1
|
Zhang X, Jiang W, Richter JM, Bates JA, Reznik SK, Stachura S, Rampulla R, Doddalingappa D, Ulaganathan S, Hua J, Bostwick JS, Sum C, Posy S, Malmstrom S, Dickey J, Harden D, Lawrence RM, Guarino VR, Schumacher WA, Wong P, Yang J, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of Potent and Selective Quinoxaline-Based Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Antagonists for the Prevention of Arterial Thrombosis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3571-3589. [PMID: 38385264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PAR4 is a promising antithrombotic target with potential for separation of efficacy from bleeding risk relative to current antiplatelet therapies. In an effort to discover a novel PAR4 antagonist chemotype, a quinoxaline-based HTS hit 3 with low μM potency was identified. Optimization of the HTS hit through the use of positional SAR scanning and the design of conformationally constrained cores led to the discovery of a quinoxaline-benzothiazole series as potent and selective PAR4 antagonists. The lead compound 48, possessing a 2 nM IC50 against PAR4 activation by γ-thrombin in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and greater than 2500-fold selectivity versus PAR1, demonstrated robust antithrombotic efficacy and minimal bleeding in the cynomolgus monkey models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jeremy M Richter
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - J Alex Bates
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Samuel K Reznik
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sylwia Stachura
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Dyamanna Doddalingappa
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sankar Ulaganathan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra-Jigani Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ji Hua
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Chi Sum
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Shana Posy
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sarah Malmstrom
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joyce Dickey
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David Harden
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - R Michael Lawrence
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Victor R Guarino
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Pancras Wong
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Research & Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng W, Pi Z, Brigance R, Rossi KA, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Luk CE, Generaux CN, Wang T, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Identification of a Hydroxypyrimidinone Compound ( 21) as a Potent APJ Receptor Agonist for the Potential Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18102-18113. [PMID: 34855405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes our continued efforts in the area of small-molecule apelin receptor agonists. Recently disclosed compound 2 showed an acceptable metabolic stability but demonstrated monodemethylation of the dimethoxyphenyl group to generate atropisomer metabolites in vitro. In this article, we extended the structure-activity relationship at the C2 position that led to the identification of potent pyrazole analogues with excellent metabolic stability. Due to the increased polarity at C2, the permeability for these compounds decreased. Further adjustment of the polarity by replacing the N1 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl group with a 2,6-diethylphenyl group and reoptimization for the potency of the C5 pyrroloamides resulted in potent compounds with improved permeability. Compound 21 displayed excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in rat, monkey, and dog models and robust pharmacodynamic efficacy in the rodent heart failure model. Compound 21 also showed an acceptable safety profile in preclinical toxicology studies and was selected as a backup development candidate for the program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Zulan Pi
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Robert Brigance
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Karen A Rossi
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chiuwa E Luk
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia N Generaux
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pi Z, Johnson JA, Meng W, Phillips M, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Generaux CN, Wang T, He Y, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Identification of 6-Hydroxypyrimidin-4(1 H)-one-3-carboxamides as Potent and Orally Active APJ Receptor Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1766-1772. [PMID: 34795866 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) is a significant regulator of cardiovascular function and is involved in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. (Pyr1)apelin-13 is one of the endogenous agonists of the APJ receptor. Administration of (Pyr1)apelin-13 increases cardiac output in preclinical models and humans. Recently we disclosed clinical lead BMS-986224 (1), a C3 oxadiazole pyridinone APJ receptor agonist with robust pharmacodynamic effects similar to (Pyr1)apelin-13 in an acute rat pressure-volume loop model. Herein we describe the structure-activity relationship of the carboxamides as oxadiazole bioisosteres at C3 of the pyridinone core and C5 of the respective pyrimidinone core. This study led to the identification of structurally differentiated 6-hydroxypyrimidin-4(1H)-one-3-carboxamide 14a with pharmacodynamic effects comparable to those of compound 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulan Pi
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - James A. Johnson
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Wei Meng
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Monique Phillips
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A. Schumacher
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bostwick
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S. Gargalovic
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M. Onorato
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia N. Generaux
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Yan He
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - David A. Gordon
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J. Finlay
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tora G, Jiang J, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Luk CE, Generaux C, Xu C, Galella MA, Wang T, He Y, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Identification of 6-hydroxy-5-phenyl sulfonylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one APJ receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128325. [PMID: 34403724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) treatment remains a critical unmet medical need. Studies in normal healthy volunteers and HF patients have shown that [Pyr1]apelin-13, the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor, improves cardiac function. However, the short half-life of [Pyr1]apelin-13 and the need for intravenous administration have limited the therapeutic potential for chronic use. We sought to identify potent, small-molecule APJ agonists with improved pharmaceutical properties to enable oral dosing in clinical studies. In this manuscript, we describe the identification of a series of pyrimidinone sulfones as a structurally differentiated series to the clinical lead (compound 1). Optimization of the sulfone series for potency, metabolic stability and oral bioavailability led to the identification of compound 22, which showed comparable APJ potency to [Pyr1]apelin-13 and exhibited an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile to advance to the acute hemodynamic rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Tora
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States.
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chiuwa E Luk
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Michael A Galella
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Yan He
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Johnson JA, Kim SH, Jiang J, Phillips M, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Luk CE, Generaux C, He Y, Chen XQ, Xu C, Galella MA, Wang T, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Discovery of a Hydroxypyridinone APJ Receptor Agonist as a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3086-3099. [PMID: 33689340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apelin-13 is an endogenous peptidic agonist of the apelin receptor (APJ) receptor with the potential for improving cardiac function in heart failure patients. However, the low plasma stability of apelin-13 necessitates continuous intravenous infusion for therapeutic use. There are several approaches to increase the stability of apelin-13 including attachment of pharmacokinetic enhancing groups, stabilized peptides, and Fc-fusion approaches. We sought a small-molecule APJ receptor agonist approach to target a compound with a pharmacokinetic profile amenable for chronic oral administration. This manuscript describes sequential optimization of the pyrimidinone series, leading to pyridinone 14, with in vitro potency equivalent to the endogenous ligand apelin-13 and with an excellent oral bioavailability and PK profile in multiple preclinical species. Compound 14 exhibited robust pharmacodynamic effects similar to apelin-13 in an acute rat pressure-volume loop model and was advanced as a clinical candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Johnson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Soong-Hoon Kim
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Monique Phillips
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chiuwa E Luk
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Yan He
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Michael A Galella
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leadley RJ, Kasiewski CJ, Bostwick JS, Bentley R, McVey MJ, White FJ, Perrone MH, Dunwiddie CT. Comparison of Enoxaparin, Hirulog, and Heparin as Adjunctive Antithrombotic Therapy during Thrombolysis with rtPA in the Stenosed Canine Coronary Artery. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA canine model of electrolytic injury-induced coronary artery thrombosis and rtPA-induced thrombolysis was used to evaluate the relative antithrombotic efficacy of enoxaparin (a low molecular weight heparin), conventional therapy (heparin or heparin plus aspirin), and hirulog (a direct thrombin inhibitor), when used as adjunctive therapy during thrombolysis. After 60 min of clot aging, adjunctive therapy was begun at doses which elevated APTT approximately 2-fold over baseline. Fifteen minutes after the start of adjunctive therapy, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was administered (100 μg/kg i.v. bolus + 20 μg/kg/min for 60 min). Adjunctive therapy continued for 1 h after termination of rtPA and blood flow was monitored for two additional hours. Enoxaparin (1 mg/kg i.v. bolus + 30 μg/kg/min, n = 10 for each treatment group) was the only adjunctive treatment that significantly increased the total minutes of flow (143 ± 25 min out of a possible 240 min, vs 54 ± 25 min for vehicle, p <0.05) and decreased thrombus mass (6.0 ± 1.3 mg vs 11.8 ± 3.2 mg for vehicle). Although hirulog (2 mg/kg i.v. bolus + 40 μg/kg/min) did not significantly increase the minutes of flow (120 ± 27 min, p <0.06) or decrease thrombus mass (8.7 ± 1.7 mg) compared to vehicle, these values were not significantly different than those measured in the enoxaparin group. However, the results with hirulog were achieved at the expense of a significantly greater increase in template bleeding time than that measured during enoxaparin treatment. Minutes of flow for heparin (50 U/kg i.v. bolus + 0.6 U/kg/min) and heparin plus aspirin (5 mg/kg i.v. bolus) were 69 ± 20 and 60 ± 23 min, respectively; thrombus masses were 8.2 ±1.3 and 7.3 ±1.0 mg, respectively. In summary, enoxaparin was more effective than conventional therapy in this model in terms of vessel patency and thrombus mass, and was as effective as hirulog, at least at a dose of hirulog that only modestly impaired hemostasis. Therefore, enoxaparin may prove to be a safe and effective alternative agent for adjunctive therapy during thrombolysis with rtPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Leadley
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Charles J Kasiewski
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Ross Bentley
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J McVey
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Francis J White
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Mark H Perrone
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T Dunwiddie
- The Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wong PC, Seiffert D, Bird JE, Watson CA, Bostwick JS, Giancarli M, Allegretto N, Hua J, Harden D, Guay J, Callejo M, Miller MM, Lawrence RM, Banville J, Guy J, Maxwell BD, Priestley ES, Marinier A, Wexler RR, Bouvier M, Gordon DA, Schumacher WA, Yang J. Blockade of protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) provides robust antithrombotic activity with low bleeding. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/371/eaaf5294. [PMID: 28053157 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet agents are proven efficacious treatments for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the existing drugs are compromised by unwanted and sometimes life-threatening bleeding that limits drug usage or dosage. There is a substantial unmet medical need for an antiplatelet drug with strong efficacy and low bleeding risk. Thrombin is a potent platelet agonist that directly induces platelet activation via the G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled protease-activated receptors PAR1 and PAR4. A PAR1 antagonist is approved for clinical use, but its use is limited by a substantial bleeding risk. Conversely, the potential of PAR4 as an antiplatelet target has not been well characterized. Using anti-PAR4 antibodies, we demonstrated a low bleeding risk and an effective antithrombotic profile with PAR4 inhibition in guinea pigs. Subsequently, high-throughput screening and an extensive medicinal chemistry effort resulted in the discovery of BMS-986120, an orally active, selective, and reversible PAR4 antagonist. In a cynomolgus monkey arterial thrombosis model, BMS-986120 demonstrated potent and highly efficacious antithrombotic activity. BMS-986120 also exhibited a low bleeding liability and a markedly wider therapeutic window compared to the standard antiplatelet agent clopidogrel tested in the same nonhuman primate model. These preclinical findings define the biological role of PAR4 in mediating platelet aggregation. In addition, they indicate that targeting PAR4 is an attractive antiplatelet strategy with the potential to treat patients at a high risk of atherothrombosis with superior safety compared with the current standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| | - Dietmar Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - J Eileen Bird
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Carol A Watson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Mary Giancarli
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Nick Allegretto
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Ji Hua
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - David Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jocelyne Guay
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mario Callejo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael M Miller
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Jacques Banville
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julia Guy
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Brad D Maxwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - William A Schumacher
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qiao JX, Wang TC, Hiebert S, Hu CH, Schumacher WA, Spronk SA, Clark CG, Han Y, Hua J, Price LA, Shen H, Chacko SA, Everlof G, Bostwick JS, Steinbacher TE, Li YX, Huang CS, Seiffert DA, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. 4-Benzothiazole-7-hydroxyindolinyl diaryl ureas are potent P2Y1 antagonists with favorable pharmacokinetics: low clearance and small volume of distribution. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2327-43. [PMID: 24989964 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current antithrombotic discovery efforts target compounds that are highly efficacious in thrombus reduction with less bleeding liability than the standard of care. Preclinical data suggest that P2Y1 antagonists may have lower bleeding liabilities than P2Y12 antagonists while providing similar antithrombotic efficacy. This article describes our continuous SAR efforts in a series of 7-hydroxyindolinyl diaryl ureas. When dosed orally, 4-trifluoromethyl-7-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylindolinyl analogue 4 was highly efficacious in a model of arterial thrombosis in rats with limited bleeding. The chemically labile CF3 group in 4 was then transformed to various groups via a novel one-step synthesis, yielding a series of potent P2Y1 antagonists. Among them, the 4-benzothiazole-substituted indolines had desirable PK properties in rats, specifically, low clearance and small volume of distribution. In addition, compound 40 had high i.v. exposure and modest bioavailability, giving it the best overall profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer X Qiao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Rt. 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543 (USA).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jeon YT, Yang W, Qiao JX, Li L, Ruel R, Thibeault C, Hiebert S, Wang TC, Wang Y, Liu Y, Clark CG, Wong HS, Zhu J, Wu DR, Sun D, Chen BC, Mathur A, Chacko SA, Malley M, Chen XQ, Shen H, Huang CS, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Stewart AB, Price LA, Hua J, Li D, Levesque PC, Seiffert DA, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. Identification of 1-{2-[4-chloro-1'-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrospiro[indole-3,4'-piperidine]-1-yl]phenyl}-3-{5-chloro-[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl}urea, a potent, efficacious and orally bioavailable P2Y(1) antagonist as an antiplatelet agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1294-8. [PMID: 24513044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spiropiperidine indoline-substituted diaryl ureas had been identified as antagonists of the P2Y1 receptor. Enhancements in potency were realized through the introduction of a 7-hydroxyl substitution on the spiropiperidinylindoline chemotype. SAR studies were conducted to improve PK and potency, resulting in the identification of compound 3e, a potent, orally bioavailable P2Y1 antagonist with a suitable PK profile in preclinical species. Compound 3e demonstrated a robust antithrombotic effect in vivo and improved bleeding risk profile compared to the P2Y12 antagonist clopidogrel in rat efficacy/bleeding models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon T Jeon
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Wu Yang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| | - Ling Li
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Rejean Ruel
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Carl Thibeault
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Sheldon Hiebert
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Tammy C Wang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Yajun Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Charles G Clark
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Henry S Wong
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Juliang Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Dawn Sun
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Bang-Chi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Silvi A Chacko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Mary Malley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Christine S Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - William A Schumacher
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Anne B Stewart
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Laura A Price
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Ji Hua
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Danshi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Paul C Levesque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Dietmar A Seiffert
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Robert Rehfuss
- Discovery Biology, Cardiovascular, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | - Patrick Y S Lam
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qiao JX, Wang TC, Ruel R, Thibeault C, L'Heureux A, Schumacher WA, Spronk SA, Hiebert S, Bouthillier G, Lloyd J, Pi Z, Schnur DM, Abell LM, Hua J, Price LA, Liu E, Wu Q, Steinbacher TE, Bostwick JS, Chang M, Zheng J, Gao Q, Ma B, McDonnell PA, Huang CS, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. Conformationally constrained ortho-anilino diaryl ureas: discovery of 1-(2-(1'-neopentylspiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine]-1-yl)phenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea, a potent, selective, and bioavailable P2Y1 antagonist. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9275-95. [PMID: 24164581 DOI: 10.1021/jm4013906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding models have demonstrated that P2Y1 antagonists are efficacious as antiplatelet agents and may offer a safety advantage over P2Y12 antagonists in terms of reduced bleeding liabilities. In this article, we describe the structural modification of the tert-butyl phenoxy portion of lead compound 1 and the subsequent discovery of a novel series of conformationally constrained ortho-anilino diaryl ureas. In particular, spiropiperidine indoline-substituted diaryl ureas are described as potent, orally bioavailable small-molecule P2Y1 antagonists with improved activity in functional assays and improved oral bioavailability in rats. Homology modeling and rat PK/PD studies on benchmark compound 3l will also be presented. Compound 3l was our first P2Y1 antagonist to demonstrate a robust oral antithrombotic effect with mild bleeding liability in the rat thrombosis and hemostasis models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer X Qiao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang TC, Qiao JX, Clark CG, Jua J, Price LA, Wu Q, Chang M, Zheng J, Huang CS, Everlof G, Schumacher WA, Wong PC, Seiffert DA, Stewart AB, Bostwick JS, Crain EJ, Watson CA, Rehfuss R, Wexler RR, Lam PYS. Discovery of diarylurea P2Y(1) antagonists with improved aqueous solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3239-43. [PMID: 23602442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical data suggests that P2Y1 antagonists, such as diarylurea compound 1, may provide antithrombotic efficacy similar to P2Y12 antagonists and may have the potential of providing reduced bleeding liabilities. This manuscript describes a series of diarylureas bearing solublizing amine side chains as potent P2Y1 antagonists. Among them, compounds 2l and 3h had improved aqueous solubility and maintained antiplatelet activity compared with compound 1. Compound 2l was moderately efficacious in both rat and rabbit thrombosis models and had a moderate prolongation of bleeding time in rats similar to that of compound 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy C Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chao H, Turdi H, Herpin TF, Roberge JY, Liu Y, Schnur DM, Poss MA, Rehfuss R, Hua J, Wu Q, Price LA, Abell LM, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Steinbacher TE, Stewart AB, Ogletree ML, Huang CS, Chang M, Cacace AM, Arcuri MJ, Celani D, Wexler RR, Lawrence RM. Discovery of 2-(phenoxypyridine)-3-phenylureas as small molecule P2Y1 antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1704-14. [PMID: 23368907 DOI: 10.1021/jm301708u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct G protein-coupled purinergic receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12, mediate ADP-driven platelet activation. The clinical effectiveness of P2Y12 blockade is well established. Recent preclinical data suggest that P2Y1 and P2Y12 inhibition provide equivalent antithrombotic efficacy, while targeting P2Y1 has the potential for reduced bleeding liability. In this account, the discovery of a 2-(phenoxypyridine)-3-phenylurea chemotype that inhibited ADP-mediated platelet aggregation in human blood samples is described. Optimization of this series led to the identification of compound 16, 1-(2-(2-tert-butylphenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-3-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylurea, which demonstrated a 68 ± 7% thrombus weight reduction in an established rat arterial thrombosis model (10 mg/kg plus 10 mg/kg/h) while only prolonging cuticle and mesenteric bleeding times by 3.3- and 3.1-fold, respectively, in provoked rat bleeding time models. These results suggest that a P2Y1 antagonist could potentially provide a safe and efficacious antithrombotic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannguang Chao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton New Jersey 08543, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bird JE, Smith PL, Bostwick JS, Shipkova P, Schumacher WA. Bleeding response induced by anti-thrombotic doses of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-β inhibitor in mice. Thromb Res 2011; 127:560-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
14
|
Wong PC, Crain EJ, Watson CA, Jiang X, Hua J, Bostwick JS, Ogletree ML, Schumacher WA, Rehfuss R. Platelet aggregometry and receptor binding to predict the magnitude of antithrombotic and bleeding time effects of clopidogrel in rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:316-24. [PMID: 17513951 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31803e8772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Target levels of ex vivo inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that produce clinically relevant effects of clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, are unclear. We examined standard and modified IPA and P2Y12 receptor occupancy as predictors of antithrombotic (% thrombus weight reduction) and bleeding time (BT, fold-increase over control) effects of clopidogrel in rabbit models of carotid artery thrombosis and cuticle bleeding, respectively. Standard and modified IPA with 20 microM ADP were measured in the absence and presence of partial P2Y1 blockade, respectively. Clopidogrel maximally produced standard IPA of 57% +/- 5%, antithrombotic effect of 85% +/- 1%, BT increase of 6.0 +/- 0.4-fold and P2Y12 receptor occupancy of 87% +/- 5%. Surprisingly, a clopidogrel dose that produced a low standard IPA of 17% +/- 4% and P2Y12 receptor occupancy of 39% +/- 5% achieved a significant antithrombotic activity of 55% +/- 2% with a moderate increase in BT of 2.0 +/- 0.1-fold. This underestimation of clopidogrel efficacy by standard IPA was improved by measuring either modified IPA or P2Y12 receptor occupancy. These results suggest that in clopidogrel-treated rabbits, low standard IPA is associated with significant antithrombotic effects. Moreover, modified IPA and P2Y12 receptor occupancy appear to better predict the magnitude of clopidogrel's efficacy compared with standard IPA, which may be a better predictor of BT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C Wong
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schumacher WA, Seiler SE, Steinbacher TE, Stewart AB, Bostwick JS, Hartl KS, Liu EC, Ogletree ML. Antithrombotic and hemostatic effects of a small molecule factor XIa inhibitor in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570:167-74. [PMID: 17597608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of inhibiting activated blood coagulation factor XIa was determined in rat models of thrombosis and hemostasis. BMS-262084 is an irreversible and selective small molecule inhibitor of factor XIa with an IC(50) of 2.8 nM against human factor XIa. BMS-262084 doubled the activated thromboplastin time in human and rat plasma at 0.14 and 2.2 microM, respectively. Consistent with factor XIa inhibition, the prothrombin time was unaffected at up to 100 microM. BMS-262084 administered as an intravenous loading plus sustaining infusion was effective against FeCl(2)-induced thrombosis in both the vena cava and carotid artery. Maximum thrombus weight reductions of 97 and 73%, respectively (P<0.05), were achieved at a pretreatment dose of 12 mg/kg+12 mg/kg/h which increased the ex vivo activated thromboplastin time to 3.0 times control. This dose level also arrested growth of venous and arterial thrombi when administered after partial thrombus formation. BMS-262084 was most potent in FeCl(2)-induced venous thrombosis, decreasing thrombus weight 38% (P<0.05) at a threshold dose of 0.2 mg/kg+0.2 mg/kg/h. In contrast, doses of up to 24 mg/kg+24 mg/kg/h had no effect on either tissue factor-induced venous thrombosis or the ex vivo prothrombin time. Doses of up to 24 mg/kg+24 mg/kg/h also did not significantly prolong bleeding time provoked by either puncture of small mesenteric blood vessels, template incision of the renal cortex, or cuticle incision. These results demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of factor XIa achieves antithrombotic efficacy with minimal effects on provoked bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Schumacher
- Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Ogletree ML, Stewart AB, Steinbacher TE, Hua J, Price LA, Wong PC, Rehfuss RP. Biomarker optimization to track the antithrombotic and hemostatic effects of clopidogrel in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:369-77. [PMID: 17420297 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.119156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the dose response of the ADP antagonist clopidogrel (0.3-50 mg/kg p.o.) in rat models of thrombosis and provoked bleeding and correlated these activities to ex vivo platelet activation. Carotid artery thrombosis was induced by FeCl(2). Bleeding time was measured by mesenteric vessel puncture and renal cortex or cuticle incision. Platelet biomarkers included standard ADP-induced aggregation, P2Y(12) receptor occupancy, and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Clopidogrel decreased thrombus weight up to 78%, caused maximal prolongation of cuticle and mesenteric bleeding, but had little effect on renal bleeds. Due to the steep mesenteric dose response, further comparisons concentrated on cuticle bleeding. The half-maximal inhibitory dose (ED(50)) for thrombus reduction was 2.4 +/- 0.4 mg/kg, with 10 mg/kg providing optimal blood flow preservation and thrombus reduction. The ED(50) for bleeding was 10.5 +/- 3.4 mg/kg. Increased bleeding was intermediate (3-fold) at 10 mg/kg and maximal (6-fold) at 30 mg/kg. All biomarkers were affected, but with differing sensitivity. ED(50)s for peak platelet aggregation to 10 microM ADP (11.9 +/- 0.4 mg/kg) and the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein index (16.4 +/- 1.3 mg/kg) approximated the higher ED(50) for bleeding. ED(50)s for ligand binding (3.0 +/- 0.3 mg/kg) and late aggregation (5.1 +/- 0.4 mg/kg) better matched the lower ED(50) for antithrombotic activity. Aspirin exerted lesser effects on bleeding (42-70% increase in all models) and thrombosis (24% inhibition). In summary, antithrombotic doses of clopidogrel have limited effects on bleeding and standard measures of platelet aggregation. Other biomarkers may be more sensitive for tracking antithrombotic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William A Schumacher
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bird E, Tamura J, Bostwick JS, Steinbacher TE, Stewart A, Liu Y, Baumann J, Feyen J, Tamasi J, Schumacher WA. Is exogenous tissue plasminogen activator necessary for antithrombotic efficacy of an inhibitor of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in rats? Thromb Res 2007; 120:549-58. [PMID: 17229457 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TAFI indirectly reduces the action of tPA on plasminogen. Whether exogenous tPA is necessary for TAFI inhibitor efficacy is unclear. Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI), a TAFI inhibitor, has shown variable tPA dependence in rat models of arteriovenous shunt thrombosis (required) and microthrombosis (not required). This study was designed to further explore the importance of exogenous tPA in revealing PCI activity in rat models of venous and arterial thrombosis and provoked bleeding. METHODS PCI was given as a bolus (5, 10 mg/kg) +/- infusion (5, 10 mg/kg/h) and with or without low dose tPA (5, 10, 25 microg/kg/min). In each instance tPA was adjusted to produce subthreshold thrombus reduction. Arterial thrombosis was induced by FeCl2; venous thrombosis by tissue factor or FeCl2. Bleeding was induced by kidney incision with PCI given (5 mg + 5 mg/kg/h) in the presence or absence of tPA (10, 150, 200 microg/kg/min). RESULTS PCI was ineffective without exogenous tPA in all tested thrombosis models. With exogenous tPA, PCI decreased thrombus weight 85% in tissue factor thrombosis, 59% in FeCl2 thrombosis, and 46% in arterial thrombosis. PCI prolonged bleeding only when combined with a relatively high tPA dose (200 microg/kg/min) that increased bleeding alone. CONCLUSIONS If the current results predict clinical efficacy, the need for exogenous tPA in combination with TAFI inhibition is a potential problem. However, in acute settings where intravenous fibrinolytics are administered, or indications in which tPA production increases, TAFI inhibitors may prove to be safe and moderately effective profibrinolytic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Bird
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rebello SS, Kasiewski CJ, Bentley RG, Morgan SR, Chu V, Bostwick JS, Klein SI, Perrone MH, Leadley RJ. Superiority of enoxaparin over heparin in combination with a GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist during coronary thrombolysis in dogs. Thromb Res 2001; 102:261-71. [PMID: 11369420 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is more effective than unfractionated heparin in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (UA/NQMI) and the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptors play an important role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Therefore, enoxaparin might have a similar advantage over heparin when used with a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist (RPR109891) in coronary thrombolysis. After induction of coronary thrombosis in anesthetized dogs, infusion of saline, enoxaparin, heparin, RPR109891, enoxaparin+RPR109891, or heparin+RPR109891 was initiated followed 15 min later by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). The incidence of reperfusion in the enoxaparin+RPR109891- and the heparin+RPR109891-treated groups was similar, but time to reperfusion tended to be shorter for enoxaparin versus heparin. Only 43% of the vessels reoccluded in the enoxaparin+RPR109891 group, compared to 100% vessels in the heparin+RPR109891 group. Enoxaparin+RPR109891 maintained flow for a significantly longer time compared to saline, enoxaparin, heparin, and heparin+RPR109891. Enoxaparin+RPR109891 and heparin+RPR109891 increased the template bleeding time by 2- and 3-fold and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) by 1.3- and 3-fold, respectively. These data suggest that enoxaparin is more effective and potentially safer than heparin when combined with a GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist during rt-PA-induced coronary thrombolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Rebello
- Cardiovascular Biology, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, 19426, Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bostwick JS, Costanzo S, Byan L, Luo Y, Natarajan C, Bilder G. Clopidogrel but not ticlopidine produces an antiplatelet effect in the Yucatan minipig. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84:928. [PMID: 11127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
|
20
|
Leadley RJ, Morgan SR, Bentley R, Bostwick JS, Kasiewski CJ, Heran C, Chu V, Brown K, Moxey P, Ewing WR, Pauls H, Spada AP, Perrone MH, Dunwiddie CT. Pharmacodynamic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of RPR120844, a novel inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 34:791-9. [PMID: 10598121 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199912000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
These studies were designed to examine the pharmacodynamic profile and antithrombotic efficacy of RPR120844, a competitive inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa, with a K(i) of 7 nM against human factor Xa. In vitro, RPR120844 doubled activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at concentrations of 1.54, 1.48, and 0.74 microM in plasma obtained from humans, dogs, and rats, respectively. Intravenous bolus administration of RPR 120844 at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg to rats resulted in maximal increases in APTT of 1.8-, 2.6-, and 8.4-fold over baseline, respectively. The effect on prothrombin time (PT) was less pronounced, resulting in a 4.4-fold increase at 3 mg/kg. These effects were rapidly reversible; APTT and PT returned to control values by 30 min after dosing. Intragastric administration to rats at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in modest increases in APTT and PT of 1.5- and 1.3-fold over baseline at the highest dose. Plasma levels were estimated by anti-Xa activity by using an amidolytic, chromogenic assay. Plasma levels were 0.65, 1.29, and 2.45 microM at 30 min after dosing at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Intravenous administration to dogs at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg produced maximal increases in APTT of 1.7- and 2.4-fold over baseline, respectively. Intragastric administration to dogs at 50 mg/kg resulted in maximal increases in APTT and PT of 1.7- and 1.1-fold over baseline, with peak plasma levels of 3.9 microM observed at 15 min after dosing. In a rat model of FeCl2-induced carotid artery thrombosis, RPR120844 (3 mg/kg, i.v. bolus + 300 microg/kg/min constant infusion; n = 4) significantly increased time-to-occlusion from 18+/-1 min (vehicle, n = 4) to 60 min (maximal observation time) and reduced thrombus mass from 5.5 +/- 0.2 mg (vehicle) to 1.4 +/- 0.2 mg. These results indicate that RPR120844 is a potent, selective inhibitor of Xa that exhibits oral activity and is efficacious in a standard model of arterial thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Leadley
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer International, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bostwick JS, Bentley R, Morgan S, Brown K, Chu V, Ewing WR, Spada AP, Pauls H, Perrone MH, Dunwiddie CT, Leadley RJ. RPR120844, a novel, specific inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa inhibits venous thrombosis in the rabbit. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81:157-60. [PMID: 10348709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo antithrombotic activity of RPR 20844, a novel synthetic coagulation factor Xa (fXa) inhibitor (Ki = 7 nM), was assessed by its ability to inhibit thrombus formation in a damaged segment of the rabbit jugular vein. Intravenous dose-response studies were performed and thrombus mass (TM), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), inhibition of ex vivo fXa activity and plasma drug levels (PDL) were determined. TM, measured at the end of a 50 min infusion, was significantly reduced (p<0.05 vs. saline-treated animals) by RPR120844 at 30 and 100 microg/kg/min. At doses of 10, 30 and 100 microg/kg/min, APTT was prolonged by 2.1, 4.2 and 6.1-fold, and PT was prolonged by 1.4, 2.2 and 3.5-fold, respectively. PDL were determined by measuring anti-fXa activity using an amidolytic assay. Peak PDL were 0.8+/-0.3, 1.5+/-0.9 and 2.4+/-0.6 microM, respectively. The drug effect was reversible with APTT, PT and PDL returning toward pretreatment values 30 min after termination of treatment. The results suggest that RPR 120844, or similar compounds, may provide an efficacious, yet easily reversible, means of inhibiting thrombus formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Bostwick
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klein SI, Molino BF, Czekaj M, Gardner CJ, Chu V, Brown K, Sabatino RD, Bostwick JS, Kasiewski C, Bentley R, Windisch V, Perrone M, Dunwiddie CT, Leadley RJ. Design of a new class of orally active fibrinogen receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2492-502. [PMID: 9651154 DOI: 10.1021/jm9801096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The integrin receptor recognition sequence Arg-Gly-Asp was successfully used as a template from which to develop a series of potent, selective, orally active, peptide-based fibrinogen receptor antagonists with a long duration of action. Simple modifications centered on the Arg and Gly residues quickly led to a modified peptide (1) with significantly enhanced ability to inhibit in vitro platelet aggregation. Substitution of the guanidino group in 1 by piperidine provided 3, which showed not only a further increase in potency but also a modest degree of oral efficacy. Finally, exploration of the nature of the C-terminal amino acid, with respect to its side-chain functionality and the carboxy terminus, yielded a group of molecules that showed excellent in vitro potency for inhibiting platelet aggregation, excellent integrin selectivity, a high level of oral efficacy, and an extended duration of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Klein
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leadley RJ, Kasiewski CJ, Bostwick JS, Bentley R, Dunwiddie CT, Perrone MH. Inhibition of repetitive thrombus formation in the stenosed canine coronary artery by enoxaparin, but not by unfractionated heparin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:908-14. [PMID: 9633930 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.6.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to compare the antithrombotic efficacy of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (UH) in a model of platelet-dependent cyclic flow reductions (CFRs) in the stenosed canine circumflex coronary artery. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are safe and effective in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. The present experiments were designed to evaluate the potential use of LMWHs in arterial thrombotic indications by comparing the antithrombotic effect of an LMWH with that of UH in an animal model of unstable angina. After establishment of consistent CFRs by experimentally induced vascular stenosis and damage, vehicle (saline), enoxaparin, or UH was administered intravenously as a loading dose plus a continuous infusion for 1 hour. The inhibition of CFRs was taken as an indicator of antithrombotic efficacy. Enoxaparin inhibited repetitive platelet thrombus formation in a dose-dependent manner, with significant inhibition of CFRs achieved at 0.5 mg/kg + 5 microg/kg per minute. This dose of enoxaparin resulted in anti-Xa levels of 0.9 to 1.0 IU/mL, anti-IIa levels of 0.2 to 0.3 IU/mL, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of 1.3-fold over baseline, and a 1.4-fold increase (NS) in template bleeding time. Near-complete abolishment of CFRs was achieved with enoxaparin at 1.0 mg/kg + 10 microg/kg per minute. This dose of enoxaparin produced anti-Xa levels of 2 to 2.2 IU/mL, anti-IIa levels of 0.5 to 0.6 IU/mL, an increase in APTT of 1.4- to 1.5-fold over baseline, and a 1.9-fold increase (P<0.05) in template bleeding time. In contrast, UH had no significant effect on CFRs at a dose (100 U/kg + 10 U/kg per minute) that resulted in anti-Xa levels of 1.2 to 1.6 IU/mL, anti-IIa levels of 1.8 to 2.4 IU/mL, an increase in APTT greater than 10-fold over baseline, and a 2.5-fold increase (P<0.05) in template bleeding time. Compared with the vehicle group, circulating platelet count and hematocrit were not changed significantly by any dose of enoxaparin or UH tested. Enoxaparin, unlike UH, prevented repetitive platelet-dependent thrombus formation in the dog, thereby supporting the potential use of enoxaparin as a replacement for heparin in the treatment of arterial thrombotic disorders such as unstable angina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Leadley
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leadley RJ, Kasiewski CJ, Bostwick JS, Bentley R, McVey MJ, White FJ, Perrone MH, Dunwiddie CT. Comparison of enoxaparin, hirulog, and heparin as adjunctive antithrombotic therapy during thrombolysis with rtPA in the stenosed canine coronary artery. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78:1278-85. [PMID: 9364998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A canine model of electrolytic injury-induced coronary artery thrombosis and rtPA-induced thrombolysis was used to evaluate the relative antithrombotic efficacy of enoxaparin (a low molecular weight heparin), conventional therapy (heparin or heparin plus aspirin), and hirulog (a direct thrombin inhibitor), when used as adjunctive therapy during thrombolysis. After 60 min of clot aging, adjunctive therapy was begun at doses which elevated APTT approximately 2-fold over baseline. Fifteen minutes after the start of adjunctive therapy, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) was administered (100 microg/kg i.v. bolus + 20 microg/kg/min for 60 min). Adjunctive therapy continued for 1 h after termination of rtPA and blood flow was monitored for two additional hours. Enoxaparin (1 mg/kg i.v. bolus + 30 microg/kg/min, n = 10 for each treatment group) was the only adjunctive treatment that significantly increased the total minutes of flow (143 +/- 25 min out of a possible 240 min, vs 54 +/- 25 min for vehicle, p <0.05) and decreased thrombus mass (6.0 +/- 1.3 mg vs 11.8 +/- 3.2 mg for vehicle). Although hirulog (2 mg/kg i.v. bolus + 40 microg/kg/min) did not significantly increase the minutes of flow (120 +/- 27 min, p <0.06) or decrease thrombus mass (8.7 +/- 1.7 mg) compared to vehicle, these values were not significantly different than those measured in the enoxaparin group. However, the results with hirulog were achieved at the expense of a significantly greater increase in template bleeding time than that measured during enoxaparin treatment. Minutes of flow for heparin (50 U/kg i.v. bolus + 0.6 U/kg/min) and heparin plus aspirin (5 mg/kg i.v. bolus) were 69 +/- 20 and 60 +/- 23 min, respectively; thrombus masses were 8.2 +/- 1.3 and 7.3 +/- 1.0 mg, respectively. In summary, enoxaparin was more effective than conventional therapy in this model in terms of vessel patency and thrombus mass, and was as effective as hirulog, at least at a dose of hirulog that only modestly impaired hemostasis. Therefore, enoxaparin may prove to be a safe and effective alternative agent for adjunctive therapy during thrombolysis with rtPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Leadley
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bostwick JS, Kasiewski CJ, Chu V, Klein SI, Sabatino RD, Perrone MH, Dunwiddie CT, Cook JJ, Leadley RJ. Anti-thrombotic activity of RG13965, a novel platelet fibrinogen receptor antagonist. Thromb Res 1996; 82:495-507. [PMID: 8794522 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RG13965, a pseudotetrapeptide analogue of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), inhibited collagen-induced dog, monkey, human, hamster, mouse, and pig platelet aggregation in vitro with IC50 values of 3.7, 4.6, 6.3, 126, 136 and 1600 microM, respectively. RG13965 (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased the incidence of collagen/epinephrine-induced thrombosis in mice from 90% in untreated animals to 63, 37, and 0%, respectively. In hamsters, RG13965 (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.v.) prolonged the time required for formation of a hemostatic plug in severed mesenteric arteries by 1.6- and 3.6-fold, respectively. In a canine model of repetitive platelet thrombus formation in the coronary artery, RG13965 (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, i.v.) reversibly inhibited cyclic flow reductions (CFRs) and inhibited ADP-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation by 29, 57, and 77%, respectively. RG13965 (1 mg/kg) completely inhibited CFRs for at least 40 min. Platelet count was not altered at any dose and template bleeding time was prolonged modestly (1.8-fold) at only the highest dose. RG13965 dose-dependently and reversibly inhibited thrombus formation at doses which did not completely inhibit ex vivo platelet aggregation and only modestly prolonged template bleeding time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Bostwick
- Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Central Research, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fitzpatrick LR, Lambert RM, Pendley CE, Martin GE, Bostwick JS, Gessner GW, Airey JE, Youssefyeh RD, Pendleton RG, Decktor DL. RG 12915: a potent 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 antagonist that is an orally effective inhibitor of cytotoxic drug-induced emesis in the ferret and dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 254:450-5. [PMID: 2166791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RG 12915 [4-[N-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2.]octan-3-(S)-yl)]2-chloro-cis 5a-(S)-9a-(S)-5a,6,7,8,9,9a-hexahydrobenzofurancarboxamide hydrochloride] is a potent and effective agent against cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret after i.v. or p.o. administration. This agent (p.o.) is also highly protective against cisplatin-induced emesis in the dog, as well as cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin-induced emesis in the ferret. When administered either p.o. or i.v., RG 12915 has a lower ED50 value (0.004 mg/kg) than GR 38032F, BRL 43694 and metoclopramide for attenuating cisplatin-induced emetic episodes in the ferret. It also has a long duration of action against cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret. In contrast to metoclopramide, RG 12915 lacks significant antidopaminergic activity both in vitro [( 3H]spiroperidol displacement), as well as in vivo (apomorphine-induced emesis). In radioligand binding assays, RG 12915 is a potent and selective displacer of binding of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 binding sites (IC50 value = 0.16 nM), whereas failing to displace binding of ligands for the alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta adrenergic, 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 or cholinergic-muscarinic sites with IC50 values less than 1 microM. At a p.o. dose (1 mg/kg) in which RG 12915 is highly protective against cisplatin-induced emesis in the dog, RG 12915 has no significant gastroprokinetic activity in the same species. In summary, RG 12915 is a potent and p.o. effective agent against cytotoxic drug-induced emesis in animal models. The antiemetic potency of RG 12915 against cisplatin is unrelated to antidopaminergic or gastroprokinetic activity, but may be related to its affinity for 5-HT3 binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rorer Central Research, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fitzpatrick LR, Bostwick JS, Renzetti M, Pendleton RG, Decktor DL. Antiinflammatory effects of various drugs on acetic acid induced colitis in the rat. Agents Actions 1990; 30:393-402. [PMID: 1974733 DOI: 10.1007/bf01966304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of various drugs used to treat ulcerative colitis, (sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylate, hydrocortisone) was investigated in a model of acetic acid-induced colitis in the rat. Subsequently, we tested the ability of antioxidant/5-lipoxygenase inhibitors (gossypol and nordihydroguiaretic acid [NDGA]) and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) to attenuate the macroscopic colonic damage and/or neutrophil influx (myeloperoxidase activity [MPO]) associated with this model of colitis. Oral pretreatment with either sulfasalazine, gossypol, or NDGA significantly decreased colonic MPO activity induced by acetic acid. Intrarectal administration of such drugs resulted in an even larger reduction of the colonic inflammation, with gossypol being the most potent compound. Oral or intrarectal administration of corticosteroids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone) also attenuated the parameters of acetic acid induced colitis. In contrast, pretreatment with indomethacin was ineffective, or when administered daily after colitis induction, indomethacin actually increased colonic neutrophil influx significantly. Our data suggest that both the route of drug administration and dosing regimen employed affect the antiinflammatory potency and/or efficacy of compounds on colitis induced by acetic acid in the rat. Drugs which were effective against this colitis may act by scavenging of oxygen derived free radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Fitzpatrick
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Department, Rorer Central Research, Horsham, PA 19044
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|