence in patients with critical PS or PA/IVS who are younger than 6 months (AUC: 0.82). Conclusion: ELA concentration and severity of PS or PA/IVS had a significant negative correlation, indicating that ELA might be a novel biomarker for right ventricular afterload and reflect the immediate pressure changes in the right heart. Furthermore, ELA could predict duct-dependency in PS and PA/IVS patients, as valuable as classical echocardiographic indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Du
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Wu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Clinical Research Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Wang X, Liang G, Guo Q, Cai W, Zhang X, Ni J, Tao Y, Niu X, Chen S. ELABELA improves endothelial cell function via the ELA-APJ axis by activating the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1953-1964. [PMID: 32687618 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Destruction of endothelial cells (ECs) function is involved in the structural and functional pathophysiological processes of preeclampsia (PE). Vascular endothelial injury may pre-exist for several years in women that develop PE and may pose increased risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Previous findings showed that Elabela (ELA), the endogenous ligand of the apelin (APJ) receptor expressed mainly on ECs, may play a protective role in early pregnancy and prevent PE. However, the exact functional role and molecular mechanisms of ELA are unclear. Here, we aimed to classify whether and how ELA improves EC function via the ELA-APJ axis. Two human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) lines, namely HUVECs and EA.hy926, were treated with ELA, and then their cellular activities were studied by performing CCK-8 tests, scratch-wound analysis, and tube-formation assays. Doses of ELA exceeding 0.01 μmol/L markedly improved the cell viability, migration, and tube formation ability of HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the above effects caused by ELA were related to upregulation of the APJ receptor and activation of PI3K/Akt signalling. Further verification tests were performed using the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, and the results illustrated that inhibiting PI3K/Akt signalling blocked the positive effects of ELA on EC function and APJ receptor expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that ELA may alter EC function via the ELA-APJ axis and PI3K/Akt signalling and that ELA shows promise for use in endothelial dysfunction therapy for preventing and treating PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wang
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoqing Liang
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianmei Ni
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyan Tao
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulong Niu
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Dermatosis in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaobo Chen
- Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Alpine Environment of Plateau, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
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Li C, Miao X, Wang S, Liu Y, Sun J, Liu Q, Cai L, Wang Y. Elabela may regulate SIRT3-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress through Foxo3a deacetylation preventing diabetic-induced myocardial injury. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:323-332. [PMID: 33244875 PMCID: PMC7810951 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy—pathophysiological heart remodelling and dysfunction that occurs in absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension and/or valvular heart disease—is a common diabetic complication. Elabela, a new peptide that acts via Apelin receptor, has similar functions as Apelin, providing beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health and renal insufficiency, as well as potentially beneficial effects on metabolism and diabetes. In this study, Elabela treatment was found to have profound protective effects against diabetes‐induced cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis; these protective effects may depend heavily upon SIRT3‐mediated Foxo3a deacetylation. Our findings provide evidence that Elabela has cardioprotective effects for the first time in the diabetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Miao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shudong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Osteopathic Medicine Candidate, A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Norton Children Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Half-life extension of peptidic APJ agonists by N-terminal lipid conjugation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127499. [PMID: 32858124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Agonism of the endothelial receptor APJ (putative receptor protein related to AT1; AT1: angiotensin II receptor type 1) has the potential to ameliorate congestive heart failure by increasing cardiac output without inducing hypertrophy. Although the endogenous agonist, pyr-apelin-13 (1), has shown beneficial APJ-mediated inotropic effects in rats and humans, such effects are short-lived given its extremely short half-life. Here, we report the conjugation of 1 to a fatty acid, providing a lipidated peptide (2) with increased stability that retains inotropic activity in an anesthetized rat myocardial infarction (MI) model. We also report the preparation of a library of 15-mer APJ agonist peptide-lipid conjugates, including adipoyl-γGlu-OEG-OEG-hArg-r-Q-hArg-P-r-NMeLeuSHK-G-Oic-pIPhe-P-DBip-OH (17), a potent APJ agonist with high plasma protein binding and a half-life suitable for once-daily subcutaneous dosing in rats. A correlation between subcutaneous absorption rate and lipid length/type of these conjugates is also reported.
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Guo YY, Li T, Liu H, Tang L, Li YC, Hu HT, Su YF, Lin Y, Wang YY, Li C, Huang HF, Jin L, Liu XM. Circulating levels of Elabela and Apelin in the second and third trimesters of pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:890-894. [PMID: 32208782 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1739264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We design this study to detect levels of Elabela (ELA) and Apelin (APLN) in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the second and third trimesters, and to identify whether there is any association between ELA, APLN, and metabolic parameters. Seventy-nine GDM and 80 control subjects in the second trimester and 87 GDM and 88 healthy subjects in the third trimester were included. In the second trimester, lower ELA levels [(14.1 versus 16.9) ng/ml, p = .025] and higher APLN levels [(1021.8 versus 923.5) pg/ml, p = .046] were observed in GDM patients compared to controls. ELA levels were positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (r = 0.423, p < .001) in the control group, and APLN levels were negatively correlated with triglycerides (TG) (r = -0.251, p = .025) in the control group and total cholesterol (TC) (r = -0.227, p = .044) in the GDM group. ELA appeared to be related to glucose metabolism and APLN is involved in lipid metabolism during pregnancy. The expression of ELA is significantly downregulated from the second trimester to the third trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Guo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chen Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Tao Hu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Fei Su
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Lin
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin-Yu Wang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Mei Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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45
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The Elabela in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and preeclampsia: an update. J Hypertens 2020; 39:12-22. [PMID: 32740407 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
: Although considerable success has been shown for antihypertensive medications, the resistant hypertension and hypertension-related organ damages are still the important clinical issues and pose as high health and economic pressure. Therefore, novel therapeutic techniques and antihypertensive drugs are needed to advance more effective therapy of hypertension and hypertension-related disease to ameliorate mortality and healthcare costs worldwide. In this review, we highlight the latest progress in supporting the therapeutic potential of Elabela (ELA), a recently discovered early endogenous ligand for G-protein-coupled receptor apelin peptide jejunum, apelin receptor. Systemic administration of ELA exerts vasodilatory, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, and renoprotective effects, whereas central application of ELA increases blood pressure and causes cardiovascular remodeling primarily secondary to the hypertension. In addition, ELA drives extravillous trophoblast differentiation and prevents the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (a gestational hypertensive syndrome) by promoting placental angiogenesis. These findings strongly suggest peripheral ELA's therapeutic potential in preventing and treating hypertension and hypertension-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and preeclampsia. Since therapeutic use of ELA is mainly limited by its short half-life and parenteral administration, it may be a clinical application candidate for the therapy of hypertension and its complications when fused with a large inert chemicals (e.g. polyethylene glycol, termed polyethylene glycol-ELA-21) or other proteins (e.g. the Fc fragment of IgG and albumin, termed Fc-ELA-21 or albumin-ELA-21), and new delivery methods are encouraged to develop to improve the efficacy of ELA fragments on apelin peptide jejunum or alternative unknown receptors.
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46
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Pan Y, Li Q, Yan H, Huang J, Wang Z. Apela improves cardiac and renal function in mice with acute myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10382-10390. [PMID: 32686917 PMCID: PMC7521152 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apela was recently identified as a new ligand of the apelin peptide jejunum (APJ) receptor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of apela in post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) recovery from cardiorenal damage. A murine MI model was established, and apela was then infused subcutaneously for two weeks. Echocardiographs were performed before and after infarction at the indicated times. Renal function was evaluated by serum and urine biochemistry. Immunohistochemistry of heart and kidney tissue was performed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUPT nick end-labelling reaction. Compared to the control group (MI/vehicle), the average value of the left ventricular ejection fraction in apela-treated mice increased by 32% and 39% at 2- and 4-week post-MI, respectively. The mean levels of serum blood urea nitrogen,creatinine, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and 24-hour urine protein were significantly decreased at 4-week post-MI in apela-treated mice relative to that of control animals. At the cellular level, we found that apela treatment significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis and cellular apoptosis in heart and kidney tissue. These data suggest that apela improves cardiac and renal function in mice with acute MI. The peptide may be potential therapeutic agent for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanyi Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Sidorova M, Studneva I, Bushuev V, Pal'keeva M, Molokoedov A, Veselova O, Ovchinnikov M, Pisarenko O. [MeArg 1, NLe 10]-apelin-12: Optimization of solid-phase synthesis and evaluation of biological properties in vitro and in vivo. Peptides 2020; 129:170320. [PMID: 32380198 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified peptide apelin-12 ([MeArg1, NLe10]-apelin12, peptide M) is able to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell death, and metabolic and ionic homeostasis disorders in experimental myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. These beneficial effects indicate the therapeutic potential of this compound in cardiovascular diseases. The goals of this work were to optimize the synthesis of peptide M, and to study its proteolytic stability and effect on the heart function of rabbits with doxorubicin (Dox) cardiomyopathy. We have developed a rational method of solid-phase synthesis of peptide M using the Fmoc methodology in combination with the temporary protection of the guanidine function of arginine residues by protonation (salt formation) during the formation of the amide bond. It avoids the formation of by-products, and simplifies the post-synthetic procedures, providing an increase in the yield of the final product of higher purity. Comparative evaluation of the proteolytic stability of peptide M and apelin-12 in human blood plasma was carried out using 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that the half-life of peptide M in plasma is approximately three times longer than that of apelin-12. Intravenous infusion of increasing doses of peptide M caused a gradual increase in left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening and ejection fraction in rabbits after 8 weeks of Dox administration (2 mg/kg weekly). The effect of the modified peptide on LV systolic dysfunction was significantly more pronounced than the effect of apelin-12, which suggests the promise of using this pharmacological agonist of the APJ receptor in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sidorova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina Studneva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Valery Bushuev
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Marina Pal'keeva
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander Molokoedov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oksana Veselova
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Michael Ovchinnikov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oleg Pisarenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 15A, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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48
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Chen J, Chen X, Li S, Jiang Y, Mao H, Zhang R, Ji B, Yan M, Cai X, Wang C. Individual phosphorylation sites at the C-terminus of the apelin receptor play different roles in signal transduction. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101629. [PMID: 32863206 PMCID: PMC7338617 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelin and Elabela proteins constitute a spatiotemporal double-ligand system that controls apelin receptor (APJ) signal transduction. Phosphorylation of multiple sites within the C-terminus of APJ is essential for the recruitment of β-arrestins. We sought to determine the precise mechanisms by which apelin and Elabela promote APJ phosphorylation, and to elucidate the influence of β-arrestin phosphorylation on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/β-arrestin-dependent signaling. We used techniques including mass spectrometry (MS), mutation analysis, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to evaluate the role of phosphorylation sites in APJ-mediated G-protein-dependent and β-dependent signaling. Phosphorylation of APJ occurred at five serine residues in the C-terminal region (Ser335, Ser339, Ser345, Ser348 and Ser369). We also identified two phosphorylation sites in β-arrestin1 and three in β-arrestin2, including three previously identified residues (Ser412, Ser361, and Thr383) and two new sites, Tyr47 in β-arrestin1 and Tyr48 in β-arrestin2. APJ mutations did not affect the phosphorylation of β-arrestins, but it affects the β-arrestin signaling pathway, specifically Ser335 and Ser339. Mutation of Ser335 decreased the ability of the receptor to interact with β-arrestin1/2 and AP2, indicating that APJ affects the β-arrestin signaling pathway by stimulating Elabela. Mutation of Ser339 abolished the capability of the receptor to interact with GRK2 and β-arrestin1/2 upon stimulation with apelin-36, and disrupted receptor internalization and β-arrestin-dependent ERK1/2 activation. Five peptides act on distinct phosphorylation sites at the APJ C-terminus, differentially regulating APJ signal transduction and causing different biological effects. These findings may facilitate screening for drugs to treat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Maocai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Department of Physiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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Xu C, Wang F, Chen Y, Xie S, Sng D, Reversade B, Yang T. ELABELA antagonizes intrarenal renin-angiotensin system to lower blood pressure and protects against renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1122-F1135. [PMID: 32174138 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00606.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that (pro)renin receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an essential role in renal handling of Na+ and water balance and blood pressure. The present study tested the possibility that the intrarenal RAS served as a molecular target for the protective action of ELABELA (ELA), a novel endogenous ligand of apelin receptor, in the distal nephron. By RNAscope and immunofluorescence, mRNA and protein expression of endogenous ELA was consistently localized to the collecting duct (CD). Apelin was also found in the medullary CDs as assessed by immunofluorescence. In cultured CD-derived M1 cells, exogenous ELA induced parallel decreases of full-length PRR (fPRR), soluble PRR (sPRR), and prorenin/renin protein expression as assessed by immunoblotting and medium sPRR and prorenin/renin levels by ELISA, all of which were reversed by 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Conversely, deletion of PRR in the CD or nephron in mice elevated Apela and Apln mRNA levels as well as urinary ELA and apelin excretion, supporting the antagonistic relationship between the two systems. Administration of exogenous ELA-32 infusion (1.5 mg·kg-1·day-1, minipump) to high salt (HS)-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats significantly lowered mean arterial pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and albuminuria, accompanied with a reduction of urinary sPRR, angiotensin II, and prorenin/renin excretion. HS upregulated renal medullary protein expression of fPRR, sPRR, prorenin, and renin in Dahl SS rats, all of which were significantly blunted by exogenous ELA-32 infusion. Additionally, HS-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and MCP-1), fibrosis markers (TGF-β1, FN, Col1A1, PAI-1, and TIMP-1), and kidney injury markers (NGAL, Kim-1, albuminuria, and urinary NGAL excretion) were markedly blocked by exogenous ELA infusion. Together, these results support the antagonistic interaction between ELA and intrarenal RAS in the distal nephron that appears to exert a major impact on blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiying Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Sng
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Liu W, Yan J, Pan W, Tang M. Apelin/Elabela-APJ: a novel therapeutic target in the cardiovascular system. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:243. [PMID: 32309390 PMCID: PMC7154429 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin and Elabela (ELA) are endogenous ligands of angiotensin domain type 1 receptor-associated proteins (APJ). Apelin/ELA-APJ signal is widely distributed in the cardiovascular system of fetuse and adult. The signal is involved in the development of the fetal heart and blood vessels and regulating vascular tension in adults. This review described the effects of apelin/ELA-APJ on fetal (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis) and adult cardiovascular function [vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vasodilation, positive myodynamia], and relative diseases [eclampsia, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis, etc.] in detail. The pathways of apelin/ELA-APJ regulating cardiovascular function and cardiovascular-related diseases are summarized. The drugs developed based on apelin and ELA suggests APJ is a prospective strategy for cardiovascular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Weinan Pan
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Mengjie Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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