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Lima OJF, Ribeiro JDS, Vasconcelos JDC, Ferraz MFI, Silva CEDMTDRE, Barros WMA, Vieira GR, David MCMM, Matos RJB. Environmental enrichment changes the effects of prenatal and postnatal undernutrition on memory, anxiety traits, Bdnf and TrkB expression in the hippocampus of male adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 460:114817. [PMID: 38122904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as undernutrition and environmental enrichment can promote changes in the molecular and behavioural mechanisms related to cognition. Herein, we investigated the effect of enriched environment stimulation in rats that were malnourished in the pre- and postnatal periods on changes in the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor in the hippocampus, as well as on anxiety traits and memory. Early undernutrition promoted weight reduction, increased the risk analysis, reduced permanence in the open arm of the elevated plus-maze and induced a reduction in the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B. However, exposure to an enriched environment from 30 to 90 days' old maintained the malnourished phenotype, leading to weight reduction in the control group. In addition, the enriched environment did not alter the risk assessment in the undernourished group, but it did increase the frequency of labyrinth entries. Sixty-day exposure to the enriched environment resulted in a reversal in the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the hippocampus of malnourished rats and favoured of long-term memory in the object recognition test in the open-field. These results suggest that an enriched environment may have a protective effect in adult life by inducing changes in long-term memory and anxiety traits in animals that were undernourished in early life. Furthermore, reversing these effects of undernutrition involves mechanisms linked to the molecular signalling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin receptor kinase B in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odair José Farias Lima
- Physical Education and Sports Science Nucleus, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Waleska Maria Almeida Barros
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Ramos Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
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Food intake behaviors change as a function of maternal diet and time-restricted feeding. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:419-427. [PMID: 36880723 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION changes in dietary/energetic composition during the critical period of development (pregnancy/lactation) or even during meal times may contribute to changes in metabolic and behavioral parameters such as feeding behavior. OBJECTIVE the study aimed to examine the repercussions of time-restricted feeding on feeding behavior and on some parameters of glycemic and lipemic metabolism of the offspring of adult rats whose mothers were fed a westernized diet during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS initially, 43 male Wistar rats were used. At 60 days of life, the rats were divided into 4 groups: C: control group; RC: control group with time-restricted feeding; W: westernized diet during pregnancy/lactation group; RW: westernized diet group during pregnancy/lactation group with time-restricted feeding. The following parameters were evaluated: behavioral sequence of satiety (BSS), biochemical parameters, and abdominal fat. RESULTS findings highlighted a high level of abdominal fat in the groups whose mothers were submitted to a westernized diet, as well as hypertriglyceridemia, and clear differences in feed rate and meal length. This study showed that the westernized diet ingested by mothers during pregnancy and lactation induced hyperlipidemia and changes in the feeding behavior of their adult offspring. CONCLUSIONS these changes may be responsible for eating disorders and risk factors for metabolism disturbance-related diseases.
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Rocha-Gomes A, Teixeira AE, Lima DSS, Rocha LDS, da Silva AA, Lessa MR, Pinto NAD, Stuckert-Seixas SR, Riul TR. Caloric restriction or cafeteria diet from birth to adulthood increases the sensitivity to ephedrine in anxiety and locomotion in Wistar rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 236:113430. [PMID: 33865851 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and undernutrition, consequences of malnutrition, have been linked to the development of mental illnesses. Both states have been linked to increased sensitivity to some drugs, but there are few data for this association considering drugs with noradrenergic-dopaminergic action. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the nutritional status of animals treated with either a caloric restriction (CR) or cafeteria (CAF) diet from birth and their behavior after ephedrine application. METHODS During the lactation period, 12 litters of Wistar rats (dam + 8 pups) were fed one of three diets: control (n = 4), CR (n = 4), and CAF (n = 4). After weaning, the males were placed in individual boxes and received the same diet as their respective dams. Nutritional assessments were performed after weaning and in adulthood. In adulthood, males received either saline or ephedrine (20 mg/kg) and underwent behavioral tests including the elevated plus-maze, open-field, and food intake tests. RESULTS The CR group exhibited higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and lower food and caloric intake, weight gain, and fat mass than the control group. The CAF group exhibited lower food intake and higher fat caloric intake, fat mass, and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and hepatic lipid levels than the control group. These results indicated that the CR and CAF groups had developed undernutrition and obesity, respectively. In the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests, the CR and CAF groups showed lower anxiety-like behaviors than the control group after ephedrine application. This result indicates that the animal's nutritional status (undernutrition or obesity) can enhance ephedrine sensitivity. CONCLUSION The CR group exhibited undernutrition, whereas the CAF group exhibited obesity. Ephedrine altered anxiety and locomotion in animals that received the CR and CAF diets in manner different than that observed in animals receiving the standard diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Rocha-Gomes
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Amanda Escobar Teixeira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Deiviany Santana Santos Lima
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Luziane Dos Santos Rocha
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Mayara Rodrigues Lessa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biomassas do Cerrado, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Nísia Av Dessimoni Pinto
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biomassas do Cerrado, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Sérgio R Stuckert-Seixas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil
| | - Tania Regina Riul
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 (Km 583), Campus JK, n 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Brasil.
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Olvera Hernández S, Reyes Castro LA, Daher Abdi A, Mezo-González CE, Arredondo A, Zambrano E, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Adult rats from undernourished dams show sex-dependent impaired expression in taste papillae and hypothalamus of genes responsible for sweet and fat detection and signalling. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2011-2022. [PMID: 33926365 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1920678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Individuals undernourished in utero or during early life are at high risk of developing obesity and metabolic disorders and show an increased preference for consuming sugary and fatty food. This study aimed at determining whether impaired taste detection and signalling in the lingual epithelium and the brain might contribute to this altered pattern of food intake. METHODS The preference for feeding fat and sweet food and the expression in circumvallate papillae and hypothalamus of genes coding for sweet and fat receptors and transducing pathways were evaluated in adult rats born to control or calorie-restricted dams. Expression in the hypothalamus and the brain's reward system of genes involved in the homeostatic and hedonic control of food intake was also determined. RESULTS Male and female undernourished animals exhibited increased expression in taste papillae and hypothalamus of T1R1, T1R2, CD36, gustducin, TRMP5 and PLC-β2 genes, all of which modulate sweet and fat detection and intracellular signalling. However, the severity of the effect was greater in females than in males. Moreover, male, but not female, undernourished rats consumed more standard and sweetened food than their control counterparts and presented increased hypothalamic AgRP and NPY mRNAs levels together with enhanced dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor D2 expression in the ventral tegmental area. CONCLUSIONS Maternal undernutrition induces sex-specific changes in food preferences and gene expression in taste papillae, hypothalamus and brain reward regions. The gene expression alterations in the male offspring are in line with their preference for consuming sugary and fatty food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Olvera Hernández
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France
| | - Luis Antonio Reyes Castro
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France.,Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - Amran Daher Abdi
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France
| | | | | | - Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
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Costa ACO, Araújo NCDM, De Santana Muniz G, de Souza SL, Nascimento ED. Timed restricted feeding in adult rats using standard chow or Western diet causes different response to food behavior. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1882143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Early life fluoxetine treatment causes long-term lean phenotype in skeletal muscle of rats exposed to maternal lard-based high-fat diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110727. [PMID: 32927255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a concern about early life exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) in child development and motor system maturation. Little is known, however, about the interaction of environmental factors, such as maternal nutrition, associated with early exposure to SSRI. The increased maternal consumption of high-fat diets is worrisome and affects serotonin system development with repercussions in body phenotype. This study aimed to assess the short- and long-term effects of neonatal fluoxetine treatment on the body and skeletal muscle phenotype of rats exposed to a maternal lard-based high-fat (H) diet during the perinatal period. A maternal lard-based high-fat diet causes reduced birth weight, a short-term reduction in type IIA fibers in the soleus muscle, and in type IIB fibers in the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle, reducing Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in both muscles. In the long-term, the soleus showed reduced muscle weight, smaller area and perimeter of muscle fibers, while the EDL muscle showed reduced Citrate Synthase (CS) activity in offspring from the rats on the maternal lard-based high-fat diet. Early-life exposure to fluoxetine reduced body weight and growth and reduced soleus weight and enzymatic activity in young rats. Exposure to neonatal fluoxetine in adult rats caused a decreased body mass index, less food intake, and reduced muscle weight with reduced CS and LDH activity. Neonatal fluoxetine in young rats exposed to a maternal lard-based high-fat diet caused reduced body weight and growth, reduced soleus weight as well as area and perimeter of type I muscle fibers. In adulthood, there was a reduction in food intake, increased proportion of IIA type fibers, reduced area and perimeter of type IIB, and reduction in levels of CS activity in EDL muscle. Neonatal fluoxetine treatment in rats exposed to a maternal lard-based, high-fat diet induces a reduction in muscle weight, an increase in the proportion of oxidative fibers and greater oxidative enzymatic activity in adulthood.
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Early weaning leads to disruption of homeostatic and hedonic eating behaviors and modulates serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA) systems in male adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Stone V, Maurmann RM, Dal Magro BM, Crestani MS, Hozer RM, Klein CP, Matté C. Gestational caloric restriction with micronutrients supplementation does not delay development and promotes feeding behavior benefits. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:770-780. [PMID: 31610769 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1676972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Caloric restriction (CR) has been proven to promote a series of health benefits from yeast to primates. Nowadays, increasing rates of obesity certainly encourage researchers to evaluate CR effects and establish it as a therapeutic approach. Maternal obesity is also a concern, and studies in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) have shown the importance of interventions during pregnancy, especially those involving maternal nutrition. On the other hand, undernutrition during pregnancy leads to increased weight gain, disturbed feeding behavior and dysfunctional metabolism in adulthood.Methods: In this way, we utilized moderate CR (20% compared to control consumption) in pregnant Wistar rats as intervention, with malnutrition control by micronutrients supplementation. We assessed CR effects on offspring's developmental milestones, feeding behavior, exploratory behavior, and memory on adolescence (PND21) and adulthood (PND60).Results: We did not find alterations on litter size or birth weight, although CR pups were leaner at adult ages. Importantly, no delay in development was observed. Besides, female pups showed earlier suction reflex and male pups showed earlier response to the negative geotaxis. CR pups also showed less preference for palatable food (Froot Loops®) at adult age, which could be decisive on obesity tendency. Locomotor activity was increased by CR on PND60 and there was no effect on memory at all.Discussion: Our results on development and behavior demonstrate that gestational CR may be a helpful health strategy if malnutrition is well controlled, with potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Stone
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moura Maurmann
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Mariño Dal Magro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Matheus Hozer
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Miguel-Pacheco GG, Perry VE, Hernandez-Medrano JH, Wapenaar W, Keisler DH, Voigt JP. Low protein intake during the preconception period in beef heifers affects offspring and maternal behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Silva B, Bertasso I, Pietrobon C, Lopes B, Santos T, Peixoto-Silva N, Carvalho J, Claudio-Neto S, Manhães A, Cabral S, Kluck G, Atella G, Oliveira E, Moura E, Lisboa P. Effects of maternal bisphenol A on behavior, sex steroid and thyroid hormones levels in the adult rat offspring. Life Sci 2019; 218:253-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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da L.D. Barros M, Manhães-de-Castro R, Alves DT, Quevedo OG, Toscano AE, Bonnin A, Galindo L. Long term effects of neonatal exposure to fluoxetine on energy balance: A systematic review of experimental studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ndjim M, Poinsignon C, Parnet P, Le Dréan G. Loss of Vagal Sensitivity to Cholecystokinin in Rats Born with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Consequence on Food Intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:65. [PMID: 28443064 PMCID: PMC5385335 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal malnutrition is associated with low birth weight and an increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Modification of food intake (FI) regulation was observed in adult rats born with intrauterine growth retardation induced by maternal dietary protein restriction during gestation and maintained restricted until weaning. Gastrointestinal peptides and particularly cholecystokinin (CCK) play a major role in short-term regulation of FI by relaying digestive signals to the hindbrain via the vagal afferent nerve (VAN). We hypothesized that vagal sensitivity to CCK could be affected in rats suffering from undernutrition [low protein (LP)] during fetal and postnatal life, leading to an altered gut-brain communication and impacting satiation. Our aim was to study short-term FI along with signals of appetite and satiation in adult LP rats compared to control rats. The dose-response to CCK injection was investigated on FI as well as the associated signaling pathways activated in nodose ganglia. We showed that LP rats have a reduced first-meal satiety ratio after a fasting period associated to a higher postprandial plasmatic CCK release, a reduced sensitivity to CCK when injected at low concentration and a reduced presence of CCK-1 receptor in nodose ganglia. Accordingly, the lower basal and CCK-induced phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in nodose ganglia of LP rats could reflect an under-expressed vanilloid family of transient receptor potential cation channels on VAN. Altogether, the present data demonstrated a reduced vagal sensitivity to CCK in LP rats at adulthood, which could contribute to deregulation of FI reported in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marième Ndjim
- UMR 1280 PHAN, INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest (CRNH Ouest), Nantes, France
| | - Camille Poinsignon
- UMR 1280 PHAN, INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest (CRNH Ouest), Nantes, France
| | - Patricia Parnet
- UMR 1280 PHAN, INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest (CRNH Ouest), Nantes, France
| | - Gwenola Le Dréan
- UMR 1280 PHAN, INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest (CRNH Ouest), Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Gwenola Le Dréan,
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Qasem RJ, Li J, Tang HM, Pontiggia L, D'mello AP. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation alters central leptin signalling, increases food intake, and decreases bone mass in 1 year old rat offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:494-502. [PMID: 26763577 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of perinatal nutrition on offspring physiology have mostly been examined in young adult animals. Aging constitutes a risk factor for the progressive loss of metabolic flexibility and development of disease. Few studies have examined whether the phenotype programmed by perinatal nutrition persists in aging offspring. Persistence of detrimental phenotypes and their accumulative metabolic effects are important for disease causality. This study determined the effects of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on food consumption, central leptin sensitivity, bone health, and susceptibility to high fat diet-induced adiposity in 1-year-old male offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats received either a control or a protein restricted diet throughout pregnancy and lactation and pups were weaned onto laboratory chow. One-year-old low protein (LP) offspring exhibited hyperphagia. The inability of an intraperitoneal (i.p.) leptin injection to reduce food intake indicated that the hyperphagia was mediated by decreased central leptin sensitivity. Hyperphagia was accompanied by lower body weight suggesting increased energy expenditure in LP offspring. Bone density and bone mineral content that are negatively regulated by leptin acting via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), were decreased in LP offspring. LP offspring did not exhibit increased susceptibility to high fat diet induced metabolic effects or adiposity. The results presented here indicate that the programming effects of perinatal protein restriction are mediated by specific decreases in central leptin signalling to pathways involved in the regulation of food intake along with possible enhancement of different CNS leptin signalling pathways acting via the SNS to regulate bone mass and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani J Qasem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hee Man Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Pontiggia
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil P D'mello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physics and Statistics, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Honório de Melo Martimiano P, de Sa Braga Oliveira A, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Croyal M, Aguesse A, Grit I, Ouguerram K, Lopes de Souza S, Kaeffer B, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Maternal protein restriction during gestation and lactation in the rat results in increased brain levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in their adult offspring. J Neurochem 2016; 140:68-81. [PMID: 27778340 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early malnutrition is a risk factor for depression and schizophrenia. Since the offspring of malnourished dams exhibit increased brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), a tryptophan-derived neurotransmitter involved in the pathophysiology of these mental disorders, it is believed that the deleterious effects of early malnutrition on brain function are due in large part to altered serotoninergic neurotransmission resulting from impaired tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. However, tryptophan is also metabolized through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway yielding several neuroactive compounds including kynurenic (KA), quinolinic (QA) and xanthurenic (XA) acids. Nevertheless, the impact of perinatal malnutrition on brain kynurenine pathway metabolism has not been examined to date. Here, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantification of tryptophan and a set of seven compounds spanning its metabolism through the serotonin and kynurenine pathways, in the brain of embryos and adult offspring of rat dams fed a protein-restricted (PR) diet. Protein-restricted embryos showed reduced brain levels of Trp, serotonin and KA, but not of KYN, XA, or QA. In contrast, PR adult rats exhibited enhanced levels of Trp in the brainstem and cortex along with increased concentrations of 5-HT, kynurenine and XA. The levels of XA and KA were also increased in the hippocampus of adult PR rats. These results show that early protein deficiency induces selective and long-lasting changes in brain kynurenine metabolism. Given the regulatory role of KYN pathway metabolites on brain development and function, these changes might contribute to the risk of developing psychiatric disorders induced by early malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Honório de Melo Martimiano
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André de Sa Braga Oliveira
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Véronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Grit
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Lopes de Souza
- Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Bertrand Kaeffer
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA-Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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15
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Tan C, Wei H, Zhao X, Xu C, Zhou Y, Peng J. Soluble Fiber with High Water-Binding Capacity, Swelling Capacity, and Fermentability Reduces Food Intake by Promoting Satiety Rather Than Satiation in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100615. [PMID: 27706095 PMCID: PMC5084003 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand whether soluble fiber (SF) with high water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling capacity (SC) and fermentability reduces food intake and whether it does so by promoting satiety or satiation or both, we investigated the effects of different SFs with these properties on the food intake in rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four equal groups and fed the control diet or diet containing 2% konjac flour (KF), pregelatinized waxy maize starch (PWMS) plus guar gum (PG), and PWMS starch plus xanthan gum (PX) for three weeks, with the measured values of SF, WBC, and SC in the four diets following the order of PG > KF > PX > control. Food intake, body weight, meal pattern, behavioral satiety sequence, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal content were evaluated. KF and PG groups reduced the food intake, mainly due to the decreased feeding behavior and increased satiety, as indicated by decreased meal numbers and increased inter-meal intervals. Additionally, KF and PG groups increased concentrations of acetate acid, propionate acid, and SCFAs in the cecal contents. Our results indicate that SF with high WBC, SC, and fermentability reduces food intake—probably by promoting a feeling of satiety in rats to decrease their feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Tan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xichen Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The huge percentages of persons with obesity in many countries constitute a public health crisis. The severe consequences of obesity for physical health and emotional wellbeing already emerge in childhood. Therefore, the acknowledgment of early risk factors is essential to provide recommendations for prevention strategies. This review outlines the current state of research concerning early risk factors for obesity, that is, factors that even contribute to later obesity of the offspring during gestation. In this regard, this review specifically addresses the link between restricted eating behavior of the mother and obesity in her offspring. We systematically searched for articles in PsychINFO, PsychINDEX, MEDLINE, PubMed, MEDPILOT, and Web of Science, and we identified additional studies in bibliographies. RECENT FINDINGS Although some risk factors (e.g., short period of breastfeeding, gestational diabetes, and high maternal BMI) have a vast evidence base, others (e.g., restricted eating behavior and second-hand smoking) are insufficiently studied. SUMMARY Physical activity and diet programs in pregnancy can reduce not only the occurrence of gestational diabetes, but also the risk of inappropriate weight gain. As smoking during pregnancy and inappropriate eating behavior are associated with lower education, psychoeducation, for instance in sex education classes, could be easily conceivable.
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de Oliveira JC, Gomes RM, Miranda RA, Barella LF, Malta A, Martins IP, Franco CCDS, Pavanello A, Torrezan R, Natali MRM, Lisboa PC, Mathias PCDF, de Moura EG. Protein Restriction During the Last Third of Pregnancy Malprograms the Neuroendocrine Axes to Induce Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Male Rat Offspring. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1799-812. [PMID: 27007071 PMCID: PMC5393358 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic malprogramming has been associated with low birth weight; however, the interplay between insulin secretion disruption and adrenal function upon lipid metabolism is unclear in adult offspring from protein-malnourished mothers during the last third of gestation. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of a maternal low-protein diet during the last third of pregnancy on adult offspring metabolism, including pancreatic islet function and morphophysiological aspects of the liver, adrenal gland, white adipose tissue, and pancreas. Virgin female Wistar rats (age 70 d) were mated and fed a protein-restricted diet (4%, intrauterine protein restricted [IUPR]) from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery, whereas control dams were fed a 20.5% protein diet. At age 91 d, their body composition, glucose-insulin homeostasis, ACTH, corticosterone, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profile, pancreatic islet function and liver, adrenal gland, and pancreas morphology were assessed. The birth weights of the IUPR rats were 20% lower than the control rats (P < .001). Adult IUPR rats were heavier, hyperphagic, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic, and hypercorticosteronemic (P < .05) with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, ACTH, and insulin sensitivity index levels (P < .01). The insulinotropic action of glucose and acetylcholine as well as muscarinic and adrenergic receptor function were impaired in the IUPR rats (P < .05). Maternal undernutrition during the last third of gestation disrupts the pancreatic islet insulinotropic response and induces obesity-associated complications. Such alterations lead to a high risk of metabolic syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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18
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Costa TBD, Morais NGD, Pedrosa ALF, De Albuquerque SDCG, De Castro MCAB, Pereira VRA, Cavalcanti MDP, De Castro CMMB. Neonatal malnutrition programs the oxidant function of macrophages in response to Candida albicans. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:68-76. [PMID: 27001703 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental maternal nutrition restriction models are used to investigate short or long-term consequences of nutritional deficiency on puppies' growth. By assuming that the immune function is directly related to host's nutritional status, the current study aims to investigate the effects of neonatal malnutrition on oxidative stress and on the cell death of the alveolar macrophage after in vitro infection by Candida albicans. Wistar rats were suckled by mothers fed on diets containing 17% protein (Nourished group) or 8% protein (Malnourished group) in the current assay. Both groups received the standard diet used in the vivarium until adulthood, after weaning. The results showed that the offspring from mothers fed on low-protein diet presented lower body weight from 5 days of life on. Their low weight remained until adulthood when it was compared to that of rats in the nourished group. Superoxide and nitric oxide production was lower in malnourished animals and it was accompanied by low inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression levels in systems in which the alveolar macrophages were challenged by immunogenic stimulus. No significant differences were observed in comparisons performed between the nourished and malnourished groups in any of the analyzed cell viability (apoptosis/necrosis) parameters. The fungal inoculum-stimulated system induced higher oxidative stress and cell death by necrosis. The current study demonstrated that dietary restriction during lactation alters the oxidant function of alveolar macrophages in puppies; It happens from the gene transcription step to the release of mediators, thus compromising the host's defenses against Candida albicans. It raises the possibility that Candida albicans may cease to be a commensal fungus to become a pathogen in offspring that have suffered nutritional deficiency during critical developmental periods, due to impaired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thacianna Barreto Da Costa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Natália Gomes De Morais
- College of Medicine, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Avenida José de Sá Maniçoba - Centro, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lúcia F Pedrosa
- Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Suênia Da Cunha G De Albuquerque
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina A B De Castro
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Valéria Rêgo A Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Milena De Paiva Cavalcanti
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria M B De Castro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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Parnet P, Paillé V, Bolaños Jimenez F, Kaeffer B, Schaal B, Bouret SG, Amarger V. L’expérience sensorielle et nutritionnelle des parents et leur état métabolique orientent le comportement alimentaire de leur descendance. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:85-92. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Fechine MF, Borba TK, Cabral-Filho JE, Bolaños-Jiménez F, Lopes-de-Souza S, Manhães-de-Castro R. Can early protein restriction induce the development of binge eating? Behav Processes 2016; 125:19-25. [PMID: 26836391 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that perinatal undernourishment is a factor for binge eating. At 52 days rats born from dams fed on 17% protein (Control) or 8% protein (Undernourished) were distributed into four groups, two of which continued to be fed ad libitum chow and two were submitted to three consecutive Restricted/Refeeding (R/R) cycles. According to the following schedule: Control Naïve (from mothers fed 17% protein/no restriction phase); Control Restricted (from mothers fed 17% protein/restriction phase); Undernourished Naïve (from mothers fed 8% protein/no restriction phase); and Undernourished Restricted (from mothers fed 8% protein/restriction phase). Each cycle consisted of a restriction phase (in the first four days 40% of the mean daily individual chow intake was offered for consumption), followed by a refeeding phase (4 days of chow ad libitum). After the three cycles, all animals were subjected to a feeding test (chow diet and palatable food ad libitum for 24h). During the feeding test, the Undernourished Restricted demonstrated rebound hyperphagia during 2, 4 and 6h. These results suggest the perinatal undernourishment cannot contribute to a binge eating phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madge Farias Fechine
- Post-Graduation in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Tássia Karin Borba
- Post-Graduation in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Sandra Lopes-de-Souza
- Department of Anatomy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco CEP: 50670901, Brazil.
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21
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Abstract
Little is known about the effects of undernutrition on the specific muscles and neuronal circuits involved in mastication. The aim of this study was to document the effects of neonatal low-protein diet on masticatory efficiency. Newborn rats whose mothers were fed 17% (nourished (N), n 60) or 8% (undernourished (U), n 56) protein were compared. Their weight was monitored and their masticatory jaw movements were video-recorded. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in brainstem slice preparations to investigate the intrinsic membrane properties and N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced bursting characteristics of the rhythmogenic neurons (N, n 43; U, n 39) within the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (NVsnpr). Morphometric analysis (N, n 4; U, n 5) were conducted on masseteric muscles serial cross-sections. Our results showed that undernourished animals had lower numbers of masticatory sequences (P=0·049) and cycles (P=0·045) and slower chewing frequencies (P=0·004) (N, n 32; U, n 28). Undernutrition reduced body weight but had little effect on many basic NVsnpr neuronal electrophysiological parameters. It did, however, affect sag potentials (P<0·001) and rebound firing (P=0·005) that influence firing pattern. Undernutrition delayed the appearance of bursting and reduced the propensity to burst (P=0·002), as well as the bursting frequency (P=0·032). Undernourished animals showed increased and reduced proportions of fibre type IIA (P<0·0001) and IIB (P<0·0001), respectively. In addition, their fibre areas (IIA, P<0·001; IIB, P<0·001) and perimeters (IIA, P<0·001; IIB, P<0·001) were smaller. The changes observed at the behavioural, neuronal and muscular levels suggest that undernutrition reduces chewing efficiency by slowing, weakening and delaying maturation of the masticatory muscles and the associated neuronal circuitry.
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22
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Andrews C, Viviani J, Egan E, Bedford T, Brilot B, Nettle D, Bateson M. Early life adversity increases foraging and information gathering in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris. Anim Behav 2015; 109:123-132. [PMID: 26566292 PMCID: PMC4615135 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Animals can insure themselves against the risk of starvation associated with unpredictable food availability by storing energy reserves or gathering information about alternative food sources. The former strategy carries costs in terms of mass-dependent predation risk, while the latter trades off against foraging for food; both trade-offs may be influenced by an individual's developmental history. Here, we consider a possible role of early developmental experience in inducing different mass regulation and foraging strategies in European starlings. We measured the body mass, body condition, foraging effort, food consumption and contrafreeloading (foraging for food hidden in sand when equivalent food is freely available) of adult birds (≥10 months old) that had previously undergone a subtle early life manipulation of food competition (cross-fostering into the highest or lowest ranks in the brood size hierarchy when 2–12 days of age). We found that developmentally disadvantaged birds were fatter in adulthood and differed in foraging behaviour compared with their advantaged siblings. Disadvantaged birds were hyperphagic compared with advantaged birds, but only following a period of food deprivation, and also spent more time contrafreeloading. Advantaged birds experienced a trade-off between foraging success and time spent contrafreeloading, whereas disadvantaged birds faced no such trade-off, owing to their greater foraging efficiency. Thus, developmentally disadvantaged birds appeared to retain a phenotypic memory of increased nestling food competition, employing both energy storage and information-gathering insurance strategies to a greater extent than their advantaged siblings. Our results suggest that subtle early life disadvantage in the form of psychosocial stress and/or food insecurity can leave a lasting legacy on foraging behaviour and mass regulation even in the absence of food insufficiency during development or adulthood. Starvation may be avoided by storing energy reserves or gathering information. Developmental history could impact these foraging decisions. Starlings disadvantaged in nestling competition were fatter in adulthood. Developmentally disadvantaged birds foraged faster and contrafreeloaded more. Early life stress has a lasting legacy on foraging behaviour and mass regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Andrews
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Jérémie Viviani
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. ; Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emily Egan
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Thomas Bedford
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Ben Brilot
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. ; School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, U.K
| | - Daniel Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Melissa Bateson
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Galindo LCM, Barros MDLD, Pinheiro IL, Santana RVDC, Matos RJB, Leandro CG, Souza SL, Castro RM. Neonatal serotonin reuptake inhibition reduces hypercaloric diet effects on fat mass and hypothalamic gene expression in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuella da Luz Duarte Barros
- Master Student in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | - Isabeli Lins Pinheiro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | | | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa Matos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | - Carol Góis Leandro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAVFederal University of Pernambuco55608‐680VitóriaStoAntãoBrazil
| | - Sandra Lopes Souza
- Department of AnatomyFederal University of Pernambuco50670‐901RecifePEBrazil
| | - Raul Manhães Castro
- Department of NutritionFederal University of Pernambuco50670‐901RecifeBrazil
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Malta A, de Moura EG, Ribeiro TA, Tófolo LP, Abdennebi-Najar L, Vieau D, Barella LF, de Freitas Mathias PC, Lisboa PC, de Oliveira JC. Protein-energy malnutrition at mid-adulthood does not imprint long-term metabolic consequences in male rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1423-33. [PMID: 26133298 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The long-term effects of the development of chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity have been associated with nutritional insults in critical life stages. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a low-protein diet on metabolism in mid-adulthood male rats. METHODS At 90 days of age, Wistar male rats were fed a low-protein diet (4.0 %, LP group) for 30 days, whereas control rats were fed a normal-protein diet (20.5 %, NP group) throughout their lifetimes. To allow for dietary rehabilitation, from 120 to 180 days of age, the LP rats were fed a normal-protein diet. Then, we measured body composition, fat stores, glucose-insulin homeostasis and pancreatic islet function. RESULTS At 120 days of age, just after low-protein diet treatment, the LP rats displayed a strong lean phenotype, hypoinsulinemia, as assessed under fasting and glucose tolerance test conditions, as well as weak pancreatic islet insulinotropic response to glucose and acetylcholine (p < 0.01). At 180 days of age, after poor-protein diet rehabilitation, the LP rats displayed a slight lean phenotype (p < 0.05), which was associated with a high body weight gain (p < 0.001). Additionally, fat pad accumulation, glycemia and insulinemia, as well as the pancreatic islet insulinotropic response, were not significantly different between the LP and NP rats (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present data suggest that the effects of dietary restriction as a stressor in adulthood are reversible with dietary rehabilitation, indicating that adulthood is not a sensitive or critical time window for metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetic and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa/UEM, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetic and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa/UEM, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Laize Peron Tófolo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetic and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa/UEM, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Didier Vieau
- Maternal Perinatal Undernutrition Team, Perinatal Environment and Growth Laboratory, Lille-North of France University, University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Luiz Felipe Barella
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetic and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa/UEM, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetic and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa/UEM, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetic and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa/UEM, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
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de Melo Martimiano PH, da Silva GR, Coimbra VFDSA, Matos RJB, de Souza BFP, da Silva AAM, de Melo DDCB, de Souza SL, de Freitas MFL. Perinatal malnutrition stimulates motivation through reward and enhances drd(1a) receptor expression in the ventral striatum of adult mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 134:106-14. [PMID: 25933794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of protein perinatal malnutrition on the function of dopamine DRD1 and DRD2 receptors in regards to motivation and food consumption in adult mice. The study also analyzed the effect of protein perinatal malnutrition on the gene expression of these receptors in the ventral striatum. METHODS Wistar lineage mice were divided into two groups according to maternal diet: control (17% casein), n=30 and low protein (8% casein), n=30. Between 30 and 120days of life, the following factors were measured: body weight; the effect of dopamine D1 and D2 agonists on the ingestion of palatable food; the motivational aspect under the action of the D1 (SKF 38393) and D2 Quinpirole dopaminergic agonists; and the gene expression of DRD1 and DRD2 receptors in the ventral striatum. RESULTS The body weights of the malnourished animals remained significantly lower than those of the control group from 30 to 120days of life. Malnourished animals ingested a greater quantity of palatable food. There was a decrease in palatable diet consumption in both the control and malnourished groups after the application of D1 and D2 agonists; however, the anorexic effect of the D1 agonist was understated in malnourished animals. Perinatal malnutrition increases the motivational behavior of the animal when food reward is used. There was an increase in gene expression of the DRD1a receptor in the ventral striatum of malnourished animals, and there were no significant changes concerning the DRD2 receptor. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal protein malnutrition stimulates hedonic control of eating behavior by promoting increased intake of palatable foods, possibly due to increased expression of dopamine receptor DRD1a in the ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa Matos
- Center for Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fernando Pereira de Souza
- Anatomy Department, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alves Marcelino da Silva
- PPG - Neuropsychiatry and Behaviour Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Lopes de Souza
- PPG - Neuropsychiatry and Behaviour Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil; PPG - Nutrition, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil; Anatomy Department, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Manuela Figueiroa Lyra de Freitas
- PPG - Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil; Anatomy Department, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof° Moraes Rego Avenue, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Effects of maternal separation on the dietary preference and behavioral satiety sequence in rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 5:219-28. [PMID: 24901662 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441400018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of maternal separation on the feeding behavior of rats. A maternal separation model was used on postnatal day 1 (PND1), forming the following groups: in the maternal separation (MS) group, pups were separated from their mothers each day from PND1 to PND14, whereas in the control (C) group pups were kept with their mothers. Subgroups were formed to study the effects of light and darkness: control with dark and light exposure, female and male (CF and CM), and maternal separation with dark and light exposure, female and male (SDF, SDM, SLF and SLM). Female rats had higher caloric intake relative to body weight compared with male controls in the dark period only (CF=23.3±0.5 v. CM=18.2±0.7, P<0.001). Macronutrient feeding preferences were observed, with male rats exhibiting higher caloric intake from a protein diet as compared with female rats (CF=4.1±0.7, n=8 v. CM=7.0±0.5, n=8, P<0.05) and satiety development was not interrupted. Female rats had a higher adrenal weight as compared with male rats independently of experimental groups and exhibited a higher concentration of serum triglycerides (n=8, P<0.001). The study indicates possible phenotypic adjustments in the structure of feeding behavior promoted by maternal separation, especially in the dark cycle. The dissociation between the mother's presence and milk intake probably induces adjustments in feeding behavior during adulthood.
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De Toro-Martín J, Fernández-Millán E, Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, López-Oliva E, Serradas P, Escrivá F, Alvarez C. Predominant role of GIP in the development of a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype in female Wistar rats submitted to forced catch-up growth. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3769-80. [PMID: 25032669 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Catch-up growth has been associated with the appearance of metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Because the entero-insular axis is critical to glucose homeostasis control, we explored the relevance of the incretins glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the development of these pathologies. Offspring of rat dams fed ad libitum (control [C]) or 65% food-restricted during pregnancy and suckling time (undernourished [U]) were weaned onto a high-fat (HF) diet (CHF and UHF, respectively) to drive catch-up growth. Both male and female UHF rats showed an obese phenotype characterized by hyperphagy, visceral fat accumulation, and adipocyte hypertrophy. High-fat diet induced deterioration of glucose tolerance in a sex-dependent manner. Female UHF rats experienced much more severe glucose intolerance than males, which was not compensated by insulin hypersecretion, suggesting insulin resistance, as shown by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values. Moreover, female, but not male, UHF rats displayed enhanced GIP but not GLP-1 secretion during oral glucose tolerance test. Administration of the GIP receptor antagonist (Pro3)GIP to UHF female rats over 21 days markedly reduced visceral fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy without variations in food intake or body weight. These changes were accompanied by improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the exacerbated production and secretion of GIP after the catch-up growth seems to represent the stimulus for insulin hypersecretion and insulin resistance, ultimately resulting in derangement of glucose homeostasis. Overall, these data evidence the role of GIP as a critical link between catch-up growth and the development of metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Toro-Martín
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II (J.D.T.-M., E.L.-M., F.E., C.A.) and Physiology (E.L.-O.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (E.F.-M., E.L.-M., F.E., C.A.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; and Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138 (P.S.), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, F-75006 Paris, France
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da Silva AI, Monteiro Galindo LC, Nascimento L, Moura Freitas C, Manhaes-de-Castro R, Lagranha CJ, Lopes de Souza S. Fluoxetine treatment of rat neonates significantly reduces oxidative stress in the hippocampus and in behavioral indicators of anxiety later in postnatal life. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:330-7. [PMID: 24708216 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain, more than any other organ in the body, is vulnerable to oxidative stress damage, owing to its requirement for high levels of oxygenation. This is needed to fulfill its metabolic needs in the face of relatively low levels of protective antioxidants. Recent studies have suggested that oxidative stress is directly involved in the etiology of both eating and anxiety behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoxetine-inhibited serotonin reuptake in nursing rat neonates on behavior and on oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus; brain areas responsible for behavior related to food and anxiety, respectively. The results show that increased serotonin levels during a critical period of development do not induce significant differences in food-related behavior (intake and satiety), but do result in a in a significant decrease in anxiety. Measurements of oxidative stress showed a significant reduction of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus (57%). In the hypothalamus, antioxidant enzymes were unchanged, but in the hippocampus, the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase was increased (80% and 85% respectively). This suggests that protecting neural cells from oxidative stress during brain development contributes to the anxiolytic effects of serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Isabel da Silva
- a Nutrition Graduate Program and Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco Recife, Brazil
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Lira LA, Almeida LC, Silva AA, Cavalcante TC, Melo DD, Souza JA, Campina RC, Souza SL. Perinatal undernutrition increases meal size and neuronal activation of the nucleus of the solitary tract in response to feeding stimulation in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia A. Lira
- Postgraduate Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversidade Federal Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
| | - Larissa C.A. Almeida
- Postgraduate Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversidade Federal Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
| | - Amanda A.M. Silva
- Postgraduate Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversidade Federal Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
| | | | - Diogo D.C.B. Melo
- Postgraduate Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversidade Federal Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
| | - Julliet A. Souza
- Department of NutritionUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
| | - Renata C.F. Campina
- Department of AnatomyUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
- Postgraduate Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversidade Federal Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
| | - Sandra L. Souza
- Department of AnatomyUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
- Postgraduate Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversidade Federal Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
- Department of NutritionUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco – UFPERecifePEBrazil
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Maternal protein restriction impairs the transcriptional metabolic flexibility of skeletal muscle in adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:328-37. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle exhibits a remarkable flexibility in the usage of fuel in response to the nutrient intake and energy demands of the organism. In fact, increased physical activity and fasting trigger a transcriptional programme in skeletal muscle cells leading to a switch from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation. Impaired metabolic flexibility has been reported to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, but it is not known whether the disability to adapt to metabolic demands is a cause or a consequence of these pathological conditions. Inasmuch as a poor nutritional environment during early life is a predisposing factor for the development of metabolic diseases in adulthood, in the present study, we aimed to determine the long-term effects of maternal malnutrition on the metabolic flexibility of offspring skeletal muscle. To this end, the transcriptional responses of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles to fasting were evaluated in adult rats born to dams fed a control (17 % protein) or a low-protein (8 % protein, protein restricted (PR)) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. With the exception of reduced body weight and reduced plasma concentrations of TAG, PR rats exhibited a metabolic profile that was the same as that of the control rats. In the fed state, PR rats exhibited an enhanced expression of key regulatory genes of fatty acid oxidation including CPT1a, PGC-1α, UCP3 and PPARα and an impaired expression of genes that increase the capacity for fat oxidation in response to fasting. These results suggest that impaired metabolic inflexibility precedes and may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders associated with early malnutrition.
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Bloxham L, Bateson M, Bedford T, Brilot B, Nettle D. The memory of hunger: developmental plasticity of dietary selectivity in the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris.. Anim Behav 2014; 91:33-40. [PMID: 24910465 PMCID: PMC4045381 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The decision to consume toxic prey is a trade-off between the benefits of obtaining nutrients and the costs of ingesting toxins. This trade-off is affected by current state: animals will consume more toxic prey if they are food deprived. However, whether the trade-off is affected by developmental history is currently unknown. We studied the decision to eat quinine-injected mealworms in adult starling siblings that had been exposed to either high or low levels of food competition as chicks, via a brood size manipulation. At the time of our experiments, the two groups of birds did not differ in size, body weight or current environment. Each bird was presented with the toxic prey while living on a high-quality diet and a low-quality diet. We found an effect of diet, with birds consuming more toxic prey while on the low-quality diet, and also of developmental history, with birds from the high-competition brood size treatment eating more toxic prey than their low-competition siblings. The effects of brood size treatment were not completely mediated by early growth, although we did find evidence that early growth affected toxic prey consumption independently of brood size treatment. We discuss our results in relation to adaptive developmental plasticity and the developmental origins of behavioural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bloxham
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, U.K
| | - Melissa Bateson
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, U.K
| | - Thomas Bedford
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, U.K
| | - Ben Brilot
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, U.K. ; School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, U.K
| | - Daniel Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, U.K
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Le Dréan G, Haure-Mirande V, Ferrier L, Bonnet C, Hulin P, de Coppet P, Segain JP. Visceral adipose tissue and leptin increase colonic epithelial tight junction permeability via a RhoA-ROCK-dependent pathway. FASEB J 2013; 28:1059-70. [PMID: 24243887 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines produced by immune cells play a central role in the increased intestinal epithelial permeability during inflammation. Expansion of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is currently considered a consequence of intestinal inflammation. Whether VAT per se plays a role in early modifications of intestinal barrier remains unknown. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the direct role of adipocytes in regulating paracellular permeability of colonic epithelial cells (CECs). We show in adult rats born with intrauterine growth retardation, a model of VAT hypertrophy, and in rats with VAT graft on the colon, that colonic permeability was increased without any inflammation. This effect was associated with altered expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and ZO-1. In coculture experiments, adipocytes decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) of Caco-2 CECs and induced a disorganization of ZO-1 on TJs. Intraperitoneal administration of leptin to lean rats increased colonic epithelial permeability and altered ZO-1 expression and organization. Treatment of HT29-19A CECs with leptin, but not adiponectin, dose-dependently decreased TER and altered TJ and F-actin cytoskeleton organization through a RhoA-ROCK-dependent pathway. Our data show that adipocytes and leptin directly alter TJ function in CECs and suggest that VAT could impair colonic epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Le Dréan
- 2UMR 1280 INRA-University of Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, Pl. Alexis Ricordeau 44093 Nantes, France.
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Short- and long-term effects of a maternal low-protein diet on ventilation, O₂/CO₂ chemoreception and arterial blood pressure in male rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:606-15. [PMID: 24059468 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition increases the risk of adult arterial hypertension. The present study investigated the short- and long-term effects of a maternal low-protein diet on respiratory rhythm, O₂/CO₂ chemosensitivity and arterial blood pressure (ABP) of the offspring. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to their mothers' diets during gestation and lactation: control (NP, 17% of casein) and low-protein (LP, 8% of casein) groups. Direct measurements of ABP, respiratory frequency (RF), tidal volume (V T) and ventilation (VE), as well as hypercapnia (7% CO₂) and hypoxia (7% O₂) evoked respiratory responses were recorded from the awake male offspring at the 30th and 90th days of life. Blood samples were collected for the analyses of protein, creatinine and urea concentrations. The LP offspring had impaired body weight and length throughout the experiment. At 30 d of age, the LP rats showed a reduction in the concentrations of total serum protein (approximately 24%). ABP in the LP rats was similar to that in the NP rats at 30 d of age, but it was 20% higher at 90 d of age. With respect to ventilatory parameters, the LP rats showed enhanced RF (approximately 34%) and VE (approximately 34%) at 30 d of age, which was associated with increased ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (approximately 21% in VE) and hypoxia (approximately 82% in VE). At 90 d of age, the VE values and CO₂/O₂ chemosensitivity of the LP rats were restored to the control range, but the RF values remained elevated. The present data show that a perinatal LP diet alters respiratory rhythm and O₂/CO₂ chemosensitivity at early ages, which may be a predisposing factor for increased ABP at adulthood.
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Guzmán-Quevedo O, Da Silva Aragão R, Pérez García G, Matos RJB, de Sa Braga Oliveira A, de Castro RM, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Impaired hypothalamic mTOR activation in the adult rat offspring born to mothers fed a low-protein diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74990. [PMID: 24040371 PMCID: PMC3767644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological and experimental studies have clearly established that maternal malnutrition induces a high risk of developing obesity and related metabolic diseases in the offspring. To determine if altered nutrient sensing might underlie this enhanced disease susceptibility, here we examined the effects of perinatal protein restriction on the activation of the nutrient sensor mTOR in response to acute variations in the nutritional status of the organism. Female Wistar rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either 17% protein (control) or 8% protein (PR) throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning offspring received standard chow and at 4 months of age the effects of fasting or fasting plus re-feeding on the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream target S6 ribosomal protein (rpS6) in the hypothalamus were assessed by immuno-fluorescence and western blot. Under ad libitum feeding conditions, PR rats exhibited decreased mTOR and rpS6 phosphorylation in the arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mTOR and rpS6 in these hypothalamic nuclei decreased with fasting in control but not in PR animals. Conversely, PR animals exhibited enhanced number of pmTOR imunostained cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and fasting decreased the activation of mTOR in the PVN of malnourished but not of control rats. These alterations occurred at a developmental stage at which perinatally-undernourished animals do not show yet obesity or glucose intolerance. Collectively, our observations suggest that altered hypothalamic nutrient sensing in response to an inadequate foetal and neonatal energetic environment is one of the basic mechanisms of the developmental programming of metabolic disorders and might play a causing role in the development of the metabolic syndrome induced by malnutrition during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Raquel Da Silva Aragão
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Georgina Pérez García
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Rhowena J. B. Matos
- Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André de Sa Braga Oliveira
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães de Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bolaños-Jiménez
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Impaired β-cell function in the adult offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during lactation is associated with changes in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:227-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Impaired pancreatic β-cell function, as observed in the cases of early nutrition disturbance, is a major hallmark of metabolic diseases arising in adulthood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function/composition of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes, M2 and M3, in the pancreatic islets of adult offspring of rats that were protein malnourished during lactation. Neonates were nursed by mothers that were fed either a low-protein (4 %, LP) or a normal-protein (23 %, NP) diet. Adult rats were pre-treated with anti-muscarinic drugs and subjected to the glucose tolerance test; the function and protein expression levels of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were determined. The LP rats were lean and hypoinsulinaemic. The selective M2mAChR antagonist methoctramine increased insulinaemia by 31 % in the NP rats and 155 % in the LP rats, and insulin secretion was increased by 32 % in the islets of the NP rats and 88 % in those of the LP rats. The selective M3mAChR antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide decreased insulinaemia by 63 % in the NP rats and 40 % in the LP rats and reduced insulin release by 41 % in the islets of the NP rats and 28 % in those of the LP rats. The protein expression levels of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were 57 % higher and 53 % lower, respectively, in the islets of the LP rats than in those of the NP rats. The expression and functional compositions of M2mAChR and M3mAChR were altered in the islets of the LP rats, as a result of metabolic programming caused by the protein-restricted diet, which might be another possible effect involved in the weak insulin secretion ability of the islets of the programmed adult rats.
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da Silva AAM, Borba TKF, de Almeida Lira L, Cavalcante TCF, de Freitas MFL, Leandro CG, do Nascimento E, de Souza SL. Perinatal undernutrition stimulates seeking food reward. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:334-41. [PMID: 23669181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments in animals have revealed that perinatal nutritional restriction, which manifests in adulthood, increases food intake and preference for palatable foods. Considering this, we aimed to evaluate the effects of perinatal malnutrition on hedonic control of feeding behavior. In this study, we divided Wistar rats into two groups according to the diet provided to their mothers during pregnancy and lactation: the control group (diet with 17% casein) and low-protein group (diet with 8% casein). We assessed the animals' motivational behavior in adulthood by giving them a stimulus of food reward. We also assessed their neuronal activation triggered by the stimulus of palatable food using FOS protein labeling of neurons activated in the caudate putamen, paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and lateral hypothalamic nuclei and amygdala. Evaluation of body weight in malnourished animals showed reduction from the 6th day of life until adulthood. Analysis of feeding behavior revealed that these animals were more motivated by food reward, but they had delays during learning of the task. This finding correlated with the number of c-FOS-immunoreactive neurons, which indicated that malnourished animals had an increase in the number of neurons activated in response to the palatable diet, especially in the amygdala and caudate putamen. The study therefore confirmed our hypothesis that early nutritional insults promote changes in encephalic control mechanisms, especially those related to food intake and search for reward.
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Whitaker KW, Totoki K, Reyes TM. Metabolic adaptations to early life protein restriction differ by offspring sex and post-weaning diet in the mouse. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:1067-1074. [PMID: 21704502 PMCID: PMC3183163 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Low birth weight affects 1 in every 7 babies born globally and can predict a lifetime of increased risk for adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Maternal low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation is a well-characterized rat model for low birth weight and the subsequent increase in chronic disease risk. However, mice have been relatively understudied in this paradigm and represent a critical resource for investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms that link adverse early life experience and the development of chronic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The present manuscript describes a mouse model of low birth weight (maternal consumption of low protein diet (8% protein) through pregnancy and lactation) and characterizes metabolic adaptations (food intake, locomotor activity, oxygen consumption, and glucose tolerance) in male and female offspring. At weaning, mice were maintained either on the control diet or a high fat diet. Notable sex differences were observed, with male mice from the low protein pregnancies showing increased food intake, hyperactivity and increased metabolic rate only when weaned to the high fat diet, while female mice consistently showed increased food intake and were hypometabolic, regardless of post-weaning diet. CONCLUSION These data identify offspring sex and post-weaning diet as critical variables in the metabolic adaptations to early life protein deficiency, and suggest that females may be more vulnerable to the adverse long-term health consequences of low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Whitaker
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
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Bento-Santos A, Silveira LDR, Manhães-de-Castro R, Leandro CG. Desnutrição perinatal e o controle hipotalâmico do comportamento alimentar e do metabolismo do músculo esquelético. REV NUTR 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732012000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A deficiência de nutrientes durante os períodos críticos do desenvolvimento tem sido associada com maior risco para desenvolver obesidade e diabetes Mellitus na vida adulta. Um dos mecanismos propostos refere-se à regulação do comportamento alimentar e às alterações do metabolismo energético do músculo esquelético. Recentemente, tem sido proposta a existência de uma comunicação entre o hipotálamo e o músculo esquelético a partir de sinais autonômicos que podem explicar as repercussões da desnutrição perinatal. Assim, esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir as repercussões da desnutrição perinatal sobre o comportamento alimentar e o metabolismo energético muscular e a comunicação existente entre o hipotálamo e o músculo via sinais adrenérgicos. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados MedLine/PubMed, Lilacs e Bireme, com publicações entre 2000 e 2011. Os termos de indexação utilizados foram: feeding behavior, energy metabolism, protein malnutrition, developmental plasticity, skeletal muscle e autonomic nervous system. Concluiu-se que a desnutrição perinatal pode atuar no controle hipotalâmico do comportamento alimentar e no metabolismo energético muscular, e a comunicação hipotálamo-músculo pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de obesidade e comorbidades durante o desenvolvimento.
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Lallès JP, Orozco-Solís R, Bolaños-Jiménez F, de Coppet P, Le Dréan G, Segain JP. Perinatal undernutrition alters intestinal alkaline phosphatase and its main transcription factors KLF4 and Cdx1 in adult offspring fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1490-7. [PMID: 22405696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient restriction during gestation and/or suckling is associated with an increased risk of developing inflammation, obesity and metabolic diseases in adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms, including the role of the small intestine, are unclear. We hypothesized that intestinal adaptation to the diet in adulthood is modulated by perinatal nutrition. This hypothesis was tested using a split-plot design experiment with 20 controls and 20 intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) rats aged 240 days and randomly assigned to be fed a standard chow or a high-fat (HF) diet for 10 days. Jejunal tissue was collected at necropsy and analyzed for anatomy, digestive enzymes, goblet cells and mRNA levels. Cecal contents and blood serum were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (AP). IUGR rats failed to adapt to HF by increasing AP activity in jejunal tissue and cecal content as observed in controls. mRNA levels of transcription factors KLF4 and Cdx1 were blunted in jejunal epithelial cell of IUGR rats fed HF. mRNA levels of TNF-α were lower in IUGR rats. They also displayed exacerbated aminopeptidase N response and reduced jejunal goblet cell density. Villus and crypt architecture and epithelial cell proliferation increased with HF in both control and IUGR rats. Serum AP tended to be lower, and serum levamisole inhibition-resistant AP fraction was lower, in IUGR than controls with HF. Serum fatty acids and triglycerides were higher in IUGR rats and higher with HF. In conclusion, the adult intestine adapts to an HF diet differentially depending on early nutrition, jejunal AP and transcription factors being blunted in IUGR individuals fed HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lallès
- INRA, UMR1079, Systèmes d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Laporte-Broux B, Roussel S, Ponter AA, Giger-Reverdin S, Camous S, Chavatte-Palmer P, Duvaux-Ponter C. Long-term consequences of feed restriction during late pregnancy in goats on feeding behavior and emotional reactivity of female offspring. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:178-84. [PMID: 22342426 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Feed restriction during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on offspring development both during the juvenile period and during adult life. Long-term effects of maternal feed restriction during the last third of pregnancy on growth, metabolism and behavior of female kids, with a focus on feeding behavior and emotional reactivity, were studied in goats. Female kids born to control (CONT, n=17) or born to feed restricted goats (REST, n=15) were artificially reared and monitored from birth to 24 months of age. Maternal feeding restriction globally reduced live weight (P<0.001) and body condition score (P=0.02) of REST compared to CONT offspring. Females from the REST group had a higher daily feed intake (P=0.05) and tended to eat more rapidly (P=0.09) than females from the CONT group at 12 months of age. One year later, REST goats still ate more than CONT goats (P=0.05). Glucose metabolism did not appear to be modified as no differences were observed in glucose or insulin responses to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. No differences in time budget were found at 12 months of age. However, the HPA axis response to an ACTH injection was greater in REST than in CONT goats: higher peak cortisol concentration (P=0.02) and a greater area under the curve were found (P=0.01) at 14 months of age. In conclusion, maternal feed restriction during late pregnancy modified both feeding behavior and the stress physiology of female offspring for up to 2 years of age. However, the changes observed were small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Laporte-Broux
- INRA, UMR 791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231 Paris, France.
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Falcão-Tebas F, Tobias AT, Bento-Santos A, Santos JAD, Vasconcelos DAAD, Fidalgo MA, Manhães-de-Castro R, Leandro CG. Efeitos do treinamento físico durante a gestação sobre a evolução ponderal, glicemia e colesterolemia de ratos adultos submetidos à desnutrição perinatal. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922012000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A incompatibilidade entre a desnutrição perinatal e uma nutrição adequada durante o desenvolvimento aumenta o risco de aparecimento precoce de doenças não transmissíveis na vida adulta. Todavia, acredita-se que a atividade física materna possa atenuar estas consequências. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do treinamento físico durante a gestação na evolução ponderal, circunferência abdominal, glicemia e colesterolemia de filhotes adultos submetidos à desnutrição perinatal. Ratas Wistar (n = 12) foram divididas em quatro grupos: controle (C, n = 3), treinada (T, n = 3), desnutrida (D, n = 3) e treinada desnutrida (T+D, n = 3). Durante a gestação e lactação, os grupos D e T+D receberam dieta baixa em proteína (8% caseína) e os grupos C e T receberam dieta normoproteica (caseína a 17%). O protocolo de treinamento físico moderado foi realizado em esteira ergométrica (cinco dias/semana, 60 min/dia, a 65% do VO2max) e iniciou quatro semanas antes da gestação. Na gestação, a duração e a intensidade do treinamento foram reduzidas (cinco dias/semana, 20 min/dia, a 30% do VO2max) até o 19º dia pré-natal. Após o desmame, os filhotes (C F = 9, T F = 9, D F = 7, T+D F = 9) receberam dieta padrão de biotério e foram avaliados aos 270 dias de idade. A circunferência abdominal (CA) foi avaliada relativa ao peso corporal. Para avaliação da glicemia e colesterolemia foi utilizado o método enzimático colorimétrico da glicose-oxidase/peroxidase e da colesterol-oxidase, respectivamente. Ratos do grupo D F apresentaram um maior ganho de peso corporal ao longo do crescimento, maiores valores de CA, glicemia e colesterolemia quando comparados ao grupo C F. Para o grupo T+D F, o ganho de peso foi atenuado, e a CA, a glicemia e a colesterolemia foram normalizadas (p < 0,05). Esses resultados demonstram que o treinamento físico durante a gestação atenua os efeitos da desnutrição perinatal sobre alguns indicadores murinométricos e bioquímicos nos filhotes adultos.
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Qasem RJ, Yablonski E, Li J, Tang HM, Pontiggia L, D'mello AP. Elucidation of thrifty features in adult rats exposed to protein restriction during gestation and lactation. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:1182-93. [PMID: 22210394 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, the potential traits of thrift have been described in increasingly broad terms but biochemical and behavioral evidence of thrift has not been well demonstrated. The objective of our studies was to use a rodent model to identify features of thrift programmed by early life protein restriction. Robust programming of thrifty features requires a thrifty nutritional environment during the entire window of developmental plasticity. Therefore, pregnant rats were exposed to a low protein diet throughout the window of developmental plasticity spanning the period of gestation and lactation and its effects on energy acquisition, storage and expenditure in the adult offspring were examined. Maternal protein restriction reduced birth weight and produced long term reductions in body and organ weights in the offspring. Low protein offspring demonstrated an increased drive to seek food as evidenced by hyperphagia that was mediated by changes in plasma leptin and ghrelin levels. Hyperphagia was accompanied by increased efficiency in converting caloric intake into body mass. The higher feed efficiency was mediated by greater insulin sensitivity. Energy expenditure of low protein offspring in locomotion was not affected either in the light or dark phase. However, low protein offspring exhibited higher resting and basal metabolic rates as evidenced by higher core body temperature in the fed and fasted states. The increased thermogenesis was not mediated by thyroid hormones but by an increased sympathetic nervous system drive as reflected by a lower areal bone mineral density and bone mineral content and lower plasma adiponectin and triglyceride levels. Elevated thermogenesis in the low protein offspring possibly offsets the effects of hyperphagia, minimizes their chances of weight gain, and improves survivability. This constellation of metabolic features in the low protein offspring will maximize survival potential in a post natal environment of nutritional scarcity and constitute a thrifty phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani J Qasem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Prenatal programming of renal salt wasting resets postnatal salt appetite, which drives food intake in the rat. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 122:281-8. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sodium retention has been proposed as the cause of hypertension in the LP rat (offspring exposed to a maternal low-protein diet in utero) model of developmental programming because of increased renal NKCC2 (Na+/K+/2Cl− co-transporter 2) expression. However, we have shown that LP rats excrete more rather than less sodium than controls, leading us to hypothesize that LP rats ingest more salt in order to maintain sodium balance. Rats were fed on either a 9% (low) or 18% (control) protein diet during pregnancy; male and female offspring were studied at 4 weeks of age. LP rats of both sexes held in metabolism cages excreted more sodium and urine than controls. When given water to drink, LP rats drank more and ate more food than controls, hence sodium intake matched excretion. However, when given a choice between saline and water to drink, the total volume of fluid ingested by LP rats fell to control levels, but the volume of saline taken was significantly larger [3.8±0.1 compared with 8.8±1.3 ml/24 h per 100 g of body weight in control and LP rats respectively; P<0.001]. Interestingly food intake also fell to control levels. Total body sodium content and ECF (extracellular fluid) volumes were greater in LP rats. These results show that prenatal programming of renal sodium wasting leads to a compensatory increase in salt appetite in LP rats. We speculate that the need to maintain salt homoeostasis following malnutrition in utero stimulates greater food intake, leading to accelerated growth and raised BP (blood pressure).
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Wright TM, Fone KC, Langley‐Evans SC, Voigt JW. Exposure to maternal consumption of cafeteria diet during the lactation period programmes feeding behaviour in the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:785-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Wright
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSuttonBoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin C.F. Fone
- School of Biomedical SciencesQueen's Medical CentreUniversity of Nottingham, SuttonBoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Langley‐Evans
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, SuttonBoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
| | - Jörg‐Peter W. Voigt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSuttonBoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUnited Kingdom
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Miñana-Solis MDC, Escobar C. Early and post-weaning malnutrition impairs alpha-MSH expression in the hypothalamus: a possible link to long-term overweight. Nutr Neurosci 2011; 14:72-9. [PMID: 21605503 DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the effects of early and post-weaning malnutrition and nutritional rehabilitation on orexigenic (orexin (ORX) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)) and anorexigenic peptides (alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)) expressed in hypothalamic nuclei. Male Wistar rats were malnourished during gestation-lactation (MGL) or from weaning to post-natal day 55 (MPW; P55). Two groups of rats were rehabilitated with a balanced diet until P90 (MGL-R and MPW-R, respectively). After a glucose tolerance test (GTT) brains were processed for immunohistochemistry. Malnourished groups were hyperglycemic after GTT. ORX expression did not display any difference. Only MGL rats showed increased NPY immunoreactivity in ARC and PVN nuclei, and both malnourished groups showed low alpha-MSH expression in the PVN and DMH, as compared with their controls. After nutritional rehabilitation rats showed normal GTT, increased rate of body and adipose tissue weights and high proportion of food ingestion. Both rehabilitated groups maintained low alpha-MSH expression in the PVN, indicating a deleterious long-lasting effect.
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Oliveira TWS, Leandro CG, de Jesus Deiró TCB, dos Santos Perez G, da França Silva D, Druzian JI, Couto RD, Barreto-Medeiros JM. A Perinatal Palatable High-Fat Diet Increases Food Intake and Promotes Hypercholesterolemia in Adult Rats. Lipids 2011; 46:1071-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Child and adolescent psychiatrists frequently encounter children who are obese in their practices and may be asked to work alongside primary care physicians and other specialists who treat youngsters with obesity. To offer expert consultation, they must understand all aspects of the pediatric obesity epidemic. By summarizing the relevant endocrinology, cardiology, nutrition, exercise science, and public health literature, this review of pediatric obesity assesses the epidemic's background, delineates the challenges of clinical care, and appraises the therapeutic recommendations for this population of patients and their families.
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Chmurzynska A, Stachowiak M, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E. Maternal protein and folic acid intake during gestation does not program leptin transcription or serum concentration in rat progeny. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 7:217-22. [PMID: 21735287 PMCID: PMC3316755 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during gestation influences the development of the fetus, thereby determining its phenotype, including nutrient metabolism, appetite, and feeding behavior. The control of appetite is a very complex process and can be modulated by orexigenic and anorexigenic mediators such as leptin, which is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin transcription and secretion are regulated by numerous factors, nutrition being one of them. The present study was designed to test whether maternal nutrition can permanently affect leptin gene transcription and leptin serum concentration in rat progeny. Moreover, we analyzed whether leptin expression and secretion in response to high-fat postweaning feeding depends on the maternal diet during gestation. Pregnant rats were fed either a normal protein, normal folic acid diet (the AIN-93 diet); a protein-restricted, normal folic acid diet; a protein-restricted, folic acid-supplemented diet; or a normal protein, folic acid-supplemented diet. After weaning, the progeny was fed either the AIN-93 diet or a high-fat diet. Neither maternal nutrition nor the postweaning diet significantly affected Lep transcription. High-fat feeding after weaning was associated with higher serum leptin concentration, but the reaction of an organism to the fat content of the diet was not determined by maternal nutrition during gestation. There was no correlation between Lep mRNA level and serum leptin concentration. Global DNA methylation in adipose tissue was about 30% higher in rats fed postnatally the high-fat diet (P < 0.01). Our study showed that the protein and folic acid content in the maternal diet had no significant programming effect on Lep transcription and serum leptin concentration in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland,
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Laporte-Broux B, Roussel S, Ponter AA, Perault J, Chavatte-Palmer P, Duvaux-Ponter C. Short-term effects of maternal feed restriction during pregnancy on goat kid morphology, metabolism, and behavior1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2154-63. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Vadhana MSD, Carloni M, Nasuti C, Fedeli D, Gabbianelli R. Early life permethrin insecticide treatment leads to heart damage in adult rats. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:731-8. [PMID: 21616133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Early life environmental exposure to xenobiotics could represent a critical period for the onset of permanent alterations in the structure and function of different organs. Cardiovascular diseases can be related to various factors including environmental toxicants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of early life permethrin treatment (1/50 LD(50), from 6th to 21st day of life) on heart of adult rats. Increased DNA damage, decreased heart cell membrane fluidity, increased cholesterol content, protein and lipid oxidation were measured in heart cells from adult rats treated with permethrin during the neonatal period with respect to control rats. Moreover, the same group showed higher levels of cholesterol, IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, rat-Rantes and IL-10 cytokines and decreased albumin content in plasma. Lower cholesterol levels and perturbation in the phospholipid lateral diffusion together with decreased GSH levels and increased GPx activity were measured in heart mitochondria of the treated group. Our findings support the evidence that the neonatal period has a critical role in the development of heart disease in adulthood. We hypothesize that the alterations observed in adult rats could depend on epigenetic changes that occurred during this period which influence gene expression throughout the rat's life, leading to alterations of certain parameters related to cardiac function.
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