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Anggarani M, Lin YY, Fang SA, Wu HP, Wu CC, Jane WN, Roscoe TJ, Domergue F, Hsing YIC. Morphology and chemical composition of Taiwan oil millet (Eccoilopus formosanus) epicuticular wax. PLANTA 2024; 259:89. [PMID: 38467941 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Taiwan oil millet has two types of epicuticular wax: platelet wax composed primarily of octacosanol and filament wax constituted essentially by the singular compound of octacosanoic acid. Taiwan oil millet (TOM-Eccoilopus formosanus) is an orphan crop cultivated by the Taiwan indigenous people. It has conspicuous white powder covering its leaf sheath indicating abundant epicuticular waxes, that may contribute to its resilience. Here, we characterized the epicuticular wax secretion in TOM leaf blade and leaf sheath using various microscopy techniques, as well as gas chromatography to determine its composition. Two kinds of waxes, platelet and filaments, were secreted in both the leaf blades and sheaths. The platelet wax is secreted ubiquitously by epidermal cells, whereas the filament wax is secreted by a specific cell called epidermal cork cells. The newly developed filament waxes were markedly re-synthesized by the epidermal cork cells through papillae protrusions on the external periclinal cell wall. Ultrastructural images of cork cell revealed the presence of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules along the periphery of plasma membrane (PM) and ER-PM contact sites (EPCS). The predominant wax component was a C28 primary alcohol in leaf blade, and a C28 free fatty acid in the leaf sheath, pseudopetiole and midrib. The wax morphology present in distinct plant organs corresponds to the specific chemical composition: platelet wax composed of alcohols exists mainly in the leaf blade, whereas filament wax constituted mainly by the singular compound C28 free fatty acids is present abundantly in leaf sheath. Our study clarifies the filament wax composition in relation to a previous study in sorghum. Both platelet and filament waxes comprise a protection barrier for TOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Anggarani
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Shao-An Fang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Hshin-Ping Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chih Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Thomas James Roscoe
- Regulations Epigenetiques et Developpement de la Graine, ERL 5300 CNRS-IRD UMR DIADE, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic Domergue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yue-Ie Caroline Hsing
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
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2
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Hammerschick T, Vetter W. Profiling and Isolation of Ten Rare Branched-Chain Alkylresorcinols in Quinoa. Molecules 2023; 28:5220. [PMID: 37446882 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (∑ARs) are bioactive lipid compounds predominantly found in cereals. These amphiphilic compounds exist in a high structural diversity and can be divided into two main groups, i.e., 5-alkylresorcinols (ARs) and 2-methyl-5-alkylresorcinols (mARs). The pseudocereal quinoa has a very unique AR profile, consisting not only of straight-chain alkyl chains but also iso- and anteiso-branched isomers. Here, we describe a method for the isolation of such methyl-branched ARs and mARs from quinoa. The enrichment of the ∑AR fraction from the lipid extracts by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was followed by ∑AR profiling using countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and GC/MS analysis of CCC fractions. A total of 112 ∑ARs could be detected, 63 of which had not been previously described in quinoa. Due to this high number of ∑ARs, the direct isolation of individual ARs was not possible using conventional CCC. Instead, the more powerful heart-cut mode was applied to enrich the target compounds. A final purification step-the separation of CCC-co-eluting mARs from ARs -was performed via silver ion chromatography. Altogether, ten rare branched-chain ∑ARs (five iso-branched mARs and five anteiso-branched ARs, including mAR19:0-i and AR20:0-a) were isolated with purities up to 98% in the double-digit mg range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hammerschick
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Ciuca MD, Racovita RC. Curcumin: Overview of Extraction Methods, Health Benefits, and Encapsulation and Delivery Using Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108874. [PMID: 37240220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid found in the rhizomes of turmeric. Due to its therapeutic action against cancer, depression, diabetes, some bacteria, and oxidative stress, it has been used widely in medicine since ancient times. Due to its low solubility, the human organism cannot completely absorb it. Advanced extraction technologies, followed by encapsulation in microemulsion and nanoemulsion systems, are currently being used to improve bioavailability. This review discusses the different methods available for curcumin extraction from plant material, methods for the identification of curcumin in the resulting extracts, its beneficial effects on human health, and the encapsulation techniques into small colloidal systems that have been used over the past decade to deliver this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Ciuca
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu C Racovita
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu St., District 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Gerasimova SV, Kolosovskaya EV, Vikhorev AV, Korotkova AM, Hertig CW, Genaev MA, Domrachev DV, Morozov SV, Chernyak EI, Shmakov NA, Vasiliev GV, Kochetov AV, Kumlehn J, Khlestkina EK. WAX INDUCER 1 Regulates β-Diketone Biosynthesis by Mediating Expression of the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076762. [PMID: 37047735 PMCID: PMC10095013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant surface properties are crucial determinants of resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. The outer layer of the plant cuticle consists of chemically diverse epicuticular waxes. The WAX INDUCER1/SHINE subfamily of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORS regulates cuticle properties in plants. In this study, four barley genes homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana AtWIN1 gene were mutated using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease. Mutations in one of them, the HvWIN1 gene, caused a recessive glossy sheath phenotype associated with β-diketone deficiency. A complementation test for win1 knockout (KO) and cer-x mutants showed that Cer-X and WIN1 are allelic variants of the same genomic locus. A comparison of the transcriptome from leaf sheaths of win1 KO and wild-type plants revealed a specific and strong downregulation of a large gene cluster residing at the previously known Cer-cqu locus. Our findings allowed us to postulate that the WIN1 transcription factor in barley is a master mediator of the β-diketone biosynthesis pathway acting through developmental stage- and organ-specific transactivation of the Cer-cqu gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander V Vikhorev
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M Korotkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Christian W Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Genaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Domrachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Shmakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gennady V Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena K Khlestkina
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Yang J, Busta L, Jetter R, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhang W, Ni Y, Guo Y. Diversified chemical profiles of cuticular wax on alpine meadow plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTA 2023; 257:74. [PMID: 36879182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alpine meadow plants showed great intra- and inter-genera variations of chemical profiles of cuticular waxes. Developing an understanding of wax structure-function relationships that will help us tackle global climate change requires a detailed understanding of plant wax chemistry. The goal in this study was to provide a catalog of wax structures, abundances, and compositions on alpine meadow plants. Here, leaf waxes from 33 plant species belonging to 11 families were sampled from alpine meadows of the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Across these species, total wax coverage varied from 2.30 μg cm-2 to 40.70 μg cm-2, showing variation both within as well as between genera and suggesting that wax variation is subject to both environmental and genetic effects. Across all wax samples, more than 140 wax compounds belonging to 13 wax compound classes were identified, including both ubiquitous wax compounds and lineage-specific compounds. Among the ubiquitous compounds (primary alcohols, alkyl esters, aldehydes, alkanes, and fatty acids), chain length profiles across a wide range of species point to key differences in the chain length specificity of alcohol and alkane formation machinery. The lineage-specific wax compound classes (diols, secondary alcohols, lactones, iso-alkanes, alkyl resorcinols, phenylethyl esters, cinnamate esters, alkyl benzoates, and triterpenoids) nearly all consisted of isomers with varying chain lengths or functional group positions, making the diversity of specialized wax compounds immense. The comparison of species relationships between chemical data and genetic data highlighted the importance of inferring phylogenetic relationships from data sets that contain a large number of variables that do not respond to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yingpeng Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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6
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Zuo H, Si X, Li P, Li J, Chen Z, Li P, Chen C, Liu Z, Zhao J. Dynamic change of tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf cuticular wax in white tea processing for contribution to tea flavor formation. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112182. [PMID: 36596123 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite some studies on tea leaf cuticular wax, their component changes during dehydration and withering treatments in tea processing and suspected relation with tea flavor quality formation remain unknown. Here, we showed that tea leaf cuticular wax changed drastically in tea leaf development, dehydration, or withering treatment during tea processing, which affected tea flavor formation. Caffeine was found as a major component of leaf cuticular wax. Caffeine and inositol contents in leaf cuticular wax increased during dehydration and withering treatments. Comparisons showed that tea varieties with higher leaf cuticular wax loading produced more aroma than these with lower cuticular wax loading, supporting a positive correlation between tea leaf cuticular wax loading and degradation with white tea aroma formation. Dehydration or withering treatment of tea leaves also increased caffeine and inositol levels in leaf cuticular wax and triggered cuticular wax degradation into various molecules, that could be related to tea flavor formation. Thus, tea leaf cuticular waxes not only protect tea plants but also contribute to tea flavor formation. The study provides new insight into the dynamic changes of tea leaf cuticular waxes for tea plant protection and tea flavor quality formation in tea processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiongyuan Si
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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7
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Huth MA, Huth A, Schreiber L, Koch K. Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:944-957. [PMID: 36161251 PMCID: PMC9490070 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle with its superimposed epicuticular waxes represents the barrier of all aboveground parts of higher plant primary tissues. Epicuticular waxes have multiple effects on the interaction of plants with their living and non-living environment, whereby their shape, dimension, arrangement, and chemical composition play significant roles. Here, the ability of self-assembly of wax after isolation from the leaves was used to develop a small-scale wax-coated artificial leaf surface with the chemical composition and wettability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. By thermal evaporation of extracted plant waxes and adjustment of the evaporated wax amounts, the wettability and chemical character of the microstructure of the surface of wheat leaves were transferred onto a technical surface. For the use of these artificial leaves as a test system for biotic (e.g., germination of fungal pathogens) and non-biotic (e.g., applied surfactants) interactions on natural leaf surfaces, the chemical composition and the wetting behavior should be the same in both. Therefore, the morphology, chemistry, and wetting properties of natural and artificial surfaces with recrystallized wax structures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and by the determination of water contact angles, contact angle hysteresis, and tilting angles. Wheat leaves of different ages were covered exclusively with wax platelets. The extracted wheat wax was composed of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and acids. The main component was 1-octacosanol. The waxes recrystallized as three-dimensional structures on the artificial surfaces. The three tested wetting parameters resembled the ones of the natural surface, providing an artificial surface with the chemical information of epicuticular waxes and the wetting properties of a natural leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Anna Huth
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Axel Huth
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- IZMB, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 47533 Kleve, Germany
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8
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Scott S, Cahoon EB, Busta L. Variation on a theme: the structures and biosynthesis of specialized fatty acid natural products in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:954-965. [PMID: 35749584 PMCID: PMC9546235 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to construct lineage-specific natural products from a wide array of their core metabolic pathways. Considerable progress has been made toward documenting and understanding, for example, phenylpropanoid natural products derived from phosphoenolpyruvate via the shikimate pathway, terpenoid compounds built using isopentyl pyrophosphate, and alkaloids generated by the extensive modification of amino acids. By comparison, natural products derived from fatty acids have received little attention, except for unusual fatty acids in seed oils and jasmonate-like oxylipins. However, scattered but numerous reports show that plants are able to generate many structurally diverse compounds from fatty acids, including some with highly elaborate and unique structural features that have novel bioproduct functionalities. Furthermore, although recent work has shed light on multiple new fatty acid natural product biosynthesis pathways and products in diverse plant species, these discoveries have not been reviewed. The aims of this work, therefore, are to (i) review and systematize our current knowledge of the structures and biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived natural products that are not seed oils or jasmonate-type oxylipins, specifically, polyacetylenic, very-long-chain, and aromatic fatty acid-derived natural products, and (ii) suggest priorities for future investigative steps that will bring our knowledge of fatty acid-derived natural products closer to the levels of knowledge that we have attained for other phytochemical classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Scott
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota DuluthDuluth55812MNUSA
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska LincolnLincoln68588NEUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska LincolnLincoln68588NEUSA
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Minnesota DuluthDuluth55812MNUSA
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9
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Wen H, Wang Y, Wu B, Feng Y, Dang Y, Yang B, Ma X, Qiao L. Analysis of Wheat Wax Regulation Mechanism by Liposome and Transcriptome. Front Genet 2021; 12:757920. [PMID: 34938312 PMCID: PMC8687455 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.757920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a barrier for plants to contact with the outside world, epidermal wax plays an important role in resisting biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we analyzed the effect of wax content on leaf permeability by measuring the wax loss rate in the leaf. To further clarify the wax composition of the wheat epidermis and its molecular regulation mechanism, we applied untargeted lipidomic and transcriptome analysis on the leaf epidermis wax of Jimai 22 low-wax mutant (waxless) and multi-wax mutant (waxy). Our research showed that the mutant waxy has a slow loss rate, which can maintain higher leaf water content. 31 lipid subclasses and 1,367 lipid molecules were identified. By analyzing the wax differences of the two mutants, we found that the main lipid components of leaf epidermis wax in Jimai 22 were WE (C19-C50), DG (C27-C53), MG (C31-C35), and OAHFA (C31-C52). Carbon chain length analysis showed that, in wheat epidermis wax, WE was dominated by C44 molecules, DG was mainly concentrated in C47, C45, C37, and C31 molecules, C48 played a leading role in OAHFA, and C35 and C31 played a major role in MG. Among them, DG, MG, and OAHFA were detected in wheat leaf wax for the first time, and they were closely related to stress resistance. Compared with the waxy, 6,840 DEGs were detected in the mutant waxless, 3,181 DEGs were upregulated, and 3,659 DEGs were downregulated. The metabolic pattern of main waxy components in the wheat epidermis was constructed according to KEGG metabolic pathway and 46 related genes were screened, including KSC, TER, FAR, WSD1, CER1, MAH1, ALDH7A1, CYP704B1, ACOT1_2_4, CYP86, MGLL, GPAT, ALDH, DPP1, dgkA, plsC, and E2.3.1.158 related genes. The screened wax-related genes were confirmed to be highly reliable by qRT-PCR. In addition, we found TER gene TraesCS6B03G1132900LC in wheat mutant waxless leaves for the first time, which inhibited the synthesis of long-chain acyl-CoA (n+2) by downregulating its expression. These results provide valuable reference information for further study of wheat epidermis wax heredity and molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Bangbang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- Crop Science, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yifei Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Ling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrative Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
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10
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Zheng J, Yang C, Zheng X, Yan S, Qu F, Zhao J, Pei Y. Lipidomic, Transcriptomic, and BSA-660K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Profiling Reveal Characteristics of the Cuticular Wax in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:794878. [PMID: 34899814 PMCID: PMC8652291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal wax helps protect plants from adverse environmental conditions, maintains the function of tissues and organs, and ensures normal plant development. However, the constituents of epidermal wax and the regulatory mechanism of their biosynthesis in wheat have not been fully understood. Wheat varieties with different wax content, Jinmai47 and Jinmai84, were selected to comparatively analyze their waxy components and genetic characteristics, using a combination of lipidomic, transcriptomic, and BSA-Wheat 660K chip analysis. Through lipidomic analysis, 1287 lipid molecules were identified representing 31 lipid subclasses. Among these, Diacylglycerols (DG), (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), wax ester (WE), Triacylglycerols (TG), and Monoradylglycerols (MG) accounted for 96.4% of the total lipids in Jinmai84 and 94.5% in Jinmai47. DG, OAHFA, and WE were higher in Jinmai84 than in Jinmai47 with the content of OAHFA 2.88-fold greater and DG 1.66-fold greater. Transcriptome sequence and bioinformatics analysis revealed 63 differentially expressed genes related to wax biosynthesis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved with the OAHFA, DG, and MG of synthesis pathways, which enriched the wax metabolism pathway. Non-glaucous and glaucous bulks from a mapping population were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) via 660K chip analysis. Two loci centered on chromosomes 2D and 4B were detected and the locus on 4B is likely novel. These data improve understanding of complex lipid metabolism for cuticular wax biosynthesis in wheat and lay the foundation for future detailed investigation of mechanisms regulating wax metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chenkang Yang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xingwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Suxian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Fei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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11
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Ohta S, Takeda M, Ohta E, Nehira T, Ômura H, Uy MM, Ishihara Y. Janohigenins: Long-chain anacardic acid derivatives with neuroprotective activity from Ophiopogon japonicus seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 191:112904. [PMID: 34388665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eight hitherto undescribed long-chain anacardic acid derivatives, janohigenins, were isolated from the endosperm of Ophiopogon japonicus seed, and their structures were elucidated employing spectroscopic and chemical methods. The neuroprotective activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against rotenone-induced cellular damage in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Janohigenins exhibited noticeable neuroprotection at 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ohta
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
| | - Manami Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Emi Ohta
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nehira
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ômura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Mylene M Uy
- Department of Chemistry, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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12
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Ahmad HM, Wang X, Mahmood-Ur-Rahman, Fiaz S, Azeem F, Shaheen T. Morphological and Physiological Response of Helianthus annuus L. to Drought Stress and Correlation of Wax Contents for Drought Tolerance Traits. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Živković Stošić MZ, Radulović NS, Genčić MS, Ranđelović VN. Very-Long-Chain Wax Constituents from Primula veris and P. acaulis: Does the Paradigm of Non-Branched vs. Branched Chain Dominance Universally Hold in all Plant Taxa? Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100285. [PMID: 34028186 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein n-, iso- and anteiso-series of very-long-chained (VLC) alkanes (C21 -C35 ), fatty acid benzyl esters (FABEs; C20 -C32 ), and 2-alkanones (C23 -C35 ) were identified in the wax of Primula veris L. and P. acaulis (L.) L. (Primulaceae). For the very first time in a sample of natural origin, the presence of iso- and anteiso-VLC FABEs and 2-alkanones was unequivocally confirmed by synthetic work, derivatization, and NMR. It should be noted that the studied species produced unusually high amounts of branched wax constituents (e. g., >50 % of 2-alkanones were branched isomers). The domination of iso-isomers, probably biosynthesized from leucine-derived starters, is a unique feature in the Plant Kingdom. The plant organ distribution of these VLC compounds in P. acaulis samples (different habitats and phenological phases) pointed to their possible ecological value. This was supported by a eutectic behavior of binary blends of FABEs and alkanes, as well as by high UV-C absorption by FABEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Z Živković Stošić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Niko S Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija S Genčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vladimir N Ranđelović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
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14
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Sun Y, Yao R, Ji X, Wu H, Luna A, Wang Z, Jetter R. Characterization of an alkylresorcinol synthase that forms phenolics accumulating in the cuticular wax on various organs of rye (Secale cereale). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1294-1312. [PMID: 31981252 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols are bioactive compounds produced in diverse plant species, with chemical structures combining an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain and an aromatic ring with characteristic hydroxyl substituents. Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize the enzyme that forms the alkylresorcinols accumulating in the cuticular wax on the surface of all above-ground organs of rye. Based on sequence homology with other type-III polyketide synthases, a candidate alkylresorcinol synthase was cloned. Yeast heterologous expression showed that the enzyme, ScARS, is highly specific for the formation of the aromatic resorcinol ring structure, through aldol condensation analogous to stilbene synthases. The enzyme accepts long-chain and very-long-chain acyl-CoA starter substrates, preferring saturated over unsaturated chains. It typically carries out three rounds of condensation with malonyl-CoA prior to cyclization, with only very minor activity for a fourth round of malonyl-CoA condensation and cyclization to 5-(2'-oxo)-alkylresorcinols or 5-(2'-hydroxy)-alkylresorcinols. Like other enzymes involved in cuticle formation, ScARS is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. ScARS expression patterns were found correlated with alkylresorcinol accumulation during leaf development and across different rye organs. Overall, our results thus suggest that ScARS synthesizes the cuticular alkylresorcinols found on diverse rye organ surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ruonan Yao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiufeng Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Alvaro Luna
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Chen M, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Du Z, Chen X, Kong X, Sun W, Chen C. Drought stress modify cuticle of tender tea leaf and mature leaf for transpiration barrier enhancement through common and distinct modes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6696. [PMID: 32317754 PMCID: PMC7174317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticle is the major transpiration barrier that restricts non-stomatal water loss and is closely associated with plant drought tolerance. Although multiple efforts have been made, it remains controversial what factors shape up the cuticular transpiration barrier. Previously, we found that the cuticle from the tender tea leaf was mainly constituted by very-long-chain-fatty-acids and their derivatives while alicyclic compounds dominate the mature tea leaf cuticle. The presence of two contrasting cuticle within same branch offered a unique system to investigate this question. In this study, tea seedlings were subjected to water deprivation treatment, cuticle structures and wax compositions from the tender leaf and the mature leaf were extensively measured and compared. We found that cuticle wax coverage, thickness, and osmiophilicity were commonly increased from both leaves. New waxes species were specifically induced by drought; the composition of existing waxes was remodeled; the chain length distributions of alkanes, esters, glycols, and terpenoids were altered in complex manners. Drought treatment significantly reduced leaf water loss rates. Wax biosynthesis-related gene expression analysis revealed dynamic expression patterns dependent on leaf maturity and the severity of drought. These data suggested that drought stress-induced structural and compositional cuticular modifications improve cuticle water barrier property. In addition, we demonstrated that cuticle from the tender leaf and the mature leaf were modified through both common and distinct modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China. .,Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China.,Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China.
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16
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Canizares D, Angers P, Ratti C. Effect of controlled-temperature storage as pre-treatment on selective recovery of waxes from flax and wheat straw. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1708112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Canizares
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Food Science, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Angers
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Food Science, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cristina Ratti
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Soils Science and Agri-Food Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Li T, Sun Y, Liu T, Wu H, An P, Shui Z, Wang J, Zhu Y, Li C, Wang Y, Jetter R, Wang Z. TaCER1-1A is involved in cuticular wax alkane biosynthesis in hexaploid wheat and responds to plant abiotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3077-3091. [PMID: 31306498 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To protect above-ground plant organs from excessive water loss, their surfaces are coated by waxes. The genes involved in wax formation have been investigated in detail in Arabidopsis but scarcely in crop species. Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize a CER1 enzyme responsible for formation of the very long-chain alkanes present in high concentrations especially during late stages of wheat development. On the basis of comparative wax and transcriptome analyses of various wheat organs, we selected TaCER1-1A as a primary candidate and demonstrated that it was located to the endoplasmic reticulum, the subcellular compartment for wax biosynthesis. A wheat nullisomic-tetrasomic substitution line lacking TaCER1-1A had significantly reduced amounts of C33 alkane, whereas rice plants overexpressing TaCER1-1A showed substantial increases of C25 -C33 alkanes relative to wild type control. Similarly, heterologous expression of TaCER1-1A in Arabidopsis wild type and the cer1 mutant resulted in increased levels of unbranched alkanes, iso-branched alkanes and alkenes. Finally, the expression of TaCER1-1A was found activated by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid treatment, resulting in increased production of alkanes in wheat. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TaCER1-1A plays an important role in wheat wax alkane biosynthesis and involved in responding to drought and other environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhijie Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jiahuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yidan Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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18
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Sheoran S, Jaiswal S, Kumar D, Raghav N, Sharma R, Pawar S, Paul S, Iquebal MA, Jaiswar A, Sharma P, Singh R, Singh CP, Gupta A, Kumar N, Angadi UB, Rai A, Singh GP, Kumar D, Tiwari R. Uncovering Genomic Regions Associated With 36 Agro-Morphological Traits in Indian Spring Wheat Using GWAS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:527. [PMID: 31134105 PMCID: PMC6511880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wheat genetic improvement by integration of advanced genomic technologies is one way of improving productivity. To facilitate the breeding of economically important traits in wheat, SNP loci and underlying candidate genes associated with the 36 agro-morphological traits were studied in a diverse panel of 404 genotypes. By using Breeders' 35K Axiom array in a comprehensive genome-wide association study covering 4364.79 cM of the wheat genome and applying a compressed mixed linear model, a total of 146 SNPs (-log10 P ≥ 4) were found associated with 23 traits out of 36 traits studied explaining 3.7-47.0% of phenotypic variance. To reveal this a subset of 260 genotypes was characterized phenotypically for six quantitative traits [days to heading (DTH), days to maturity (DTM), plant height (PH), spike length (SL), awn length (Awn_L), and leaf length (Leaf_L)] under five environments. Gene annotations mined ∼38 putative candidate genes which were confirmed using tissue and stage specific gene expression data from RNA Seq. We observed strong co-localized loci for four traits (glume pubescence, SL, PH, and awn color) on chromosome 1B (24.64 cM) annotated five putative candidate genes. This study led to the discovery of hitherto unreported loci for some less explored traits (such as leaf sheath wax, awn attitude, and glume pubescence) besides the refined chromosomal regions of known loci associated with the traits. This study provides valuable information of the genetic loci and their potential genes underlying the traits such as awn characters which are being considered as important contributors toward yield enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sheoran
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepender Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Nishu Raghav
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Sushma Pawar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Surinder Paul
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - M. A. Iquebal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Jaiswar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Rajender Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | | | - Arun Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - U. B. Angadi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Rai
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - G. P. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratan Tiwari
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
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Non-Destructive Determination of Alkylresorcinol (ARs) Content on Wheat Seed Surfaces and Prediction of ARs Content in Whole-Grain Flour. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071329. [PMID: 30987319 PMCID: PMC6479818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are beneficial for human health and can be used as biomarkers for whole-grain cereal intake. In previous studies, ARs content in whole-grain flour was determined by milling the seeds into powder, thus destroying their structure. In this paper, we adopted a non-destructive extraction approach. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extraction methods were carried out to extract lipids from the seed surface and whole-grain flour of 36 wheat varieties in China, respectively. GC-MS analysis identified chemical compounds in which ARs were the major compounds for all the samples. The average total content of ARs (624.223 µg/g) in whole grains was much higher than that on seed surfaces (4.934 µg/g), with a positive correlation (r = 0.863, p < 0.001) between these two parameters. The results suggested that the total ARs content on the seed surface can be used to predict their content in whole-grain flour. Without affecting the seed germination rate and damaging seed structure, we demonstrate that a non-destructive extraction approach is an appropriate and useful method, facilitating the development of rapid screening methods suitable for use in wheat breeding.
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20
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Zhu X, Zhang Y, Du Z, Chen X, Zhou X, Kong X, Sun W, Chen Z, Chen C, Chen M. Tender leaf and fully-expanded leaf exhibited distinct cuticle structure and wax lipid composition in Camellia sinensis cv Fuyun 6. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14944. [PMID: 30297696 PMCID: PMC6175935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to compare the structural and compositional differences of cuticle between tender leaf and fully-expanded leaf in Camellia sinensis, and provide metabolic base for the further characterization of wax biosynthesis in this economically important crop species. The tender second leaf and the fully-expanded fifth leaf from new twig were demonstrated to represent two different developmental stages, their cuticle thickness were measured by transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of the adaxial cuticle on the second and fifth leaf was 1.15 µm and 2.48 µm, respectively; the thickness of the abaxial cuticle on the second and fifth leaf was 0.47 µm and 1.05 µm, respectively. The thickness of the epicuticular wax layer from different leaf position or different sides of same leaf were similar. However, the intracuticular wax layer of the fifth leaf was much thicker than that of the second leaf. Total wax lipids were isolated from the second leaf and the fifth leaf, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 51 wax constituents belonging to 13 chemical classes, including esters, glycols, terpenoids, fatty acids and their derivatives. Wax coverage on the second and fifth leaf was 4.76 µg/cm2 and 15.38 µg/cm2, respectively. Primary alcohols dominated in the tender second leaf. However, triterpenoids were the major components from the fully-expanded fifth leaf. The predominant carbon chains varied depending on chemical class. These data showed that the wax profiles of Camellia sinensis leaves are development stage dependent, suggesting distinct developmental dependent metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Engineer School, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China.
| | - Mingjie Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
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21
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Guo Y, Li JJ, Busta L, Jetter R. Coverage and composition of cuticular waxes on the fronds of the temperate ferns Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:555-568. [PMID: 30252045 PMCID: PMC6153475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cuticular waxes sealing plant surfaces against excessive water loss are complex mixtures of very-long-chain aliphatics, with compositions that vary widely between plant species. To help fill the gap in our knowledge about waxes of non-flowering plant taxa, and thus about the cuticle of ancestral land plants, this study provides comprehensive analyses of waxes on temperate fern species from five different families. METHODS The wax mixtures on fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification, and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for quantification. KEY RESULTS The wax mixtures from all five fern species contained large amounts of C36-C54 alkyl esters, with species-specific homologue distributions. They were accompanied by minor amounts of fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes and/or alkanes, whose chain length profiles also varied widely between species. In the frond wax of G. dryopteris, C27-C33 secondary alcohols and C27-C35 ketones with functional groups exclusively on even-numbered carbons (C-10 to C-16) were identified; these are characteristic structures similar to secondary alcohols and ketones in moss, gymnosperm and basal angiosperm waxes. The ferns had total wax amounts varying from 3.9 μg cm-2 on P. glycyrrhiza to 16.9 μg cm-2 on G. dryopteris, thus spanning a range comparable with that on leaves of flowering plants. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic compound class compositions indicate that all five fern species contain the full complement of wax biosynthesis enzymes previously described for the angiosperm arabidopsis. Based on the isomer profiles, we predict that each fern species, in contrast to arabidopsis, has multiple ester synthase enzymes, each with unique substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jia Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Present address: Center for Plant Science Innovation, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Chu W, Gao H, Chen H, Wu W, Fang X. Changes in Cuticular Wax Composition of Two Blueberry Cultivars during Fruit Ripening and Postharvest Cold Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2870-2876. [PMID: 29489345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax plays an important role for the quality of blueberry fruits. In this study, the cuticular wax composition of two blueberry cultivars, 'Legacy' ( Vaccinium corymbosum) and 'Brightwell' ( Vaccinium ashei), was examined during fruit ripening and postharvest cold storage. The results showed that wax was gradually deposited on the epidermis of blueberry fruits and the content of major wax compounds, except that for diketones, increased significantly during fruit ripening. The total wax content was 2-fold greater in 'Brightwell' blueberries than that in 'Legacy' blueberries during fruit ripening. The total wax content of both cultivars decreased during 30 days of storage at 4 °C, and the variation of cuticular wax composition was cultivar-dependent. The content of diketones decreased significantly in 'Legacy' blueberries, while the content of triterpenoids and aliphatic compounds showed different fold changes in 'Brightwell' blueberries after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Overall, our study provided a quantitative and qualitative overview of cuticular wax compounds of blueberry fruits during ripening and postharvest cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Food Science Institute , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science , 298 Middle Desheng Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310021 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Chai G, Li C, Xu F, Li Y, Shi X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29506473 PMCID: PMC5836450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding. RESULTS We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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24
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Lavergne FD, Broeckling CD, Cockrell DM, Haley SD, Peairs FB, Jahn CE, Heuberger AL. GC-MS Metabolomics to Evaluate the Composition of Plant Cuticular Waxes for Four Triticum aestivum Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E249. [PMID: 29360745 PMCID: PMC5855543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop, and biotic and abiotic stresses significantly impact grain yield. Wheat leaf and stem surface waxes are associated with traits of biological importance, including stress resistance. Past studies have characterized the composition of wheat cuticular waxes, however protocols can be relatively low-throughput and narrow in the range of metabolites detected. Here, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics methods were utilized to provide a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of cuticular waxes in wheat leaves and stems. Further, waxes from four wheat cultivars were assayed to evaluate the potential for GC-MS metabolomics to describe wax composition attributed to differences in wheat genotype. A total of 263 putative compounds were detected and included 58 wax compounds that can be classified (e.g., alkanes and fatty acids). Many of the detected wax metabolites have known associations to important biological functions. Principal component analysis and ANOVA were used to evaluate metabolite distribution, which was attributed to both tissue type (leaf, stem) and cultivar differences. Leaves contained more primary alcohols than stems such as 6-methylheptacosan-1-ol and octacosan-1-ol. The metabolite data were validated using scanning electron microscopy of epicuticular wax crystals which detected wax tubules and platelets. Conan was the only cultivar to display alcohol-associated platelet-shaped crystals on its abaxial leaf surface. Taken together, application of GC-MS metabolomics enabled the characterization of cuticular wax content in wheat tissues and provided relative quantitative comparisons among sample types, thus contributing to the understanding of wax composition associated with important phenotypic traits in a major crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent D Lavergne
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Darren M Cockrell
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Scott D Haley
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Frank B Peairs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Courtney E Jahn
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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25
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von Wettstein-Knowles P. The Polyketide Components of Waxes and the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster Encoding a Novel Polyketide Synthase, the β-Diketone Synthase, DKS. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6030028. [PMID: 28698520 PMCID: PMC5620584 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the outermost, lipophilic layer of plant aerial surfaces, called the cuticle, is preventing non-stomatal water loss. Its exterior surface is often decorated with wax crystals, imparting a blue–grey color. Identification of the barley Cer-c, -q and -u genes forming the 101 kb Cer-cqu gene cluster encoding a novel polyketide synthase—the β-diketone synthase (DKS), a lipase/carboxyl transferase, and a P450 hydroxylase, respectively, establishes a new, major pathway for the synthesis of plant waxes. The major product is a β-diketone (14,16-hentriacontane) aliphatic that forms long, thin crystalline tubes. A pathway branch leads to the formation of esterified alkan-2-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny von Wettstein-Knowles
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloees Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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26
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Guo Y, Busta L, Jetter R. Cuticular wax coverage and composition differ among organs of Taraxacum officinale. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:372-379. [PMID: 28432976 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary plant surfaces are coated with hydrophobic cuticular waxes to minimize non-stomatal water loss. Wax compositions differ greatly between plant species and, in the few species studied systematically so far, also between organs, tissues, and developmental stages. However, the wax mixtures of more species in diverse plant families must be investigated to assess overall wax variability, and ultimately to correlate organ-specific composition with local water barrier properties. Here, we present comprehensive analyses of the waxes covering five organs of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), to help close a gap in our understanding of wax chemistry in the Asteraceae family. First, novel wax constituents of the petal wax were identified as C25 6,8- and 8,10-ketols as well as C27 6,8- and 8,10-ketols. Nine other component classes (fatty acids, primary alcohols, esters, aldehydes, alkanes, triterpenols, triterpene acetates, sterols, and tocopherols) were detected in the wax mixtures covering leaves, peduncles, and petals, as well as fruit beaks and pappi. Wax coverages varied from 5 μg/cm2 on peduncles to 37 μg/cm2 on petals. Alcohols predominated in leaf wax, while both alcohols and alkanes were found in similar amounts on peduncles and petals, and mainly alkanes on the fruit beaks and pappi. Chain length distributions within the wax compound classes were similar between organs, centered around C26 for fatty acids, alcohols, and aldehydes, and C29 for alkanes. However, the quantities of homologs with longer chain lengths varied substantially between organs, reaching well beyond C30 on all surfaces except leaves, suggesting differences in elongation enzymes determining the alkyl chain structures. The detailed wax profiles presented here will serve as basis for future investigations into wax biosynthesis in the Asteraceae and into wax functions on different dandelion organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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27
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Guo Y, Jetter R. Comparative Analyses of Cuticular Waxes on Various Organs of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3926-3933. [PMID: 28467851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of cuticular waxes coat plant surfaces to seal them against environmental stresses, with compositions greatly varying between species and possibly organs. This paper reports comprehensive analyses of the waxes on both above- and below-ground organs of potato, where total wax coverages varied between petals (2.6 μg/cm2), leaves, stems, and tubers (1.8-1.9 μg/cm2), and rhizomes (1.1 μg/cm2). The wax mixtures on above-ground organs were dominated by alkanes, occurring in homologous series of isomeric C25-C35 n-alkanes, C25-C35 2-methylalkanes, and C26-C34 3-methylalkanes. In contrast, below-ground organs had waxes rich in monoacylglycerols (C22-C28 acyls) and C18-C30 alkyl ferulates, together with fatty acids (rhizomes) or primary alcohols (tubers). The organ-specific wax coverages, compound class distribution, and chain length profiles suggest highly regulated activities of wax biosynthesis enzymes, likely related to organ-specific ecophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing 400716, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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28
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Racovita RC, Jetter R. Identification of In-Chain-Functionalized Compounds and Methyl-Branched Alkanes in Cuticular Waxes of Triticum aestivum cv. Bethlehem. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165827. [PMID: 27820857 PMCID: PMC5098774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, cuticular waxes from flag leaf blades and peduncles of Triticum aestivum cv. Bethlehem were investigated in search for novel wax compounds. Seven wax compound classes were detected that had previously not been reported, and their structures were elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of various derivatives. Six of the classes were identified as series of homologs differing by two methylene units, while the seventh was a homologous series with homologs with single methylene unit differences. In the waxes of flag leaf blades, secondary alcohols (predominantly C27 and C33), primary/secondary diols (predominantly C28) and esters of primary/secondary diols (predominantly C50, combining C28 diol with C22 acid) were found, all sharing similar secondary hydroxyl group positions at and around C-12 or ω-12. 7- and 8-hydroxy-2-alkanol esters (predominantly C35), 7- and 8-oxo-2-alkanol esters (predominantly C35), and 4-alkylbutan-4-olides (predominantly C28) were found both in flag leaf and peduncle wax mixtures. Finally, a series of even- and odd-numbered alkane homologs was identified in both leaf and peduncle waxes, with an internal methyl branch preferentially on C-11 and C-13 of homologs with even total carbon number and on C-12 of odd-numbered homologs. Biosynthetic pathways are suggested for all compounds, based on common structural features and matching chain length profiles with other wheat wax compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C. Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- * E-mail:
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29
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Identification of Polyketides in the Cuticular Waxes of Triticum aestivum cv. Bethlehem. Lipids 2016; 51:1407-1420. [PMID: 27796867 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures consisting mostly of very-long-chain aliphatics with single, primary functional groups. However, the waxes of many plant species also include aliphatics with one or more functional groups residing on subterminal or mid-chain carbons. In the present work, the cuticular wax mixtures from flag leaf blades and peduncles of Triticum aestivum cv. Bethlehem were analyzed in a search for novel wax constituents with in-chain functionalities, potentially of polyketide origin. The structures of compounds belonging to six different compound classes were elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of various derivatives. Among them, a series of 2,4-ketols was identified, with odd carbon numbers ranging from C25 to C37 and peaking at C33. The analogous C33 2,4-diketone was identified as well, together with a pair of co-eluting C31 mid-chain β-ketol isomers (16-hydroxyhentriacontan-14-one and 14-hydroxyhentriacontan-16-one), a pair of co-eluting C30 mid-chain α-ketol isomers (15-hydroxytriacontan-14-one and 14-hydroxytriacontan-15-one), the corresponding C30 14,15-diketone, and a pair of co-eluting C31 ketones (hentriacontan-14-one and hentriacontan-16-one). All newly discovered structures contain ketone functional groups, with similar C13H27 and C15H31 alkyl chains on either side of the functionalities, thus resembling the previously reported very-long-chain β-diketones dominating the wheat wax mixtures. Based on these structural characteristics, possible biosynthetic pathways leading to the newly identified polyketide-like compounds are proposed.
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