Luteolin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation and activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses

Methylophiopogonanone A alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibiting JNK1 signaling

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effects of methylophiopogonanone A (MO-A), a natural homoisoflavonoid with anti-inflammatory effects, on DCM and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in this study.

METHODS

The T2DM mouse model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin for 7 consecutive days and fed with a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. T2DM mice received MO-A (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) treatment for two weeks. Cardiac function, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation were evaluated. The binding energy between MO-A and JNK1 was analyzed using molecular docking. The underlying mechanism was further investigated in high glucose (HG)-induced H9C2 cells. The cytotoxic effects, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, inflammation, and relevant signaling proteins were assessed.

RESULTS

MO-A treatment alleviated cardiac function and histopathological changes in DCM mice. Moreover, MO-A treatment significantly decreased COLI, TGF-β1, MYH7, and ANP expression levels in DCM mice. Furthermore, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expression levels were notably downregulated after treatment with MO-A in DCM mice. Similar results were also observed in vitro. Mechanistically, MO-A targets JNK1 and downregulates its phosphorylation levels in DCM mice. The protective properties of MO-A were reversed by JNK1 overexpression in HG-induced H9C2 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that MO-A could alleviate cardiac function, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in DCM via inhibiting JNK1 signaling.

Study on the regulatory mechanism of luteolin inhibiting WDR72 on the proliferation and metastasis of non small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Understanding molecular mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets are crucial for improving treatment outcomes. This study aims to explore the effect of luteolin on NSCLC progression by regulating WDR72 and to investigate the related molecular mechanisms using cellular and animal models. The study employed a comprehensive set of experiments to evaluate the impact of luteolin and WDR72 on NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. Techniques included the CCK- 8 assay, colony formation assay, scratch test, and Transwell assay. Molecular docking experiments were performed to validate the binding interaction between luteolin and WDR72. Experimental groups included OE-WDR72, OE-WDR72 + Luteolin, Control, Control + Luteolin, and sh-WDR72. Western blot analysis was used to examine protein expression related to apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), AKT signaling, and other markers. Additionally, a nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model was established to assess the in vivo tumor-forming ability of NSCLC cells under different treatments. Luteolin significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of NSCLC cell lines (H1299 and A549) and reduced tumor formation in nude mice. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinity between luteolin and WDR72. Overexpression of WDR72 promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and migration, while WDR72 silencing showed the opposite effects. Western blot analysis revealed that WDR72 overexpression increased phosphorylated AKT and Bcl- 2 levels while decreasing caspase- 3. In contrast, silencing WDR72 reduced these protein levels. Luteolin treatment in WDR72-overexpressing cells resulted in decreased phosphorylated AKT, increased apoptosis, and suppressed EMT. Tumor transplantation experiments indicated that tumors in the OE-WDR72 group exhibited the fastest growth, while the sh-WDR72 group showed the slowest growth. Luteolin treatment significantly reduced WDR72 expression, suggesting a regulatory role in NSCLC progression. Luteolin effectively inhibits EMT, invasion, and migration of NSCLC cells by modulating WDR72. WDR72 plays a pivotal role in stimulating the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells. By downregulating WDR72, luteolin suppresses NSCLC progression, potentially through modulation of the PI3 K/AKT/EMT signaling pathway. These findings highlight luteolin as a promising therapeutic agent for NSCLC treatment.

Copper-luteolin nanocomplexes for Mediating multifaceted regulation of oxidative stress, intestinal barrier, and gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease

Oxidative stress, dysbiosis, and immune dysregulation have been confirmed to play pivotal roles in the complex pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we design copper ion-luteolin nanocomplexes (CuL NCs) through a metal-polyphenol coordination strategy, which plays a multifaceted role in the amelioration of IBD. The fabricated CuL NCs function as therapeutic agents with exceptional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities because of their great stability and capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). It can effectively modulate the inflammatory microenvironment including facilitating the efficient reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, protecting intestinal epithelial cells, promoting mucosal barrier repair and regulating intestinal microbiota. In addition, CuL NCs have been found to enhance cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) oxidative stress pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, respectively. Notably, CuL NCs demonstrate significant prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mouse models with typical IBD, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). This study provides a new approach for building multifaceted therapeutic platforms for natural products to treat IBD.

Protective Effects of Flavonoids in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Review on the Mechanistic Insights

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the leading causes of mortality among diabetic patients. Flavonoid are the most abundant group of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables, and have received increasing interest as potential chemopreventive antidiabetic agents. Flavonoids might contribute to prevent or delay DCM by regulating the cardiac metabolism, insulin signaling, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Among other effects, flavonoids have been proved to enhance glucose uptake, decrease cellular lipid accumulation, or suppress oxidative stress. However, the mechanistic basis of these effects is not fully understood, and many points remain to be clarified. This review provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid chemopreventive activity by summarizing cell culture and animal model studies.

A comprehensive review on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM): histological spectrum, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management with conventional treatments and natural compounds

Diabetic complications are among the most pressing health issues currently. Cardiovascular problems, particularly diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), are responsible for almost 80% of diabetic deaths. Because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes and the increased threat of death from its consequences, researchers are searching for new pharmaceutical targets to delay or cure it. Currently, there are a few medicines available for the treatment of DCM, some of which have serious side effects. To address this issue, researchers are focusing on natural products. Thus, in this review, we discuss the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, histological spectrum, diagnosis, pathogenic pathways of DCM, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in DCM, the current treatments, and the beneficial effects of natural product-based therapeutics. Natural treatments range from single doses to continuous regimens lasting weeks or months. Flavonoids are the largest class of natural compounds reported for the treatment of DCM. Natural regimens may cover the way for new treatment strategies for DCM for being multi-target agents in the treatment of DCM, with the ability to play a variety of functions via distinct signaling pathways.

Luteolin alleviates diabetic cardiac injury related to inhibiting SHP2/STAT3 pathway

Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a heart disease resulting from diabetes mellitus, inflicts structural and functional damage to the heart. Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of luteolin, a flavonoid, in mitigating diabetic cardiovascular injuries. The Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is implicated in exacerbating diabetes- and obesity-related complications. Interestingly, luteolin has been shown to inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases, but it's unclear how SHP2 relates to luteolin's protective effects against diabetic heart disease. Here, we hypothesized that the inhibition of SHP2 signaling could play a role in luteolin's protective action against diabetic heart injury. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats through a high-fat diet followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg). Five weeks post-diabetes induction, these rats were intraperitoneally injected with luteolin at varying doses (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) every other day for an additional 5 weeks. Then cardiac function was assessed, and hearts were isolated for further analysis. We found that luteolin notably improved cardiac function, inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, reduced levels of inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species, and activated superoxide dismutase. Importantly, luteolin treatment also reduced the expression of SHP2 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that luteolin protects the diabetic heart against inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertrophy, and fibrosis, which may relate to down-regulating cardiac SHP2/STAT3 signaling.

The effects of luteolin on orthodontic tooth movement and relapse

INTRODUCTION

Luteolin is a natural flavonoid compound that widely exists in human food. Studies have demonstrated luteolin has powerful anti-inflammatory properties and can affect bone remodeling in an inflammatory environment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of luteolin on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and relapse after OTM.

METHODS

Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8): OTM, 50 mg/kg/d luteolin, and 100 mg/kg/d luteolin. Then, 50 g of orthodontic force was applied to all animals. A saline solution or corresponding concentration of luteolin was given orally. For the OTM experiment, after 14 days of force application, rats were killed, the maxilla was dissected, and then microcomputed tomography, histologic staining, and western blotting were performed. For the relapse experiment, the spring was removed, and a silicone impression was made to record the relapse status.

RESULTS

Compared with the OTM alone group, systemic administration of luteolin inhibited OTM and tooth relapse (P <0.05). Increased bone volume, reduced osteoclast activity, and a decrease in osteoclastogenesis-related protein expression were observed in luteolin-treated groups. These effects may be attributed to the inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Luteolin can significantly inhibit OTM and relapse after OTM. Thus, luteolin is a prospective candidate for enhancing tooth anchorage and preventing relapse in orthodontic treatment.

Critical Appraisal of Pharmaceutical Therapy in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy-Challenges and Prospectives

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted disorder with a pandemic spread and a remarkable burden of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DBCM) has been increasingly recognized as the development of cardiac dysfunction, which is accompanied by heart failure (HF) symptoms in the absence of obvious reasons like ischemic heart disease, hypertension, or valvulopathies. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed, including metabolic disorders (e.g., glycation products), oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc., which should guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. Up to now, HF treatment has not differed between patients with and without diabetes, which limits the expected benefits despite the high cardiovascular risk in the former group. However, DBCM patients may require different management, which prioritize anti-diabetic medications or testing other novel therapies. This review aims to appraise the challenges and prospectives of the individualized pharmaceutical therapy for DBCM.

Unlocking the Potential of Carrier Mediated Nano-biomedicine in Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Diabetes is a medical condition that belongs to the group of chronic diseases that affect how the body processes glucose, the primary source of energy for cells. Glucose comes indirectly from the consumed food and is carried by bloodstream to various cells in the body. Insulin, a hormone synthesized by the pancreas plays a vital role in the conversion of glucose to energy. Managing diabetes involves regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and taking medications or insulin as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Proper management of diabetes may lead to the prevention or delay of diabetic complications may further sever other diseases associated impediment. Drug delivery in the management of diabetes is designed to administer insulin or other diabetes medications in a controlled and convenient manner. Recently nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in the management of diabetic complications, particularly through carrier-mediated nano-biomedicine. Several natural products have been studied and reported for their potential role in managing diabetes. While they may not replace standard medical treatments, some of these natural products could complement existing therapies and support overall diabetes management. Therefore, this review explores the potential of nanocarriers to enhance drug delivery systems for diabetes mellitus treatment, addressing the limitations of conventional therapies that often suffer from poor bioavailability and frequent dosing requirements. Studies have demonstrated that bridging these bioactive compounds significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy in the management of diabetes. Challenges remain in translating these technologies from laboratory settings to clinical applications; however, the potential benefits for improving glycemic control and overall quality of life for diabetic patients are substantial. Future research should focus on optimizing these nano-biomedicine strategies to realize their full therapeutic potential in diabetes management.

Herbal Approaches to Diabetes Management: Pharmacological Mechanisms and Omics-Driven Discoveries

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia, resistance to insulin, and impaired function of the pancreatic β-cells; it advances into more serious complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and retinopathy; herbal medicine has indicated promise in not just mitigating the symptoms but also in managing the complications. This review would aim to evaluate the pharmacological aspect of the botanical therapies Anacardium occidentale, Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, as well as their bioactive phytochemicals, quercetin, resveratrol, berberine, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In this review, we discuss their mechanisms for secreting the insulin sensitizers, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, reduction in oxidative stress and effectiveness against diabetic complications-all through sensitivity to insulin. Great emphasis is laid on the integration of multi-omics technologies such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics in the discovery of bioactive compounds. The nature of the technologies can evaluate the intrinsic complexities of herbal pharmacology and even identify therapeutic candidates. Finally, the review refers to the meagre clinical trials on the efficiency of these compounds in the metabolism of humans. High-quality future research, such as human large-scale trials, would be emphasized; improvement in the clinical validity of a drug might come from improved study design, better selection of potentially usable biomarkers, and enhanced safety profiles to guarantee efficacy with lessened risks.

Luteolin Alleviates the TNF-α-Induced Inflammatory Response of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells via the Akt/MAPK/NF-κB Pathway

Endothelial dysfunction and pathological alterations are pivotal in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. To date, effective interventions for these endothelial changes are lacking. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is known to significantly contribute to these alterations. It has been reported the potential of luteolin to mitigate TNF-α-induced inflammation, yet its specific mechanisms and targets still remain to be elucidated. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of luteolin on TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury in human microvascular endothelial cells, thereby advancing the understanding of luteolin's medicinal properties. Our findings demonstrate that luteolin notably inhibits TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of Akt, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65. It significantly reduces the transcriptional activity of NF-κB p65 and AP-1 and decreases the expression of mRNA and proteins related to adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators. Additionally, luteolin inhibited the reduction in STAT3 phosphorylation. In conclusion, luteolin effectively suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury in endothelial cells via the Akt/MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Tangningtongluo Tablet ameliorates pancreatic damage in diabetic mice by inducing autophagy and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. Tangningtongluo Tablet (TNTL) is an inpatient formula extensively utilized to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), but the protective mechanism is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the relevant mechanisms by which TNTL affects pancreatic damage in diabetic mice and autophagy.

METHODS

The impact of TNTL on pancreatic damage in diabetic mice in vitro and in vivo was investigated via glucose and lipid metabolism analyses, HE staining, CCK-8, TUNEL staining, Annexin V/PI, and Western blotting. Molecular docking and Western blotting were used to verify the results of network pharmacological analysis, which was carried out to explore the mechanism by which TNTL affects DM. The autophagosome levels were visualized via RFP-GFP-LC3 and transmission electron microscopy, and lysosomal function was evaluated via Lysotracker red staining. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of the autophagy proteins LC3, p62 and LAMP2.

RESULTS

Compared with the model group, TNTL protected pancreas from oxidative stress, decreased the level of MDA, increased the levels of SOD and GSH-px, induced the occurrence of autophagy and decreased the levels of apoptotic factors. Moreover, TNTL inhibited the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR, increased the levels of LC3 and LAMP2 and decreased the level of p62, and the autophagy inhibitor CQ blocked the protective effect of TNTL on pancreatic damage in diabetic mice.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrated that TNTL ameliorated pancreatic damage in diabetic mice by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and regulating autophagy.

Unlocking the potential of luteolin: A natural migraine management approach through network pharmacology

Background

Luteolin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has been investigated for potential health benefits. Its focus on migraine management arises from its ability to mitigate neuroinflammation, a key factor in migraine attacks.

Methods

pkCSM and Swiss ADME were employed to assess luteolin's pharmacokinetic properties, revealing challenges such as low water solubility and limited skin permeability. OSIRIS Property Explorer is used to check the toxicity. Ligand binding simulations indicated luteolin's potential to interact with calcitonin gene related peptide proteins, crucial in migraine pathophysiology. DisGeNet identified common targets related to migraine, with subsequent network analysis emphasizing promising targets.

Results and Discussion

Luteolin demonstrated good intestinal absorption but faced BBB limitations, suggesting a potential for oral administration but questioning direct brain impact. Nanoformulation was proposed to address solubility challenges, emphasizing the need for in vivo validation. The highest binding affinity with CGRP proteins PDBID: 6PFO (-7.63 kcal/mol) suggested a potential for migraine treatment, requiring empirical confirmation. Enrichment network analysis illustrated luteolin's potential in migraine treatment, emphasizing key targets such as PTGS2, AKT1, ESR1, MMP2, and MMP9. Luteolin shows promise for migraine management, evident in its pharmacokinetic, toxicological profiles, and interactions with CGRP proteins. Challenges like low solubility suggest the need for nanoformulations and empirical validation. Target identification and network analysis offer insights, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues in migraine treatment.

Conclusion

Luteolin holds promise in migraine management, necessitating further research for translation into effective interventions, considering its neuroprotective potential in broader neurological conditions.

Luteolin protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis through the p53 pathway

OBJECTIVE

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is an obstacle to the success of cardiac reperfusion therapy. This study explores whether luteolin can mitigate MIRI by regulating the p53 signaling pathway.

METHODS

Model mice were subjected to a temporary surgical ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and administered luteolin. The myocardial infarct size, myocardial enzyme levels, and cardiac function were measured. Latent targets and signaling pathways were screened using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Then, proteins related to the p53 signaling pathway, apoptosis and oxidative stress were measured. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR)-incubated HL1 cells were used to validate the effects of luteolin in vitro. In addition, a p53 agonist and an inhibitor were used to investigate the mechanism.

RESULTS

Luteolin reduced the myocardial infarcted size and myocardial enzymes, and restored cardiac function in MIRI mice. Network pharmacology identified p53 as a hub target. The bioinformatic analyses showed that luteolin had anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties. Additionally, luteolin halted the activation of p53, and prevented both apoptosis and oxidative stress in myocardial tissue in vivo. Furthermore, luteolin inhibited cell apoptosis, JC-1 monomer formation, and reactive oxygen species elevation in HR-incubated HL1 cells in vitro. Finally, the p53 agonist NSC319726 downregulated the protective attributes of luteolin in the MIRI mouse model, and both luteolin and the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α demonstrated a similar therapeutic effect in the MIRI mice.

CONCLUSION

Luteolin effectively treats MIRI and may ameliorate myocardial damage by regulating apoptosis and oxidative stress through its targeting of the p53 signaling pathway. Please cite this article as: Zhai P, Ouyang XH, Yang ML, Lin L, Li JY, Li YM, Cheng X, Zhu R, Hu DS. Luteolin protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis through the p53 pathway. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(6): 652-664.

Computational and experimental analysis of Luteolin-β-cyclodextrin supramolecular complexes: Insights into conformational dynamics and phase solubility

Investigating the structural stability of poorly-soluble luteolin (LuT) after encapsulation within cyclodextrins (CDs) is crucial for unlocking the therapeutic potential of LuT bioactive molecule. Herein, native and modified β-CD were employed to investigate LuT inclusion complex formation. Molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanics (QM) were utilized for structural dynamics analysis. Microsecond timescale MD simulations yielded insights into LuT-CD interactions. The binding affinity between LuT and selected β-CDs was assessed by calculating the binding free energy using MM-PBSA and umbrella sampling simulations. The MM-PBSA results indicated that Heptakis-O-(2-hydroxypropyl)-β-CD (HP-β-CD) (-82.59+/-11.67 kJ/mol) and Di-O-methyl-β-CD (DM-β-CD) (-54.01+/-11.07 kJ/mol) exhibited good binding affinity for LuT. Subsequently, derivative screening of HP-β-CD revealed that only 2-HP-β-CD (HP-β-CD-1)/LuT (-21.38 kJ/mol) displayed a superior binding free energy (obtained from umbrella sampling) than HP-β-CD/LuT (-19.15 kJ/mol) inclusion complex. We conducted QM calculations on the top three complexes namelly HP-β-CD, DM-β-CD, and HP-β-CD-1 employing wB97X-D/6-311 + G(d,p) model chemistry to strengthen the MM results. The computational analysis aligns with experimental findings (phase solubility analysis), validating HP-β-CD-1 as most effective cavitand molecule for improving the solubility of LuT. This study offers critical structural insights for developing novel HP-β-CD derivatives with enhanced host capacity to encapsulate guest molecules efficiently.

Association Between Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Cardiovascular Health in Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose

Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds with diverse health-promoting properties. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between dietary flavonoid intake and cardiovascular health in cancer survivors.

Patients and Methods

We obtained data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2017-2018 cycles. Weighted linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to explore the correlation between dietary flavonoid intake and cardiovascular health (Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score) in cancer survivors. Then, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp) models were performed to assess the mixed effects of the six flavonoid subclasses and to determine the major flavonoid types. Additionally, the protective effect of high flavonoid intake on cardiovascular health was further evaluated in different subgroups, and mediation analysis was used to explore mediating factors.

Results

After adjusting for all covariates, compared to those in the first quartile, participants in the fourth quartile of total flavonoids, anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanones, and flavones intake exhibited increases in LE8 scores of 3.24% (95% CI: 0.45-6.03, P for trend=0.030), 6.25% (95% CI: 3.14-9.36, P for trend<0.001), 3.01% (95% CI: 1.33-4.69, P for trend= 0.003), 3.23% (95% CI: 0.18-6.27, P for trend=0.030), and 5.01% (95% CI: 2.42-7.61, P for trend<0.001), respectively. Meanwhile, significant non-linear relationships were supported by the RCS models. However, the weighted linear regression and RCS models did not reveal any clear correlations between isoflavone or flavan-3-ol intake and the LE8 score. Regarding mixed effects, anthocyanidin, flavonol, flavanone, and flavone intake were positively related to the LE8 score according to both the WQS and qgcomp models, and anthocyanidin intake was the major contributor.

Conclusion

Our study indicated that dietary flavonoid intake is positively associated with cardiovascular health in cancer survivors, among which anthocyanidin intake might provide the most benefit.

Luteolin ameliorates hyperuricemic nephropathy by activating urate excretion and Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 antioxidant pathways in mice

Luteolin is a natural flavonoid, which exists in many plants, including onions, broccoli, carrots, peppers, celery, olive oil, and mint. Luteolin is a dietary flavonoid with potent uric acid-lowering and antioxidant bioactivities. To date, the mechanism by which luteolin alleviates hyperuricemia nephropathy (HN) still needs to be better defined. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of luteolin in a preclinical mouse model and in vitro. Luteolin was administered in the HN mice induced by the combination of potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine to evaluate the potential renoprotective effects in vivo. The NRK-52E cells were stimulated with adenosine for in vitro evaluation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, biochemical analysis, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were performed for the histopathologic and mechanistic investigations. The results suggest that luteolin attenuated tubular dilation and epithelial atrophy in the renal tissue of HN mice. Further, luteolin improved biochemical indicators concerning renal functions and oxidative stress in vivo. Mechanistically, luteolin reduced the renal expressions of KIM-1 and caspase-3. Luteolin activated renal SIRT1/6 cascade and its downstream Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. Furthermore, luteolin elevated the renal expressions of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G isoform 2 protein (ABCG2) and organic anion/cation transporters. In addition, livers of luteolin-treated HN mice exhibited robust inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Together, our study shows that luteolin alleviates renal injury in the HN mice by activating urate excretion and Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 antioxidant pathways and inhibiting liver xanthine oxidase activity. Thus, luteolin may be a potential agent for the treatment of HN.

Mechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Implications of NRF2 in Diabetic Encephalopathy

Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a complication of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D), characterized by damage in the central nervous system and cognitive impairment, which has gained global attention. Despite the extensive research aimed at enhancing our understanding of DE, the underlying mechanism of occurrence and development of DE has not been established. Mounting evidence has demonstrated a close correlation between DE and various factors, such as Alzheimer's disease-like pathological changes, insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Of interest, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor with antioxidant properties that is crucial in maintaining redox homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses. The activation and regulatory mechanisms of NRF2 are a relatively complex process. NRF2 is involved in the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways and confers neuroprotective functions. Multiple studies have provided evidence demonstrating the significant involvement of NRF2 as a critical transcription factor in the progression of DE. Additionally, various molecules capable of activating NRF2 expression have shown potential in ameliorating DE. Therefore, it is intriguing to consider NRF2 as a potential target for the treatment of DE. In this review, we aim to shed light on the role and the possible underlying mechanism of NRF2 in DE. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the current research landscape and address the challenges associated with using NRF2 activators as potential treatment options for DE.

The effects of plant flavones on the membrane boundary potential and lipid packing stress

Here we have revealed the effects of different plant flavones on the physicochemical properties of model lipid membranes. We have demonstrated that baicalein increases the boundary potential of membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine, while wogonin does not affect it. Other flavones tested reduce membrane boundary potential, with this ability increasing among scutellarein, chrysin, apigenin, morin, fisetin, and luteolin. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate connection of alteration in boundary potential with the preferential orientation of intrinsic flavone dipole moments in membranes. We have also shown that flavones reduce the melting point of phosphatidylcholine, and this ability increases in the series of luteolin, morin, wogonin, scutellarein, apigenin, baicalein, chrysin, and fisetin. The introduction of baicalein, chrysin and fisetin also leads to a significant decrease in the sharpness of the lipid phase transition. We have hypothesized that the localization of flavones in the glycerol backbone or in the C1-C8 methylene region of lipid hydrocarbon chains leads to an increase in the area per lipid and, as a consequence, to an expansion of the lipid melting peak. Replacement of neutral phosphatidylcholine with negatively charged phosphatidylserine affects the membrane-modifying activity of flavones which given the externalization of phosphatidylserine on the surface of cancer cells may be crucial in the flavone anticancer effects.

Therapeutic Potential of Luteolin for Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications has been showing an upward trend in the past few decades, posing an increased economic burden to society and a serious threat to human life and health. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies for DM and its complications. Luteolin is a kind of polyphenol flavonoid with widely existence in some natural resources, as a safe dietary supplement, it has been widely studied and reported in the treatment of DM and its complications. This review demonstrates the therapeutic potential of luteolin in DM and its complications, and elucidates the action mode of luteolin at the molecular level. It is characterized by anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. In detail, luteolin can not only improve endothelial function, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, but also inhibit the activities of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and α-glucosidase. However, due to the low water solubility and oral bioavailability of luteolin, its application in the medical field is limited. Therefore, great importance should be attached to the joint application of luteolin with current advanced science and technology. And more high-quality human clinical studies are needed to clarify the effects of luteolin on DM patients.

Regulatory Role of NF-κB on HDAC2 and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Diabetic Encephalopathy and the Therapeutic Potential of Luteolin

Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a severe complication of the central nervous system associated with diabetes. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in mice with DE, and the neuroprotective effect and therapeutic mechanisms of luteolin, a natural flavonoid compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. The results indicated that treatment with luteolin improved the degree of cognitive impairment in mice with DE. It also decreased the levels of phosphorylated mTOR, phosphorylated NF-κB, and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synaptic-related proteins. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction and the Gene Ontology analysis revealed that luteolin was involved in the regulatory network of HDAC2 expression through the mTOR/NF-κB signaling cascade. Our bioinformatics and molecular docking results indicated that luteolin may also directly target HDAC2, as an HDAC2 inhibitor, to alleviate DE, complementing mTOR/NF-κB signaling inhibition. Analysis of luteolin's target proteins and their interactions suggest an effect on HDAC2 and cognition. In conclusion, HDAC2 and tau hyperphosphorylation are regulated by the mTOR/NF-κB signaling cascade in DE, and luteolin is found to reverse these effects, demonstrating its protective role in DE.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Targeting Nrf2 signaling pathway: new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, with oxidative stress (OS) identified as a primary contributor to their onset and progression. Given the elevated incidence and mortality rates associated with CVDs, there is an imperative need to investigate novel therapeutic strategies. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), ubiquitously expressed in the cardiovascular system, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for CVDs due to its role in regulating OS and inflammation. This review aims to delve into the mechanisms and actions of the Nrf2 pathway, highlighting its potential in mitigating the pathogenesis of CVDs.

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Role of Cell Death, Exosomes, Fibrosis and Epicardial Adipose Tissue

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents one of the typical complications associated with diabetes. It has been described as anomalies in heart function and structure, with consequent high morbidity and mortality. DCM development can be described by two stages; the first is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, and the second by heart failure (HF) with systolic dysfunction. The proposed mechanisms involve cardiac inflammation, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and angiotensin II. Furthermore, different studies have focused their attention on cardiomyocyte death through the different mechanisms of programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Exosome release, adipose epicardial tissue and aquaporins affect DCM development. This review will focus on the description of the mechanisms involved in DCM progression and development.

Luteolin Alleviates Diabetic Nephropathy Fibrosis Involving AMPK/NLRP3/TGF-β Pathway

Purpose

Luteolin is a promising candidate for diabetic nephropathy due to its potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. This study explored the molecular mechanisms through which luteolin combats fibrosis in DN.

Methods

Potential targets affected by luteolin and genes associated with DN were collected from databases. Overlapping targets between luteolin and diabetic nephropathy were identified through Venn analysis. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using these common targets, and critical pathways and targets were elucidated through GO and KEGG analysis. These pathways and targets were confirmed using a streptozotocin-induced mouse model. Luteolin was administered at 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg. Various parameters were evaluated, including body weight, blood glucose levels, and histopathological examinations. Protein levels related to energy metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis were quantified.

Results

Fifty-three targets associated with luteolin and 36 genes related to diabetic nephropathy were extracted. The AGE-RAGE signaling pathway was the key pathway impacted by luteolin in diabetic nephropathy. Key molecular targets include TGF-β, IL-1β, and PPARG. Luteolin reduced body weight and blood glucose levels, lowered the left kidney index, and improved insulin and glucose tolerance. Furthermore, luteolin mitigated inflammatory cell infiltration, basement membrane thickening, and collagen deposition in the kidney. Luteolin up-regulated the protein expression of p-AMPKα (Th172) while simultaneously down-regulated the protein expression of p-NF-ĸB (p65), NLRP3, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and Collagen I.

Conclusion

Luteolin mitigated renal fibrosis by alleviating energy metabolism disruptions and inflammation by modulating the AMPK/NLRP3/TGF-β signaling pathway.

Effect of luteolin on oxidative stress and inflammation in the human osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 in an inflammatory microenvironment

BACKGROUND

Periapical lesions are characterized by periapical inflammation and damage to periapical tissues and eventually lead to bone resorption and even tooth loss. H2O2 is widely used in root canal therapy for patients with periapical inflammation. Luteolin possesses high anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. However, the underlying mechanism of the efficacy of H2O2 and luteolin on oxidative stress and inflammatory tissue has not been previously addressed. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of luteolin on H2O2-induced cellular oxidative inflammation.

METHODS

After human osteoblasts (hFOB1.19) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), luteolin, or H2O2, cell proliferation was analysed by using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), cell apoptosis was measured by using flow cytometry, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by using an oxidation-sensitive probe DCFH-DA ROS assay kit, and the expression of genes and proteins was detected by using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

We demonstrated that inflammation is closely related to oxidative stress and that the oxidative stress level in the inflammatory environment is increased. Luteolin inhibited the H2O2-induced increase in the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and significantly repressed the H2O2-induced increase in ROS, as well as markedly strengthened superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hFOB1.19 cells. Moreover, we detected that luteolin may inhibit H2O2-induced hFOB1.19 cell injury by suppressing the NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSION

We elucidated that luteolin protected human osteoblasts (hFOB1.19) from H2O2-induced cell injury and inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines by suppressing the NF-κB signalling pathway. Our findings provide a potential drug for treating H2O2-induced periodontitis and cell injury.

Phytonutrients in the promotion of healthspan: a new perspective

Considering a growing, aging population, the need for interventions to improve the healthspan in aging are tantamount. Diet and nutrition are important determinants of the aging trajectory. Plant-based diets that provide bioactive phytonutrients may contribute to offsetting hallmarks of aging and reducing the risk of chronic disease. Researchers now advocate moving toward a positive model of aging which focuses on the preservation of functional abilities, rather than an emphasis on the absence of disease. This narrative review discusses the modulatory effect of nutrition on aging, with an emphasis on promising phytonutrients, and their potential to influence cellular, organ and functional parameters in aging. The literature is discussed against the backdrop of a recent conceptual framework which describes vitality, intrinsic capacity and expressed capacities in aging. This aims to better elucidate the role of phytonutrients on vitality and intrinsic capacity in aging adults. Such a review contributes to this new scientific perspective-namely-how nutrition might help to preserve functional abilities in aging, rather than purely offsetting the risk of chronic disease.

Luteolin: A promising multifunctional natural flavonoid for human diseases

Natural products are closely associated with human health. Luteolin (LUT), a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is widely found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and herbs. It is noteworthy that LUT exhibits a variety of beneficial pharmacological properties and holds significant potential for clinical applications, particularly in antitumor, anti-convulsion, diabetes control, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, anti-oxidation, anti-cardiovascular, and other aspects. The potential mechanism of action has been partially elucidated, including the mediation of NF-κB, toll-like receptor, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, AMPK/mTOR, and Nrf-2, among others. The review that aimed to comprehensively consolidate essential information on natural sources, pharmacological effects, therapeutic and preventive potential, as well as potential mechanisms of LUT. The objective is to establish a theoretical basis for the continued development and application of LUT.

Bicyclol Alleviates Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy By Inhibiting Chronic Inflammation And Oxidative Stress

PURPOSE

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common and severe complication of diabetes. Inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in DCM development. Bicyclol is a hepatoprotective drug in China that exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways to prevent obesity-induced cardiomyopathy. Our purpose was to explore the effect and mechanism of bicyclol on DCM.

METHODS

A type 1 diabetes mouse model was established using C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The therapeutic effect of bicyclol was evaluated in both heart tissues of diabetic mice and high concentration of glucose (HG)-stimulated H9c2 cells.

RESULTS

We showed that bicyclol significantly attenuated diabetes-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which is accompanied by the preservation of cardiac function in mice. In addition, bicyclol exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, bicyclol inhibited the hyperglycemia-induced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, while upregulating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway to exhibit protective effects.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that bicyclol could be a promising cardioprotective agent in the treatment of DCM.

NF-ĸB axis in diabetic neuropathy, cardiomyopathy and nephropathy: A roadmap from molecular intervention to therapeutic strategies

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic illness defined by elevated blood glucose levels, mediating various tissue alterations, including the dysfunction of vital organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to many consequences that specifically affect the brain, heart, and kidneys. These issues are known as neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy, respectively. Inflammation is acknowledged as a pivotal biological mechanism that contributes to the development of various diabetes consequences. NF-κB modulates inflammation and the immune system at the cellular level. Its abnormal regulation has been identified in several clinical situations, including cancer, inflammatory bowel illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential impact of NF-κB on complications associated with DM. Enhanced NF-κB activity promotes inflammation, resulting in cellular harm and compromised organ performance. Phytochemicals, which are therapeutic molecules, can potentially decline the NF-κB level, therefore alleviating inflammation and the progression of problems correlated with DM. More importantly, the regulation of NF-κB can be influenced by various factors, such as TLR4 in DM. Highlighting these factors can facilitate the development of novel therapies in the future.

Effects of Dietary Callicarpa nudiflora Aqueous Extract Supplementation on Growth Performance, Growth Hormone, Antioxidant and Immune Function, and Intestinal Health of Broilers

C. nudiflora is notably rich in flavonoids and phenylethanoid glycosides, making it a significant natural source of antioxidants. We examined the effects of C. nudiflora aqueous extract (CNE) on growth performance, antioxidant function, immunity, intestinal barrier function, nutrient transporters, and microbiota of broilers. A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: a basal diet with 0 (control, CON), 300 mg/kg (CNEL), 500 mg/kg (CNEM), and 700 mg/kg (CNEH) CNE for 42 days. CNEL and CNEM groups quadratically increased body weight and average daily gain but decreased feed-to-gain ratios during the starter and whole phases. Regarding the immune response of broilers, CNE treatment linearly down-regulated jejunal myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) expression and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ expression in the liver (d 21), while decreasing jejunal IL-1β expression and the concentration of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (d 42). The CNEM and CNEH groups had lower MyD88 and nuclear factor kappa B expression in the liver (d 21) compared to the CON group. Broilers in the CNEL and CNEM groups had higher spleen index and thymus index (d 21) and interleukin-10 expression from the liver and jejunal mucosa (d 42) than that in the CON group. For the antioxidant capacity of broilers, CNE treatment linearly decreased the content of malonaldehyde and increased the activity of total antioxidant capacity in serum (d 42). CNEM and CNEH groups linearly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in serum and heme oxygenase-1 expression in the liver, while increasing the activity of glutathione peroxidase in serum, jejunal nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 expression, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression in the liver (d 42). As for the growth hormone of broilers, CNEM group increased the level of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and up-regulated jejunal glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) expression (d 21). Broilers in the CNEM and CNEH groups had higher jejunal GLP-2 expression and growth hormone (GH) expression in the liver and the level of serum GH (d 42) than that in the CON group. Additionally, the villus height and jejunal Occludin and Claudin-1 expression in the CNEM group increased. CNE-containing diets resulted in a linear increase in the expression of jejunal zonula occluden-1 (d 21), villus height to crypt depth ratio, jejunal Occludin, excitatory amino acid transporters-3, and peptide-transporter 1 (d 42). The regulation of Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae_Ruminococcus, and Butyricicoccus genera indicated that CNEH altered the composition of the cecal microbiota. In general, supplementing broilers with C. nudiflora aqueous extract could boost hormones, immune and antioxidant function, and gut health, improving their growth performance. Hence, CNE was a promising poultry feed additive, with 500 mg/kg appearing to be the optimal dose.

Fuyuan decoction prevents nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis by inhibiting circulating tumor cells/ endothelial cells interplay and enhancing anti-cancer immune response

Distant metastasis is a major cause of treatment failure in cancer patients and a key challenge to improving cancer care today. We hypothesized that enhancing anti-cancer immune response and inhibiting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) adhesion and transendothelial migration through synergistic multi-target approaches may effectively prevent cancer metastasis. "Fuyuan Decoction" (FYD) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound that is widely used to prevent postoperative metastasis in cancer patients, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we systematically elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by which FYD prevents cancer metastasis through multi-compound and multi-target synergies in vitro and in vivo. FYD significantly prevented cancer metastasis at non-cytotoxic concentrations by suppressing the adhesion of CTCs to endothelial cells and their subsequent transendothelial migration, as well as enhancing anti-cancer immune response. Mechanistically, FYD interrupts adhesion of CTCs to vascular endothelium by inhibiting TNF-α-induced CAMs expression via regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in endothelial cells. FYD inhibits invasion and migration of CTCs by suppressing EMT, PI3K/AKT and FAK signaling pathways. Moreover, FYD enhances the anti-cancer immune response by significantly increasing the population of Tc and NK cells in the peripheral immune system. In addition, the chemical composition of FYD was determined by UPLC-HRMS, and the results indicated that multiple compounds in FYD prevents cancer metastasis through multi-target synergistic treatment. This study provides a modern medical basis for the application of FYD in the prevention of cancer metastasis, and suggesting that multi-drug and multi-target synergistic therapy may be one of the most effective ways to prevent cancer metastasis.

Inflammation in diabetes complications: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

At present, diabetes mellitus (DM) has been one of the most endangering healthy diseases. Current therapies contain controlling high blood sugar, reducing risk factors like obesity, hypertension, and so on; however, DM patients inevitably and eventually progress into different types of diabetes complications, resulting in poor quality of life. Unfortunately, the clear etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes complications have not been elucidated owing to intricate whole-body systems. The immune system was responsible to regulate homeostasis by triggering or resolving inflammatory response, indicating it may be necessary to diabetes complications. In fact, previous studies have been shown inflammation plays multifunctional roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications and is attracting attention to be the meaningful therapeutic strategy. To this end, this review systematically concluded the current studies over the relationships of susceptible diabetes complications (e.g., diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy) and inflammation, ranging from immune cell response, cytokines interaction to pathomechanism of organ injury. Besides, we also summarized various therapeutic strategies to improve diabetes complications by target inflammation from special remedies to conventional lifestyle changes. This review will offer a panoramic insight into the mechanisms of diabetes complications from an inflammatory perspective and also discuss contemporary clinical interventions.

Understanding One Half of the Sex Difference Equation: The Modulatory Effects of Testosterone on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetes is a prevalent disease, primarily characterized by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Significantly higher rates of myocardial dysfunction have been noted in individuals with diabetes, even in those without coronary artery disease or high blood pressure (hypertension). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been identified through which diabetes contributes to the pathology of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which presents as cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. At the cellular level, oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiomyocytes are triggered by hyperglycemia. Although males are generally more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than females, diabetic males are less likely to develop diabetic cardiomyopathy than are diabetic females. One reason for these differences may be the higher levels of serum testosterone in males compared with females. Although testosterone appears to protect against cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and exacerbate hypertrophy, its role in inflammation and fibrosis is much less clear. Additional preclinical and clinical studies will be required to delineate testosterone's effect on the diabetic heart.

The recent advance and prospect of natural source compounds for the treatment of heart failure

Heart failure is a continuously developing syndrome of cardiac insufficiency caused by diseases, which becomes a major disease endangering human health as well as one of the main causes of death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The occurrence of heart failure is related to hemodynamic abnormalities, neuroendocrine hormones, myocardial damage, myocardial remodeling etc, lead to the clinical manifestations including dyspnea, fatigue and fluid retention with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Currently available drugs such as cardiac glycoside, diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, vasodilator and β receptor blocker etc are widely used for the treatment of heart failure. In particular, natural products and related active ingredients have the characteristics of mild efficacy, low toxicity, multi-target comprehensive efficacy, and have obvious advantages in restoring cardiac function, reducing energy disorder and improving quality of life. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent advance including mechanisms and active ingredients of natural products for the treatment of heart failure, which will provide the inspiration for the development of more potent clinical drugs against heart failure.

DL-3-n-butylphthalide attenuates doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug known to cause dose-dependent myocardial toxicity, which limits its clinical potential. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a substance extracted from celery seed species, has a number of pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic actions. However, whether NBP can protect against DOX-induced acute myocardial toxicity is still unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of NBP against DOX-induced acute myocardial injury and its underlying mechanism. By injecting 15 mg/kg of DOX intraperitoneally, eight-week-old male C57BL6 mice suffered an acute myocardial injury. The treatment group of mice received 80 mg/kg NBP by gavage once daily for 14 days. To mimic the cardiotoxicity of DOX, 1uM DOX was administered to H9C2 cells in vitro. In comparison to the DOX group, the results showed that NBP improved cardiac function and decreased serum levels of cTnI, LDH, and CK-MB. Additionally, HE staining demonstrated that NBP attenuated cardiac fibrillar lysis and breakage in DOX-treated mouse hearts. Western blotting assay and immunofluorescence staining suggested that NBP attenuated DOX-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, NBP significantly upregulated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, while the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 prevented NBP from protecting the myocardium from DOX-induced myocardial toxicity in vitro. In conclusion, Our results indicate that NBP alleviates DOX-induced myocardial toxicity by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency ameliorates obesity-induced cardiomyopathy via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway

Growing evidence demonstrates that chronic low-grade inflammation, which is induced by high-fat diet (HFD) or saturated fatty acid, plays an important role in the obesity-induced cardiomyopathy (OIC) process. Moreover, obesity is associated with the activation of different inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Toll-like-receptor-2 (TLR2) and Toll-like-receptor-4 (TLR4). In this study, we established an HFD-induced cardiac injury mouse model and palmitate (PA)-induced myocardial cell model to evaluate the role of TLR2 in OIC. Our data show that TLR2 blockade using TLR2 knockout (KO) mice or a TLR2-specific inhibitor, C29, markedly ameliorated HFD- or PA-induced inflammation, myocardial fibrosis, and hypertrophy both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the PA-induced myocardial cell injury was mediated via inducing the formation of TLR2-MyD88 complex in a TLR4-independent manner in cardiomyocytes. Our data prove the critical role of cardiac TLR2 in the pathogenesis of HFD- and saturated fatty acid-induced myocarditis, fibrosis, myocardial hypertrophy, and cardiac dysfunction. Inhibition of TLR2 pathway may be a therapeutic strategy of OIC.

Luteolin blocks the ROS/PI3K/AKT pathway to inhibit mesothelial-mesenchymal transition and reduce abdominal adhesions

BACKGROUND

Postoperative abdominal adhesion (PAA) is a common postoperative complication. Clinically, various methods have been used to prevent the occurrence of PAA, such as drugs and physiotherapy; however, no satisfactory results have been obtained. Luteolin (LUT) is a natural flavonoid that reduces inflammation and acts as an antioxidant. This research aimed to examine the impact and mechanism of LUT in reducing PAA.

METHODS

C57/BL6 mice were used in vivo experiments. PAA model was established using a brush friction method. Visual scoring and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to score the severity of adhesions. Network pharmacology was used to infer potential targets and core pathways of LUT. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce oxidative stress in vitro, while the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit was used to evaluate oxidative stress levels. Western blotting, cell immunofluorescence, and multiple immunofluorescence assays were used to detect α-SMA, vimentin, E-cadherin, collagen I, or AKT phosphorylation level. Scratch assay was used to detect cell migration.

RESULTS

LUT reduced the degree of PAA in mice. It attenuated H2O2-induced ROS production and reversed mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT) in HMrSV5 cells. Network pharmacology analysis showed that LUT likely exerted anti-adhesion activity by regulating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Phosphorylated Akt levels were significantly reduced in LUT-treated HMrSV5 cells. LUT also significantly reduced the expression of vimentin and collagen I in adherent tissues and upregulated E-cadherin expression.

CONCLUSION

LUT blocks the ROS/PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby inhibiting MMT and reducing PAA. To this end, LUT has potential in PAA therapy.

The cGAS-STING pathway: a therapeutic target in diabetes and its complications

Diabetic wound healing (DWH) represents a major complication of diabetes where inflammation is a key impediment to proper healing. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has emerged as a central mediator of inflammatory responses to cell stress and damage. However, the contribution of cGAS-STING activation to impaired healing in DWH remains understudied. In this review, we examine the evidence that cGAS-STING-driven inflammation is a critical factor underlying defective DWH. We summarize studies revealing upregulation of the cGAS-STING pathway in diabetic wounds and discuss how this exacerbates inflammation and senescence and disrupts cellular metabolism to block healing. Partial pharmaceutical inhibition of cGAS-STING has shown promise in damping inflammation and improving DWH in preclinical models. We highlight key knowledge gaps regarding cGAS-STING in DWH, including its relationships with endoplasmic reticulum stress and metal-ion signaling. Elucidating these mechanisms may unveil new therapeutic targets within the cGAS-STING pathway to improve healing outcomes in DWH. This review synthesizes current understanding of how cGAS-STING activation contributes to DWH pathology and proposes future research directions to exploit modulation of this pathway for therapeutic benefit.

RTA 408 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating Nrf2 to regulate mitochondrial fission and fusion and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (dCM) is a major complication of diabetes; however, specific treatments for dCM are currently lacking. RTA 408, a semisynthetic triterpenoid, has shown therapeutic potential against various diseases by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. We established in vitro and in vivo models using high glucose toxicity and db/db mice, respectively, to simulate dCM. Our results demonstrated that RTA 408 activated Nrf2 and alleviated various dCM-related cardiac dysfunctions, both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, it was found that silencing the Nrf2 gene eliminated the cardioprotective effect of RTA 408. RTA 408 ameliorated oxidative stress in dCM mice and high glucose-exposed H9C2 cells by activating Nrf2, inhibiting mitochondrial fission, exerting anti-inflammatory effects through the Nrf2/NF-κB axis, and ultimately suppressing apoptosis, thereby providing cardiac protection against dCM. These findings provide valuable insights for potential dCM treatments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrated first that the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activator RTA 408 has a protective effect against diabetic cardiomyopathy. We found that RTA 408 could stimulate the nuclear entry of Nrf2 protein, regulate the mitochondrial fission-fusion balance, and redistribute p65, which significantly alleviated the oxidative stress level in cardiomyocytes, thereby reducing apoptosis and inflammation, and protecting the systolic and diastolic functions of the heart.

Nrf2 prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via antioxidant effect and normalization of glucose and lipid metabolism in the heart

Metabolic disorders and oxidative stress are the main causes of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) exerts a powerful antioxidant effect and prevents the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanism of its cardiac protection and direct action on cardiomyocytes are not well understood. Here, we investigated in a cardiomyocyte-restricted Nrf2 transgenic mice (Nrf2-TG) the direct effect of Nrf2 on cardiomyocytes in DCM and its mechanism. In this study, cardiomyocyte-restricted Nrf2 transgenic mice (Nrf2-TG) were used to directly observe whether cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf2 can prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy and correct glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the heart. Compared to wild-type mice, Nrf2-TG mice showed resistance to diabetic cardiomyopathy in a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mouse model. This was primarily manifested as improved echocardiography results as well as reduced myocardial fibrosis, cardiac inflammation, and oxidative stress. These results showed that Nrf2 can directly act on cardiomyocytes to exert a cardioprotective role. Mechanistically, the cardioprotective effects of Nrf2 depend on its antioxidation activity, partially through improving glucose and lipid metabolism by directly targeting lipid metabolic pathway of AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α activation via upstream genes of sestrin2 and LKB1, and indirectly enabling AKT/GSK-3β/HK-Ⅱ activity via AMPK mediated p70S6K inhibition.

Role of pyroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy: an updated review

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), one of the common complications of diabetes, presents as a specific cardiomyopathy with anomalies in the structure and function of the heart. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, DCM has a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies have found that pyroptosis, as a programmed cell death accompanied by an inflammatory response, exacerbates the growth and genesis of DCM. These studies provide a theoretical basis for exploring the potential treatment of DCM. Therefore, this review aims to summarise the possible mechanisms by which pyroptosis promotes the development of DCM as well as the relevant studies targeting pyroptosis for the possible treatment of DCM, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, different cellular pyroptosis pathways associated with DCM, the effects of pyroptosis occurring in different cells on DCM, and the relevant drugs targeting NLRP3 inflammasome/pyroptosis for the treatment of DCM. This review might provide a fresh perspective and foundation for the development of therapeutic agents for DCM.

Bioactive compounds from Actinidia arguta fruit as a new strategy to fight glioblastoma

In recent years, there has been a significant demand for natural products as a mean of disease prevention or as an alternative to conventional medications. The driving force for this change is the growing recognition of the abundant presence of valuable bioactive compounds in natural products. On recent years Actinia arguta fruit, also known as kiwiberry, has attracted a lot of attention from scientific community due to its richness in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamins, carotenoids and fiber. These bioactive compounds contribute to the fruit's diverse outstanding biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. Due to these properties, the fruit may have the potential to be used in the treatment/prevention of various types of cancer, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, displaying 90 % of recurrence rate within a span of 2 years. Despite the employment of an aggressive approach, the prognosis remains unfavorable, emphasizing the urgent requirement for the development of new effective treatments. The preclinical evidence suggests that kiwiberry has potential impact on glioblastoma by reducing the cancer self-renewal, modulating the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the cell phenotype and metabolism, and influencing the consolidation of the tumor microenvironment. Even though, challenges such as the imprecise composition and concentration of bioactive compounds, and its low bioavailability after oral administration may be drawbacks to the development of kiwiberry-based treatments, being urgent to ensure the safety and efficacy of kiwiberry for the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma. This review aims to highlight the potential impact of A. arguta bioactive compounds on glioblastoma, providing novel insights into their applicability as complementary or alternative therapies.

Role of polyphenols in the management of diabetic complications

BACKGROUND

Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder that will affect, about 693 million adults by 2045 worldwide, (>50% increase from 2017). The conventional treatment of the disease, include the oral hypoglycemic drugs which are given in combination with other drugs and are known to possess various adverse effects like gastrointestinal disturbance, nausea, water retention etc. PURPOSE: Due to the urgent need of combating this disorder without side effects, the alternative and complementary therapies should be explored due to their natural origins and comparable safety. Herbal sources serve as new leads, due to the presence of phytoconstituents with potential therapeutic properties, efficacy and safety. In this review, we tried to summarise the polyphenolic phytoconstituents effective in the treatment of diabetic complications.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted using 4 databases (Google scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Embase) for the identification of relevant data. Search was performed using various key words such as "diabetes", "polyphenols", "marine sources","anti-diabetic polyphenols". The in vitro studies involving the cell lines used in diabetes and animal models were also considered for inclusion. Additional research papers were identified by reviewing abstracts, scrutinizing reference lists, and reviewing previously published review articles.

RESULTS

Polyphenols, a group of phytoconstituents are known worldwide for their tremendous antioxidant potential. So, various research groups have explored their mechanism and therapeutic value in diabetic complications, to improve the insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, in controlling the glycemic conditions.

CONCLUSION

Polyphenols exhibit effective therapeutic potential in managing diabetic complications through their multifaceted mechanism of action. They exhibit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycemic properties, which collectively contribute to their beneficial effects in mitigating diabetic complications. Thus, the inclusion of polyphenols into the diet, may be cosidered as an approach of managing diabetes on long term basis. In this review, we have tried to identify polyphenols effective in diabetes and summarize their mechanism of action along with their potential, for the treatment of diabetic complications.

Enhancement of porcine in vitro embryonic development through luteolin-mediated activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance in the production and elimination of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been recognized for its detrimental effects on mammalian embryonic development. Luteolin (Lut) has been documented for its protective effects against oxidative stress in various studies. However, its specific role in embryonic development remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the influence of Lut on porcine embryonic development and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

After undergoing parthenogenetic activation (PA) or in vitro fertilization, embryos supplemented with 0.5 µmol/L Lut displayed a significant enhancement in cleavage and blastocyst formation rates, with an increase in total cell numbers and a decrease in the apoptosis rate compared to the control. Measurements on D2 and D6 revealed that embryos with Lut supplementation had lower ROS levels and higher glutathione levels compared to the control. Moreover, Lut supplementation significantly augmented mitochondrial content and membrane potential. Intriguingly, activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway was observed in embryos supplemented with Lut, leading to the upregulation of antioxidant-related gene transcription levels. To further validate the relationship between the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and effects of Lut in porcine embryonic development, we cultured PA embryos in a medium supplemented with brusatol, with or without the inclusion of Lut. The positive effects of Lut on developmental competence were negated by brusatol treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that Lut-mediated activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway contributes to the enhanced production of porcine embryos with high developmental competence, and offers insight into the mechanisms regulating early embryonic development.

The flavonoid luteolin reduces mutant huntingtin aggregation and cytotoxicity in huntingtin-mutated neuroblastoma cells

Background

Huntington's disease is an inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the polyglutamine tract leading to malformation and aggregation of the mutant huntingtin protein in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus of affected brain regions. The development of neuroprotective agents from plants has received considerable research attention.

Objective

Our study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of luteolin and the mechanisms that underline its potential mediated protection in the mutant htt neuroblastoma cells.

Methods

The mutant htt neuroblastoma cells were transfected with 160Q, and the control wild-type neuroblastoma cells were transfected with 20Q htt for 24 h and later treated with luteolin. Cell viability was determined by MTT and PI staining in both groups, while western blotting was used to evaluate caspase 3 protein expression. Aggregation formation was assessed via immunofluorescence microscopy. Also, western blotting was utilized to measure the protein expression of mutant htt aggregated and soluble protein, Nrf2 and HO-1. The impact of Nrf2 on luteolin-treated neuroblastoma cells was assessed using small interfering RNAs.

Results

Our study reports that luteolin can protect cultured cells from mutant huntingtin cytotoxicity, evidenced by increased viability and decreased apoptosis. Also, luteolin reduced the accumulation of soluble and insoluble mutant huntingtin aggregates in mutant htt neuroblastoma cells transfected with 160Q compared to the control wild-type. The mutant htt aggregate reduction mediated by luteolin appeared to be independent of the Nrf2 -HO-1 antioxidant pathway.

Conclusion

Luteolin presents a new potential therapeutic and protective agent for the treatment and decreasing the cytotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease.

Oxidative stress signaling in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the potential therapeutic role of antioxidant naringenin

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders that poses a global threat to human health. It can lead to complications in multiple organs and tissues, owing to its wide-ranging impact on the human body. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a specific cardiac manifestation of DM, which is characterized by heart failure in the absence of coronary heart disease, hypertension and valvular heart disease. Given that oxidative stress is a key factor in the pathogenesis of DCM, intervening to mitigate oxidative stress may serve as a therapeutic strategy for managing DCM. Naringenin is a natural product with anti-oxidative stress properties that can suppress oxidative damage by regulating various oxidative stress signaling pathways. In this review, we address the relationship between oxidative stress and its primary signaling pathways implicated in DCM, and explores the therapeutic potential of naringenin in DCM.

Ginsenoside Rg3 Protects against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Promotes Adiponectin Signaling via Activation of PPAR-γ

Ginsenoside Rg3 extracted from Panax notoginseng has therapeutic effects on diabetes and heart diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. 24-week-old diabetic db/db mice were treated with ginsenoside Rg3 for 12 weeks, then body weight, serum lipids, adiponectin levels, as well as cardiac function and pathological morphology, were measured. The targets of ginsenoside Rg3 and its regulation of the adiponectin pathway were also evaluated on 3T3-L1 or H9c2 cells. Ginsenoside Rg3 directly bound to PPAR-γ, improving adiponectin secretion and promoting adiponectin signaling. Significantly attenuated overweight, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, as well as alleviated lipid accumulation and dysfunction in adipose, liver, and heart tissues, were observed in the ginsenoside Rg3-treated group. Ginsenoside Rg3 could be a promising drug targeting PPAR-γ to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients for diabetic cardiomyopathy: molecular mechanisms regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. It is often associated with clinical manifestations such as arrhythmias and heart failure, and significantly reduces the quality of life and years of survival of patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is the removal of unfolded and misfolded proteins and is an important mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. ERS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DCM by causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, insulin resistance, calcium imbalance, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Targeting ERS is a new direction in the treatment of DCM. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients can significantly improve the clinical outcome of DCM patients through intervention in ERS and effects on myocardial structure and function, which has become one of the hot research directions. Purpose: The aim of this review is to elucidate and summarize the roles and mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients that have the potential to modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby contributing to better management of DCM. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform were used to search, analyze, and collect literature, in order to review the mechanisms by which phytochemicals inhibit the progression of DCM by targeting the ERS and its key signaling pathways. Keywords used included "diabetic cardiomyopathy" and "endoplasmic reticulum stress." Results: This review found that Chinese herbs and their active ingredients can regulate ERS through IRE1, ATF6, and PERK pathways to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, ameliorate myocardial fibrosis, and attenuate myocardial hypertrophy for the treatment of DCM. Conclusion: A comprehensive source of information on potential ERS inhibitors is provided in this review. The analysis of the literature suggests that Chinese herbal medicine and its active ingredients can be used as potential drug candidates for the treatment of DCM. In short, we cannot ignore the role of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating ERS and treating DCM, and look forward to more research and new drugs to come.