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Lin A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Marahleh A, Ma J, Ren J, Miura M, Fan Z, Narita K, Mizoguchi I. (D-Ala 2)GIP Inhibits Inflammatory Bone Resorption by Suppressing TNF-α and RANKL Expression and Directly Impeding Osteoclast Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2555. [PMID: 38473802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion and decreases blood glucose levels. In addition, it has been reported to suppress osteoclast formation. Native GIP is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (D-Ala2)GIP is a newly developed GIP analog that demonstrates enhanced resistance to DPP-4. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice received supracalvarial injections of LPS with or without (D-Ala2)GIP for 5 days. Osteoclast formation and bone resorption were evaluated, and TNF-α and RANKL expression were measured. In vitro, the influence of (D-Ala2)GIP on RANKL- and TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis, LPS-triggered TNF-α expression in macrophages, and RANKL expression in osteoblasts were examined. Compared to the LPS-only group, calvariae co-administered LPS and (D-Ala2)GIP led to less osteoclast formation, lower bone resorption, and decreased TNF-α and RANKL expression. (D-Ala2)GIP inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL and TNF-α and downregulated TNF-α expression in macrophages and RANKL expression in osteoblasts in vitro. Furthermore, (D-Ala2)GIP suppressed the MAPK signaling pathway. The results suggest that (D-Ala2)GIP dampened LPS-triggered osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vivo by reducing TNF-α and RANKL expression and directly inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angyi Lin
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jinghan Ma
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jiayi Ren
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mariko Miura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ziqiu Fan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kohei Narita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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Hartmann B, Longo M, Mathiesen DS, Hare KJ, Jørgensen NR, Esposito K, Deacon CF, Vilsbøll T, Holst JJ, Knop FK. Signs of a Glucose- and Insulin-Independent Gut-Bone Axis and Aberrant Bone Homeostasis in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 109:e259-e265. [PMID: 37466204 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gut hormones seem to play an important role in postprandial bone turnover, which also may be affected by postprandial plasma glucose excursions and insulin secretion. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI) on bone resorption and formation markers in individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. METHODS This observational case-control study, conducted at the Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark, included 9 individuals with C-peptide negative type 1 diabetes and 8 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and body mass index. Subjects underwent an OGTT and a subsequent IIGI. We analyzed changes in bone resorption assessed by measurements of carboxy-terminal type I collagen crosslinks (CTX) and in bone formation as assessed by procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) concentrations. RESULTS Baseline CTX and PINP levels were similar in the 2 groups. Both groups exhibited significantly greater suppression of CTX during OGTT than IIGI. PINP levels were unaffected by OGTT and IIGI, respectively, in healthy controls. Participants with type 1 diabetes displayed impaired suppression of CTX-assessed bone resorption and inappropriate suppression of PINP-assessed bone formation during OGTT. CONCLUSION Our data suggest the existence of a gut-bone axis reducing bone resorption in response to oral glucose independently of plasma glucose excursions and insulin secretion. Subjects with type 1 diabetes showed impaired suppression of bone resorption and reduced bone formation during OGTT, which may allude to the reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture risk characterizing these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Longo
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - David S Mathiesen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kristine J Hare
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Centre of Diagnostic Investigation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Glostrup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2750 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2750 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2750 Herlev, Denmark
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3
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Guan T, Guo B, Zhang W, Qi M, Luo X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Bao T, Xu M, Liu M, Liu Y. The activation of gastric inhibitory peptide/gastric inhibitory peptide receptor axis via sonic hedgehog signaling promotes the bridging of gapped nerves in sciatic nerve injury. J Neurochem 2023; 165:842-859. [PMID: 36971732 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells play an essential role in peripheral nerve regeneration by generating a favorable microenvironment. Gastric inhibitory peptide/gastric inhibitory peptide receptor (GIP/GIPR) axis deficiency leads to failure of sciatic nerve repair. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we surprisingly found that GIP treatment significantly enhances the migration of Schwann cells and the formation of Schwann cell cords during recovery from sciatic nerve injury in rats. We further revealed that GIP and GIPR levels in Schwann cells were low under normal conditions, and significantly increased after injury demonstrated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Wound healing and Transwell assays showed that GIP stimulation and GIPR silencing could affect Schwann cell migration. In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies based on interference experiment revealed that GIP/GIPR might promote mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) activity, thus facilitating cell migration; Rap1 activation might be involved in this process. Finally, we retrieved the stimulatory factors responsible for GIPR induction after injury. The results indicate that sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a potential candidate whose expression increased upon injury. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Gli3, the target transcription factor of the SHH pathway, dramatically augmented GIPR expression. Additionally, in vivo inhibition of SHH could effectively reduce GIPR expression after sciatic nerve injury. Collectively, our study reveals the importance of GIP/GIPR signaling in Schwann cell migration, providing a therapeutic avenue toward peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuchen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Mengwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xiaoqian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Tiancheng Bao
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
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Dalsgaard NB, Gasbjerg LS, Helsted MM, Hansen LS, Hansen NL, Skov-Jeppesen K, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Acarbose diminishes postprandial suppression of bone resorption in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bone 2023; 170:116687. [PMID: 36754130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is an antidiabetic drug delaying assimilation of carbohydrates and, thus, increasing the amount of carbohydrates in the distal parts of the intestines, which in turn increases circulating levels of the gut-derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). As GLP-1 may suppress bone resorption, acarbose has been proposed to potentiate meal-induced suppression of bone resorption. We investigated the effect of acarbose treatment on postprandial bone resorption in patients with type 2 diabetes and used the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 to disclose contributory effect of acarbose-induced GLP-1 secretion. METHODS In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 15 participants with metformin-treated type 2 diabetes (2 women/13 men, age 71 (57-85 years), BMI 29.7 (23.6-34.6 kg/m2), HbA1c 48 (40-74 mmol/mol)/6.5 (5.8-11.6 %) (median and range)) were subjected to two 14-day treatment periods with acarbose and placebo, respectively, separated by a six-week wash-out period. At the end of each period, circulating bone formation and resorption markers were assessed during two randomised 4-h liquid mixed meal tests (MMT) with infusions of exendin(9-39)NH2 and saline, respectively. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) was also assessed. RESULTS Compared to placebo, acarbose impaired the MMT-induced suppression of CTX as assessed by baseline-subtracted area under curve (P = 0.0037) and nadir of CTX (P = 0.0128). During acarbose treatment, exendin(9-39)NH2 infusion lowered nadir of CTX compared to saline (P = 0.0344). Neither parathyroid hormone or the bone formation marker procollagen 1 intact N-terminal propeptide were affected by acarbose or GLP-1 receptor antagonism. Acarbose treatment induced a greater postprandial GLP-2 response than placebo treatment (P = 0.0479) and exendin(9-39)NH2 infusion exacerbated this (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with acarbose reduced postprandial suppression of bone resorption. Acarbose-induced GLP-1 secretion may contribute to this phenomenon as the impairment was partially reversed by GLP-1 receptor antagonism. Also, acarbose-induced reductions in other factors reducing bone resorption, e.g. glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels B Dalsgaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads M Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Laura S Hansen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Nina L Hansen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
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5
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Ko FC, Jochum SB, Wilson BM, Adra A, Patel N, Lee H, Wilber S, Shaikh M, Forsyth C, Keshavarzian A, Swanson GR, Sumner DR. Colon epithelial cell-specific Bmal1 deletion impairs bone formation in mice. Bone 2023; 168:116650. [PMID: 36584784 PMCID: PMC9911378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock system regulates multiple metabolic processes, including bone metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that both central and peripheral circadian signaling regulate skeletal growth and homeostasis in mice. Disruption in central circadian rhythms has been associated with a decline in bone mineral density in humans and the global and osteoblast-specific disruption of clock genes in bone tissue leads to lower bone mass in mice. Gut physiology is highly sensitive to circadian disruption. Since the gut is also known to affect bone remodeling, we sought to test the hypothesis that circadian signaling disruption in colon epithelial cells affects bone. We therefore assessed structural, functional, and cellular properties of bone in 8 week old Ts4-Cre and Ts4-Cre;Bmal1fl/fl (cBmalKO) mice, where the clock gene Bmal1 is deleted in colon epithelial cells. Axial and appendicular trabecular bone volume was significantly lower in cBmalKO compared to Ts4-Cre 8-week old mice in a sex-dependent fashion, with male but not female mice showing the phenotype. Similarly, the whole bone mechanical properties were deteriorated in cBmalKO male mice. The tissue level mechanisms involved suppressed bone formation with normal resorption, as evidenced by serum markers and dynamic histomorphometry. Our studies demonstrate that colon epithelial cell-specific deletion of Bmal1 leads to failure to acquire trabecular and cortical bone in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Ko
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Sarah B Jochum
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Brittany M Wilson
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Amal Adra
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Hoomin Lee
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Sherry Wilber
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Christopher Forsyth
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Garth R Swanson
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Department of Anatomy& Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America; Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
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Maagensen H, Helsted MM, Gasbjerg LS, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The Gut-Bone Axis in Diabetes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:21-31. [PMID: 36441432 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe recent advances in the understanding of how gut-derived hormones regulate bone homeostasis in humans with emphasis on pathophysiological and therapeutic perspectives in diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS The gut-derived incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is important for postprandial suppression of bone resorption. The other incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), as well as the intestinotrophic glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to suppress bone resorption in pharmacological concentrations, but the role of the endogenous hormones in bone homeostasis is uncertain. For ambiguous reasons, both patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have increased fracture risk. In diabetes, the suppressive effect of endogenous GIP on bone resorption seems preserved, while the effect of GLP-2 remains unexplored both pharmacologically and physiologically. GLP-1 receptor agonists, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, may reduce bone loss, but results are inconsistent. GIP is an important physiological suppressor of postprandial bone resorption, while GLP-1 and GLP-2 may also exert bone-preserving effects when used pharmacologically. A better understanding of the actions of these gut hormones on bone homeostasis in patients with diabetes may lead to new strategies for the prevention and treatment of skeletal frailty related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Maagensen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mads M Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Tu Y, Kuang X, Zhang L, Xu X. The associations of gut microbiota, endocrine system and bone metabolism. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124945. [PMID: 37089533 PMCID: PMC10116073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is of great importance in human health, and its roles in the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis have long been recognized as the "gut-bone axis." Recent evidence has indicated intercorrelations between gut microbiota, endocrine system and bone metabolism. This review article discussed the complex interactions between gut microbiota and bone metabolism-related hormones, including sex steroids, insulin-like growth factors, 5-hydroxytryptamine, parathyroid hormone, glucagon-like peptides, peptide YY, etc. Although the underlying mechanisms still need further investigation, the regulatory effect of gut microbiota on bone health via interplaying with endocrine system may provide a new paradigm for the better management of musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Zhang,
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Xin Xu,
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8
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Heimbürger SMN, Hoe B, Nielsen CN, Bergman NC, Skov-Jeppesen K, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Dela F, Overgaard J, Størling J, Vilsbøll T, Dejgaard TF, Havelund JF, Gorshkov V, Kjeldsen F, Færgeman NJ, Madsen MR, Christensen MB, Knop FK. GIP Affects Hepatic Fat and Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis but Not White Adipose Tissue Transcriptome in Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3261-3274. [PMID: 36111559 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been proposed to exert insulin-independent effects on lipid and bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of a 6-day subcutaneous GIP infusion on circulating lipids, white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), hepatic fat content, inflammatory markers, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and bone homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 20 men with type 1 diabetes underwent a 6-day continuous subcutaneous infusion with GIP (6 pmol/kg/min) and placebo (saline), with an interposed 7-day washout period. RESULTS During GIP infusion, participants (26 ± 8 years [mean ± SD]; BMI 23.8 ± 1.8 kg/m2; glycated hemoglobin A1c 51 ± 10 mmol/mol [6.8 ± 3.1%]) experienced transiently increased circulating concentrations of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (P = 0.0005), decreased RER (P = 0.009), indication of increased fatty acid β-oxidation, and decreased levels of the bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide (P = 0.000072) compared with placebo. After 6 days of GIP infusion, hepatic fat content was increased by 12.6% (P = 0.007) and supraclavicular skin temperature, a surrogate indicator of BAT activity, was increased by 0.29 °C (P < 0.000001) compared with placebo infusion. WAT transcriptomic profile as well as circulating lipid species, proteome, markers of inflammation, and bone homeostasis were unaffected. CONCLUSION Six days of subcutaneous GIP infusion in men with type 1 diabetes transiently decreased bone resorption and increased NEFA and β-oxidation. Further, hepatic fat content, and supraclavicular skin temperature were increased without affecting WAT transcriptomics, the circulating proteome, lipids, or inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Møller Nguyen Heimbürger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Translational Pharmacology, Zealand Pharma A/S, 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Hoe
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Neumann Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Natasha Chidekel Bergman
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Fremming Dejgaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jesper Foged Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Frank Kjeldsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Guccio N, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide-A Postprandial Hormone with Unharnessed Metabolic Potential. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:21-44. [PMID: 35609956 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is released from the upper small intestine in response to food intake and contributes to the postprandial control of nutrient disposition, including of sugars and fats. Long neglected as a potential therapeutic target, the GIPR axis has received increasing interest recently, with the emerging data demonstrating the metabolically favorable outcomes of adding GIPR agonism to GLP-1 receptor agonists in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review examines the physiology of the GIP axis, from the mechanisms underlying GIP secretion from the intestine to its action on target tissues and therapeutic development. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Guccio
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
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10
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Tan Q, Akindehin SE, Orsso CE, Waldner RC, DiMarchi RD, Müller TD, Haqq AM. Recent Advances in Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:838410. [PMID: 35299971 PMCID: PMC8921987 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.838410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has received enormous attention during the past three decades as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Continuous improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile of GLP-1R agonists, starting from native hormone with a half-life of ~2-3 min to the development of twice daily, daily and even once-weekly drugs highlight the pharmaceutical evolution of GLP-1-based medicines. In contrast to GLP-1, the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) received little attention as a pharmacological target, because of conflicting observations that argue activation or inhibition of the GIP receptor (GIPR) provides beneficial effects on systemic metabolism. Interest in GIPR agonism for the treatment of obesity and diabetes was recently propelled by the clinical success of unimolecular dual-agonists targeting the receptors for GIP and GLP-1, with reported significantly improved body weight and glucose control in patients with obesity and type II diabetes. Here we review the biology and pharmacology of GLP-1 and GIP and discuss recent advances in incretin-based pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seun E. Akindehin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Camila E. Orsso
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo D. Müller, ; Andrea M. Haqq,
| | - Andrea M. Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timo D. Müller, ; Andrea M. Haqq,
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11
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Katra B, Fedak D, Matejko B, Małecki MT, Wędrychowicz A. The enteroendocrine-osseous axis in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus. Bone 2021; 153:116105. [PMID: 34245933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between the gut and skeleton is increasingly recognized as a component of the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), intestinotrophic peptide glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and osteocalcin isoforms in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes (T1D) when compared to healthy controls. METHODS Eighty two patients with long term T1D, treated in the Department of Metabolic Diseases and 53 healthy controls were recruited to the study. Long term disease duration was defined as lasting for more than 10 years. The control group was selected among age- and sex-matched healthy people. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure levels of incretin hormones (GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP), two forms of osteocalcin (uncarboxylated (ucOC), and carboxylated (cOC)), and additional biochemical parameters associated with glucose and bone metabolism (HbA1c, calcium, phosphorus, 25(OH)D3, PTH). RESULTS Patients with T1D had higher BMI than in controls (p = 0.02). There was no difference in BMD at the lumbar spine and the femoral neck between patients with long-term T1D and healthy ones. Z-score values in both groups were within normal ranges. The level of GIP was significantly higher in T1D patients (p = 0.0002) in comparison to the healthy ones. The levels of GLP-1 and GLP-2 did not differ between T1D patients and controls. In the T1D group, strong, positive associations were found between serum levels of GLP-1 and cOC (r = 0.546, p < 0.001) and between GLP-1 and total OC (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), also after adjusting for BMI (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Significant positive associations were also found between serum levels of GLP-2 and cOC (r = 0.27, p = 0.013) and between GLP-2 and total OC (r = 0.25, p = 0.018), also in a multivariate regression (p = 0.009, p = 0,175, respectively). Moreover, in T1D patients, GLP-1 correlated positively with the femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) (r = 0.265, p = 0.016) and this association was statistically significant after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.011). These correlations were not present in the control group. The only significant correlation observed in the control group was between OC and BMD of the neck (p = 0.049 for neck BMD g/cm2, and p = 0.041 for neck Z-score). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests an effect of gut hormones on bone in long-term T1D, which could be associated with OC activity, however we did not find a direct connection with glucose metabolism. GLP-1 could have a possible, protective role on bone mineral density in patients with T1D. The data from our study suggests that gut hormones could be considered as a new link in the skeleton - pancreatic endocrine loop in patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Katra
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Fedak
- Department of Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Matejko
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej T Małecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wędrychowicz
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Torrecillas-Baena B, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Quesada-Gómez JM, Dorado G, Casado-Díaz A. Influence of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on Mesenchymal Stem-Cell (MSC) Biology: Implications for Regenerative Medicine - Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:56-76. [PMID: 34677817 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is a ubiquitous protease that can be found in membrane-anchored or soluble form. Incretins are one of the main DPP4 substrates. These hormones regulate glucose levels, by stimulating insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon production. Because DPP4 levels are high in diabetes, DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i) drugs derived from gliptin are widespread used as hypoglycemic agents for its treatment. However, as DPP4 recognizes other substrates such as chemokines, growth factors and neuropeptides, pleiotropic effects have been observed in patients treated with DPP4i. Several of these substrates are part of the stem-cell niche. Thus, they may affect different physiological aspects of mesenchymal stem-cells (MSC). They include viability, differentiation, mobilization and immune response. MSC are involved in tissue homeostasis and regeneration under both physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, such cells and their secretomes have a high clinical potential in regenerative medicine. In this context, DPP4 activity may modulate different aspects of MSC regenerative capacity. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze the effect of different DPP4 substrates on MSC. Likewise, how the regulation of DPP4 activity by DPP4i can be applied in regenerative medicine. That includes treatment of cardiovascular and bone pathologies, cutaneous ulcers, organ transplantation and pancreatic beta-cell regeneration, among others. Thus, DPP4i has an important clinical potential as a complement to therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. They involve enhancing the differentiation, immunomodulation and mobilization capacity of MSC for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Torrecillas-Baena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición - GC17, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, CIBERFES, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición - GC17, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, CIBERFES, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición - GC17, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, CIBERFES, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Dep. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, CIBERFES, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Casado-Díaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición - GC17, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, CIBERFES, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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13
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Hayes MR, Borner T, De Jonghe BC. The Role of GIP in the Regulation of GLP-1 Satiety and Nausea. Diabetes 2021; 70:1956-1961. [PMID: 34176783 PMCID: PMC8576421 DOI: 10.2337/dbi21-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is best known for its role as an incretin hormone in control of blood glucose concentrations. As a classic satiation signal, however, the literature illustrates a mixed picture of GIP involvement with an at best weak anorectic response profile being reported for GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling. Not surprisingly, the pursuit of exploiting the GIP system as a therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity has fallen behind that of the other gastrointestinal-derived incretin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). However, recent discoveries highlighted here support potential therapeutic advantages of combinatorial therapies targeting GIP and GLP-1 systems together, with perhaps the most surprising finding that GIPR agonism may have antiemetic properties. As nausea and vomiting are the most common side effects of all existing GLP-1 pharmacotherapies, the ability for GIP agonism to reduce GLP-1-induced illness behaviors but retain (if not enhance) weight loss and glycemic control may offer a new era in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tito Borner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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14
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Yuliantie E, van der Velden WJC, Labroska V, Dai A, Zhao F, Darbalaei S, Deganutti G, Xu T, Zhou Q, Yang D, Rosenkilde MM, Sexton PM, Wang MW, Wootten D. Insights into agonist-elicited activation of the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114715. [PMID: 34339714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR) are part of the incretin system that regulates glucose homeostasis. A series of GIPR residues putatively important for ligand binding and receptor activation were mutated and pharmacologically evaluated using GIPR selective agonists in cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) and β-arrestin 2 recruitment assays. The impact of mutation on ligand efficacy was determined by operational modelling of experimental data for each mutant, with results mapped onto the full-length, active-state GIPR structure. Two interaction networks, comprising transmembrane helix (TM) 7, TM1 and TM2, and extracellular loop (ECL) 2, TM5 and ECL3 were revealed, respectively. Both networks were critical for Gαs-mediated cAMP accumulation and the recruitment of β-arrestin 2, however, cAMP response was more sensitive to alanine substitution, with most mutated residues displaying reduced signaling. Unlike the other two assays, activation of ERK1/2 was largely independent of the network involving ECL2, TM5 and ECL3, indicating that pERK1/2 is at least partially distinct from Gαs or β-arrestin pathways and this network is also crucial for potential biased agonism at GIPR. Collectively, our work advances understanding of the structure-function relationship of GIPR and provides a framework for the design and/or interpretation of GIP analogues with unique signaling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Yuliantie
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Viktorija Labroska
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Tongyang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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15
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Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Metabolic responses and benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:526-541. [PMID: 33822370 PMCID: PMC8820187 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone that has undergone a revolutionary turnaround from discovery to clinically approved therapeutic. Rapid progress in drug design and formulation has led from initial development of short- and long-acting drugs suitable for daily or weekly parenteral administration, respectively, through to the most recent approval of an orally active GLP-1 agent. The current review outlines the biological action profile of GLP-1 including the various beneficial metabolic responses in pancreatic and extra-pancreatic tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, bone and kidney as well as the reproductive cardiovascular and CNS. We then briefly consider clinically approved GLP-1 receptor ligands and recent advances in this field. Given the sustained evolution in the area of GLP-1 drug development and excellent safety profile, as well as the plethora of metabolic benefits, clinical approval for use in diseases beyond diabetes and obesity is very much conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Tanday
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Group, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
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16
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Boer GA, Holst JJ. Incretin Hormones and Type 2 Diabetes-Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Approaches. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120473. [PMID: 33339298 PMCID: PMC7766765 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary When we ingest a meal, our intestine secretes hormones that are released into the bloodstream. Amongst these hormones are the incretins hormones which stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas which is essential for the regulation of in particular postprandial glucose concentrations. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of the incretins is diminished. This is thought to contribute importantly to the pathophysiology of the disease. However, in pharmacological amounts, the incretins may still influence insulin secretion and metabolism. Much research has therefore been devoted to the development of incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes. These therapies include compounds that strongly resemble the incretins, hereby stimulating their effects as well as inhibitors of the enzymatic degradation of the hormones, thereby increasing the concentration of incretins in the blood. Both therapeutic approaches have been implemented successfully, but research is still ongoing aimed at the development of further optimized therapies. Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are secreted from the gut upon nutrient stimulation and regulate postprandial metabolism. These hormones are known as classical incretin hormones and are responsible for a major part of postprandial insulin release. The incretin effect is severely reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes, but it was discovered that administration of GLP-1 agonists was capable of normalizing glucose control in these patients. Over the last decades, much research has been focused on the development of incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes. These therapies include incretin receptor agonists and inhibitors of the incretin-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Especially the development of diverse GLP-1 receptor agonists has shown immense success, whereas studies of GIP monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes have consistently been disappointing. Interestingly, both GIP-GLP-1 co-agonists and GIP receptor antagonists administered in combination with GLP-1R agonists appear to be efficient with respect to both weight loss and control of diabetes, although the molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unknown. This review describes our current knowledge of the two incretin hormones and the development of incretin-based therapies for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geke Aline Boer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2875-7518
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Lynggaard MB, Gasbjerg LS, Christensen MB, Knop FK. GIP(3-30)NH 2 - a tool for the study of GIP physiology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 55:31-40. [PMID: 33053504 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gut hormone impacting glucose, lipid and bone metabolism through the GIP receptor (GIPR). The GIP system has key species differences complicating the translation of findings from rodent to human physiology. Furthermore, the effects of endogenous GIP in humans have been difficult to tease out due to the lack of a suitable GIPR antagonist. The naturally occurring GIP(3-30)NH2 has turned out to constitute a safe and efficacious GIPR antagonist for rodent and human use. To study GIP physiology, it is recommended to use the species-specific GIP(3-30)NH2 peptide sequence, and for human intravenous infusions, an antagonist:agonist ratio of a minimum of 600 with a 20min infusion time before the intervention of interest is recommended. Several studies using GIP(3-30)NH2 are coming, hopefully providing new insights into the physiology of GIP, the pathophysiologic involvement of GIP in several diseases and the therapeutic potential of the GIPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Bank Lynggaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Sandru F, Carsote M, Albu SE, Valea A, Petca A, Dumitrascu MC. Glucagonoma: From skin lesions to the neuroendocrine component (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3389-3393. [PMID: 32905095 PMCID: PMC7465236 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagonoma is a hormonally active rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour causing an excess of glucagon. This is a narrative review based on a multidisciplinary approach of the tumour. Typically associated dermatosis is necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) which is most frequently seen at disease onset. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, depression, diarrhoea, deep vein thrombosis are also identified, as parts of so-called 'D' syndrome. Early diagnosis is life saving due to potential aggressive profile and high risk of liver metastasis. NME as paraneoplastic syndrome may be present for months and even years until adequate recognition and therapy; it is remitted after successful pancreatic surgery. Thus the level of practitioners' awareness is essential. If surgery is not curative, debulking techniques may improve the clinical aspects and even the outcome in association with other procedures such as embolization of hepatic metastasis; ablation of radiofrequency type; medical therapy including chemotherapy, targeted therapy with mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus, PRRT (peptide receptor radiotherapy), and somatostatin analogues (including combinations of medical treatments). Increased awareness of the condition involves multidisciplinary practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 125100 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology,‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Elena Albu
- Department of Gynecology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Valea
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical County Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 125100 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Gynecology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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19
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Christensen MB, Lund AB, Jørgensen NR, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Reduces Bone Resorption in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa097. [PMID: 32904711 PMCID: PMC7458112 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context In healthy individuals, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) enhances insulin secretion and reduces bone resorption by up to 25% estimated by absolute placebo-corrected changes in carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks (CTX) during GIP and glucose administration. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), GIP's insulinotropic effect is impaired and effects on bone may be reduced. Objective To investigate GIP's effect on bone biomarkers in patients with T2D. Design Randomized, double-blinded, crossover study investigating 6 interventions. Patients Twelve male patients with T2D. Interventions A primed continuous 90-minute GIP infusion (2 pmol/kg/min) or matching placebo (saline) administered at 3 plasma glucose (PG) levels (i.e., paired days with "insulin-induced hypoglycemia" (PG lowered to 3 mmol/L), "fasting hyperglycemia" (mean PG ~8 mmol/L), or "aggravated hyperglycemia" (mean PG ~12 mmol/L). Main Outcome Measures Bone biomarkers: CTX, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and PTH. Results On days with insulin-induced hypoglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 40 ± 15% during GIP administration compared with 12 ± 11% during placebo infusion (P < 0.0001). On days with fasting hyperglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 36 ± 15% during GIP administration, compared with 0 ± 9% during placebo infusion (P < 0.0001). On days with aggravated hyperglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 47 ± 23% during GIP administration compared with 10 ± 9% during placebo infusion (P = 0.0005). At all glycemic levels, P1NP and PTH concentrations were similar between paired days after 90 minutes. Conclusions Short-term GIP infusions reduce bone resorption by more than one-third (estimated by absolute placebo-corrected CTX reductions) in patients with T2DM, suggesting preserved bone effects of GIP in these patients. Précis Short-term GIP infusions reduce the bone resorption marker CTX by one-third in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of glycemic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asger B Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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20
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Pharmacological characterization of mono-, dual- and tri-peptidic agonists at GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114001. [PMID: 32360365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone with physiological roles in adipose tissue, the central nervous system and bone metabolism. While selective ligands for GIP receptor (GIPR) have not been advanced for disease treatment, dual and triple agonists of GIPR, in conjunction with that of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors, are currently in clinical trials, with an expectation of enhanced efficacy beyond that of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist monotherapy for diabetic patients. Consequently, it is important to understand the pharmacological behavior of such drugs. In this study, we have explored signaling pathway specificity and the potential for biased agonism of mono-, dual- and tri-agonists of GIPR using human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells recombinantly expressing human GIPR or GLP-1R. Compared to GIP(1-42), the GIPR mono-agonists Pro3GIP and Lys3GIP are biased towards ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) relative to cAMP accumulation at GIPR, whereas the triple agonist at GLP-1R/GCGR/GIPR is biased towards pERK1/2 relative to β-arrestin2 recruitment. Moreover, the dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonist, LY3298176, is biased towards pERK1/2 relative to cAMP accumulation at both GIPR and GLP-1R compared to their respective endogenous ligands. These data reveal novel pharmacological properties of potential therapeutic agents that may impact on diversity in clinical responses.
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