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Sebastiana M, Serrazina S, Monteiro F, Wipf D, Fromentin J, Teixeira R, Malhó R, Courty PE. Nitrogen Acquisition and Transport in the Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis-Insights from the Interaction between an Oak Tree and Pisolithus tinctorius. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:10. [PMID: 36616139 PMCID: PMC9823632 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In temperate forests, the roots of various tree species are colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi, which have a key role in the nitrogen nutrition of their hosts. However, not much is known about the molecular mechanisms related to nitrogen metabolism in ectomycorrhizal plants. This study aimed to evaluate the nitrogen metabolic response of oak plants when inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. The expression of candidate genes encoding proteins involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation was investigated in ectomycorrhizal roots. We found that three oak ammonium transporters were over-expressed in root tissues after inoculation, while the expression of amino acid transporters was not modified, suggesting that inorganic nitrogen is the main form of nitrogen transferred by the symbiotic fungus into the roots of the host plant. Analysis by heterologous complementation of a yeast mutant defective in ammonium uptake and GFP subcellular protein localization clearly confirmed that two of these genes encode functional ammonium transporters. Structural similarities between the proteins encoded by these ectomycorrhizal upregulated ammonium transporters, and a well-characterized ammonium transporter from E. coli, suggest a similar transport mechanism, involving deprotonation of NH4+, followed by diffusion of uncharged NH3 into the cytosol. This view is supported by the lack of induction of NH4+ detoxifying mechanisms, such as the GS/GOGAT pathway, in the oak mycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sebastiana
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Serrazina
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérome Fromentin
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Rita Teixeira
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Rivera Pérez CA, Janz D, Schneider D, Daniel R, Polle A. Transcriptional Landscape of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Host Provides Insight into N Uptake from Forest Soil. mSystems 2022; 7:e0095721. [PMID: 35089084 PMCID: PMC8725588 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00957-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient showing strong fluctuations in the environment due to anthropogenic activities. The acquisition and translocation of N to forest trees are achieved mainly by highly diverse ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) living in symbioses with their host roots. Here, we examined colonized root tips to characterize the entire root-associated fungal community by DNA metabarcoding-Illumina sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) molecular marker and used RNA sequencing to target metabolically active fungi and the plant transcriptome after N application. The study was conducted with beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), a dominant tree species in central Europe, grown in native forest soil. We demonstrate strong enrichment of 15N from nitrate or ammonium in the ectomycorrhizal roots by stable-isotope labeling. The relative abundance of the EMF members in the fungal community was correlated with their transcriptional abundances. The fungal metatranscriptome covered Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) categories similar to those of model fungi and did not reveal significant changes related to N metabolization but revealed species-specific transcription patterns, supporting trait stability. In contrast to the resistance of the fungal metatranscriptome, the transcriptome of the host exhibited dedicated nitrate- or ammonium-responsive changes with the upregulation of transporters and enzymes required for nitrate reduction and a drastic enhancement of glutamine synthetase transcript levels, indicating the channeling of ammonium into the pathway for plant protein biosynthesis. Our results support that naturally assembled fungal communities living in association with the tree roots buffer nutritional signals in their own metabolism but do not shield plants from high environmental N levels. IMPORTANCE Although EMF are well known for their role in supporting tree N nutrition, the molecular mechanisms underlying N flux from the soil solution into the host through the ectomycorrhizal pathway remain widely unknown. Furthermore, ammonium and nitrate availability in the soil solution is subject to frequent oscillations that create a dynamic environment for the tree roots and associated microbes during N acquisition. Therefore, it is important to understand how root-associated mycobiomes and the tree roots handle these fluctuations. We studied the responses of the symbiotic partners by screening their transcriptomes after a sudden environmental flux of nitrate or ammonium. We show that the fungi and the host respond asynchronously, with the fungi displaying resistance to increased nitrate or ammonium and the host dynamically metabolizing the supplied N sources. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the symbiotic partners operating under N enrichment in a multidimensional symbiotic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alicia Rivera Pérez
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Khalid M, Du B, Tan H, Liu X, Su L, Ali M, Liu C, Sun N, Hui N. Phosphorus elevation erodes ectomycorrhizal community diversity and induces divergence of saprophytic community composition between vegetation types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148502. [PMID: 34166904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a critical macronutrient that is essential for many life-sustaining processes. Despite decades of work on plant performance under P deficiency and the importance of microbes in ecosystem processes, little is known about how bacterial and fungal flora respond to P gradients and determine the vegetation health. In current study, we examined soil edaphic conditions and microbial communities in 39 untouched natural forests representing phosphorous deficient (Pp) and phosphorus rich (Pr) soils (due to naturally occurring phosphate rocks) in Yunnan Province, China. We also considered the effect of plant functional types by including the dominant tree species. Bacterial and fungal diversity was greater across the Pp sites compared with Pr sites. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes was higher across Pp sites, while Chlamydiae and Verrucomicrobia showed the opposite pattern, with greater relative abundance across the Pr sites. Bacterial taxa that were observed in low P soils were more likely having oligotrophic life history strategies. Interestingly, ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal diversity was promoted in the Pp sites, indicating that the decreasing soil P concentration and the increasing host P demand foster stimulated the ECM species for hyphal soil exploration. Moreover, the high P level caused saprophytic fungi (SAP) to diverge, causing its enrichment only under Q. variabilis compared to low P soil, where there is no difference in relative abundance of SAP between the two tree species. This likely resulted in an enhanced decomposition process by SAP and elevation of soil properties (Carbon and Nitrogen) under Q. variabilis across the Pr sites. Taken together, our findings highlight the highly diverse microbiome in low P soils. The higher soil P caused shifts of fungal functional guilds, which likely influence tree growth and health (ECM), along with divergence of ecosystem services between tree functional types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khalid
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Baoming Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haoxin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lantian Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mehran Ali
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunjiang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ningxiao Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Urban Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, China.
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Plett KL, Singan VR, Wang M, Ng V, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Plett JM, Anderson IC. Inorganic nitrogen availability alters Eucalyptus grandis receptivity to the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus albus but not symbiotic nitrogen transfer. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:221-231. [PMID: 31729063 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees are able to thrive in nutrient-poor soils in part because they obtain growth-limiting nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), through mutualistic symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Addition of inorganic N into these soils is known to disrupt this mutualism and reduce the diversity of ECM fungi. Despite its ecological impact, the mechanisms governing the observed effects of elevated inorganic N on mycorrhizal communities remain unknown. We address this by using a compartmentalized in vitro system to independently alter nutrients to each symbiont. Using stable isotopes, we traced the nutrient flux under different nutrient regimes between Eucalyptus grandis and its ectomycorrhizal symbiont, Pisolithus albus. We demonstrate that giving E. grandis independent access to N causes a significant reduction in root colonization by P. albus. Transcriptional analysis suggests that the observed reduction in colonization may be caused, in part, by altered transcription of microbe perception genes and defence genes. We show that delivery of N to host leaves is not increased by host nutrient deficiency but by fungal nutrient availability instead. Overall, this advances our understanding of the effects of N fertilization on ECM fungi and the factors governing nutrient transfer in the E. grandis-P. microcarpus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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5
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Stuart EK, Plett KL. Digging Deeper: In Search of the Mechanisms of Carbon and Nitrogen Exchange in Ectomycorrhizal Symbioses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1658. [PMID: 31993064 PMCID: PMC6971170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is an advantageous partnership for trees in nutrient-limited environments. Ectomycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of their hosts and improve their access to nutrients, usually nitrogen (N) and, in exchange, trees deliver a significant portion of their photosynthetic carbon (C) to the fungi. This nutrient exchange affects key soil processes and nutrient cycling, as well as plant health, and is therefore central to forest ecosystem functioning. Due to their ecological importance, there is a need to more accurately understand ECM fungal mediated C and N movement within forest ecosystems such that we can better model and predict their role in soil processes both now and under future climate scenarios. There are a number of hurdles that we must overcome, however, before this is achievable such as understanding how the evolutionary history of ECM fungi and their inter- and intra- species variability affect their function. Further, there is currently no generally accepted universal mechanism that appears to govern the flux of nutrients between fungal and plant partners. Here, we consider the current state of knowledge on N acquisition and transport by ECM fungi and how C and N exchange may be related or affected by environmental conditions such as N availability. We emphasize the role that modern genomic analysis, molecular biology techniques and more comprehensive and standardized experimental designs may have in bringing cohesion to the numerous ecological studies in this area and assist us in better understanding this important symbiosis. These approaches will help to build unified models of nutrient exchange and develop diagnostic tools to study these fungi at various scales and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista L. Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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6
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Castro-Rodríguez V, Cañas RA, de la Torre FN, Pascual MB, Avila C, Cánovas FM. Molecular fundamentals of nitrogen uptake and transport in trees. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2489-2500. [PMID: 28369488 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is frequently a limiting factor for tree growth and development. Because N availability is extremely low in forest soils, trees have evolved mechanisms to acquire and transport this essential nutrient along with biotic interactions to guarantee its strict economy. Here we review recent advances in the molecular basis of tree N nutrition. The molecular characteristics, regulation, and biological significance of membrane proteins involved in the uptake and transport of N are addressed. The regulation of N uptake and transport in mycorrhized roots and transcriptome-wide studies of N nutrition are also outlined. Finally, several areas of future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando N de la Torre
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ma Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Avila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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7
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Sebastiana M, Martins J, Figueiredo A, Monteiro F, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Silva A, Roepstorff P, Pais MS, Coelho AV. Oak protein profile alterations upon root colonization by an ectomycorrhizal fungus. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:109-128. [PMID: 27714470 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An increased knowledge on the real impacts of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in forest species is needed to optimize forest sustainable productivity and thus to improve forest services and their capacity to act as carbon sinks. In this study, we investigated the response of an oak species to ectomycorrhizae formation using a proteomics approach complemented by biochemical analysis of carbohydrate levels. Comparative proteome analysis between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal cork oak plants revealed no differences at the foliar level. However, the protein profile of 34 unique oak proteins was altered in the roots. Consistent with the results of the biochemical analysis, the proteome analysis of the mycorrhizal roots suggests a decreasing utilization of sucrose for the metabolic activity of mycorrhizal roots which is consistent with an increased allocation of carbohydrates from the plant to the fungus in order to sustain the symbiosis. In addition, a promotion of protein unfolding mechanisms, attenuation of defense reactions, increased nutrient mobilization from the plant-fungus interface (N and P), as well as cytoskeleton rearrangements and induction of plant cell wall loosening for fungal root accommodation in colonized roots are also suggested by the results. The suggested improvement in root capacity to take up nutrients accompanied by an increase of root biomass without apparent changes in aboveground biomass strongly re-enforces the potential of mycorrhizal inoculation to improve cork oak forest resistance capacity to cope with coming climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sebastiana
- Plant Functional Genomics Unit, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, piso 4, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joana Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, 2780-s157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Plant Functional Genomics Unit, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, piso 4, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Plant Functional Genomics Unit, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, piso 4, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anabela Silva
- Plant Functional Genomics Unit, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, piso 4, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Roepstorff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Salomé Pais
- Plant Functional Genomics Unit, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, Lisbon University, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, piso 4, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, 2780-s157, Oeiras, Portugal
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8
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Dearnaley JDW, Cameron DD. Nitrogen transport in the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis - further evidence for a mutualistic association. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:10-12. [PMID: 27891646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John D W Dearnaley
- Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Fochi V, Chitarra W, Kohler A, Voyron S, Singan VR, Lindquist EA, Barry KW, Girlanda M, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Balestrini R, Perotto S. Fungal and plant gene expression in the Tulasnella calospora-Serapias vomeracea symbiosis provides clues about nitrogen pathways in orchid mycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:365-379. [PMID: 27859287 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are highly dependent on their mycorrhizal fungal partners for nutrient supply, especially during early developmental stages. In addition to organic carbon, nitrogen (N) is probably a major nutrient transferred to the plant because orchid tissues are highly N-enriched. We know almost nothing about the N form preferentially transferred to the plant or about the key molecular determinants required for N uptake and transfer. We identified, in the genome of the orchid mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora, two functional ammonium transporters and several amino acid transporters but found no evidence of a nitrate assimilation system, in agreement with the N preference of the free-living mycelium grown on different N sources. Differential expression in symbiosis of a repertoire of fungal and plant genes involved in the transport and metabolism of N compounds suggested that organic N may be the main form transferred to the orchid host and that ammonium is taken up by the intracellular fungus from the apoplatic symbiotic interface. This is the first study addressing the genetic determinants of N uptake and transport in orchid mycorrhizas, and provides a model for nutrient exchanges at the symbiotic interface, which may guide future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fochi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Lab of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Samuele Voyron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Vasanth R Singan
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Erika A Lindquist
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Mariangela Girlanda
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Lab of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-CNR, 10125, Turin, Italy
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10
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Garcia K, Zimmermann SD. The role of mycorrhizal associations in plant potassium nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:337. [PMID: 25101097 PMCID: PMC4101882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K(+)) is one of the most abundant elements of soil composition but it's very low availability limits plant growth and productivity of ecosystems. Because this cation participates in many biological processes, its constitutive uptake from soil solution is crucial for the plant cell machinery. Thus, the understanding of strategies responsible of K(+) nutrition is a major issue in plant science. Mycorrhizal associations occurring between roots and hyphae of underground fungi improve hydro-mineral nutrition of the majority of terrestrial plants. The contribution of this mutualistic symbiosis to the enhancement of plant K(+) nutrition is not well understood and poorly studied so far. This mini-review examines the current knowledge about the impact of both arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses on the transfer of K(+) from the soil to the plants. A model summarizing plant and fungal transport systems identified and hypothetically involved in K(+) transport is proposed. In addition, some data related to benefits for plants provided by the improvement of K(+) nutrition thanks to mycorrhizal symbioses are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine D. Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2Montpellier, France
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11
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Sebastiana M, Vieira B, Lino-Neto T, Monteiro F, Figueiredo A, Sousa L, Pais MS, Tavares R, Paulo OS. Oak root response to ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment: RNA-Seq derived transcript identification and expression profiling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98376. [PMID: 24859293 PMCID: PMC4032270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is essential for the life and health of trees in temperate and boreal forests where it plays a major role in nutrient cycling and in functioning of the forest ecosystem. Trees with ectomycorrhizal root tips are more tolerant to environmental stresses, such as drought, and biotic stresses such as root pathogens. Detailed information on these molecular processes is essential for the understanding of symbiotic tissue development in order to optimize the benefits of this natural phenomenon. Next generation sequencing tools allow the analysis of non model ectomycorrhizal plant-fungal interactions that can contribute to find the "symbiosis toolkits" and better define the role of each partner in the mutualistic interaction. By using 454 pyrosequencing we compared ectomycorrhizal cork oak roots with non-symbiotic roots. From the two cDNA libraries sequenced, over 2 million reads were obtained that generated 19,552 cork oak root unique transcripts. A total of 2238 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed when ECM roots were compared with non-symbiotic roots. Identification of up- and down-regulated gens in ectomycorrhizal roots lead to a number of insights into the molecular mechanisms governing this important symbiosis. In cork oak roots, ectomycorrhizal colonization resulted in extensive cell wall remodelling, activation of the secretory pathway, alterations in flavonoid biosynthesis, and expression of genes involved in the recognition of fungal effectors. In addition, we identified genes with putative roles in symbiotic processes such as nutrient exchange with the fungal partner, lateral root formation or root hair decay. These findings provide a global overview of the transcriptome of an ectomycorrhizal host root, and constitute a foundation for future studies on the molecular events controlling this important symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sebastiana
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Vieira
- Center for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- Plant Functional Biology Centre, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lisete Sousa
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Center of Statistics and Applications from Lisbon University, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Salomé Pais
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Tavares
- Plant Functional Biology Centre, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Center for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Sácký J, Leonhardt T, Borovička J, Gryndler M, Briksí A, Kotrba P. Intracellular sequestration of zinc, cadmium and silver in Hebeloma mesophaeum and characterization of its metallothionein genes. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 67:3-14. [PMID: 24674773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sequestration of intracellular heavy metals in eukaryotes involves compartmentalization and binding with cytosolic, cysteine-rich metallothionein (MT) peptides. We examined the roles of these processes in handling of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and silver (Ag) in sporocarps and a metal-exposed extraradical mycelium of Hebeloma mesophaeum, the Zn-accumulating ectomycorrhizal (EM) species frequently associated with metal disturbed sites. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that the majority of Zn and Cd in the sporocarps and mycelium was contained in a low molecular mass fraction attributable to compartmentalized metal. The staining of hyphal cells with the Zn-specific Zinquin and Cd-specific Leadmium fluorescent tracers labeled Zn and Cd in small, punctuated vesicles and vacuoles, respectively. By contrast, the sporocarp and mycelium Ag was associated with cysteine-rich, 5-kDa peptides. The peptides of the same size were also identified in minor Zn and Cd complexes from the metal-exposed mycelium. We have further isolated and characterized HmMT1, HmMT2 and HmMT3 genes coding for different 5-kDa MTs of H. mesophaeum collected at a lead smelter site. Heterologous complementation assays in metal-sensitive yeast mutants indicated that HmMTs encode functional, metal-specific peptides: only HmMT1 was able to complement sensitivity to Zn; HmMT1 conferred higher tolerance to Cd and Cu than HmMT2 or HmMT3; and both HmMT2 and HmMT3, but not HmMT1, conferred increased tolerance to Ag. The presence of HmMT1 and HmMT3, but not HmMT2, was also confirmed in a H. mesophaeum isolate from an unpolluted site. Gene expression analysis in the extraradical mycelium of this isolate revealed that the transcription of HmMT1 was preferentially induced in the presence of Zn and Cd, while Ag was a stronger inducer of HmMT3. Altogether, these results improve our understanding of the handling of intracellular Zn, Cd and Ag in Hebeloma and represent the first evidence suggesting involvement of MTs in sequestration of Zn in EM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež 130, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Briksí
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Garcia K, Delteil A, Conéjéro G, Becquer A, Plassard C, Sentenac H, Zimmermann S. Potassium nutrition of ectomycorrhizal Pinus pinaster: overexpression of the Hebeloma cylindrosporum HcTrk1 transporter affects the translocation of both K(+) and phosphorus in the host plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:951-960. [PMID: 24279702 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are known to improve the hydro-mineral nutrition of their host plants. However, the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis for plant potassium nutrition has so far been poorly studied. We therefore investigated the impact of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum on the potassium nutrition of Pinus pinaster and examined the involvement of the fungal potassium transporter HcTrk1. HcTrk1 transcripts and proteins were localized in ectomycorrhizas using in situ hybridization and EGFP translational fusion constructs. Importantly, an overexpression strategy was performed on a H. cylindrosporum endogenous gene in order to dissect the role of this transporter. The potassium nutrition of mycorrhizal pine plants was significantly improved under potassium-limiting conditions. Fungal strains overexpressing HcTrk1 reduced the translocation of potassium and phosphorus from the roots to the shoots of inoculated plants in mycorrhizal experiments. Furthermore, expression of HcTrk1 and the phosphate transporter HcPT1.1 were reciprocally linked to the external inorganic phosphate and potassium availability. The development of these approaches provides a deeper insight into the role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on host plant K(+) nutrition and in particular, the K(+) transporter HcTrk1. The work augments our knowledge of the link between potassium and phosphorus nutrition via the mycorrhizal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Amandine Delteil
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
- Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Becquer
- INRA, UMR 1222 Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Claude Plassard
- INRA, UMR 1222 Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sabine Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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14
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Casieri L, Ait Lahmidi N, Doidy J, Veneault-Fourrey C, Migeon A, Bonneau L, Courty PE, Garcia K, Charbonnier M, Delteil A, Brun A, Zimmermann S, Plassard C, Wipf D. Biotrophic transportome in mutualistic plant-fungal interactions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:597-625. [PMID: 23572325 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie nutrient use efficiency and carbon allocation along with mycorrhizal interactions is critical for managing croplands and forests soundly. Indeed, nutrient availability, uptake and exchange in biotrophic interactions drive plant growth and modulate biomass allocation. These parameters are crucial for plant yield, a major issue in the context of high biomass production. Transport processes across the polarized membrane interfaces are of major importance in the functioning of the established mycorrhizal association as the symbiotic relationship is based on a 'fair trade' between the fungus and the host plant. Nutrient and/or metabolite uptake and exchanges, at biotrophic interfaces, are controlled by membrane transporters whose regulation patterns are essential for determining the outcome of plant-fungus interactions and adapting to changes in soil nutrient quantity and/or quality. In the present review, we summarize the current state of the art regarding transport systems in the two major forms of mycorrhiza, namely ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Casieri
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France,
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15
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Avolio M, Müller T, Mpangara A, Fitz M, Becker B, Pauck A, Kirsch A, Wipf D. Regulation of genes involved in nitrogen utilization on different C/N ratios and nitrogen sources in the model ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:515-24. [PMID: 22302131 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) utilization by ectomycorrhizal fungi is an essential aspect of their ecosystem function. N deposition changes both the N pools and the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the substrates where ectomycorrhizal fungi are found, and it is important to understand how these changes affect the N forms used by ectomycorrhizal fungi. To overcome the difficulties of studying ectomycorrhizal fungi in situ, we investigated all known N genes in the model fungus, Hebeloma cylindrosporum in a culture study. In addition to studying the regulation of all known N utilization genes, we aimed to understand whether there are gene clusters that undergo similar regulation. Lastly we studied how C/N ratio, N transporter type, and N source affected relative gene expression levels. We grew the D2 strain of H. cylindrosporum on a range of inorganic and organic N sources under low, medium, and high C/N ratios. We found three gene clusters that were regulated in a similar pattern. Lastly, we found C/N ratio, N source and N transporter type all affected gene expression levels. Relative expression levels were highest on the high C/N ratio, BSA and diLeucine N sources, and inorganic N transporters were always expressed at higher levels than organic N transporters. These results suggest that inorganic N sources may always the default preference for H. cylindrosporum, regardless of both the N sources and the C/N ratio of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Avolio
- University Bonn, IZMB, Transport in Ectomycorrhiza, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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16
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Asiimwe T, Krause K, Schlunk I, Kothe E. Modulation of ethanol stress tolerance by aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:471-484. [PMID: 22159964 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the first mycorrhizal fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, ald1, which was isolated from the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum. The gene, encoding a protein Ald1 of 502 amino acids, is up-regulated in ectomycorrhiza. Phylogenetic analyses using 53 specific fungal aldehyde dehydrogenases from all major phyla in the kingdom of fungi including Ald1 and two partial sequences of T. vaccinum were performed to get an insight in the evolution of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. By using competitive and real-time RT-PCR, ald1 is up-regulated in response to alcohol and aldehyde-related stress. Furthermore, heterologous expression of ald1 in Escherichia coli and subsequent in vitro enzyme activity assay demonstrated the oxidation of propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde with different kinetics using either NAD(+) or NADP(+) as cofactors. In addition, overexpression of ald1 in T. vaccinum after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation increased ethanol stress tolerance. These results demonstrate the ability of Ald1 to circumvent ethanol stress, a critical function in mycorrhizal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Asiimwe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
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17
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Orlovich DA, Draffin SJ, Daly RA, Stephenson SL. Piracy in the high trees: ectomycorrhizal fungi from an aerial 'canopy soil' microhabitat. Mycologia 2012; 105:52-60. [PMID: 22778170 DOI: 10.3852/11-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mantle of dead organic material ("canopy soil") associated with the mats of vascular and nonvascular epiphytes found on the branches of trees in the temperate rainforests along the southwestern coast of the South Island of New Zealand were examined for evidence of ectomycorrhizal fungi. DNA sequencing and cluster analysis were used to identify the taxa of fungi present in 74 root tips collected from the canopy soil microhabitat of three old growth Nothofagus menziesii trees in the South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. A diverse assemblage of ectomycorrhizal fungi was found to infect an extensive network of adventitious canopy roots of Nothofagus menziesii in this forest, including 14 phylotypes from nine genera of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi. Seven of the genera identified previously were known to form ectomycorrhizas with terrestrial roots of Nothofagus: Cortinarius, Russula, Cenococcum, Thelephora/Tomentella, Lactarius and Laccaria; two, Clavulina and Leotia, previously have not been reported forming ectomycorrhizas with Nothofagus. Canopy ectomycorrhizas provide an unexpected means for increased host nutrition that may have functional significance in some forest ecosystems. Presumably, canopy ectomycorrhizas on host adventitious roots circumvent the tree-ground-soil nutrient cycle by accessing a wider range of nutrients directly in the canopy than would be possible for non-mycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal canopy roots. In this system, both host and epiphytes would seem to be in competition for the same pool of nutrients in canopy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Orlovich
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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18
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Doidy J, Grace E, Kühn C, Simon-Plas F, Casieri L, Wipf D. Sugar transporters in plants and in their interactions with fungi. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:413-22. [PMID: 22513109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose and monosaccharide transporters mediate long distance transport of sugar from source to sink organs and constitute key components for carbon partitioning at the whole plant level and in interactions with fungi. Even if numerous families of plant sugar transporters are defined; efflux capacities, subcellular localization and association to membrane rafts have only been recently reported. On the fungal side, the investigation of sugar transport mechanisms in mutualistic and pathogenic interactions is now emerging. Here, we review the essential role of sugar transporters for distribution of carbohydrates inside plant cells, as well as for plant-fungal interaction functioning. Altogether these data highlight the need for a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying sugar exchanges between fungi and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Doidy
- UMR INRA 1347, Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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19
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Jin H, Liu J, Liu J, Huang X. Forms of nitrogen uptake, translocation, and transfer via arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a review. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:474-82. [PMID: 22744177 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbionts that colonize the roots of more than 80% of land plants. Experiments on the relationship between the host plant and AM in soil or in sterile root-organ culture have provided clear evidence that the extraradical mycelia of AM fungi uptake various forms of nitrogen (N) and transport the assimilated N to the roots of the host plant. However, the uptake mechanisms of various forms of N and its translocation and transfer from the fungus to the host are virtually unknown. Therefore, there is a dearth of integrated models describing the movement of N through the AM fungal hyphae. Recent studies examined Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot roots colonized with AM fungi in (15)N tracer experiments. In these experiments, the activities of key enzymes were determined, and expressions of genes related to N assimilation and translocation pathways were quantified. This review summarizes and discusses the results of recent research on the forms of N uptake, transport, degradation, and transfer to the roots of the host plant and the underlying mechanisms, as well as research on the forms of N and carbon used by germinating spores and their effects on amino acid metabolism. Finally, a pathway model summarizing the entire mechanism of N metabolism in AM fungi is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairu Jin
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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20
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Blaudez D, Chalot M. Characterization of the ER-located zinc transporter ZnT1 and identification of a vesicular zinc storage compartment in Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:496-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Hu Y, Sun G. Leaf nitrogen dioxide uptake coupling apoplastic chemistry, carbon/sulfur assimilation, and plant nitrogen status. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1069-77. [PMID: 20628880 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emission and plant uptake of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO + NO(2)) significantly influence regional climate change by regulating the oxidative chemistry of the lower atmosphere, species composition and the recycling of carbon and nutrients, etc. Plant uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) is concentration-dependent and species-specific, and covaries with environmental factors. An important factor determining NO(2) influx into leaves is the replenishment of the substomatal cavity. The apoplastic chemistry of the substomatal cavity plays crucial roles in NO(2) deposition rates and the tolerance to NO(2), involving the reactions between NO(2) and apoplastic antioxidants, NO(2)-responsive germin-like proteins, apoplastic acidification, and nitrite-dependent NO synthesis, etc. Moreover, leaf apoplast is a favorable site for the colonization by microbes, which disturbs nitrogen metabolism of host plants. For most plant species, NO(2) assimilation in a leaf primarily depends on the nitrate (NO(3) (-)) assimilation pathway. NO(2)-N assimilation is coupled with carbon and sulfur (sulfate and SO(2)) assimilation as indicated by the mutual needs for metabolic intermediates (or metabolites) and the NO(2)-caused changes of key metabolic enzymes such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase, organic acids, and photorespiration. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization improves the tolerance of host plants to NO(2) by enhancing the efficiency of nutrient absorption and translocation and influencing foliar chemistry. Further progress is proposed to gain a better understanding of the coordination between NO(2)-N, S and C assimilation, especially the investigation of metabolic checkpoints, and the effects of photorespiratory nitrogen cycle, diverse PEPc and the metabolites such as cysteine, O-acetylserine (OAS) and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, 26# Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Adomas AB, Lopez-Giraldez F, Clark TA, Wang Z, Townsend JP. Multi-targeted priming for genome-wide gene expression assays. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:477. [PMID: 20716356 PMCID: PMC3091673 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary approaches to assaying global gene expression are needed to assess gene expression in regions that are poorly assayed by current methodologies. A key component of nearly all gene expression assays is the reverse transcription of transcribed sequences that has traditionally been performed by priming the poly-A tails on many of the transcribed genes in eukaryotes with oligo-dT, or by priming RNA indiscriminately with random hexamers. We designed an algorithm to find common sequence motifs that were present within most protein-coding genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of Neurospora crassa, but that were not present within their ribosomal RNA or transfer RNA genes. We then experimentally tested whether degenerately priming these motifs with multi-targeted primers improved the accuracy and completeness of transcriptomic assays. RESULTS We discovered two multi-targeted primers that would prime a preponderance of genes in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa while avoiding priming ribosomal RNA or transfer RNA. Examining the response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to nitrogen deficiency and profiling Neurospora crassa early sexual development, we demonstrated that using multi-targeted primers in reverse transcription led to superior performance of microarray profiling and next-generation RNA tag sequencing. Priming with multi-targeted primers in addition to oligo-dT resulted in higher sensitivity, a larger number of well-measured genes and greater power to detect differences in gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the most complete and detailed expression profiles of the yeast nitrogen starvation response and N. crassa early sexual development to date. Furthermore, our multi-targeting priming methodology for genome-wide gene expression assays provides selective targeting of multiple sequences and counter-selection against undesirable sequences, facilitating a more complete and precise assay of the transcribed sequences within the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra B Adomas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Ramos AC, Lima PT, Dias PN, Kasuya MCM, Feijó JA. A pH signaling mechanism involved in the spatial distribution of calcium and anion fluxes in ectomycorrhizal roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:448-462. [PMID: 19121039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhization is a typical example of a host-pathogen symbiotic interaction where the pathogen cell biology and the host immune response coevolved several functional links. Here, the role played by ion fluxes across the root concerning nutrient uptake, osmoregulation, growth and signaling events is addressed. An ion-selective vibrating probe system was used to determine the net fluxes of protons (H(+)), calcium (Ca(2+)) and anions (A(-)) along nonmycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) roots of Eucalyptus globulus colonized by Pisolithus sp. These data show that, from five root zones analyzed, the main effect of fungal colonization was localized to the elongation zone. Here, strong changes in ion dynamics and rhizosphere acidification capacity were observed. Additionally, ion fluxes exhibited periodic fluctuations. To verify whether these fluctuations corresponded to sustained oscillations, continuous wavelet time spectrum analysis was applied and it was determined that H(+) and A(-) fluxes from ECM roots had longer periods than nonmycorrhizal roots. By contrast, Ca(2+) oscillations were completely abolished following fungal interaction. These results are interpreted in the light of a working model in which nutrient uptake and stimulation of growth are mediated by ECM fungi and may be pH-dependent. Furthermore, the variations detected in ECM roots for H(+) and A(-) fluxes suggest a main contribution from the plant, while the results obtained for Ca(2+) point to a significant involvement of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro C Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - Pedro T Lima
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - Pedro N Dias
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - Maria Catarina M Kasuya
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
| | - José A Feijó
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal;Depto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-000, Brazil;Depto Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1700, Portugal
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Hobbie JE, Hobbie EA, Drossman H, Conte M, Weber JC, Shamhart J, Weinrobe M. Mycorrhizal fungi supply nitrogen to host plants in Arctic tundra and boreal forests: 15N is the key signalThis article is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Polar and Arctic Microbiology. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:84-94. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic fungi’s role in providing nitrogen to host plants is well-studied in tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska, but little-studied in the adjoining boreal forest ecosystem. Along a 570 km north–south transect from the Yukon River to the North Slope of Alaska, the 15N content was strongly reduced in ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal plants including Betula , Salix , Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P., Picea glauca Moench (Voss), and ericaceous plants. Compared with the 15N content of soil, the foliage of nonmycorrhizal plants ( Carex and Eriophorum ) was unchanged, whereas content of the ectomycorrhizal fungi was very much higher (e.g., Boletaceae, Leccinum and Cortinarius ). It is hypothesized that similar processes operate in tundra and boreal forest, both nitrogen-limited ecosystems: (i) mycorrhizal fungi break down soil polymers and take up amino acids or other nitrogen compounds; (ii) mycorrhizal fungi fractionate against 15N during production of transfer compounds; (iii) host plants are accordingly depleted in 15N; and (iv) mycorrhizal fungi are enriched in 15N. Increased N availability for plant roots or decreased light availability to understory plants may have decreased N allocation to mycorrhizal partners and increased δ15N by 3‰–4‰ for southern populations of Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Salix. Fungal biomass, measured as ergosterol, correlated strongly with soil organic matter and attained amounts similar to those in temperate forest soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Hobbie
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
| | - Erik A. Hobbie
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
| | - Howard Drossman
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
| | - Maureen Conte
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
| | - J. C. Weber
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
| | - Julee Shamhart
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
| | - Melissa Weinrobe
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
- Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Environmental Science Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, USA
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Cappellazzo G, Lanfranco L, Fitz M, Wipf D, Bonfante P. Characterization of an amino acid permease from the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:429-37. [PMID: 18344417 PMCID: PMC2330287 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.117820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are capable of exploiting organic nitrogen sources, but the molecular mechanisms that control such an uptake are still unknown. Polymerase chain reaction-based approaches, bioinformatic tools, and a heterologous expression system have been used to characterize a sequence coding for an amino acid permease (GmosAAP1) from the AM fungus Glomus mosseae. The GmosAAP1 shows primary and secondary structures that are similar to those of other fungal amino acid permeases. Functional complementation and uptake experiments in a yeast mutant that was defective in the multiple amino acid uptake system demonstrated that GmosAAP1 is able to transport proline through a proton-coupled, pH- and energy-dependent process. A competitive test showed that GmosAAP1 binds nonpolar and hydrophobic amino acids, thus indicating a relatively specific substrate spectrum. GmosAAP1 mRNAs were detected in the extraradical fungal structures. Transcript abundance was increased upon exposure to organic nitrogen, in particular when supplied at 2 mm concentrations. These findings suggest that GmosAAP1 plays a role in the first steps of amino acid acquisition, allowing direct amino acid uptake from the soil and extending the molecular tools by which AM fungi exploit soil resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Cappellazzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Jackson LE, Burger M, Cavagnaro TR. Roots, nitrogen transformations, and ecosystem services. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:341-63. [PMID: 18444903 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review considers some of the mechanistic processes that involve roots in the soil nitrogen (N) cycle, and their implications for the ecological functions that retain N within ecosystems: 1) root signaling pathways for N transport systems, and feedback inhibition, especially for NO(3)(-) uptake; 2) dependence on the mycorrhizal and Rhizobium/legume symbioses and their tradeoffs for N acquisition; 3) soil factors that influence the supply of NH(4)(+) and NO(3)(-) to roots and soil microbes; and 4) rhizosphere processes that increase N cycling and retention, such as priming effects and interactions with the soil food web. By integrating information on these plant-microbe-soil N processes across scales and disciplinary boundaries, we propose ideas for better manipulating ecological functions and processes by which the environment provides for human needs, i.e., ecosystem services. Emphasis is placed on agricultural systems, effects of N deposition in natural ecosystems, and ecosystem responses to elevated CO(2) concentrations. This shows the need for multiscale approaches to increase human dependence on a biologically based N supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Jackson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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28
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Lucic E, Fourrey C, Kohler A, Martin F, Chalot M, Brun-Jacob A. A gene repertoire for nitrogen transporters in Laccaria bicolor. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 180:343-364. [PMID: 18665901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal interactions established between the root systems of terrestrial plants and hyphae from soil-borne fungi are the most ecologically widespread plant symbioses. The efficient uptake of a broad range of nitrogen (N) compounds by the fungal symbiont and their further transfer to the host plant is a major feature of this symbiosis. Nevertheless, we far from understand which N form is preferentially transferred and what are the key molecular determinants required for this transfer. Exhaustive in silico analysis of N-compound transporter families were performed within the genome of the ectomycorrhizal model fungus Laccaria bicolor. A broad phylogenetic approach was undertaken for all families and gene regulation was investigated using whole-genome expression arrays. A repertoire of proteins involved in the transport of N compounds in L. bicolor was established that revealed the presence of at least 128 gene models in the genome of L. bicolor. Phylogenetic comparisons with other basidiomycete genomes highlighted the remarkable expansion of some families. Whole-genome expression arrays indicate that 92% of these gene models showed detectable transcript levels. This work represents a major advance in the establishment of a transportome blueprint at a symbiotic interface, which will guide future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lucic
- Research Unit INRA/UHP 1136 'Tree-microbe Interactions', Nancy-University, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Claire Fourrey
- Research Unit INRA/UHP 1136 'Tree-microbe Interactions', Nancy-University, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Research Unit INRA/UHP 1136 'Tree-microbe Interactions', Nancy-University, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Francis Martin
- Research Unit INRA/UHP 1136 'Tree-microbe Interactions', Nancy-University, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- Research Unit INRA/UHP 1136 'Tree-microbe Interactions', Nancy-University, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Annick Brun-Jacob
- Research Unit INRA/UHP 1136 'Tree-microbe Interactions', Nancy-University, BP 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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