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Yildirim N, Lale A, Yazıcı GN, Sunar M, Aktas M, Ozcicek A, Suleyman B, Ozcicek F, Suleyman H. Ameliorative effects of Liv-52 on doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:616-621. [PMID: 35527648 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2065533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is a common side effect of doxorubicin (Dox) treatment of cancer. Liv-52 is an ayurvedic medicine that is reported to ameliorate liver injury due to oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of Liv-52 on Dox induced oxidative damage to liver tissues of rats using biochemical and histopathological techniques. Thirty male rats were assigned randomly into three equal groups: control (CG), Dox group (DG) Liv-52 + Dox group (LD). Rats in the LD group received 50 mg/kg Liv-52 in distilled water via gastric gavage. Distilled water was given via the same route to the rats in the DG and CG groups. Rats in the LD and DG groups were injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg/kg Dox 1 h after administration of Liv-52 or distilled water. The procedure was repeated daily for 7 days. On day 8, the animals were sacrificed, and serum and tissue biochemical and histopathological assays were performed. The malondialdehyde level was increased significantly in the DG group, while glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly lower in the DG group compared to the LD and CG groups. The highest levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were found in the DG group, while the lowest levels were found in the CG group, which exhibited levels similar to those of the LD group. Treatment with Liv-52 prior to Dox treatment reduced the histopathologic changes in the Dox group. Therefore, pre-treatment with Liv-52 protected against Dox induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Yildirim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Azmi Lale
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Firat University Faculty of Medicine, Elazıg, Turkey
| | - Gulce Naz Yazıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mukadder Sunar
- Department of Anatomy, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aktas
- Department of Biochemistry, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Adelet Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozcicek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Halis Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
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Liu H, Zhang T, Jiang P, Zhu W, Yu S, Liu Y, Li B, Li F. Hypolipidemic constituents from the aerial portion of Sibiraea angustata. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127161. [PMID: 32249115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new monoterpene acylglucosides (1-2) and one new aromatic glycoside (3), together with five known compounds (4-8), were isolated from 95% ethanol extract of Sibiraea angustata. The structures of these compounds were characterized by 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry. Compounds were evaluated for their hypolipidemic activity using oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that compound 5 could decrease the expression level of fatty acid synthase (FASN). Lipidomics analysis indicated that compound 5 significantly decreased the levels of 11 lipids in oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, including triglycerides (TG), diglycerides (DG), phosphatidylcholines (PC) and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (lysoPC). These data demonstrated that terpene acylglucosides are the major active constituents in Sibiraea angustata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Liu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Piao Jiang
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Songhua Yu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Li
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Cimen O, Eken H, Keskin Cimen F, Cekic AB, Kurt N, Ozbek Bilgin A, Suleyman B, Suleyman H, Mammadov R, Pehlivanoglu K, Kurnaz E. The effect of Liv-52 on liver ischemia reperfusion damage in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:2. [PMID: 31900219 PMCID: PMC6942351 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) damage which is frequently seen in clinical hepatobiliary surgeries has no effective treatment for it. Liv-52, known to have hepatoprotective effects, is a natural antioxidant drug licensed by the Ministry of Health of India. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of Liv-52 on liver damage induced by I/R in rats. Methods Albino Wistar male rats were divided into three groups; liver I/R (IR), 20 mg/kg Liv-52 + liver ischemia reperfusion (LIR) and sham operation applied to control group (HG). Liv-52 was administered to the LIR group (n = 6) 1 h prior to I/R application and distilled water was given orally to IR (n = 6) and HG (n = 6) groups as a solvent. Ischemia was determined as 1 h, and reperfusion was identified as 6 h in animals. Results Increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase, and glutathione related enzymes caused by I/R application have been converged to healthy group level with Liv-52 treatment and the damage in liver tissue has been improved histopathologically. Conclusions Liv-52 may be beneficial for preventing liver I/R damage in pre-surgery application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Cimen
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Eken
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ferda Keskin Cimen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Arif Burak Cekic
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61000, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nezahat Kurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Asli Ozbek Bilgin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Halis Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Renad Mammadov
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Kamil Pehlivanoglu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Eray Kurnaz
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
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Ali M, Sadhu B, Boda A, Tiwari N, Das A, Musharaf Ali SK, Bhattacharya D, Pandey BN, Kumar A. Thorium decorporation efficacy of rationally-selected biocompatible compounds with relevance to human application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:952-961. [PMID: 30616306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During civil, nuclear or defense activities, internal contamination of actinides in humans and mitigation of their toxic impacts are of serious concern. Considering the health hazards of thorium (Th) internalization, an attempt was made to examine the potential of ten rationally-selected compounds/formulations to decorporate Th ions from physiological systems. The Th-induced hemolysis assay with human erythrocytes revealed good potential of tiron, silibin (SLB), phytic acid (PA) and Liv.52® (L52) for Th decorporation, in comparison to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, an FDA-approved decorporation drug. This was further validated by decorporation experiments with relevant human cell models (erythrocytes and liver cells) and biological fluid (blood) under pre-/post-treatment conditions, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, density functional theory-based calculations and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Th complex by these agents. Amongst the chosen biocompatible agents, tiron, SLB, PA and L52 hold promise to enhance Th decorporation for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjoor Ali
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Biswajit Sadhu
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Anil Boda
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Nidhi Tiwari
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Amit Das
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - S K Musharaf Ali
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Dibyendu Bhattacharya
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Badri N Pandey
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
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Melatonin Modulates lipid Metabolism in HepG2 Cells Cultured in High Concentrations of Oleic Acid: AMPK Pathway Activation may Play an Important Role. Cell Biochem Biophys 2018; 76:463-470. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-018-0859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kostrzewski T, Cornforth T, Snow SA, Ouro-Gnao L, Rowe C, Large EM, Hughes DJ. Three-dimensional perfused human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:204-215. [PMID: 28127194 PMCID: PMC5236500 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a human in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), utilising primary hepatocytes cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) perfused platform.
METHODS Fat and lean culture media were developed to directly investigate the effects of fat loading on primary hepatocytes cultured in a 3D perfused culture system. Oil Red O staining was used to measure fat loading in the hepatocytes and the consumption of free fatty acids (FFA) from culture medium was monitored. Hepatic functions, gene expression profiles and adipokine release were compared for cells cultured in fat and lean conditions. To determine if fat loading in the system could be modulated hepatocytes were treated with known anti-steatotic compounds.
RESULTS Hepatocytes cultured in fat medium were found to accumulate three times more fat than lean cells and fat uptake was continuous over a 14-d culture. Fat loading of hepatocytes did not cause any hepatotoxicity and significantly increased albumin production. Numerous adipokines were expressed by fatty cells and genes associated with NAFLD and liver disease were upregulated including: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, fatty acid-binding protein 3 and CYP7A1. The metabolic activity of hepatocytes cultured in fatty conditions was found to be impaired and the activities of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were significantly reduced, similar to observations made in NAFLD patients. The utility of the model for drug screening was demonstrated by measuring the effects of known anti-steatotic compounds. Hepatocytes, cultured under fatty conditions and treated with metformin, had a reduced cellular fat content compared to untreated controls and consumed less FFA from cell culture medium.
CONCLUSION The 3D in vitro NAFLD model recapitulates many features of clinical NAFLD and is an ideal tool for analysing the efficacy of anti-steatotic compounds.
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Meireles P, Sales-Dias J, Andrade CM, Mello-Vieira J, Mancio-Silva L, Simas JP, Staines HM, Prudêncio M. GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake plays a crucial role during Plasmodium hepatic infection. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27404888 PMCID: PMC5297879 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to ensure their survival and development inside their host cells. Here, we show that glucose is a pivotal modulator of hepatic infection by the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei and that glucose uptake via the GLUT1 transporter is specifically enhanced in P. berghei‐infected cells. We further show that ATP levels of cells containing developing parasites are decreased, which is known to enhance membrane GLUT1 activity. In addition, GLUT1 molecules are translocated to the membrane of the hepatic cell, increasing glucose uptake at later stages of infection. Chemical inhibition of GLUT1 activity leads to a decrease in glucose uptake and the consequent impairment of hepatic infection, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results reveal that changes in GLUT1 conformation and cellular localization seem to be part of an adaptive host response to maintain adequate cellular nutrition and energy levels, ensuring host cell survival and supporting P. berghei hepatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Meireles
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Sales-Dias
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina M Andrade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Mello-Vieira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Henry M Staines
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Qin S, Yin J, Huang K. Free Fatty Acids Increase Intracellular Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress by Modulating PPARα and SREBP-1c in L-02 Cells. Lipids 2016; 51:797-805. [PMID: 27270405 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fat accumulation and increased oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms underlying the development of steatosis are not entirely understood. The present study was undertaken to establish an experimental model of hepatocellular steatosis with a fat overaccumulation profile in which the effects of oxidative stress could be studied in L-02 cells. We investigated the effects of free fatty acids (FFA) (palmitate:oleate, 1:2) on lipid accumulation and oxidative stress and their possible mechanisms in L-02 cells. High concentrations of fatty acids significantly induced excessive lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in L-02 cells, which could only be reversed with 50 μΜ WY14643 (the PPARα agonist). Immunoblotting and qPCR analyses revealed that FFA downregulated the expression of proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), which contributed to the increased activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). These results suggest that FFA induce lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in L-02 cells by upregulating SREBP-1c expression through the suppression of PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Qin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Keer Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People's Republic of China.
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Mahesh BU, Shrivastava S, Pragada RR, Naidu VGM, Sistla R. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Boswellia ovalifoliolata bark extracts. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 12:663-71. [PMID: 25263977 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol (PCM) hepatotoxicity is related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and excessive oxidative stress; natural antioxidant compounds have been tested as an alternative therapy. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of an alcoholic extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata (BO) bark against PCM-induced hepatotoxicity. BO extract also demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro, as well as scavenger activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Administration of PCM caused a significant increase in the release of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. Significant enhancement in hepatic lipid peroxidation and marked depletion in reduced glutathione were observed after parac intoxication with severe alterations in liver histology. BO treatment was able to mitigate hepatic damage induced by acute intoxication of PCM and showed a pronounced protective effect against lipid peroxidation, deviated serum enzymatic variables, and maintained glutathione status toward control. The results clearly demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of BO against the toxicity induced by PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandari Uma Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacology, A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India 530003
| | - Shweta Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER-Hyderabad), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India-500037
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- Department of Pharmacology, A.U. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India 530003
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER-Hyderabad), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India-500037.
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER-Hyderabad), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India-500037; Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India-500007.
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Zhang L, Chu X, Wang H, Xie H, Guo C, Cao L, Zhou X, Wang G, Hao H. Dysregulations of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in rats with valproic acid and high fat diet induced fatty liver. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 721:277-85. [PMID: 24056123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Both high fat diet (HFD) and valproic acid (VPA) interfere with mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids, which subsequently triggers microvesicular fatty liver and hepatic dysfunction. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, the major phase II drug metabolism enzymes, play a pivotal role in detoxifying various exogenous and endogenous compounds. This study aimed to investigate the dysregulation patterns of major UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) induced by VPA and/or HFD. Biochemical and histopathological results showed that chronic treatments of VPA and HFD induced fatty liver and liver dysfunction in a synergistic manner. VPA upregulated the mRNA levels of UGT1A1, 1A6, 1A7, and UGT2B1. Notably, the protein expression and enzymatic activity of UGT1A6 were significantly increased in rats treated with HFD or VPA alone, and were further enhanced by HFD and VPA co-treatment. This dysregulation pattern was largely recapitulated in the in vitro HepG2 cells assay by using VPA and oleic acid treatment. Moreover, the induction of UGTs was accompanied by the increased expression of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). In line with the up-regulation of UGT1A1 and UGT1A6, urine recovery of VPA glucuronide (VPA-G) was sharply increased by VPA treatment, and the co-treatment of HFD further aggravated this change. Since VPA is necessarily prescribed for long-term and the prevalence of HFD life style nowadays, the combined effect of HFD and VPA on disturbing UGTs should take concerns in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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