Asthma and gender: The female lung. Pharmacol Res. 2017;119:384-390. [PMID: 28238829 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.017]

Functional insights into PTGS2 rs689466 polymorphism associated to asthma in West Bengal, India

BACKGROUND

Asthma is characterized by bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Interplay of environmental and genetic factors led to significant rise in asthma prevalence in India during past decades.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated functional insights of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) rs689466 polymorphism among 155 pollen-induced patients and 155 controls in West Bengal population, India.

METHODS

Genotyping was performed using Polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism. Transcription Factors (TFs) for promoter region corresponding to the polymorphism location were searched by SNP2TFBS. DNA structures were docked with TFs in HDOCK. Protein-DNA interface was analysed by DNAproDB. Relative abundance of PTGS2 mRNA in controls and different polymorphic genotypes was obtained using Real time PCR. Protein expression was analyzed by western blot.

RESULTS

Genotype and allele frequencies differed significantly between study groups (P = 0.01 and 0.03 respectively). Frequency of GG and AG genotype was significantly higher in patients (P = 0.02 and 0.04 respectively). Significant differences in FEV1/FVC were obtained in different polymorphic genotypes of patients (P < 0.0001) whereas no difference was found in controls (P = 0.08). It was predicted PTGS2 expression decreased due to altered interactions between DNA and TFs in promoter region harbouring the polymorphism. PTGS2 mRNA expression was upregulated in patients bearing AA genotype whereas downregulated in patients with AG and GG genotypes. Protein expression was reduced in AG and GG carrying patients compared to patients bearing AA genotype.

CONCLUSION

This study is the first one to report association of PTGS2 rs689466 polymorphism in Indian population. This will help in gene-based therapy for improved asthma management in future.

Associations among air pollution, asthma and lung function: a cross-sectional study

Ambient air pollution affects the respiratory system, but evidence of its impacts on asthma and lung function is lacking. We aimed to evaluate whether ambient air pollutants are associated with asthma prevalence, asthma outcomes, and lung function in adults. A cross-sectional study of 454,921 adults aged 37 to 73 years from the UK Biobank was performed with linear or logistic regression to assess the associations among air pollution and asthma prevalence, current wheezing, asthma hospitalizations and lung function. Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in of PM2.5 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.023, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.011-1.035), PM10 (OR: 1.013, 95% CI: 1.004-1.022), NO2 (OR: 1.025, 95% CI: 1.013-1.039), and NOx (OR: 1.019, 95% CI: 1.008-1.029) was significantly associated with asthma prevalence, respectively. Moreover, exposure to air pollution was related to increased odds of current wheezing and asthma-related hospitalization. Among asthmatic participants, each IQR increase in PMcoarse, PM10, NO2, and NOx was significantly associated with decreases of 5.143 ml, 7.614 ml, 13.266 ml, 9.440 ml, respectively, for the forced expiratory volume in one second and 11.744 ml, 15.637 ml, 13.041 ml, 9.063 ml, respectively, for the forced vital capacity. In a large sample size study of British adults, air pollution was related to increased odds of asthma prevalence. Among the asthmatic population, air pollution was associated with increased odds of current wheezing, hospitalization, and decreased lung function.

Association between vaccination, viral antibodies, and asthma prevalence in the U.S.: insights from NHANES (1999-2020)

Objective

This investigation aimed to explore the differences in asthma prevalence among various demographic groups in the U.S., focusing on factors related to vaccination and viral antibodies.

Methods

The study analyzed data from 37,445 individuals collected through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1998 and 2020. Employing weighted sampling methods, the analysis considered the stratification and clustering typical of the survey's design. It particularly examined how age, race, income, smoke, education, and gender factors influence both the prevalence and severity of asthma.

Results

This study aims to elucidate disparities in asthma prevalence across the U.S. population by examining the roles of demographic characteristics and factors related to vaccination and viral antibodies. It revealed a significant correlation between asthma prevalence and patient demographics, including age, gender, income, smoke, education, and race. We found that asthma patients were mostly found in participants with lower economic level (2.7 vs. 2.87). Non-Hispanic black women age exhibited a higher likelihood of asthma, at 17.7%, compared to non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans. Asthma prevalence peaks between the ages of 20 and 30 and has shown a rising trend over the years. Regarding vaccinations, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and HPV vaccines were associated with an increased risk of asthma. Conversely, patients testing positive for hepatitis A virus and core hepatitis B virus antibodies demonstrated a lower prevalence of asthma. Additionally, asthmatic patients showed lower average measles virus and rubella antibodies levels, at 0.53 and 3.32, respectively, compared to non-asthmatic individuals. Notably, asthma incidence was lower in herpesvirus I-positive patients (OR: 0.895, CI, 0.809%-0.991%), while herpesvirus II-positive patients displayed a higher incidence of asthma (OR: 1.102, CI, 0.974%-1.246%).

Conclusion

The study findings underscore the significant prevalence of asthma and its correlation with population demographics, vaccination rates, and serum viral antibodies. These results highlight the importance of implementing tailored public health interventions.

Association between triglyceride glucose index and asthma exacerbation: A population-based study

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction is associated with respiratory diseases, and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is an important indicator of metabolic dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to explore the possible relationship between TyG and asthma exacerbation, while also investigating potential subgroup differences in this relationship.

METHODS

Data from the 2009-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. Multifactorial logistic regression, subgroup analysis, smoothed curve fitting, and threshold effect analysis models were used to explore the relationship between TyG and asthma exacerbations.

RESULTS

A total of 964 participants were included in the analysis (34.13 % male, 65.87 % female, 45.4 % Non-Hispanic White, 25.3 % Non-Hispanic Black), with a mean age of 50.57 ± 17.32 years. We found a nonlinear positive relationship between TyG and asthma exacerbation, which was maintained in all three models. In the fully adjusted model, the risk of asthma exacerbation increased by 25 % with each unit increase in the patient's TyG level (OR:1.25, 95 %CI: 1.21-1.30). Subgroup analysis showed significant associations between TyG and asthma exacerbations among females, as well as in individuals aged 20-59, body mass index (BMI) <25 or BMI≥30. Furthermore, a U-shaped relationship between TyG and asthma exacerbation was identified in males using smoothed curve fitting, with an inflection point at the TyG level of 9.15.

CONCLUSIONS

We found a nonlinear positive association between TyG and asthma exacerbation. Our study highlights the potential clinical value of TyG in managing asthma exacerbations, particularly emphasizing the need for gender-specific risk management strategies.

Global, regional, and national burden of asthma from 1990 to 2021: A systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021

Background

Asthma is a prevalent non-communicable disease that affects individuals of all ages and has emerged as a significant global public health concern. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the burden of asthma worldwide, as well as at regional and national levels, utilizing the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2021 database for the years 1990 to 2021.

Methods

This study utilized the GBD 2021 database to report the prevalent cases and incident cases of asthma, alongside age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR), the number of deaths, and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) at global, regional, and national levels for the year 2021. Additionally, it computed the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) for these asthma burden indicators from 1990 to 2021. This study further analyzed the levels of the above indicators in different gender and age groups, and investigated the association between asthma ASDR/ASMR levels and socio-demographic index (SDI). It also provided an analysis of the contribution of four risk factors to the overall asthma burden.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the global EAPC for asthma ASIR was -1.04 (95 % confidence interval [CI]:-1.18 to -0.89), the EAPC for ASPR was -1.59 (95 % CI:-1.74 to -1.43), the EAPC for ASDR was -1.91 (95 % CI:-1.98 to -1.84), and the EAPC for ASMR was -2.03 (95 % CI:-2.09 to -1.98). In 2021, the prevalent cases of asthma remained alarmingly high at 260.48 million (95 % UI: 227.21 million to 297.97 million). Developed countries, exemplified by the United States, exhibited elevated asthma ASPR. However, the burden of asthma-related mortality and DALYs predominantly afflicted low- and middle-income nations. In China, there has been a significant decline in ASIR, ASPR, ASDR and ASMR for asthma. In most age groups, the burden of asthma among women was markedly higher than that among men, particularly evident in prevalence and DALYs. Children and the elderly bore a heavier burden of asthma. In 2021, ASDR and ASMR levels varied across countries, generally exhibiting a negative correlation with SDI levels. A high body-mass index continued to be a primary risk factor for asthma on a global scale. Decomposition analysis reveals that population growth plays a significant role in exacerbating the burden of asthma-related deaths and DALYs.

Conclusions

From 1990 to 2021, the burden of asthma as measured by age-standardized rate (ASR) has shown a declining trend. However, the overall burden of asthma remains significantly high. Moreover, there is a notable inequality in the burden of asthma across different regions and populations worldwide. This highlights the urgent need for countries to prioritize asthma management and control strategies to address these disparities and improve health outcomes for affected individuals.

Sexual dimorphism in lung transcriptomic adaptations in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Current fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) studies primarily focus on alcohol's actions on the fetal brain although respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity/mortality in newborns. The limited studies examining the pulmonary adaptations in FASD demonstrate decreased surfactant protein A and alveolar macrophage phagocytosis, impaired differentiation, and increased risk of Group B streptococcal pneumonia with no study examining sexual dimorphism in adaptations. We hypothesized that developmental alcohol exposure in pregnancy will lead to sexually dimorphic fetal lung morphological and immune adaptations. Pregnant rats were orogastrically treated once daily with alcohol (4.5 g/kg, gestational day [GD] 4 to 10, peak BAC, 216 mg/dl; 6.0 g/kg, GD 11 to 20, peak BAC, 289 mg/dl) or 50% maltose dextrin (isocalorically matched pair-fed controls) to control for calories derived from ethanol. Male and female fetal lung RNA from a total of 20 dams were assessed using the TapeStation (Agilent) and Qubit RNA broad-range assay. Samples with RNA Integrity Numbers (RINs) > 8 were prepared using the NEBNext Poly(A) mRNA Magnetic Isolation Module (NEB), xGen Broad-range RNA Library Prep (IDT), and xGen Normalase UDI Primer Plate 2 (IDT). Final libraries were checked for quality and quantity by Qubit hsDNA and LabChip. The samples were sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq S4 Paired-end 150 bp. Fetal lung tissue were analyzed for histopathological assessments. Mean fetal weight, crown-rump length and placental efficiency of the alcohol-administered rats were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the pair-fed control pups. Differentially expressed genes indicated a sex-linked gene regulation dichotomy with a significantly higher number of genes altered in the female fetal lungs compared to the male. Network analysis plot of downregulated genes in the females exposed to alcohol in utero showed a negative impact on T cell activation and regulation, T cell differentiation, decrease in CD8+ T cell number etc. The most altered genes were Cd8b, Ccl25, Cd3e, Cd27, Cd247, Cd3d, Ccr9, Cd2, Cd8a and were decreased by a log2fold change of > 2 (P < 0.05) in the female fetal lungs. KEGG analyses showed that male and female fetal lungs had downregulated genes associated with development and mitosis, whereas the females alone showed dysregulation of T cell genes. Comparison of gross appearance and histopathologic morphology showed that the developing lungs of both male and female fetal pups, displayed stunted differentiation, were relatively hypoplastic, and displayed a diminution of alveolar size and air spaces. Similarly, in both sexes, decreased alveolar capillarization was also evident in the alcohol-exposed fetal lungs. These data provide novel information in a growing area focused on alcohol effects on the offspring lung and its influence on appropriate fetal/neonatal immune responses and highlights the importance of examining sexual dimorphism in developmental adaptations.

The short-term association between environmental variables and daily pediatric asthma patient visits in Hangzhou, China: A time-series study

Background

To date, a large number of studies have shown correlations between environmental variables and pediatric asthma in short-term lag time. However, their results are inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the short-term impact of environmental variables on daily pediatric asthma patients' visits (DPAPV) in Hangzhou, China, and find the most important risk factor.

Methods

Generalized additive distribution lag non-linear model (GAM-DLNM) was applied to explore the effect of environmental variables on DPAPV in single- and multi-variable models in Hangzhou, China from 2014 to 2021. Then, risk factors of pediatric asthma were selected (p < 0.05 both in single- and multi-variable models) and used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression model to evaluate their relative importance.

Results

There were 313,296 pediatric asthma patient records between 2014 and 2021. Both in single- and multi-variable models, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 exhibited significant positive correlations in short-term lag time and these correlations reached their maximum in lag day 2 (RR = 1.00, 95%CI:1.00 to 1.01), lag day 2 (RR = 1.00, 95%CI:1.00 to 1.01), and lag day 3 (RR = 1.04, 95%CI:1.02 to1.05), respectively. The WQS index showed that NO2 had the greatest relative importance (weight over 70 %). The relative importance of NO2 increased with time passing. Males were more susceptible to the adverse effects of NO2.

Conclusion

PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 had significant adverse effects on pediatric asthma. Among them, NO2 presented the greatest and most important adverse effect on the disease. Therefore, parents could give priority to paying attention to NO2 to control children's asthma.

Sex differences in asthma control, lung function and exacerbations: the ATLANTIS study

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with a prevalence and severity that differs between male and female patients.

QUESTION

What are differences between male and female patients with asthma with regard to asthma control, lung function, inflammation and exacerbations?

METHODS

We performed a post hoc analysis in the ATLANTIS (Assessment of Small Airways Involvement in Asthma) study, an observational cohort study including patients with asthma from nine countries with a follow-up of 1 year during which patients were characterised with measures of large and small airway function, questionnaires, inflammation and imaging. We compared differences in baseline characteristics and longitudinal outcomes between male and female patients with asthma.

RESULTS

773 patients were enrolled; 450 (58%) of these were female. At baseline, female patients with asthma were in higher Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) steps (p=0.042), had higher Asthma Control Questionnaire 6 (F: 0.83; M: 0.66, p<0.001) and higher airway resistance as reflected by uncorrected impulse oscillometry outcomes (ie, R5-R20: F: 0.06; M: 0.04 kPa/L/s, p=0.002). Male patients with asthma had more severe airway obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity % predicted: F: 91.95; M: 88.33%, p<0.01) and more frequently had persistent airflow limitation (F: 27%; M: 39%, p<0.001). Blood neutrophils were significantly higher in female patients (p=0.014). With Cox regression analysis, female sex was an independent predictor for exacerbations.

INTERPRETATION

We demonstrate that female patients are in higher GINA steps, exhibit worse disease control, experience more exacerbations and demonstrate higher airway resistance compared with male patients. The higher exacerbation risk was independent of GINA step and blood eosinophil level. Male patients, in turn, have a higher prevalence of persistent airflow limitation and more severe airflow obstruction. These findings show sex can affect clinical phenotyping and outcomes in asthma.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02123667.

3-generation family histories of mental, neurologic, cardiometabolic, birth defect, asthma, allergy, and autoimmune conditions associated with autism: an open-source catalogue of findings

The relatively few conditions and family members investigated in autism family health history limits etiologic understanding. For more comprehensive understanding and hypothesis-generation we produced an open-source catalogue of autism associations with family histories of mental, neurologic, cardiometabolic, birth defect, asthma, allergy, and autoimmune conditions. All live births in Denmark, 1980-2012, of Denmark-born parents (1,697,231 births), and their 3-generation family members were followed through April 10, 2017 for each of 90 diagnoses (including autism), emigration or death. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were estimated via Cox regression for each diagnosis-family member type combination, adjusting for birth year, sex, birth weight, gestational age, parental ages at birth, and number of family member types of index person; aHRs also calculated for sex-specific co-occurrence of each disorder. We obtained 6,462 individual family history aHRS across autism overall (26,840 autistic persons; 1.6% of births), by sex, and considering intellectual disability (ID); and 350 individual co-occurrence aHRS. Results are catalogued in interactive heat maps and down-loadable data files: https://ncrr-au.shinyapps.io/asd-riskatlas/ and interactive graphic summaries: https://public.tableau.com/views/ASDPlots_16918786403110/e-Figure5. While primarily for reference material or use in other studies (e.g., meta-analyses), results revealed considerable breadth and variation in magnitude of familial health history associations with autism by type of condition, family member type, sex of the family member, side of the family, sex of the index person, and ID status, indicative of diverse genetic, familial, and non-genetic autism etiologic pathways. Careful attention to sources of autism likelihood in family health history, aided by our open data resource, may accelerate understanding of factors underlying neurodiversity.

Short-term associations of PM10 attributed to biomass burning with respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions in Peninsular Malaysia

BACKGROUND

Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of air pollution and particulate matter (PM) in Southeast Asia. However, the health effects of PM smaller than 10 µm (PM10) originating from BB may differ from those of other sources. This study aimed to estimate the short-term association of PM10 from BB with respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions in Peninsular Malaysia, a region often exposed to BB events.

METHODS

We obtained and analyzed daily data on hospital admissions, PM10 levels and BB days from five districts from 2005 to 2015. We identified BB days by evaluating the BB hotspots and backward wind trajectories. We estimated PM10 attributable to BB from the excess of the moving average of PM10 during days without BB hotspots. We fitted time-series quasi-Poisson regression models for each district and pooled them using meta-analyses. We adjusted for potential confounders and examined the lagged effects up to 3 days, and potential effect modification by age and sex.

RESULTS

We analyzed 210 960 respiratory and 178 952 cardiovascular admissions. Almost 50% of days were identified as BB days, with a mean PM10 level of 53.1 µg/m3 during BB days and 40.1 µg/m3 during normal days. A 10 µg/m3 increment in PM10 from BB was associated with a 0.44% (95% CI: 0.06, 0.82%) increase in respiratory admissions at lag 0-1, with a stronger association in adults aged 15-64 years and females. We did not see any significant associations for cardiovascular admissions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that short-term exposure to PM10 from BB increased the risk of respiratory hospitalizations in Peninsular Malaysia.

Female-specific enhancement of eosinophil recruitment and activation in a type 2 innate inflammation model in the lung

A sex disparity in asthma prevalence and severity exists in humans. Multiple studies have highlighted the role of innate cells in shaping the adaptive immune system in chronic asthma. To explore the sex bias in the eosinophilic response, we delivered IL-33 to the lungs of mice and delineated the kinetics by which the inflammatory response was induced. Our data demonstrate that females recruited more eosinophils capable of responding to IL-33. Eosinophil activation occurred selectively in the lung tissue and was enhanced in females at all time points. This increase was associated with increased ex vivo type 2 cytokine and chemokine production and female-specific expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells lacking expression of the killer-cell lectin-like receptor G1. Our findings suggest that the enhanced eosinophilic response in females is due, firstly, to a greater proportion of eosinophils recruited to the lungs in females that can respond to IL-33; and secondly, to an enhanced production of type 2 cytokines in females. Our data provide insight into the mechanisms that guide the female-specific enhancement of eosinophil activation in the mouse and form the basis to characterize these responses in human asthmatics.

Drug-induced fetal and offspring disorders, beyond birth defects

Studies on drug utilization in western countries disclosed that about nine over ten women use at least one or more drugs during pregnancy. Determining whether a drug is safe or not in pregnant women is a challenge of all times. As a developing organism, the fetus is particularly vulnerable to effects of drugs used by the mother. Historically, research has predominantly focused on birth defects, which represent the most studied adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, drugs can also alter the ongoing process of pregnancy and impede the general growth of the fetus. Finally, adverse drug reactions can theoretically damage all developing systems, organs or tissues, such as the central nervous system or the immune system. This extensive review focuses on different aspects of drug-induced damages affecting the fetus or the newborn/infant, beyond birth defects, which are not addressed here.

The Characteristics of Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Military and Civilian Populations: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Contact dermatitis is a common condition in the general population, with a global prevalence of 20%. It is an inflammatory skin disease that is classified as irritant contact dermatitis (80%) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) (20%). In addition, it is the most common presentation of occupational dermatoses and is one of the primary reasons for seeking medical attention among military personnel. Only few studies have compared the characteristics of contact dermatitis in soldiers and civilians. Objective: To compare the characteristics of ACD between civilians and soldiers. Methods: This large retrospective study was conducted in Israel and involved 1800 civilians and 750 soldiers with suspected ACD. All patients underwent relevant patch tests based on their clinical presentation and medical history. Results: At least 1 positive allergic reaction was found in 382 civilians (21.22%) and 208 soldiers (27.73%) (nonsignificant). Moreover, 69 civilians (18.06%) and 61 soldiers (29.32%) had at least 1 positive occupational allergic reaction (P < 0.05). Widespread dermatitis was significantly more common among soldiers. The most frequent occupations among civilians with positive allergic reactions were hairdressers/beauticians. "Professional, technical, and managerial occupations" were the most frequent categories among soldiers (24.6%), with computing professionals being the most common occupation (46.67%). Conclusion: Military personnel and civilians have different characteristics associated with ACD. Therefore, considering these characteristics before placement in a workplace can help prevent ACD.

Polymorphism in ADAM33 gene associated with asthmatics in West Bengal, India - An investigation by in-silico analysis

Introduction

Asthma is one of the common chronic polygenic inflammatory diseases. Genome wide association studies have identified ADAM33 as an asthma candidate gene. The present study investigated possible association of rs2280090 (T1), rs2280091 (T2) and rs3918396 (S1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADAM33 with aeroallergen induced asthma in West Bengal population, India. In addition, in-silico analysis was performed to find out changes in protein function.

Methods

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/Forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were assessed using spirometry in 1039 participants. Allergic sensitivity of 619 spirometry positive asthma patients was assessed by skin prick test (SPT) against 22 aeroallergens. For genotyping of T1, T2, and S1 SNPs in 540 allergic asthma patient and 420 control subjects, polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed. Total Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) level was measured in both patients and controls. ADAM333 haplotype blocks were constructed using Haploview software v.4.2. Structural model of transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of ADAM33 was generated using RaptorX. Protein-protein interaction was analysed using the STRING server.

Results

Highest number of patient sensitivity was observed towards Cocos nusifera (n = 215) and Dermatophagoides farinae (n = 229). Significant difference in sensitivity was observed between child and late adult (P = 0.03), child and early adult (P = 0.02), adolescent and late adult (P = 0.02) and adolescent and early adult (P = 0.01). Genotypic frequencies differed significantly between patients and controls (P < 0.05). rs2280090 GG, rs2280091GG and AG genotype, and rs3918396 AA carried significant risk for asthma (P = 0.02, P = 0.008, P = 0.04, P = 0.01 respectively). ADAM33 T1, T2, and S1 polymorphisms were in high Linkage Disequilibrium (D = 0.98). Haplotype consisting of rs2280090G, rs2280091G and rs3918396A alleles were found significantly higher in patient population in comparison with controls (OR = 2.03). IgE level differed significantly among different genotypes for T1, T2, and S1 SNPs analysed in pair (P < 0.0001). FEV1/FVC ratio differed significantly among different genotypes for T1, T2 and S1 SNPs analysed in pair (P < 0.0001). Significant difference of FEV1/FVC was also found between GGA and AAG haplotype (P < 0.0001). In-silico analysis revealed T1 and T2 polymorphisms are located in cytoplasmic domain of ADAM33 may cause bronchial smooth muscle cell mobility and cellular hyperplasia as well as cytoskeletal remodelling by altered interaction with different cytoplasmic proteins found by string analysis.

Conclusion

Present study showed significant association of T1, T2, and S1 polymorphisms of ADAM33 with aeroallergen-induced asthma in West Bengal, India. These polymorphisms may be used as prognostic markers and possible targets for therapeutics in future.

Association of Asthma With Patients Diagnosed With Metabolic Syndrome: A Cohort Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disease. The prevalence of both asthma and obesity has been rising simultaneously, demonstrating a parallel trend. Obesity is a significant factor in metabolic syndrome, and numerous studies have indicated a connection between metabolic syndrome and bronchial asthma. Aims and objectives The aim of this paper is to evaluate the association of asthma with patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The main objectives were to analyze the clinical profile and spirometric indices in patients with metabolic syndrome and to assess asthmatic patients among them with spirometry and clinical parameters at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. Materials and methods This hospital-based cohort study was conducted on 73 patients attending the outpatient department who had a known case of metabolic syndrome and were evaluated for asthma through history, physical examination, and a pulmonary function test. A history of cough, expectoration, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, allergy, seasonal variation, and smoking habits was asked, and a thorough physical examination was performed. Bronchial asthma was confirmed with airflow reversibility by spirometry as per the Global Initiative for Asthma Guidelines. Metabolic and spirometry parameters were examined, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), serum insulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC pre- and post-reversibility (baseline vs. six months). Results and discussion The average BMI of all participants was 29.6511 ±2.64564. The waist-hip ratio was 0.5512 ±0.43855, which decreased during the follow-ups, demonstrating a decline in the risk of obesity in study participants. The level of HbA1C showed a drop from 6.1% to 5.9% at the first follow-up. This exhibited a further reduction at the six-month follow-up in addition to a positive reflection in insulin sensitivity, indicating successful control of diabetes among study participants. It was discovered that this was statistically significant (p<0.001). At the third and sixth months of follow-up, the FEV1/FVC ratio increased by 38% and 37%, respectively, when metabolic syndrome was under control. The results show that controlling diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and triglyceride values improved asthmatic symptoms, and this was determined to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion The results of the current study demonstrated that the regulation and maintenance of metabolic parameters such as BMI, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension aid in improving asthma control.

Sex differences in excessive oral corticosteroid exposure in poor adherent adult asthmatics overusing short-acting β-2 agonists

BACKGROUND

We know that excessive short-acting β2-agonists (SABA) use in asthma may be associated to high exacerbation risks. We studied whether such excessive SABA consumption is connected with different higher oral corticosteroid (OC) prescriptions in the two sexes.

METHODS

In our prescribing database, we searched subjects aged 18-40 years that were prescribed at least one SABA package/year and/or at least two ICS or two ICS/LABA boxes/year to identify asthmatics. Their OC prescriptions/year were also examined. Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to SABA packages/year prescribed (0, 1-2,3-6 and ≥7), considering sexes separately.

RESULTS

Individuals recruited were 9,102. Subjects with at least one OC prescription were higher in each group and were females (P<0.001). The OC packages/year number was also more elevated in women especially those with >7 SABA prescriptions/year (0.96 in males vs. 2.64 in females, P<0.001). 94.7%/93.6% males/females, who never used SABA, took at least one ICS/LABA (mean 5.84/5.48 packages/year), while the subject percentage adhering to ICS/LABA dropped to 28-47% (mean 0.94-3.82 packages/year) in those who used SABA (P<0.001). Higher SABA prescriptions were associated with an increasing OC dispensation (β=0.057, P<0.0001). We observed also a greater risk of using >3 OC packages/year in subjects with 3-6 (OR: 2.98 [95% CI: 2.19-4.06], P<0.001) and ≥7 (OR: 3.49 [95% CI: 2.39-5.10], P<0.001) SABA prescriptions compared to those that never used SABA. Besides, we found that using ICS (OR:0.51 [95% CI: 0.35-0.75], P<0.001) or ICS/LABA (OR:0.07 [95% CI: 0.05-0.09], P<0.001) may significantly reduce SABA prescriptions.

CONCLUSIONS

Poor adherence to maintenance treatment appears to associated with excessive SABA prescriptions that may lead to a higher OC consumption particularly noticeable in women.

Prevalence of active and passive smoking among asthma and asthma-associated emergency admissions: a nationwide prevalence survey study

Asthma affects 7% of children and 8% of adults in the United States. There is a paucity of studies examining the association between passive smoking and an increased risk of asthma exacerbations that led the authors to examine the association between various modes of smoking and rates of asthma exacerbations. A retrospective cross-sectional/case-control study was conducted using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset (2013-2018). Out of 312,979 respondents, 35,758 (11.43%) had a history of asthma, 9083 (2.9%) had asthma attacks in the past year, and 4731 (1.51%) had asthma-related emergency room admissions in the past year. Prevalence of asthma-related emergency admissions were higher among active cigarette smoking (46.25 vs 35.46%), e-cigarette smoking (26.63 vs 16.07%), and passive smoking at home (37.53 vs 25.67%), workplace passive smoking (14.35 vs 12.11%), in bar (32.38 vs 26.16%), and car (26.21 vs 14.44%) (p < 0.0001). In multivariate regression analysis, we found regular cigarette smoking (OR 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.009-1.260, p = 0.0252), e-cigarette (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.92-2.36, p = 0.0043), cigar use (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.1-1.33, p < 0.001), ultra-long cigarette length (OR 4.85, 95% CI 3.33-7.06, p < 0.0001), and passive smoking (OR 5.25, 95% CI 3.43-8.06, p < 0.0001) were associated with increased rates of asthma exacerbations over last 12 months. The study shows increased odds of asthma exacerbations among those using ultra-long cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and cigars. Consequently, passive inhalation from even a single smoker in the home, workplace, bars and cars is associated with worsening outcomes in asthma patients.

Associations Between Reproductive Factors and the Risk of Adult-Onset Asthma: A Prospective Cohort Study of European Ancestry

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies showed sex discrepancies in the prevalence, incidence, and disease control of asthma. The relationships between different reproductive factors and the risk of asthma in females remain uncertain.

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study recruited 239,701 female participants from the UK Biobank. The Cox proportional hazard model and multiple adjusted restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the association between each reproductive factor and the risk of adult-onset asthma.

KEY RESULTS

We observed that the association of age at menarche and age of menopause with adult-onset asthma risk presented as U-shaped, with multiple adjusted HRs for age at menarche being 1.129 (95% CI, 1.038-1.228) for ≤ 11 years old and 1.157 (95% CI, 1.058-1.265) for ≥ 15 years old referenced to 13 years old, and for age at menopause being 1.368 (1.237-1.512) for ≤ 46 years old and 1.152 (1.026-1.294) for ≥ 55 years old referenced to 50-52 years old. Early age at first live birth (≤ 20 years old), a greater number of miscarriages (≥ 2) or stillbirths (≥ 2), more children (≥ 4), and shorter reproductive years (≤ 32 years) were associated with elevated risk of asthma. In addition, history of hysterectomy or oophorectomy was associated with increased risk of adult-onset asthma, particularly in those with simultaneous hysterectomy and oophorectomy (HR, 1.239; 95% CI, 1.063-1.445). For exogenous sex hormones, hormone replacement therapy (HR, 1.482; 95% CI, 1.394-1.574) was identified to be associated with elevated risk of adult-onset asthma.

CONCLUSIONS

This study not only demonstrated significant associations between multiple reproductive factors and the risk of adult-onset asthma in a female's later life, but also found that history of hysterectomy or oophorectomy, as well as hormone replacement therapy, was linked to an elevated incidence of adult-onset asthma. Our findings highlighted the significance of reproductive factors in the development of asthma in female populations.

Comorbid asthma in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: did dupilumab make a difference?

BACKGROUND

The clinical heterogeneity of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and bronchial asthma is attributable to different underlying inflammatory profiles. However, the similarity between CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and type-2 asthma pathophysiology speculates that one biological therapy could affect both comorbidities. Despite dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets IL-4α and IL-13 receptors, being used in patients with nasal polyps and severe asthma, real-life data about its efficacy in improving the quality of life and patient symptoms is still lacking. This study's primary objective was to evaluate dupilumab treatment's effect on the frequency of olfactory symptoms and health-related quality of life tests as measured by the Sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT-22) in patients with NP. The secondary objective was the effect of dupilumab on asthma symptom control as measured by the asthma control test (ACT).

METHODS

A prospective study was conducted of 166 patients with CRSwNP, with or without asthma. The following variables were collected at baseline and after at least six months of continuous dupilumab therapy; SNOT-22, olfactory symptoms frequency, and ACT score.

RESULTS

Asthma prevalence in patients with CRSwNP was high (59.63%), and being female with a history of frequent use of oral corticosteroid (OCS) courses and repeated unsuccessful nasal and para-nasal surgeries for polyposis increased the likelihood of having underlying asthma by 2, 1 and 4 times more, respectively. Additionally, being asthmatic required a longer duration of dupilumab treatment. However, both the health-related quality of life and olfactory symptoms improved equally in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Even with associated comorbid asthma in patients with CRSwNP, treatment with dupilumab could improve the quality of life, olfactory symptoms, and asthma symptom control.

Vitamin D status, sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of incident adult-onset asthma: a large prospective cohort study

Introduction

Vitamin D has been known to be associated with asthma, particularly in children, while the evidence among adults is limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum, vitamin D concentrations, and the incidence of adult-onset asthma and also the modified effect caused by sleep patterns and genetic risks.

Methods

A prospective cohort study with 307,872 participants aged between 37 and 73 years was conducted based on the UK Biobank, with a median follow-up of 12 years. The Cox proportional hazard model was applied to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and incident adult-onset asthma, and the modified effect was investigated by conducting stratified analysis according to sleep pattern score and genetic risk score, and subgroup analyses were performed by sex, age, BMI, and smoking status as well.

Results

Individuals with optimal vitamin D concentration were associated with 11.1% reduced risk of incident asthma compared to those participants with deficient vitamin D (HR = 0.889; 95% CI: 0.820-0.964; p = 0.005). Moreover, stratification analysis demonstrated that the protective effect of vitamin D on asthma risk was modified by sleep patterns or genetic susceptibility, with the strongest protective effect being observed in the subpopulation with a moderate sleep pattern (HR = 0.883; 95% CI: 0.797-0.977; p = 0.016) and a moderate genetic risk (HR = 0.817; 95% CI: 0.711-0.938; p = 0.004). In subgroup analyses, the protective effect of optimal vitamin D levels was only significant among men, individuals younger than 60 years of age, overweight individuals, and current or previous smokers.

Conclusion

Increased serum vitamin D levels were associated with a lower risk of incident adult-onset asthma, and this association was modified by sleep patterns and genetic predisposition to some extent.

Intrauterine Smoke Exposure, microRNA Expression during Human Lung Development, and Childhood Asthma

Intrauterine smoke (IUS) exposure during early childhood has been associated with a number of negative health consequences, including reduced lung function and asthma susceptibility. The biological mechanisms underlying these associations have not been established. MicroRNAs regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in lung development. Thus, investigation of the impact of IUS on miRNA expression during human lung development may elucidate the impact of IUS on post-natal respiratory outcomes. We sought to investigate the effect of IUS exposure on miRNA expression during early lung development. We hypothesized that miRNA-mRNA networks are dysregulated by IUS during human lung development and that these miRNAs may be associated with future risk of asthma and allergy. Human fetal lung samples from a prenatal tissue retrieval program were tested for differential miRNA expression with IUS exposure (measured using placental cotinine concentration). RNA was extracted and miRNA-sequencing was performed. We performed differential expression using IUS exposure, with covariate adjustment. We also considered the above model with an additional sex-by-IUS interaction term, allowing IUS effects to differ by male and female samples. Using paired gene expression profiles, we created sex-stratified miRNA-mRNA correlation networks predictive of IUS using DIABLO. We additionally evaluated whether miRNAs were associated with asthma and allergy outcomes in a cohort of childhood asthma. We profiled pseudoglandular lung miRNA in n = 298 samples, 139 (47%) of which had evidence of IUS exposure. Of 515 miRNAs, 25 were significantly associated with intrauterine smoke exposure (q-value < 0.10). The IUS associated miRNAs were correlated with well-known asthma genes (e.g., ORM1-Like Protein 3, ORDML3) and enriched in disease-relevant pathways (oxidative stress). Eleven IUS-miRNAs were also correlated with clinical measures (e.g., Immunoglobulin E andlungfunction) in children with asthma, further supporting their likely disease relevance. Lastly, we found substantial differences in IUS effects by sex, finding 95 significant IUS-miRNAs in male samples, but only four miRNAs in female samples. The miRNA-mRNA correlation networks were predictive of IUS (AUC = 0.78 in males and 0.86 in females) and suggested that IUS-miRNAs are involved in regulation of disease-relevant genes (e.g., A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 19 (ADAM19), LBH regulator of WNT signaling (LBH)) and sex hormone signaling (Coactivator associated methyltransferase 1(CARM1)). Our study demonstrated differential expression of miRNAs by IUS during early prenatal human lung development, which may be modified by sex. Based on their gene targets and correlation to clinical asthma and atopy outcomes, these IUS-miRNAs may be relevant for subsequent allergy and asthma risk. Our study provides insight into the impact of IUS in human fetal lung transcriptional networks and on the developmental origins of asthma and allergic disorders.

Early origins of metabolic and overall health in young adults: An outcome-wide analysis in a general cohort population

INTRODUCTION

Long-term consequences of impaired fetal growth are well documented for cardiometabolic outcomes. We propose an outcome-wide analysis of the association between birth weight (BW) and long-term health in a large contemporary adult cohort.

METHODS

The study included 73,315 participants under 60 years with a reliable BW from the French nationwide Constances cohort. Low and high BW (LBW/HBW) were defined as BW<10th and >90th of sex-specific percentiles. Associations between BW and outcomes were analyzed with a sex-stratified modified Poisson regression adjusted for the participant's age, maternal health history, geographical origins, and parents' occupation.

RESULTS

Mean BW (10^th -90^th percentile) was 3390 g (2800-4000) for men and 3247g (2680-3820) for women. In men, LBW was associated with (RR [CI95]): fasting glucose impairment (1.33 [1.16;1.52]); hypertriglyceridemia (1.27 [1.17;1.37]); high blood pressure (HBP) (1.15 [1.07;1.24]); non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD (1.13 [1.02;1.24]); high LDL-cholesterol (1.12 [1.05;1.21]); anxiety (1.12 [1.01;1.24]) and depression (1.09 [1.00;1.18]). HBW was associated with obesity (1.21 [1.08;1.35]). In women, LBW was associated with fasting glucose impairment (1.31 [1.12;1.54]); HBP (1.27 [1.16;1.4]); hypertriglyceridemia (1.20 [1.05;1.36]); anxiety (1.10 [1.03;1.17]); and asthma (1.09 [1;1.19}). HBW was associated with obesity (1.24 [1.13;1.36]) and NAFLD (1.20 [1.06;1.37). LBW and HBW were associated with a lesser likelihood of tertiary education attainment in both sexes. Participants' education level was a significant partial mediator of the association between LBW and outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Extreme BW is associated with long-term health. It should be considered in the personalized prevention of cardiometabolic, respiratory, and mental health conditions in adulthood, especially in socio-economically disadvantaged populations.

Causal relationship between outdoor atmospheric quality and pediatric asthma visits in hangzhou

Many air pollutants and climate variables have proven to be significantly associated with pediatric asthma and have worsened asthma symptoms. However, their exact causal effects remain unclear. We explored the causality between air pollutants, climate, and daily pediatric asthma patient visits with a short-term lag effect. Based on eight years of daily environmental data and daily pediatric asthma patient visits, Spearman correlation analysis was used to select the air pollutants and climate variables that correlated with daily pediatric asthma patient visits at any time (with a lag of 1-6 days). We regarded these environmental variables as treatments and built multiple- and single-treatment causal inference models using the Dowhy library (a Python library for causal inference by graphing the model, quantitatively evaluating causal effects, and validating the causal assumptions) to estimate the quantitative causal effect between these correlated variables and daily pediatric asthma patient visits in lag time. The multiple-treatment causal inference model was a model with 8 treatments (Visibility, Precipitation, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂, AQI and CO), 1 outcome (daily pediatric asthma patients visits), and 5 confounders (Humidity, Temperature, Sea level pressure, wind speed and unobserved confounders "U"). Single-treatment causal inference models were 8 models, and each model has 1 treatment, 1 outcome and 12 confounders. Spearman correlation analysis showed that precipitation, wind speed, visibility, air quality index, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO were significantly associated variables at all times (p < 0.05). The multiple-treatment model showed that pooled treatments had significant causality for the short-term lag (lag1-lag6; p < 0.05). Causality was mainly due to SO₂. In the single-treatment models, visibility, SO₂, NO₂, and CO exhibited significant causal effects at any one time (p < 0.05). SO₂ and CO exhibited stronger positive causal effects. The causal effect of SO₂ reached its maxima (causal effect = 11.41, p < 0.05) at lag5. The greatest causal effect of CO appeared at lag3 (causal effect = 10.67, p < 0.05). During the eight year-period, the improvements in SO₂, CO, and NO₂ in Hangzhou were estimated to reduce asthma visits by 8478.03, 3131.08, and 1341.39 per year, respectively. SO₂, NO₂, CO, and visibility exhibited causal effects on daily pediatric asthma patient visits; SO₂ was the most crucial causative variable with a relatively higher causal effect, followed by CO. Improvements in atmospheric quality in the Hangzhou area have effectively reduced the incidence of asthma.

Economic Burden of Asthma in Northwest Iran

Background

The economic burden of asthma is a major public health concern. This study estimates the economic burden of asthma in Northwest of Iran.

Methods

A longitudinal study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 in Tabriz (Iran) using the Persian version of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. Direct and indirect costs associated with asthma were estimated based on the societal perspective, prevalence-based approach, and bottom-up method. Annual indirect costs were estimated using the human capital (HC) method. The structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationship between costs, sex, and asthma severity.

Results

A total of 621 patients with asthma were enrolled in the study. Significant differences were found between female and male patients for the mean cost of radiology (P=0.006), laboratory (P=0.028), and diagnostic (P=0.017) tests at baseline, and for laboratory (P=0.012), and diagnostic (P=0.027) tests at one-year follow-up. The more severe asthma, the more significant the costs for annual physician office visits (P=0.040) and medications (P=0.013). As asthma severity increased, significantly higher expenditures were observed in women for days lost from work at baseline (P=0.009) and one-year follow-up (P=0.001), and in men for productivity loss at work due to impairment at baseline (P=0.045). A significant association between indirect costs and the cost of impairment-related lost productivity at work (β=3.29, P<0.001), and between severe asthma and indirect costs (β=32.36, P<0.001) was observed.

Conclusion

High costs are incurred by Iranian asthma patients, especially because of impairment-related productivity loss at work associated with asthma exacerbation.

Impact of Mepolizumab on Exacerbations in the US Medicare Population

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disorder associated with significant disease and economic burden. Mepolizumab is an anti-IL-5 mAb approved for use as an add-on treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the impact of mepolizumab initiation on asthma exacerbation frequency, oral corticosteroid (OCS) use, and asthma exacerbation-related costs in a US Medicare population.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of mepolizumab claims from patients with asthma in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare database carried out between January 2016 and December 2018. The index date (first claim for mepolizumab) was required to occur between January and December 2017. The baseline and follow-up periods were the 12 months before and 12 months after the index, respectively. Outcomes included changes in the proportion of patients experiencing exacerbations (primary), OCS use (secondary), and asthma exacerbation-related costs during the baseline and follow-up periods.

RESULTS

The study identified 1,278 patients (mean age, 67.9 years; 65% female) with one or more prescription or administration claim for mepolizumab who were eligible for study inclusion. There was a significant relative reduction in the proportion of patients with an asthma exacerbation (27%; P < .0001) in the follow-up versus baseline period. Similarly, a lower proportion of patients received OCS for asthma (16% relative reduction; P < .0001), fewer patients were chronic OCS users (5 mg/day or more; 48% relative reduction; P < .0001), and there was a significant decrease in asthma exacerbation-related costs (total reduction, $888; P = .0002) during the follow-up versus the baseline period.

CONCLUSION

Mepolizumab reduced exacerbations, OCS use, and exacerbation-related healthcare costs in a US Medicare population, confirming its benefits in this specific population with severe asthma.

Sex differences of small airway function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in patients with mild asthma

BACKGROUND

Sex differences of small airway function (SAF) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in patients with mild asthma remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate sex differences of SAF and FeNO in patients with mild asthma confirmed by positive methacholine challenge test (MCT) result.

METHODS

This cross-sectional, double-centered, observational study enrolled 1609 adult patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 second greater than or equal to 80% and suspected asthma symptoms. Data of spirometry, FeNO, impulse oscillometry measurements, and peripheral blood test result were compared between males and females. The receiver-operating characteristic curves of SAF parameters and FeNO in predicting positive MCT result were also calculated.

RESULTS

In patients with mild asthma matched by age, males had better SAF but higher FeNO levels than females (60 [29.27%] vs 187 [46.75%] for small airway dysfunction, 78.6% vs 72.0% for forced expiratory flow [FEF]_50%, 67.5% vs 60.1% for FEF_75%, 73.7% vs 67.4% for FEF_25%-75%, and 42.0 ppb vs 29.0 ppb for FeNO, respectively, all P ≤ .001). The FeNO levels in male current smokers were considerably lower than those of nonsmokers. SAF and FeNO values declined more rapidly with age among female than male patients with asthma. The optimal cutoff values of FEF_25%-75%, FEF_50%, and FeNO for predicting a positive MCT result were 81.5%, 86.4%, and 41.0 ppb in males vs 73.7%, 76.9%, and 35.0 ppb in females.

CONCLUSION

In patients with mild asthma, the female patients have worse SAF, lower FeNO levels, and a more prominent decline trend of those parameters with age than males. Sex-specific cutoff values should be considered when SAF parameters (FEF_25%-75%, FEF_50%), alone or combined with FeNO, are used to predict positive MCT result in asthma diagnosis.

The miR-124-3p regulates the allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in an ovalbumin-asthmatic mouse model by inhibiting S100A4

OBJECTIVE

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with an increasing incidence every year. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to have implications for asthma. However, limited information is available regarding the effect of miR-124-3p on this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possible effects of miR-124-3p and S100A4 on inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in asthma using mouse models.

METHOD

Ovalbumin was used to induce asthmatic mouse models. Lung injury in mouse models was assessed, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice was collected to determine the number of eosinophilic granulocytes and assess inflammation. The expression levels of miR-124-3p, S100A4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail1, vimentin, and TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway-related proteins were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. In vitro experiments, cells were transfected with miR-124-3p mimics or inhibitors to test the expression of S100A4 by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, and the mutual binding of miR-124-3p and S100A4 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

Overexpression of miR-124-3p or inhibition of S100A4 expression attenuated bronchial mucus secretion and collagenous fibers and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration. Additionally, upon miR-124-3p overexpression or S100A4 suppression, eosinophilic granulocytes were decreased, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 expression levels were reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum total IgE level was reduced, and the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway was suppressed. Mechanically, a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay verified the binding relationship between miR-124-3p and S100A4.

CONCLUSION

miR-124-3p can negatively target S100A4 to attenuate inflammation in asthmatic mouse models by suppressing the EMT process and the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

Female-biased association of NOS2-c.1823C>T (rs2297518) with co-susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and asthma

The nitric oxide (NO) pathway contributes to the pathogeneses of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and asthma. NOS2 encodes inducible-NO synthase, which is an important enzyme of the pathway, and its variations could affect the risk of asthma and MetS and thereby co-susceptibility to them. This study aims to estimate the association of NOS2-c.1823C>T with risk of asthma, MetS, and asthma with MetS condition (ASMetS), and with asthma stages: intermittent, mild, moderate, and severe asthma. The study included asthmatics (n = 555), MetS (n = 334), and ASMetS cases (n = 232) and 351 controls, which were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. The T allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma and MetS in the sample population and females. CT genotype and CT+TT model were significantly associated with increased risk of ASMetS in females. A significant association between CT genotype and increased risk of ASMetS in the sample population and females was found in ASMetS versus MetS. In the sample population and among females, the T allele was significantly associated with severe asthma. The rs2297518 single nucleotide polymorphism of NOS2 contributes to the risk of MetS, asthma, and co-susceptibility to them, and this contribution may be stronger in females compared to males.

Identification of Sex-Specific Genetic Polymorphisms Associated with Asthma in Middle-Aged and Older Canadian Adults: An Analysis of CLSA Data

Purpose

Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous respiratory disease resulting from a complex interplay between genetic variations and environmental exposures. There are sex disparities in the prevalence and severity of asthma in males and females. Asthma prevalence is higher in males during childhood but increases in females in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying these sex differences are not well understood; nevertheless, genetic variations, hormonal changes, and environmental influences are thought to play important roles. This study aimed to identify sex-specific genetic variants associated with asthma using CLSA genomic and questionnaire data.

Methods

First, we conducted a genome-wide SNP-by-sex interaction analysis on 23,323 individuals, examining 416,562 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after quality control, followed by sex-stratified survey logistic regression of SNPs with interaction p-value less than 10^¯5.

Results

Out of the 49 SNPs with interaction p-value less than 10^-5, a sex-stratified survey logistic regression showed that five male-specific SNPs (rs6701638, rs17071077, rs254804, rs6013213, and rs2968822) in/near KIF26B, NMBR, PEPD, RTN4, and NFATC2 loci, and three female-specific SNPs (rs2968801, rs2864052, and rs9525931) in/near RTN4, and SERP2 loci were significantly associated with asthma after Bonferroni correction. An SNP (rs36213) in the EPHB1 gene was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma in males [OR=1.35, 95% CI (1.14, 1.60)] but with a reduced risk of asthma in females [OR=0.84, 95% CI (0.76, 0.92)] after Bonferroni correction.

Conclusion

We discovered novel sex-specific genetic markers in/near the KIF26B, RTN4, EPHB1, NMBR, SERP2, PEPD, and NFATC2 genes that could potentially shed light on the sex differences in asthma susceptibility in males and females. Future mechanistic studies are required to understand better the underlying sex-related pathways of the identified loci in asthma development.

In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (rs34377097) of TBXA2R gene and pollen induced bronchial asthma susceptibility in West Bengal population, India

Introduction

Prevalence of asthma is increasing steadily among general population in developing countries over past two decades. One of the causative agents of broncho-constriction in asthma is thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R). However few studies of TBXA2R polymorphism were performed so far. The present study aimed to assess potential association of TBXA2R rs34377097 polymorphism causing missense substitution of Arginine to Leucine (R60L) among 482 patients diagnosed with pollen-induced asthma and 122 control participants from West Bengal, India. Also we performed in-silico analysis of mutated TBXA2R protein (R60L) using homology modeling.

Methods

Clinical parameters like Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), FEV₁/Forced vital capacity (FVC) and Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were assessed using spirometry. Patients' sensitivity was measured by skin prick test (SPT) against 16 pollen allergens. Polymerase chain reaction-based Restriction fragment length polymorphism was done for genotyping. Structural model of wild type and homology model of polymorphic TBXA2R was generated using AlphaFold2 and MODELLER respectively. Electrostatic surface potential was calculated using APBS plugin in PyMol.

Results

Genotype frequencies differed significantly between the study groups (P=0.03). There was no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in control population (χ2=1.56). Asthmatic patients have significantly higher frequency of rs34377097TT genotype than control subjects (P=0.03). SPT of patients showed maximum sensitivity in A. indica (87.68%) followed by C. nusifera (83.29%) and C. pulcherima (74.94%). Significant difference existed for pollen sensitivity in adolescent and young adult (P=0.01) and between young and old adult (P=0.0003). Significant negative correlation was found between FEV1/FVC ratio and intensity of SPT reactions (P<0.0001). Significant association of FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC and PEFR was observed with pollen-induced asthma. Furthermore, risk allele T was found to be clinically correlated with lower FEV₁/FVC ratio (P=0.015) in patients. Our data showed R60L polymorphism, which was conserved across mammals, significantly reduced positive electrostatic charge of polymorphic protein in cytoplasmic domain thus altered downstream pathway and induced asthma response.

Discussion

The present in-silico study is the first one to report association of TBXA2R rs34377097 polymorphism in an Indian population. It may be used as prognostic marker of clinical response to asthma in West Bengal and possible target of therapeutics in future.

Association between illness perception and clinical control, quality of life, physical activity, and psychosocial status in subjects with moderate to severe asthma: a cluster analysis

Background: Illness perception (IP) is a psychosocial factor involved in several chronic diseases and is associated with relevant clinical outcomes. However, the relationship between IP and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychosocial status, and physical activity in daily life (PADL) in subjects with asthma is poorly understood.Objective: To identify groups of subjects with asthma based on their IPs and to assess their association with clinical control, HRQoL, psychosocial disturbances, and PADL.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 149 subjects with moderate to severe asthma. IP, anthropometric data, Asthma Control Questionnaire-7, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PADL (accelerometry), and general self-efficacy (GSE) were assessed. Cluster analysis was performed to identify clusters with similar profiles and investigate their characteristics and differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test the associations between IP and other variables.Results: Statistical analyses identified two clusters of subjects with asthma based on IP. Cluster 1 presented worse IP in seven out of eight domains than Cluster 2. Cluster 1 had more negative consequences of the disease, worse understanding, and a high emotional representation of the disease than Cluster 2. Cluster 1 also had a greater extent of asthma symptoms, poor clinical control, worse HRQoL, and more symptoms of anxiety and depression. No difference between clusters was found for PADL or self-efficacy.Conclusion: Subjects with asthma who have worse IP have more negative symptoms, worse clinical control, HRQoL, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Characterization of sex-related differences in allergen house dust mite-challenged airway inflammation, in two different strains of mice

Biological sex impacts disease prevalence, severity and response to therapy in asthma, however preclinical studies often use only one sex in murine models. Here, we detail sex-related differences in immune responses using a house dust mite (HDM)-challenge model of acute airway inflammation, in adult mice of two different strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6NJ). Female and male mice were challenged (intranasally) with HDM extract (~ 25 μg) for 2 weeks (N = 10 per group). Increase in serum HDM-specific IgE showed a female bias, which was statistically significant in BALB/c mice. We compared naïve and HDM-challenged mice to define immune responses in the lungs by assessing leukocyte accumulation in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and profiling the abundance of 29 different cytokines in BALF and lung tissue lysates. Our results demonstrate specific sex-related and strain-dependent differences in airway inflammation. For example, HDM-driven accumulation of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages were significantly higher in females compared to males, in BALB/c mice. In contrast, HDM-mediated eosinophil accumulation was higher in males compared to females, in C57BL/6NJ mice. Differences in lung cytokine profiles indicated that HDM drives a T-helper (Th)17-biased response with higher IL-17 levels in female BALB/c mice compared to males, whereas female C57BL/6NJ mice elicit a mixed Th1/Th2-skewed response. Male mice of both strains showed higher levels of specific Th2-skewed cytokines, such as IL-21, IL-25 and IL-9, in response to HDM. Overall, this study details sex dimorphism in HDM-mediated airway inflammation in mice, which will be a valuable resource for preclinical studies in allergic airway inflammation and asthma.

Characteristics of inpatients with atopic asthma in a tertiary center: Do age and gender have an influence?

Background: Several studies have demonstrated gender influence on asthma prevalence, being higher among males during early childhood. Little is known about the impact of gender and age on asthma exacerbation characteristics in pediatrics. This study aimed to determine the differences in acute asthma between males and females in three different age groups regarding perinatal characteristics of asthmatic patients, comorbidities, medication adherence, level of blood eosinophils, and pattern of hospitalization.Methods: The medical records of 130 pediatric patients with asthma, who presented to the emergency department at Jordan University hospital with asthma exacerbations, were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic information and clinical characteristics were collected.Results: The mean age of patients was 10.7±4.7 years. The age at diagnosis and gestational age were significantly higher in older children. Furthermore, younger children were significantly more likely to experience winter exacerbations and more emergency presentations. Male patients were considerably younger than their female counterparts and were diagnosed younger. In addition, male patients were more likely to have eosinophil levels higher than 3% than female patients.Conclusion: Gender plays a role in the development and outcome of asthma exacerbations at different ages of pediatrics. A better understanding of gender-based and age-based differences in asthma dictates a personalized approach to treatment.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Asthma: Friends or Foes?

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and airway hyperresponsiveness. A plethora of immune and structural cells are involved in asthma pathogenesis. The roles of neutrophils and their mediators in different asthma phenotypes are largely unknown. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures composed of DNA scaffolds, histones and granular proteins released by activated neutrophils. NETs were originally described as a process to entrap and kill a variety of microorganisms. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process, termed NETosis, or in association with the release of DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs can also promote the resolution of inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines. NETs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various non-infectious conditions, including autoimmunity, cancer and even allergic disorders. Putative surrogate NET biomarkers (e.g., double-strand DNA (dsDNA), myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA), and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3)) have been found in different sites/fluids of patients with asthma. Targeting NETs has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in several diseases. However, different NETs and NET components may have alternate, even opposite, consequences on inflammation. Here we review recent findings emphasizing the pathogenic and therapeutic potential of NETs in asthma.

Implementation of Coach McLungsSM into primary care using a cluster randomized stepped wedge trial design

Background

Asthma is a prevalent chronic disease that is difficult to manage and associated with marked disparities in outcomes. One promising approach to addressing disparities is shared decision making (SDM), a method by which the patient and provider cooperatively make a decision about asthma care. SDM is associated with improved outcomes for patients; however, time constraints and staff availability are noted implementation barriers. Use of health information technology (IT) solutions may facilitate the utilization of SDM. Coach McLungs^SM is a collaborative web-based application that involves pediatric patients, their caregivers, and providers in a personalized experience while gathering patient-reported data. Background logic provides decision support so both audiences can develop a well-informed treatment plan together. The goal of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Coach McLungs^SM intervention into primary care.

Methods

Implementation will be evaluated using a stepped wedge randomized control study design at 21 pediatric and family medicine practices within a large, integrated, nonprofit healthcare system. We will measure changes in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and oral steroid use, which serve as surrogate measures for patient-centered asthma outcomes. We will use a generalized linear mixed models with logit link to test the hypothesis for the reduction in exacerbation rates specifying the fixed effects of intervention and time and random effects for practice and practice*time. This design achieves 84% power to detect the hypothesized effect size difference of 10% in overall exacerbation between control (40%) and intervention (30%) periods (two-sided, p = 0.05). Implementation will be guided using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC), a compilation of implementation strategies, and evaluated using the CFIR (Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) and RE-AIM (Reach Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance).

Discussion

We anticipate that a tailored implementation of Coach McLungs^SM across diverse primary care practices will lead to a decrease in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and oral steroid use for patients in the intervention group as compared to the control condition.

Trial Registration: Clincaltrials.gov, NCT05059210. Registered 28 September 2021, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05059210

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12911-022-02030-1.

Risk factors associated with comorbid asthma in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a cross-sectional study

Background

Although 20–60% of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) have asthma, the risk factors associated with comorbid asthma are not clear. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors associated with asthma, and develop a practical scoring system to screen asthma comorbidity in CRSwNP patients.

Methods

This report describes a cross-sectional study with consecutive CRSwNP patients. Two cohorts of CRSwNP patients named “modelling” group and “validation” group were investigated respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed based on demographic and clinical data collected from patients in the modelling group to determine the risk factors associated with asthma, and establish a scoring system for screening comorbid asthma. Receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to evaluate the screening system; the optimal cut-off point was established by means of the Yoden Index. The consistency between the diagnosis of asthma by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria and by the screening system was assessed by Kappa value in the validation group.

Results

Totally 150 patients in modelling group and 78 patients in validation group were enrolled. Female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4; P < 0.001), allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.9; P = 0.021), serum total (T)-immunoglobulin (Ig) E ≥ 69.0kU/L (OR = 12.0; P < 0.001), and blood eosinophil count  ≥ 0.35 × 10⁹/L (OR = 4.0; P = 0.001) were shown to be independent risk factors for asthma in patients with CRSwNP. Based on these variables, a scoring system (FAIE) ranging from 0(no risk) to 6(high risk); was developed. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the system was 0.823, and the optimal cut-off value was 3 points, with sensitivity 83.8% and specificity 68.6% for screening asthma. The asthma comorbidity determined with FAIE score ≥ 3 points in the validation group, was moderately consistent with that defined by GINA (Kappa = 0.513, P < 0.001), with sensitivity 76.9% and specificity 74.4%.

Conclusions

Female gender, allergic rhinitis, serum T-IgE level, and blood eosinophil count are independent risk factors for asthma comorbidity in patients with CRSwNP, and the FAIE system may be practical for screening comorbid asthma in these patients.

Sex Steroids Effects on Asthma: A Network Perspective of Immune and Airway Cells

A multitude of evidence has suggested the differential incidence, prevalence and severity of asthma between males and females. A compilation of recent literature recognized sex differences as a significant non-modifiable risk factor in asthma pathogenesis. Understanding the cellular and mechanistic basis of sex differences remains complex and the pivotal point of this ever elusive quest, which remains to be clarified in the current scenario. Sex steroids are an integral part of human development and evolution while also playing a critical role in the conditioning of the immune system and thereby influencing the function of peripheral organs. Classical perspectives suggest a pre-defined effect of sex steroids, generalizing estrogens popularly under the “estrogen paradox” due to conflicting reports associating estrogen with a pro- and anti-inflammatory role. On the other hand, androgens are classified as “anti-inflammatory,” serving a protective role in mitigating inflammation. Although considered mainstream and simplistic, this observation remains valid for numerous reasons, as elaborated in the current review. Women appear immune-favored with stronger and more responsive immune elements than men. However, the remarkable female predominance of diverse autoimmune and allergic diseases contradicts this observation suggesting that hormonal differences between the sexes might modulate the normal and dysfunctional regulation of the immune system. This review illustrates the potential relationship between key elements of the immune cell system and their interplay with sex steroids, relevant to structural cells in the pathophysiology of asthma and many other lung diseases. Here, we discuss established and emerging paradigms in the clarification of observed sex differences in asthma in the context of the immune system, which will deepen our understanding of asthma etiopathology.

Personalized Treatment of Asthma: The Importance of Sex and Gender Differences

An individual's sex (nominally male or female, based on biological attributes) and gender (a complex term referring to socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expressions of identity) influence the clinical course of asthma in several ways. The physiologic development of the lungs and effects of sex hormones may explain why more boys than girls have asthma, and after puberty, more women than men have asthma. Female sex hormones have an impact throughout the life span and are associated with poor asthma control. Gender may influence exposure to asthma triggers, and sex and gender can influence the prevalence of comorbidities and interactions with health care professionals. Despite widely reported sex- and gender-based differences in asthma and asthma management, these issues frequently are not considered by health care professionals. There is also inconsistency regarding the use of "sex" and "gender" in scientific discourse; research is needed to define sex- and gender-based differences better and how they might interact to influence asthma outcomes. This review outlines the impact an individual's sex and gender can have on the pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis, treatment, and management of asthma.

Lung function in young adulthood: differences between males and females with asthma

Background

There are phenotypic differences in asthma in males and females. Differences in lung function between the sexes at the peak lung function level in young adulthood are so far not directly addressed. The aim of the present study was to assess lung function in early adulthood in males and females depending on asthma onset and remission.

Methods

Participants were included from the population-based birth cohort BAMSE and classified as having: never asthma, childhood asthma in remission, adolescent onset asthma or persistent asthma. Pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function (in Z-score) and lung clearance index (LCI) were measured at age 24 years. Lung function was compared stratified for sex between the never asthma and asthma groups univariately and in multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for maternal and paternal asthma, maternal smoking during pregnancy, secondary smoking, daily smoking, early respiratory syncytial virus infection, traffic pollution, childhood allergic sensitisation, and body mass index at age 24 years.

Results

All asthma phenotypes were associated with a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁)/forced vital capacity (FVC) post-bronchodilation at 24 years. This was most pronounced in males with persistent asthma compared to males with never asthma (regression coefficient: −0.503; 95% CI: −0.708– −0.298). Childhood asthma (in remission or persistent) was associated with a lower FEV₁. After adjustment, the associations remained significant for males. For females, the significant associations with lower FEV₁ and FEV₁/FVC remained only for subjects with asthma in remission. Persistent asthma was associated with higher LCI in females.

Conclusions

In females, in contrast to males, the association between asthma and lower lung function was attenuated after adjustment for known risk factors.

Current or previous asthma is associated with lower lung function in early adulthood. In females, in contrast to males, the association between asthma and lower lung function is attenuated after adjustment for known risk factors.https://bit.ly/37vDzzu

DNA Methylation and Asthma Acquisition during Adolescence and Post-Adolescence, an Epigenome-Wide Longitudinal Study

The role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of asthma acquisition in adolescence and post-adolescence has been unknown. We carried out a longitudinal epigenome-wide association study, using data from the Isle of Wight Birth Cohort (IOWBC). To improve statistical power, we first screened CpGs based on associations of DNA methylation (DNAm) at an age of 10 years (pre-adolescence) with asthma acquisition at 10-18 years (during adolescence). A logistic regression with repeated measures was applied to CpGs that passed screening to examine the associations of pre-adolescence DNAm with asthma acquisition from 10-18 years and 18-26 years, with an interaction term to evaluate transition period specificity. Findings were further tested in an independent birth cohort, ALSPAC. In total, 205 CpGs (with 150 being females) showed associations with asthma acquisition (main or interaction effects) at FDR = 0.05 in IOWBC, of which 112 (90 being females) showed consistent associations in the ALSPAC. Genes that the identified CpGs were mapped to, e.g., AKAP1 and ENO1, have been shown to be associated with the risk of asthma. Our findings indicated that DNAm at specific CpGs was associated with asthma acquisition. CpGs showing such associations were likely to be different between males and females and, at certain CpGs, were unique to a specific transition period.

Clinical and biological markers in disease and biologics to treat chronic rhinosinusitis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disorder with diverse responses to conventional anti-inflammatory medical and surgical treatments. Even for the newly developed mAbs targeting type 2 (T2) reaction, a considerable number of patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) exhibited unsatisfying response. Identifying patients with a tendency to poor prognosis is critical for selecting targeted therapies to improve the treatment outcome. This review focuses on clinical and biological markers associated with prognosis of CRS patients under conventional medical and surgical treatments and provides an update summary of potential markers for T2 biologics.

RECENT FINDINGS

Allergic rhinitis, asthma, prior sinus surgery, nasal polyps, tissue eosinophilia and neutrophilia, blood eosinophilia and high levels of Charcot-Leyden crystal, cystatin SN, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and interleukin (IL)-5 in nasal secretions have been associated with poor prognosis in CRS patients under conventional medical and surgical treatments. Blood eosinophil level might be a biomarker for anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) and anti-IL-5R (benralizumab) biologic in patients with refractory CRSwNP.

SUMMARY

Several clinical and biological markers have been associated with poor response to conventional treatments in CRS patients; however, majority of them should be verified by large-scale multicentre studies. More efforts are needed to identify biomarkers for biologics.

Sex, Allergic Diseases and Omalizumab

Gender differences are increasingly emerging in every area of medicine including drug therapy; however, specific gender-targeted studies are infrequent. Sex is a fundamental variable, which cannot be neglected. When optimizing therapies, gender pharmacology must always be considered in order to improve the effectiveness and safety of the use of drugs. Knowledge of gender differences promotes appropriate use of therapies and greater health protection for both genders. Further development of gender research would make it possible to report on differences in the assimilation and response of the female organism as compared to the male, in order to identify potential risks and benefits that can be found between genders. Furthermore, a better understanding of sex/gender-related influences, with regard to pharmacological activity, would allow the development of personalized “tailor-made” medicines. Here, we summarize the state of knowledge on the role of sex in several allergic diseases and their treatment with omalizumab, the first biologic drug authorized for use in the field of allergology.

Packaging and Delivery of Asthma Therapeutics

Asthma is a life-altering, chronic disease of heterogenous origin that features a complex interplay of immune and environmental signaling. Although very little progress has been made in prevention, diverse types of medications and delivery systems, including nanoscale systems, have been or are currently being developed to control airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations and fibrosis. These medications are delivered through mechanical methods, with various inhalers (with benefits and drawbacks) existing, and new types offering some variety in delivery. Of particular interest is the progress being made in nanosized materials for efficient penetration into the epithelial mucus layer and delivery into the deepest parts of the lungs. Liposomes, nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles, both natural and synthetic, have been explored in animal models of asthma and have produced promising results. This review will summarize and synthesize the latest developments in both macro-(inhaler) and micro-sized delivery systems for the purpose of treating asthma patients.

Inhaled Drug Therapy-Associated Adverse Reactions in Obstructive Respiratory Diseases: A Review of a Decade of Reporting to the Portuguese Pharmacovigilance System

Inhaled medication used for treatment of chronic obstructive lung diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-COPD, and Asthma-COPD overlap) may be associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The aim of this study was to characterise spontaneous reports (SRs) of suspected ADRs received by the Portuguese Pharmacovigilance System (PPS), from 2007 to 2017.

METHODS

Retrospective observational study of SRs associated with single substance and combination inhalers, analysed in terms of pharmacological class of the involved drugs, sex and age range of the involved patients, and seriousness and type of ADRs.

RESULTS

230 SRs were analysed, accounting for a total of 599 suspected ADRs. Inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-2 agonist combination had the highest frequency in SRs (32.2%) and in ADRs (32.7%). There was a slight predominance in men (51.3%) and non-elderly adults were the most affected age group (39.1%). Most SRs were serious (70.4%). In total, "respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal diseases" ADRs were the most reported (19.5%), with "dyspnea" being the most frequent (4.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

Most SRs were associated with controller medications and were expected. Most ADRs involved non-elderly adults, were serious and of respiratory nature and many were due to overuse of reliever medication.

Association of Asthma and Rhinitis with Epigenetics of Coronavirus Related Genes

Introduction:

Susceptibility factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include sex and medical conditions such as asthma and rhinitis. DNA methylation (DNAm) is associated with asthma, rhinitis, and several viruses. We examined associations of asthma/rhinitis with DNAm at CpGs located on coronavirus related genes, and if these associations were sex-specific.

Methods:

In total, n = 242 subjects aged 26 years from the Isle of Wight Birth Cohort were included in the study. Linear regressions were used to examine sex specific and non-specific associations of DNAm at CpGs on coronavirus related genes with asthma/rhinitis status. Associations of DNAm with gene expression in blood were assessed for functional relevance of identified CpGs.

Results:

Statistically significant interaction effects of asthma or rhinitis with sex were identified at 40 CpGs for asthma and 27 CpGs for rhinitis. At 21 CpGs, DNAm was associated with asthma, and at 45 CpGs with rhinitis, regardless of sex. Assessment of functional relevance of the identified CpGs indicated a potential of epigenetic regulatory functionality on gene activity at 14 CpGs for asthma and 17 CpGs for rhinitis, and of those 6 CpGs for asthma and 7 CpGs for rhinitis were likely to be sex-specific.

Conclusion:

Subjects with asthma/rhinitis may have altered susceptibility to COVID-19 due to changes in their DNAm associated with these conditions. Sex specificity on association of asthma/rhinitis with DNAm at certain CpGs, and on the association of DNAm at asthma/rhinitis-linked CpGs with gene expression have the potential to explain the reported sex-specificity in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

A Smartphone App to Support Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Young Adults With Asthma: Multi-Methods Feasibility Study

Background

Young adults with asthma often report low adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), leading to uncontrolled symptoms and poor disease outcomes. Technology-enabled digital supports such as mobile health (mHealth) asthma smartphone apps have the potential to support adherence to ICS and asthma self-management. There is a need for feasibility studies to determine the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of these interventions. In addition, it is essential to determine the feasibility of recruiting and retaining young adults to plan future efficacy and effectiveness trials and therefore, establish evidence-based asthma apps.

Objective

This study aimed to determine (1) the feasibility of recruiting and retaining young adults to a trial and (2) the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of using the AsthmaMD app to support adherence to ICS in a population of young adults living with asthma.

Methods

A multi-methods feasibility study was conducted. Young adults aged 18-30 years with asthma and current prescription for ICS were eligible and invited to take part through a university circular email, social media, and general practice sites. Participation involved completing a baseline self-report questionnaire, downloading and using the AsthmaMD app for 2 weeks, and completing the follow-up assessment, including self-report and open-ended questions about participants’ experience of using the app. Primary outcomes included participant recruitment and retention and the usability, acceptability, and feasibility of using AsthmaMD. Quantitative self-report data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative open-ended data were analyzed using inductive reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

A total of 122 young adults (females, n=101, 82.8%) with a mean age of 24.4 (SD 3.8) years were recruited and they completed baseline measures. Of the 122 young adults, 59 (48.4%) completed the study. The AsthmaMD app received a mean score of 63.1/100 (SD 20.1) on the System Usability Scale (ie, a standardized measure of usability for technology-based apps), and an overall user satisfaction score of 5.8/10 (SD 2.2). Of the 59 participants who completed the study, 49 (83%) participants used the app ≥1 day per week. Two main themes were identified in the qualitative analysis of user experiences: (1) learning how to use the app to suit the individual and (2) benefits and relevance of using the app.

Conclusions

The findings from this study indicate that it is feasible to recruit and retain young adults to examine efficacy and effectiveness in a future trial and that young adults living with asthma may find AsthmaMD to be usable, acceptable, and feasible to support adherence to ICS. Our findings also identified opportunities to further optimize the usability of AsthmaMD and similar apps. Based on our findings, we recommend providing more accessible information on how to use the app and replacing medical terminology with simplified language within the app to improve usability.

Trial Registration

ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN11295269; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11295269

Exhaled volatilome analysis as a useful tool to discriminate asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases in women of childbearing age

The prevalence of asthma is considerably high among women of childbearing age. Most asthmatic women also often have other atopic disorders. Therefore, the differentiation between patients with atopic diseases without asthma and asthmatics with coexisting diseases is essential to avoid underdiagnosis of asthma and to design strategies to reduce symptom severity and improve quality of life of patients. Hence, we aimed for the first time to conduct an analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of women of childbearing age as a new approach to discriminate between asthmatics with other coexisting atopic diseases and non-asthmatics (with or without atopic diseases), which could be a helpful tool for more accurate asthma detection and monitoring using a noninvasive technique in the near future. In this study, exhaled air samples of 336 women (training set (n = 211) and validation set (n = 125)) were collected and analyzed by thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ASCA (ANOVA (analysis of variance) simultaneous component analysis) and LASSO + LS (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator + logistic regression) were employed for data analysis. Fifteen statistically significant models (p-value < 0.05 in permutation tests) that discriminated asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases in women of childbearing age were generated. Acetone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative were selected as discriminants of asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases. In addition, carbon disulfide, a tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and decane discriminated asthma disease among patients with other atopic disorders. Results of this study indicate that refined metabolomic analysis of exhaled breath allows asthma with other coexisting atopic diseases discrimination in women of reproductive age.

Persistent airflow obstruction in inner-city children with asthma

Background: Airway remodeling has been shown to be persistent in patients with asthma despite treatment with controller medications. Patients with early airflow obstruction may continue to experience poor lung function despite treatment. Objectives: To determine whether early airflow obstruction in inner-city children with asthma persists despite guideline-based asthma care. Methods: In a retrospective study that used a cohort of inner-city children with asthma treated by using an asthma-specific disease management system, the patients were stratified into "low" or "high" lung function groups at the time of the initial visit (high, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration [FEV₁] % predicted and FEV₁/forced vital capacity [FVC] ≥ 80%; and low, FEV₁% predicted and FEV₁/FVC < 80%). These patients then received National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guideline-based asthma treatment at regular follow-up intervals with spirometry performed at these visits as part of regular care. FEV₁% predicted and FEV₁/FVC were followed up for up to 10 years for both the high and low cohorts. Results: Over 10 years, the patients initially in the "high" group maintained FEV₁% predicted and FEV₁/FVC at values similar to the initial visit (94 to 96% and 87 to 89%, respectively), whereas those in the low group had only slight increases of FEV₁% predicted and FEV₁/FVC over the same time (77 to 82% and 78 to 82%, respectively). Low FEV₁% predicted and FEV₁/FVC at the time of the first visit was significantly associated with an increased risk of low values of these lung functions over the next 3-5 years despite treatment. African American ethnicity and male gender were also associated with lower lung function over time. Conclusion: Early airflow obstruction in inner city children asthma is associated with poor lung function in later life despite guideline-based asthma care. Current asthma therapy may not affect pathways and leads to airway remodeling in children with asthma.

A dynamic nomogram for predicting the risk of asthma: Development and validation in a database study

Background

Asthma remains a serious health problem with increasing prevalence and incidence. This study was to develop and validate a dynamic nomogram for predicting asthma risk.

Methods

Totally 597 subjects whose age ≥18 years old with asthma, an accurate age at first cigarette, and clear smoking status were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2013–2018). The dataset was randomly split into the training set and the testing set at a ratio of 4:6. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used for identifying independent predictors. Then the nomogram was developed and internally validated using data from the testing set. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used for assessing the performance of the nomogram.

Results

According to the simple and multiple logistic regressions, smoking ≥40 years, female gender, the age for the first smoking, having close relative with asthma were independently associated with the risk of an asthma attack. The nomogram was thereby developed with the link of https://yanglifen.shinyapps.io/Dynamic_Nomogram_for_Asthma/. The ROC analyses showed an AUC of 0.726 (0.724–0.728) with a sensitivity of 0.887 (0.847–0.928) in the training set, and an AUC of 0.702 (0.700–0.703) with a sensitivity of 0.860 (0.804–0.916) in the testing set, fitting well in calibration curves. Decision curve analysis further confirmed the clinical usefulness of the nomogram.

Conclusion

Our dynamic nomogram could help clinicians to assess the individual probability of asthma attack, which was helpful for improving the treatment and prognosis of asthma.