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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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3
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Cao HN, Ruan JY, Han Y, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Gao C, Wu HH, Ma L, Gao XM, Zhang Y, Wang T. NO Release Inhibitory Activity of Flavonoids from Aesculus Wilsonii Seeds through MAPK (P38), NF-κB, and STAT3 Cross-Talk Signaling Pathways. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:46-61. [PMID: 35253147 DOI: 10.1055/a-1789-2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid constituents of Aesculus wilsonii, a source of the Chinese medicinal drug Suo Luo Zi, and their in vitro anti-inflammatory effects were investigated. Fifteen flavonoids, including aeswilflavonosides IA-IC (1: - 3: ) and aeswilflavonosides IIA-IIE (4: - 8: ), along with seven known derivatives were isolated from a seed extract. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, acid and alkaline hydrolysis, and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. Among them, compounds 3: and 7: possess a 5-[2-(carboxymethyl)-5-oxocyclopent-yl]pent-3-enylate or oleuropeoylate substituent, respectively, which are rarely reported in flavonoids. Compounds 2, 3, 7: , and 12: - 15: were found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. In a mechanistic assay, the flavonoid glycosides 2, 3: , and 7: reduced the expressions of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by lipopolysaccharide. Further investigations suggest that 2: and 3: downregulated the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38. Compound 7: was found to reduce the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 through inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B signaling pathway. Compounds 2, 3: , and 7: possessed moderate inhibitory activity on the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3. Taken together, the data indicate that the flavonoid glycosides of A. wilsonii seeds exhibit nitric oxide release inhibitory activity through mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B, and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 cross-talk signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Na Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Ya Ruan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Han
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Hua Wu
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiu Mei Gao
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China
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Madiwalar AF, Dhillon GPS, Singh A, Singh P, Singh B. Eucalyptus clones respond differentially for heavy-metals phytoextraction and carbon sequestration in tree biomass and soil with distillery effluents irrigation in north-western India. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu W, Li M, Wang G, Ma H, Mu Y, Zheng D, Huang X, Li L. New Monoterpene Acid and Gallic Acid Glucose Esters with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from Blue Gum ( Eucalyptus globulus) Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4981-4994. [PMID: 35420422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) is a widely used botanical in the cosmeceutical and food industries. Although blue gum leaves are known for abundant essential oils, their nonvolatile phytochemical constituents and bioactivities remain unclear. Herein, a phytochemical investigation of blue gum leaves led to the identification of eight new monoterpene acid and gallic acid glucose esters (1-4 and 14-17; glubosides A-H, respectively) and 12 known analogues (5-13 and 18-20). Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis, chemical degradation, and chiral separation. Oleuropeic acid conjugated glucose esters (1-13, 15, 16, 18, and 20) are reported as epimeric mixtures. Compounds 7, 12, 14, 19, and 20 (at 30 μM) inhibited nitrite release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 7 and 14 (at 3-30 μM) also down-regulated proinflammatory biomarkers, including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), protein expression (iNOS and COX-2), and transcription factor nuclear translocation (NF-κB) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This work highlights the anti-inflammatory potential of phytochemicals from blue gum leaves, which supports their further development as cosmeceutical and/or nutraceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Minglei Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Liya Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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Wang H, Xiao H, Wu Y, Zhou F, Hua C, Ba L, Shamim S, Zhang W. Characterization of volatile compounds and microstructure in different tissues of ‘Eureka’ lemon ( Citrus limon). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2046600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Wang
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Research Institute for Agricultural Mechanization, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - HongWei Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yulong Wu
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chun Hua
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Long Ba
- State Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sara Shamim
- State Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, PR China
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7
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Verdeguer M, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Araniti F. Phytotoxic Effects and Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils and Terpenoids. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111571. [PMID: 33202993 PMCID: PMC7697004 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Weeds are one of the major constraints in crop production affecting both yield and quality. The excessive and exclusive use of synthetic herbicides for their management is increasing the development of herbicide-resistant weeds and is provoking risks for the environment and human health. Therefore, the development of new herbicides with multitarget-site activity, new modes of action and low impact on the environment and health are badly needed. The study of plant–plant interactions through the release of secondary metabolites could be a starting point for the identification of new molecules with herbicidal activity. Essential oils (EOs) and their components, mainly terpenoids, as pure natural compounds or in mixtures, because of their structural diversity and strong phytotoxic activity, could be good candidates for the development of new bioherbicides or could serve as a basis for the development of new natural-like low impact synthetic herbicides. EOs and terpenoids have been largely studied for their phytotoxicity and several evidences on their modes of action have been highlighted in the last decades through the use of integrated approaches. The review is focused on the knowledge concerning the phytotoxicity of these molecules, their putative target, as well as their potential mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Verdeguer
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute (IAM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
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Mei RF, Shi YX, Duan WH, Ding H, Zhang XR, Cai L, Ding ZT. Biotransformation of α-terpineol by Alternaria alternata. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6491-6496. [PMID: 35496018 PMCID: PMC9049759 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Terpineol (1), the main volatile constituent in some traditional Chinese medicines, has been reported to be metabolized to 4R-oleuropeic acid by the larvae of common cutworms. The present study verified that α-terpineol could be converted to 4R-oleuropeic acid (2) and (1S,2R,4R)-p-menthane-1,2,8-triol (3) by Alternaria alternata fermentation. Using shortened fermentation times, 7-hydroxy-α-terpineol (2a) was identified as an oxidative intermediate, which was consistent with the hypothesis put forward by previous studies. Cytochrome P450 enzymes were also confirmed to catalyze this biotransformation. This is the first study on the biotransformation of α-terpineol by microbial fermentation. α-Terpineol was converted to 4R-oleuropeic acid by the enzyme P450 of Alternaria alternata.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Mei
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
| | - Ya-Xian Shi
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
| | - Wei-He Duan
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
| | - Hao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
| | - Xiao-Ran Zhang
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
| | - Le Cai
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation Key Laboratory of Universities in Yunnan Province
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091
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Niinemets Ü. Storage of defense metabolites in the leaves of Myrtaceae: news of the eggs in different baskets. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1445-1450. [PMID: 30307578 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, Estonia
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Balaji S, Mandal BK, Ranjan S, Dasgupta N, Chidambaram R. Nano-zirconia - Evaluation of its antioxidant and anticancer activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 170:125-133. [PMID: 28431297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity of nanomaterials largely depends on its size, shape and crystalline nature. In this work, the smaller sized spherical shaped nano-zirconia (ZrO2 NPs) (of ~9 to 11nm) was fabricated and studied its biological activity especially antioxidant and cytotoxicity against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and human lung carcinoma (A-549) cell lines. To have its real applications in biological aspects readily available Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus) leaf extract was used as an effective capping and reducing agent for its synthesis. The prepared ZrO2 NPs was characterized by using different sophisticated instrumentations such as UV-visible spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, TEM, SAED, EDX, DLS and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cellular mitochondrial activity i.e. cell viability was measured by MTT assay and anti-oxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay. The smaller sized ZrO2 NPs showed strong antioxidant activity as well as cytotoxicity on human cancer cell lines. Comparative cytotoxic studies were conducted on human cancerous cell lines using different techniques. Results confirmed the efficient anti-cancer activities of the fabricated ZrO2 NPs towards the tested cell lines as well as efficient anti-oxidant activity. This is the first study in which E. globulus leaf extract was used to synthesize smaller spherical shaped ZrO2 NPs for improved bioactivity i.e. antioxidant and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripireddy Balaji
- Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Badal Kumar Mandal
- Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandita Dasgupta
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Chidambaram
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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AMPK modulatory activity of olive-tree leaves phenolic compounds: Bioassay-guided isolation on adipocyte model and in silico approach. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173074. [PMID: 28278224 PMCID: PMC5344353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope Olive-tree polyphenols have demonstrated potential for the management of obesity-related pathologies. We aimed to explore the capacity of Olive-tree leaves extract to modulate triglyceride accumulation and AMP-activated protein kinase activity (AMPK) on a hypertrophic adipocyte model. Methods Intracellular triglycerides and AMPK activity were measured on the hypertrophic 3T3-L1 adipocyte model by AdipoRed and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass detection with electrospray ionization (RP-HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS) was used for the fractionation of the extract and the identification of the compounds. In-silico molecular docking of the AMPK alpha-2, beta and gamma subunits with the identified compounds was performed. Results Olive-tree leaves extract decreased the intracellular lipid accumulation through AMPK-dependent mechanisms in hypertrophic adipocytes. Secoiridoids, cinnamic acids, phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and lignans were the candidates predicted to account for this effect. Molecular docking revealed that some compounds may be AMPK-gamma modulators. The modulatory effects of compounds over the alpha and beta AMPK subunits appear to be less probable. Conclusions Olive-tree leaves polyphenols modulate AMPK activity, which may become a therapeutic aid in the management of obesity-associated disturbances. The natural occurrence of these compounds may have important nutritional implications for the design of functional ingredients.
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Goodger JQD, Seneratne SL, Nicolle D, Woodrow IE. Foliar Essential Oil Glands of Eucalyptus Subgenus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) Are a Rich Source of Flavonoids and Related Non-Volatile Constituents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151432. [PMID: 26977933 PMCID: PMC4792381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sub-dermal secretory cavities (glands) embedded within the leaves of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) were once thought to be the exclusive repositories of monoterpene and sesquiterpene oils. Recent research has debunked this theory and shown that abundant non-volatile compounds also occur within foliar glands. In particular, glands of four species in subgenus Eucalyptus contain the biologically active flavanone pinocembrin. Pinocembrin shows great promise as a pharmaceutical and is predominantly plant-sourced, so Eucalyptus could be a potential commercial source of such compounds. To explore this we quantified and assessed the purity of pinocembrin in glands of 11 species of E. subg. Eucalyptus using Electro-Spray Ionisation Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of acetonitrile extracts and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses of hexane extracts of isolated glands which were free from other leaf tissues. Our results showed that the glands of subgenus Eucalyptus contain numerous flavanones that are structurally related to pinocembrin and often present in much greater abundance. The maximum concentration of pinocembrin was 2 mg g-1 dry leaf found in E. stellulata, whereas that of dimethylpinocembrin (5,7-dimethoxyflavanone) was 10 mg g-1 in E. oreades and that of pinostrobin (5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone) was 12 mg g-1 in E. nitida. We also found that the flavanones are exclusively located within the foliar glands rather than distributed throughout leaf tissues. The flavanones differ from the non-methylated pinocembrin in the degree and positions of methylation. This finding is particularly important given the attractiveness of methylated flavonoids as pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. Another important finding was that glands of some members of the subgenus also contain flavanone O-glucosides and flavanone-β-triketone conjugates. In addition, glands contain free β-triketones, β-triketone heterodimers and chromone C-glucosides. Therefore, the foliar glands of this taxonomically distinct group of plants are a rich source of a range of flavonoids and other biologically active compounds with great commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q. D. Goodger
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Dean Nicolle
- Currency Creek Arboretum, PO Box 808 Melrose Park, Currency Creek, SA, 5039, Australia
| | - Ian E. Woodrow
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Luo J, Qi S, Peng L, Wang J. Phytoremediation efficiency OF CD by Eucalyptus globulus transplanted from polluted and unpolluted sites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2016; 18:308-14. [PMID: 26458117 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1094446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of plants to uptake heavy metals from contaminated soils has shown great phytoremediation potential. The development, resistibility and Cd extraction of Eucalyptus globulus individuals from metalliferous and clean sites in different years were analyzed under a specific environment. Eucalyptus globulus planted in Guiyu for phytoremediation or cultivated in an uncontaminated, natural environment for economic purposes were transplanted to Yuecheng town, which, in recent years, has been involved in the e-waste dismantling and recycling business, to compare the phytoremediation efficiency of Eucalyptus globulus trees grown in different environments. Trees cultivated in polluted areas can remove far more Cd and Hg from the contaminated soil than the individuals from clean soils because metalliferous Eucalyptus globulus can produce more biomass and uptake more heavy metals than nonmetalliferous plants per year. As polluted environments negatively affect the growth of plants, we speculated that the phytoremediation efficiency of metalliferous Eucalyptus globulus should decrease over time and that nonmetalliferous trees should adapt to the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- a China University of Geosciences , Wuhan , China
- b Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shihua Qi
- a China University of Geosciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Li Peng
- b Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jinji Wang
- b Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion , Guangzhou , China
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Ruan JX, Li JX, Fang X, Wang LJ, Hu WL, Chen XY, Yang CQ. Isolation and Characterization of Three New Monoterpene Synthases from Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:638. [PMID: 27242840 PMCID: PMC4861830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua, an annual herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, produces a wealth of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, including the well-known sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin, an active ingredient in the treatment for malaria. Here we report three new monoterpene synthases of A. annua. From a glandular trichome cDNA library, monoterpene synthases of AaTPS2, AaTPS5, and AaTPS6, were isolated and characterized. The recombinant proteins of AaTPS5 and AaTPS6 produced multiple products with camphene and 1,8-cineole as major products, respectively, and AaTPS2 produced a single product, β-myrcene. Although both Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) were able to support their catalytic activities, altered product spectrum was observed in the presence of Mn(2+) for AaTPS2 and AaTPS5. Analysis of extracts of aerial tissues and root of A. annua with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected more than 20 monoterpenes, of which the three enzymes constituted more than 1/3 of the total. Mechanical wounding induced the expression of all three monoterpene synthase genes, and transcript levels of AaTPS5 and AaTPS6 were also elevated after treatments with phytohormones of methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and gibberellin, suggesting a role of these monoterpene synthases in plant-environment interactions. The three new monoterpene synthases reported here further our understanding of molecular basis of monoterpene biosynthesis and regulation in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Xin Ruan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Jian-Xu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Wen-Li Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Shanghai), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ShanghaiChina
- *Correspondence: Chang-Qing Yang,
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15
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Padovan A, Patel HR, Chuah A, Huttley GA, Krause ST, Degenhardt J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Transcriptome sequencing of two phenotypic mosaic Eucalyptus trees reveals large scale transcriptome re-modelling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123226. [PMID: 25978451 PMCID: PMC4433141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic mosaic trees offer an ideal system for studying differential gene expression. We have investigated two mosaic eucalypt trees from two closely related species (Eucalyptus melliodora and E. sideroxylon), which each support two types of leaves: one part of the canopy is resistant to insect herbivory and the remaining leaves are susceptible. Driving this ecological distinction are differences in plant secondary metabolites. We used these phenotypic mosaics to investigate genome wide patterns of foliar gene expression with the aim of identifying patterns of differential gene expression and the somatic mutation(s) that lead to this phenotypic mosaicism. We sequenced the mRNA pool from leaves of the resistant and susceptible ecotypes from both mosaic eucalypts using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. We found large differences in pathway regulation and gene expression between the ecotypes of each mosaic. The expression of the genes in the MVA and MEP pathways is reflected by variation in leaf chemistry, however this is not the case for the terpene synthases. Apart from the terpene biosynthetic pathway, there are several other metabolic pathways that are differentially regulated between the two ecotypes, suggesting there is much more phenotypic diversity than has been described. Despite the close relationship between the two species, they show large differences in the global patterns of gene and pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Padovan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Hardip R. Patel
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Gavin A. Huttley
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Krause
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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16
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Foliar quality of co-occurring mallee eucalypts: balance of primary and secondary metabolites reflects past growing conditions. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Killeen DP, van Klink JW, Smallfield BM, Gordon KC, Perry NB. Herbicidal β-triketones are compartmentalized in leaves of Leptospermum species: localization by Raman microscopy and rapid screening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:339-349. [PMID: 25103692 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The New Zealand mānuka shrub, Leptospermum scoparium, and the Australian L. morrisonii produce herbicidal β-triketones in their leaves. The localization of these potential self-toxicants has not been proven. We investigated the localization of these compounds in leaves using Raman microscopy. The results are presented as heat maps derived from principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman spectra from sampling grids of leaf sections. This approach used undirected, data-driven analysis to qualitatively distinguish localized plant chemistry. The presence of β-triketones and lipophilic flavonoids was confirmed by GC-MS and (1) H NMR spectroscopy. Grandiflorone was compartmentalized within the leaf oil glands of L. morrisonii. Leptospermum scoparium also contained high concentrations of grandiflorone, previously reported as only a trace component in essential oils, localized in the oil glands in the leaves of varieties from diverse geographical locations. Raman microscopy was used to probe the chemistry of oil glands in several ornamental mānuka varieties, revealing high concentrations of bioactive flavonoids localized in these glands. The compartmentalization of β-triketones within oil glands inside leaves of Leptospermum shrubs may defend the plants against herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Killeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Naidoo S, Külheim C, Zwart L, Mangwanda R, Oates CN, Visser EA, Wilken FE, Mamni TB, Myburg AA. Uncovering the defence responses of Eucalyptus to pests and pathogens in the genomics age. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:931-43. [PMID: 25261123 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived tree species are subject to attack by various pests and pathogens during their lifetime. This problem is exacerbated by climate change, which may increase the host range for pathogens and extend the period of infestation by pests. Plant defences may involve preformed barriers or induced resistance mechanisms based on recognition of the invader, complex signalling cascades, hormone signalling, activation of transcription factors and production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins with direct antimicrobial or anti-insect activity. Trees have evolved some unique defence mechanisms compared with well-studied model plants, which are mostly herbaceous annuals. The genome sequence of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden has recently become available and provides a resource to extend our understanding of defence in large woody perennials. This review synthesizes existing knowledge of defence mechanisms in model plants and tree species and features mechanisms that may be important for defence in Eucalyptus, such as anatomical variants and the role of chemicals and proteins. Based on the E. grandis genome sequence, we have identified putative PR proteins based on sequence identity to the previously described plant PR proteins. Putative orthologues for PR-1, PR-2, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, PR-7, PR-8, PR-9, PR-10, PR-12, PR-14, PR-15 and PR-17 have been identified and compared with their orthologues in Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The survey of PR genes in Eucalyptus provides a first step in identifying defence gene targets that may be employed for protection of the species in future. Genomic resources available for Eucalyptus are discussed and approaches for improving resistance in these hardwood trees, earmarked as a bioenergy source in future, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Ronishree Mangwanda
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Caryn N Oates
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Erik A Visser
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Febé E Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Thandekile B Mamni
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Yang CJ, Wang ZB, Song PY, Xiao Y, Meng YH, Wang YY, Jiang H, Kuang HX. Monoterpenoids from Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruits. Molecules 2013; 18:3043-9. [PMID: 23470333 PMCID: PMC6269973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new acyclic monoterpenoids named (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoate-6-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (3Z,6E)-3,7-dimethyl-3,6-octadiene-1,2,8-triol (2) and (6E)-7-methyl-3-methylene-6-octene-1,2,8-triol (3) were isolated from Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruits, along with three known monoterpenoid compounds. The structures of the new compounds were determined by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS) and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct, Harbin 150081, China; E-Mail: (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (Y.-H.M.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-B.W.); (H.-X.K.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-8726-6862 (H.-X.K.)
| | - Pu-Yuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (Y.-H.M.)
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang Distrct, Harbin 150081, China; E-Mail: (C.-J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Hai Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (Y.-H.M.)
| | - Yan-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (Y.-H.M.)
| | - Hai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (Y.-H.M.)
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Ministry of Education), Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mail: (Y.-H.M.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-B.W.); (H.-X.K.); Tel./Fax: +86-451-8726-6862 (H.-X.K.)
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20
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Heskes AM, Goodger JQD, Tsegay S, Quach T, Williams SJ, Woodrow IE. Localization of oleuropeyl glucose esters and a flavanone to secretory cavities of Myrtaceae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40856. [PMID: 22911712 PMCID: PMC3401227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the widespread occurrence of structurally diverse oleuropeyl glucose esters, including the new diester eucaglobulin B, localized specifically to the essential oil secretory cavities of myrtaceous species. Clear taxonomic patterns in the composition of cavity extracts within the genus Eucalyptus are shown with species from subgenus Symphyomyrtus dominated by oleuropeyl glucose esters and species from subgenus Eucalyptus dominated instead by the flavanone, pinocembrin. We also examined the intra-species occurrence of oleuropeyl glucose esters by quantifying the abundant constituents cuniloside B and froggattiside A in trees from two populations of Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker. All trees contained both compounds, which were positively correlated with total essential oil concentration. This apparent ubiquity of oleuropeyl glucose esters at both intra- and inter-specific levels in Eucalyptus is indicative of important physiological or ecological functions. The significance of their prevalence and the sequestration of these esters and also pinocembrin to the extracellular domain of secretory cavities is discussed in light of their potential biological activities and our findings that they are spatially segregated to the exterior of cavity lumina. The localization of oleuropeyl glucose esters to a specific and isolatable tissue type has the potential to aid in future elucidation of function and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Heskes
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Heskes AM, Lincoln CN, Goodger JQD, Woodrow IE, Smith TA. Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging shows spatial segregation of secondary metabolites in Eucalyptus secretory cavities. J Microsc 2012; 247:33-42. [PMID: 22394321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging provides an excellent tool for imaging deep within plant tissues while providing a means to distinguish between fluorophores with high spatial and temporal resolution. Ideal candidates for the application of multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to plants are the embedded secretory cavities found in numerous species because they house complex mixtures of secondary metabolites within extracellular lumina. Previous investigations of this type of structure have been restricted by the use of sectioned material resulting in the loss of lumen contents and often disorganization of the delicate secretory cells; thus it is not known if there is spatial segregation of secondary metabolites within these structures. In this paper, we apply multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to investigate the spatial arrangement of metabolites within intact secretory cavities isolated from Eucalyptus polybractea R.T. Baker leaves. The secretory cavities of this species are abundant (up to 10 000 per leaf), large (up to 6 nL) and importantly house volatile essential oil rich in the monoterpene 1,8-cineole, together with an immiscible, non-volatile component comprised largely of autofluorescent oleuropeic acid glucose esters. We have been able to optically section into the lumina of secretory cavities to a depth of ∼80 μm, revealing a unique spatial organization of cavity metabolites whereby the non-volatile component forms a layer between the secretory cells lining the lumen and the essential oil. This finding could be indicative of a functional role of the non-volatile component in providing a protective region of low diffusivity between the secretory cells and potentially autotoxic essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Heskes
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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22
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Goodger JQD, Woodrow IE. α,β-Unsaturated monoterpene acid glucose esters: structural diversity, bioactivities and functional roles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2259-66. [PMID: 21945720 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation of lipophilic small molecules produces many important plant secondary metabolites. The majority of these are O-glycosides with relatively fewer occurring as glucose esters of aromatic or aliphatic acids. In particular, monoterpene acid glucose esters have much lower structural diversity and distribution compared to monoterpene glycosides. Nevertheless, there have been over 20 monoterpene acid glucose esters described from trees in the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in recent years, all based on oleuropeic acid, menthiafolic acid or both. Here we review all of the glucose esters containing these monoterpenoids identified in plants to date. Many of the compounds contain phenolic aglycones and all contain at least one α,β-unsaturated carbonyl, affording a number of important potential therapeutic reactivities such as anti-tumor promotion, carcinogenesis suppression, and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additional properties such as cytotoxicity, bitterness, and repellency are suggestive of a role in plant defence, but we also discuss their localization to the exterior of foliar secretory cavity lumina, and suggest they may also protect secretory cells from toxic terpenes housed within these structures. Finally we discuss how the use of a recently developed protocol to isolate secretory cavities in a functional state could be used in conjunction with systems biology approaches to help characterize their biosynthesis and roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Q D Goodger
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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23
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Goodger JQD, Heskes AM, Mitchell MC, King DJ, Neilson EH, Woodrow IE. Isolation of intact sub-dermal secretory cavities from Eucalyptus. PLANT METHODS 2010; 6:20. [PMID: 20807444 PMCID: PMC2936884 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biosynthesis of plant natural products in sub-dermal secretory cavities is poorly understood at the molecular level, largely due to the difficulty of physically isolating these structures for study. Our aim was to develop a protocol for isolating live and intact sub-dermal secretory cavities, and to do this, we used leaves from three species of Eucalyptus with cavities that are relatively large and rich in essential oils. RESULTS Leaves were digested using a variety of commercially available enzymes. A pectinase from Aspergillus niger was found to allow isolation of intact cavities after a relatively short incubation (12 h), with no visible artifacts from digestion and no loss of cellular integrity or cavity contents. Several measurements indicated the potential of the isolated cavities for further functional studies. First, the cavities were found to consume oxygen at a rate that is comparable to that estimated from leaf respiratory rates. Second, mRNA was extracted from cavities, and it was used to amplify a cDNA fragment with high similarity to that of a monoterpene synthase. Third, the contents of the cavity lumen were extracted, showing an unexpectedly low abundance of volatile essential oils and a sizeable amount of non-volatile material, which is contrary to the widely accepted role of secretory cavities as predominantly essential oil repositories. CONCLUSIONS The protocol described herein is likely to be adaptable to a range of Eucalyptus species with sub-dermal secretory cavities, and should find wide application in studies of the developmental and functional biology of these structures, and the biosynthesis of the plant natural products they contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason QD Goodger
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Allison M Heskes
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Madeline C Mitchell
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Drew J King
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Neilson
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian E Woodrow
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Synthesis of the monoterpenoid esters cypellocarpin C and cuniloside B and evidence for their widespread occurrence in Eucalyptus. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2079-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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