1
|
Cecilia MK, Abrha AH, Hlengilizwe N, Hintsa AT, Umer M, Nixwell MF, Ali SW, Afzal MI, Martorell M, Salehi B, Setzer WN, Sattar MU, Imran M, Sharifi-Rad J. Untargeted profiling of field cultivated bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) based on metabolite analysis. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2020; 66:104-109. [PMID: 32583775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) is an aromatic South African indigenous plant used for many decades as a health beverage and medicine. Several studies have extensively investigated wild bush tea's secondary metabolites, but the entire profiling of cultivated bush tea's metabolites is limited in the literature. Thus, the objective of this study was to profile cultivated bush tea metabolites using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The 31 metabolites profiled included; benjaminamide, chlorogenate, chrysosplenetin, coumarin, 6Z-docosenamide, naringenin 7-O-β-d-glucoside, 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, integrastatin A, luteolin 7-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-d-glucoside), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, magnoshinin, okanin, (2S)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone, (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, 2″-deamino-2″-hydroxy-6″-dehydroparomamine, O-butanoylcarnitine, myricitrin, gorlic acid, tetracenomycin X, sakuranin, d-tryptophan, linoleamide, laricitrin 7-monoglucoside, l-β-phenylalanine, l-proline, pheophytin A, pheophorbide A, PI(18:0/20:4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z), stearidonic acid, and gibberellin A14 aldehyde. These annotated metabolites included phenolics, flavonoids, and quinic acids, indicating that bush tea is rich in metabolites, which have a potential wide range of health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohale K Cecilia
- University of South Africa, Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Assress H Abrha
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, South Africa
| | - Nyoni Hlengilizwe
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, South Africa
| | - Araya T Hintsa
- ARC-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park road, Tarlai kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Mudau F Nixwell
- University of South Africa, Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- nstitute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Inam Afzal
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park road, Tarlai kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Chile
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore-Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu R, Zheng Z, Li T, He S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu T. Effect of tea plantation age on the distribution of glomalin-related soil protein in soil water-stable aggregates in southwestern China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:1973-1982. [PMID: 30460658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) is crucial for the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC), and contributes to the formation of soil aggregates. However, it remains unclear whether GRSP is involved in altering the stability of soil aggregates in the long-term tea planting process. The relationship between the distribution of GRSP and soil aggregates in tea plantations is poorly studied. We compared the distribution of SOC and GRSP in aggregates in tea plantations of different ages (18, 25, 33, and 55 years) and those in an abandoned land and investigated their potential contribution to the soil aggregate stability. Tea plantation was found to be beneficial for the accumulation of SOC and GRSP compared to the abandoned land. The content of SOC significantly increased after tea plantation, especially in surface soil (0-20 cm), and the increase range was 21.79%-46.51%, due to the centralized management of tea plantations. The content of total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP) and easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) varied with the increasing tea plantation age. The T-GRSP content was higher in 25-year-old tea plantation, while EE-GRSP was gradually decreased with the increasing age of the tea plantation, and T-GRSP had better correlation with SOC than EE-GRSP. Long-term tea plantation (after 33 years) was not conducive to the preservation of GRSP. The distribution of GRSP in the tea plantation soils differed greatly among the aggregates, with the 0.25-1-mm aggregate having less GRSP, which might be related to the distribution of soil fungi in the aggregates. There was a significant correlation between T-GRSP and mean weight diameter (MWD; P < 0.05) in the whole soil, whereas EE-GRSP had no correlation with the MWD of the aggregates. The T-GRSP content was correlated closely with the stability of soil aggregates in the tea plantations, and their relationship was dependent on the aggregate scale. Our results show that the T-GRSP content in the tea plantation soils has important effects on the formation and stability of aggregates in this region, which was one of the factors affecting the structure and quality of tea plantation soil. Improving GRSP is an effective way for the both SOC sequestration and soil health after long-term tea plantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renhuan Zhu
- College of Resources Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- College of Resources Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Tingxuan Li
- College of Resources Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shuqin He
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xizhou Zhang
- College of Resources Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- College of Resources Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Resources Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang T, Liang C, Sun Y, Gao W, Luo X, Gao Q, Li R, Fu S, Xu H, He T, Yuan H. Strategical isolation of efficient chicken feather-degrading bacterial strains from tea plantation soil sample. Int Microbiol 2018; 22:227-237. [PMID: 30810985 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chicken feather waste is generally insufficiently utilized despite its high content of protein, constituting an environmental issue. Biodegradation of the waste with enabling microbes provides an advantageous option among the available solutions. In this study, an efficient whole feather-degrading strain was strategically isolated from a soil sample taken from a local tea plantation that has little or nothing to do with feathers. The strain was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis (designated as FDB-10) according to the cloned complete 16S rRNA sequence. The FDB-10 could efficiently degrade briefly heat-treated whole feather (102 °C, 5 min; up to 90% of a maximum concentration of 30 g/L) in a salt medium supplemented with 0.1 g/L yeast extract within 24 h (37 °C, 150 rpm). Addition of carbon sources (glycerol, glucose, starch, Tween 20, Tween 80, 1.25 g/L as glycerol) to the fermentation medium could improve the degradation. However, significant inhibition could be observed when the added carbon source reached the amount usually adopted in the investigation of carbon source preference (1%). Nitrogen source (NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, peptone) adversely influenced the performance of the strain. When the molar concentrations of NH4+ were equal for the two salt, the inhibitory effect on degradation of whole feathers was similar. Entirely different from other reported feather-degrading strains showing a preference to melanin-free feather substrates, the strain isolated in this study could degrade melanin-containing feather equally efficiently, and higher protease activity could be detected in the digest mix. As a plus, the strain could degrade feathers in rice wash produced in daily cooking, indicating its potential use in the simultaneous treatment of rice cooker wastewater produced by a rice processing plant. All these results imply that the FDB-10 is a strain with great potential in the biodegradation of feather waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Wanru Gao
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Xinqi Luo
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Shuang Fu
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Hongjv Xu
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Ting He
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu X, Zhang Y, Du Z, Chen X, Zhou X, Kong X, Sun W, Chen Z, Chen C, Chen M. Tender leaf and fully-expanded leaf exhibited distinct cuticle structure and wax lipid composition in Camellia sinensis cv Fuyun 6. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14944. [PMID: 30297696 PMCID: PMC6175935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to compare the structural and compositional differences of cuticle between tender leaf and fully-expanded leaf in Camellia sinensis, and provide metabolic base for the further characterization of wax biosynthesis in this economically important crop species. The tender second leaf and the fully-expanded fifth leaf from new twig were demonstrated to represent two different developmental stages, their cuticle thickness were measured by transmission electron microscopy. The thickness of the adaxial cuticle on the second and fifth leaf was 1.15 µm and 2.48 µm, respectively; the thickness of the abaxial cuticle on the second and fifth leaf was 0.47 µm and 1.05 µm, respectively. The thickness of the epicuticular wax layer from different leaf position or different sides of same leaf were similar. However, the intracuticular wax layer of the fifth leaf was much thicker than that of the second leaf. Total wax lipids were isolated from the second leaf and the fifth leaf, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 51 wax constituents belonging to 13 chemical classes, including esters, glycols, terpenoids, fatty acids and their derivatives. Wax coverage on the second and fifth leaf was 4.76 µg/cm2 and 15.38 µg/cm2, respectively. Primary alcohols dominated in the tender second leaf. However, triterpenoids were the major components from the fully-expanded fifth leaf. The predominant carbon chains varied depending on chemical class. These data showed that the wax profiles of Camellia sinensis leaves are development stage dependent, suggesting distinct developmental dependent metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- Engineer School, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, Fujian, 355000, China.
| | - Mingjie Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center/Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khanali M, Mobli H, Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H. Modeling of yield and environmental impact categories in tea processing units based on artificial neural networks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:26324-26340. [PMID: 28965294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for predicting the yield and life cycle environmental impacts based on energy inputs required in processing of black tea, green tea, and oolong tea in Guilan province of Iran. A life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to investigate the environmental impact categories of processed tea based on the cradle to gate approach, i.e., from production of input materials using raw materials to the gate of tea processing units, i.e., packaged tea. Thus, all the tea processing operations such as withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and packaging were considered in the analysis. The initial data were obtained from tea processing units while the required data about the background system was extracted from the EcoInvent 2.2 database. LCA results indicated that diesel fuel and corrugated paper box used in drying and packaging operations, respectively, were the main hotspots. Black tea processing unit caused the highest pollution among the three processing units. Three feed-forward back-propagation ANN models based on Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm with two hidden layers accompanied by sigmoid activation functions and a linear transfer function in output layer, were applied for three types of processed tea. The neural networks were developed based on energy equivalents of eight different input parameters (energy equivalents of fresh tea leaves, human labor, diesel fuel, electricity, adhesive, carton, corrugated paper box, and transportation) and 11 output parameters (yield, global warming, abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and photochemical oxidation). The results showed that the developed ANN models with R 2 values in the range of 0.878 to 0.990 had excellent performance in predicting all the output variables based on inputs. Energy consumption for processing of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea were calculated as 58,182, 60,947, and 66,301 MJ per ton of dry tea, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khanali
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mobli
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan AM, Dutta P, Sarmah CK, Baruah NK, Das S, Pathak AK, Sarmah P, Hussain ME, Mahanta J. Prevalence of lymphatic filariasis in a tea garden worker population of Dibrugarh (Assam), India after six rounds of mass drug administration. J Vector Borne Dis 2015; 52:314-320. [PMID: 26714512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is endemic in the state of Assam and mass drug administration (MDA) programme for LF elimination is being implemented in the state since 2004. A study on prevalence of microfilaria (mf), disease endemicity and vector infection was carried out in a tea garden population of Dibrugarh, Assam (India) to assess the effect of ongoing MDA programme on elimination of LF. METHODS Finger prick thick blood smears (20 mm3) were made from individuals aged ≥2 yr old during night blood survey in between 2000-0000 hrs during the period of November 2012 to February 2013. Blood smears were dehaemoglobinised, stained with Giemsa and examined under microscope for presence of mf. Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected during 0600-1000 hrs and female Culex quinquefasciatus were dissected and examined under microscope for larval forms of the parasite. RESULTS A total of 634 blood smears were collected and screened for mf and 47 (7.41%) individuals were found microfilaraemic, with predominance of males (74.5%). Highest mf rate (20.0%) was seen in the males of 30-39 yr age group while in females, age group of 10-19 yr recorded maximum mf rate (5.48%). Entomological collection and dissection of Cx. quinquefasciatus revealed presence of larval stages of the parasite and infection and infectivity rates recorded were 13.20 and 3.70%, respectively. Chronic clinical manifestations in the form of elephantiasis and hydrocele were recorded in 33 (5.73%) subjects of the 575 examined. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Mass drug administration data showed six rounds of MDA with drug distribution coverage in between 63.42 and 95.93% in the study population. Out of 634 individuals examined 47 were found microfilaraemic giving an overall infection rate of 7.41%. Mosquito vector infection and infectivity rates were 13.20 and 3.70%, respectively. Presence of high mf rate, vector infectivity rate and clinical cases in the study population after six rounds of MDA warrants concerted efforts to be made for effective implementation and monitoring of MDA for success of LF elimination programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Khan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeastern Region (ICMR), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei Q, Yu HY, Niu CD, Yao R, Wu SF, Chen Z, Gao CF. Comparison of Insecticide Susceptibilities of Empoasca vitis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Three Main Tea-Growing Regions in China. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:1251-1259. [PMID: 26470253 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Empoasca vitis (Göthe) is an important insect pest in tea-growing areas of China, and chemical control is the main tactic for the management of this pest. Due to the pressure of increasing insecticide resistance and more stringent food safety regulations, development of sound IPM strategies for E. vitis is an urgent matter. This study comparatively evaluated four field populations of E. vitis from three different tea-growing regions in China for their susceptibilities to eight insecticides using a simple leaf-dip methodology. E. vitis was found to be most sensitive to indoxacarb (LC50<0.5 mg/liter) and least sensitive to isoprocarb (LC50>5 mg/liter) and sophocarpidine (LC50>95 mg/liter, a botanical pesticide) regardless of populations. Population (geographical) variations were higher for indoxacarb and imidacloprid than other compounds. Judging by the 95% fiducial limits of LC50 values, all populations had similar susceptibilities to chlorfenapyr, bifenthrin, and acetamiprid or imidacloprid. Correlation analysis suggested that chlorfenapyr and indoxacarb or isoprocarb may have a high risk of cross resistance. Considering potency (LC50) and maximum residual levels, chlorfenapyr and bifenthrin are good insecticide options followed by acetamiprid and indoxacarb. These results provide valuable information to intelligently select insecticides for IPM programs that are efficacious against E. vitis while also managing insecticide resistance and maximum residual levels for tea production in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hua-Yang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chun-Dong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rong Yao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paramasivam M, Chandrasekaran S. Persistence behaviour of deltamethrin on tea and its transfer from processed tea to infusion. Chemosphere 2014; 111:291-295. [PMID: 24997931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and residues of deltamethrin in a tea grown in an open field ecosystem were investigated. The quantification was performed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and confirmed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The method was validated using blank samples spiked at three levels and the results showed that recoveries ranged from 87% to 101% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging of 0.7-7.1%. The residues of deltamethrin were found to dissipate following first order kinetics with half-life ranging between 3.04 and 3.54d for two different rates of foliar application. The deltamethrin residues are present in the processed tea are not transferred into the tea infusion during the infusion process, since their water solubility is extremely low. These results can be utilized in formulating the spray schedule and safety evaluation on deltamethrin tea crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Paramasivam
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Chandrasekaran
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kalita RM, Das AK, Nath AJ. Comparative study on growth performance of two shade trees in tea agroforestry system. J Environ Biol 2014; 35:699-702. [PMID: 25004755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to study the stem growth of two native dominant shade tree species in terms of annual girth increment in three dominant girth size categories for two years in tea agroforestry system of Barak Valley, Assam. Fifty two sampling plots of 0.1 ha size were established and all trees exceeding 10 cm girth over bark at breast height (1.37 m) were uniquely identified, tagged, and annually measured for girth increment, using metal tape during December 2010-12. Albizia lebbeck and A. odoratissima were dominant shade tree species registering 82% of appearance of the individuals studied. The girth class was categorized into six different categories where 30-50 cm, 50-70 cm and 70-90 cm were dominating girth classes and selected for increment study. Mean annual girth increment ranged from 1.41 cm in Albizia odoratissima (50-70 cm girth class) to 2.97 cm in Albizia lebbeck (70-90 cm girth class) for the first year and 1.70 cm in Albizia odoratissima (50-70 cm girth class) to 3.09 cm in Albizia lebbeck (70-90 cm girth class) for the second year. Albizia lebbeck exhibited better growth in all prominent girth classes as compared to Albizia odoratissima during the observation period. The two shade tree species showed similar trend of growth in both the years of observation and significant difference in girth increment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue H, Ren X, Li S, Wu X, Cheng H, Xu B, Gu B, Yang G, Peng C, Ge Y, Chang J. Assessment of private economic benefits and positive environmental externalities of tea plantation in China. Environ Monit Assess 2013; 185:8501-8516. [PMID: 23604726 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tea plantations are rapidly expanding in China and other countries in the tropical and subtropical zones, driven by relatively high private economic benefit. However, the impact of tea plantations on the regional environment, including ecosystem services and disservices are unclear. In this study, we developed an assessment framework for determining the private economic benefits and environmental externalities (the algebraic sum of the regulating services and disservices) of tea plantations in China. Our results showed that tea plantations provided private economic benefits of 5,652 yuan ha(-1) year(-1) (7.6 yuan = 1 USD in 2007) for tea farmers, plus positive environmental externalities of 6,054 yuan ha(-1) year(-1) for the society. The environmental externalities were calculated as the sum of the value of four regulating services, including carbon sequestration (392 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)); soil retention (72 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)); soil fertility protection (3,189 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)) and water conservation (2,685 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)), and three disservices, including CO2 emission (-39 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)), N2O emission (-137 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)) and nonpoint source pollution (-108 yuan ha(-1) year(-1)). Before the private optimal level, the positive environmental externalities can be maintained by private economic benefits; if a social optimal level is required, subsidies from government are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang W, Zhou WJ, Bao CH, Miao XL, Hu WM. [Desorption characteristics of phosphorus in tea tree rhizosphere soil]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2013; 24:1843-1848. [PMID: 24175512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the phosphorus (P) release process and its supply mechanism in tea tree rhizosphere soil, an exogenous P adsorption and culture experiment was conducted to study the P desorption process and characters in the tea tree rhizosphere soils having been cultivated for different years and derived from different parent materials. The least squares method was used to fit the isotherms of P desorption kinetics. There was an obvious difference in the P desorption process between the rhizosphere soils and non-rhizosphere soils. The P desorption ability of the rhizosphere soils was significantly higher than that of the non-rhizosphere soils. As compared with non-rhizosphere soils, rhizosphere soils had higher available P content, P desorption rate, and beta value (desorbed P of per unit adsorbed P), with the average increment being 5.49 mg x kg(-1), 1.7%, and 24.4%, respectively. The P desorption ability of the rhizosphere soils derived from different parent materials was in the order of granite > quaternary red clay > slate. The average available P content and P desorption ability of the rhizosphere soils increased with increasing cultivation years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang X, Liu Y, Li W, Zhao L, Meng F, Wang Y, Tan H, Yang H, Wei C, Wan X, Gao L, Xia T. Tissue-specific, development-dependent phenolic compounds accumulation profile and gene expression pattern in tea plant [Camellia sinensis]. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62315. [PMID: 23646127 PMCID: PMC3639974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.)] play a crucial role in dominating tea flavor and possess a number of key pharmacological benefits on human health. The present research aimed to study the profile of tissue-specific, development-dependent accumulation pattern of phenolic compounds in tea plant. A total of 50 phenolic compounds were identified qualitatively using liquid chromatography in tandem mass spectrometry technology. Of which 29 phenolic compounds were quantified based on their fragmentation behaviors. Most of the phenolic compounds were higher in the younger leaves than that in the stem and root, whereas the total amount of proanthocyanidins were unexpectedly higher in the root. The expression patterns of 63 structural and regulator genes involved in the shikimic acid, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid pathways were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and cluster analysis. Based on the similarity of their expression patterns, the genes were classified into two main groups: C1 and C2; and the genes in group C1 had high relative expression level in the root or low in the bud and leaves. The expression patterns of genes in C2-2-1 and C2-2-2-1 groups were probably responsible for the development-dependent accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves. Enzymatic analysis suggested that the accumulation of catechins was influenced simultaneously by catabolism and anabolism. Further research is recommended to know the expression patterns of various genes and the reason for the variation in contents of different compounds in different growth stages and also in different organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (TX); (LG)
| | - Tao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education in China, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (TX); (LG)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alekseeva T, Alekseev A, Xu RK, Zhao AZ, Kalinin P. Effect of soil acidification induced by a tea plantation on chemical and mineralogical properties of Alfisols in eastern China. Environ Geochem Health 2011; 33:137-148. [PMID: 20563880 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a tea plantation on soil basic properties, chemical and mineralogical compositions, and magnetic properties of Alfisols from eastern China was studied. Under the tea plantation, acidification took place within a soil depth of 70 cm, with the maximum difference in pH in the upper 17 cm (ΔpH = 2.80). Both the tea plantation and unused soil profiles were predominated by free Fe and Al oxides, i.e. citrate/bicarbonate/dithionite extractable Fe (Fe(d)) and Al (Al(d)). Tea plantation soil was characterized by higher Al(d) and Fe(d) and lower Fe oxalate, Fe(2)O(3) and Al(2)O(3); CaO was depleted, whereas SiO(2) accumulated. Acidification induced by the tea plantation led to destruction of vermiculite followed by dissolution of the hydroxy-Al interlayers within its structure. The data clearly demonstrated that significant soil weathering occurred with acidification caused by tea cultivation. This acidification also resulted in decreased content of ferrimagnetic minerals due to the dissolution of minerals and movement of Fe in the profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Alekseeva
- Institute of Physical, Chemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russia Academy of Sciences, Pushchino Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qin LF, Yang C, Lin FF, Yang N, Zheng XY, Xu HW, Wang K. [Spatial pattern of soil fertility in Bashan tea garden: a prediction based on environmental auxiliary variables]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2010; 21:3099-3104. [PMID: 21442995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Taking topographic factors and NDVI as auxiliary variables, and by using regression-kriging method, the spatial variation pattern of soil fertility in Bashan tea garden in the hilly area of Fuyang City was explored. The spatial variability of the soil fertility was mainly attributed to the structural factors such as relative elevation and flat/vertical curvature. The lower the relative elevation, the worse the soil fertility was. The overall soil fertility level was relatively high, and the area with lower soil fertility only accounted for 5% of the total. By using regression-kriging method with relative elevation as auxiliary variable, the prediction accuracy of soil fertility was obviously higher than that by using ordinary kriging method, with the mean error and root mean square error being 0. 028 and 0. 108, respectively. It was suggested that the prediction method used in this paper could fully reflect the effects of environmental variables on soil fertility , improve the prediction accuracy about the spatial pattern of soil fertility, and provide scientific basis for the precise management of tea garden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-feng Qin
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information Technology Application, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian RC, Chen HS, Song XF, Wang KL, Yang QQ, Meng W. [Characteristics of soil water movement using stable isotopes in red soil hilly region of northwest Hunan]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2009; 30:2747-2754. [PMID: 19927835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope techniques provide a new approach to study soil water movement. The process of water movement in soils under two kinds of plant types (oil tea and corn) were studied based on the observed values of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of precipitation and soil water at different depths in red-soil sloping land. The results showed that stable isotopes of precipitation in this area had obvious seasonal effect and rainfall effect. The stable isotopes at 0-50 cm depth in oil tea forestland and at 0-40 cm depth in corn cropland increased with the increase in depth, respectively, but they had the opposite tendency after rainfall in arid time. The stable isotopes decreased with the increase in depth below 50 cm depth in oil tea forestland and below 40 cm depth in corn cropland where evaporation influence was weak. The infiltrate rate of soil in oil tea land was affected by precipitation obviously, and it was about 50-100 mm/d after 2-3 days in heavy rain, slowed sharply later, and soil water at 50 cm depth often became a barrier layer. The permeability of soil in corn land was poor and the infiltration rate was lower. The change of stable isotopes in soil water in red soil hilly region was mainly affected by the mixing water which was formed by the antecedent precipitation, and evaporation effect took the second place. The evaporation intensity in oil tea land was lower than that in corn land, but the evaporation depth was higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Chang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bishnu A, Saha T, Mazumdar D, Chakrabarti K, Chakraborty A. Assessment of the impact of pesticide residues on microbiological and biochemical parameters of tea garden soils in India. J Environ Sci Health B 2008; 43:723-731. [PMID: 18941998 DOI: 10.1080/03601230802388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to assess the impact of pesticidal residues on soil microbial and biochemical parameters of the tea garden soils. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal (BSR) and substrate induced respirations (SIR), beta-glucosidase activity and fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) of six tea garden soils, along with two adjacent forest soils (control) in West Bengal, India were measured. The biomass and its activities and biochemical parameters were generally lower in the tea garden soils than the control soils. The MBC of the soils ranged from 295.5 to 767.5 micro g g(- 1). The BSR and SIR ranged from 1.65 to 3.08 mu g CO2-C g(- 1) soil h(- 1) and 3.08 to 10.76 micro g CO2-C g(- 1)h(- 1) respectively. The beta-glucosidase and FDHA of the soils varied from 33.3 and 76.3 micro g para-nitrophenol g(- 1) soil h(- 1) and 60.5 to 173.5 micro g fluorescein g(- 1)h(- 1)respectively. The tea garden soils contained variable residues of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, which negatively affected the MBC, BSR, SIR, FDHA and beta -glucosidase activity. Ethion and chlorpyriphos pesticide residues in all the tea garden soils varied from 5.00 to 527.8 ppb and 17.6 to 478.1 ppb respectively. The alpha endosulfan, beta endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate pesticide residues in the tea garden soils ranged from 7.40 to 81.40 ppb, 8.50 to 256.1 ppb and 55 to 95.9 ppb respectively. Canonical correlation analysis shows that 93% of the total variation was associated with the negative impact of chlorpyriphos, beta and alpha endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate on MBC, BSR and FDHA. At the same time ethion had negative impact on SIR and beta-glucosidase. Data demonstrated that the pesticide residues had a strong impact on the microbial and biochemical components of soil quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bishnu
- Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management, Salt Lake City, Calcutta, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo HY, Zhou WJ, Zhang YZ, Huang YX, Zhou Q, Yan X, Zhang JX, Chen QC, Mao CM. [Content of soil heavy metals and characteristics of environmental quality in tea plantations of Changsha Baili Tea Zone]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2008; 29:2320-2326. [PMID: 18839593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distributing and changing characteristics and content of soil heavy metals was studied using methods of field survey and sampling, indoor analysis, and pollution index were used to investigate the soil environmental quality in the tea plantations of Changsha Baili Tea Zone. The results showed that the content of soil total Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As, Ni basically was in the soil background value, their averages were 42.7, 0.068, 0.074, 92.2, 12.4 and 19.5 mg/kg respectively. The content of heavy metals was lower than the standard of Environmental Qualification of Nuisance Free Tea Producing Area (NY 5020-2001). Simultaneity, soil environmental quality in tea plantations of Baili Tea Zone, it answered for the second grade of State Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995), achieved safe class, and the content of soil Hg, Cd, Ni accorded to the first grade of GB 15618-1995, these results showed the Changsha Baili Tea Zone were propitious to develop nuisance free tea production. Besides the single pollution index of Cr was 0.837 and in warning class at the tea plantation of Xiangfeng, the others were all less than 0.7, and in the safe class. The integrated index of 6 tea bases was all less than 0.7, in the safe class, the soil environmental quality was cleanness on the whole at Changsha Baili Tea Zone, and the soils were suitable for non-polluted agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-yan Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu CC, Chu C, Wang YS, Lur HS. Dissipation of carbofuran and carbaryl on Oolong tea during tea bushes, manufacturing and roasting processes. J Environ Sci Health B 2007; 42:669-75. [PMID: 17701703 DOI: 10.1080/03601230701465783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol-N-methylcarbamate) and carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) are insecticides widely used in tea plantations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dissipation of carbofuran and carbaryl during the growth periods of Oolong tea, processing and roasting. Analysis of the residual insecticides was carried out using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a post-column fluorescence detector. Results showed that in the tea field carbofuran dissipated faster then carbaryl. Manufacturing processes of Oolong tea further reduced the carbofuran and carbaryl contents. The persistence of carbofuran and carbaryl was decreased with increasing roasting temperature. From the results, we conclude that the presence of carbofuran and carbaryl in tea can be reduced by proper field management, manufacturing and roasting processes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Xue D, Yao HY, Huang CY. [Genetic diversity of microbial communities in tea orchard soil]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2007; 18:843-7. [PMID: 17615882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the total microbial DNA was extracted from the soils in 8-, 50- and 90 years old tea orchards, adjacent wasteland, and 90 years old forestland in Meijiawu tea area of Hangzhou. The 16S rDNA V3 fragment was amplified by PCR, and the polymorphism of this fragment was analyzed by DGGE. The results indicated that both the tea orchard age and the land use type had significant effects on soil microbial genetic diversity. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the microbial genetic diversity index among wasteland, tea orchards and forestland, which was decreased in the order of wasteland > tea orchard > forestland. For the tea orchards of different ages, the soil microbial genetic diversity index, microbial biomass C, and basal respiration were significantly higher in 50 years old than in 8 and 90 years old tea orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xue
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu DP, Chen SX, Zhang JC, Xie L, Jiang J. [Soil infiltration characteristics under main vegetation types in Anji County of Zhejiang Province]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2007; 18:493-8. [PMID: 17552181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The study on the soil infiltration under different main vegetation types in Anji County of Zhejiang Province showed that the characteristics of soil infiltration differed significantly with land use type, and the test eight vegetation types could be classified into four groups, based on soil infiltration capability. The first group, deciduous broadleaved forest, had the strongest soil infiltration capability, and the second group with a stronger soil infiltration capability was composed of grass, pine forest, shrub community and tea bush. Bamboo and evergreen broadleaved forest were classified into the third group with a relatively strong soil infiltration capability, while bare land belonged to the fourth group because of the bad soil structure and poorest soil infiltration capability. The comprehensive parameters of soil infiltration (alpha) and root (beta) were obtained by principal component analysis, and the regression model of alpha and beta could be described as alpha = 0. 1708ebeta -0. 3122. Soil infiltration capability was greatly affected by soil physical and chemical characteristics and root system. Fine roots (< or = 1 mm in diameter) played effective roles on the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties, and the increase of soil infiltration capability was closely related to the amount of the fine roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Ping Liu
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang XY, Chen HS, Wang KL, Fu W, Xie XL. [Time series analysis of soil water on sloping land in red soil hilly region]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2007; 18:297-302. [PMID: 17450730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on time series analysis, the correlation between soil water and precipitation on the sloping land in red soil hilly region under two land use modes was studied from March to September, 2002-2004. The results showed that precipitation was not an autocorrelation series, while soil water at the depths of 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 cm was an autocorrelation series with 30-45 days of time correlation range. Precipitation and land use mode were the main factors affecting the correlation of soil water and precipitation. The effect of precipitation weakened gradually with increasing soil depth. This effect lasted 7-8 days in upper soil layers (0-10 and 0-30 cm) , but no marked regularity was observed in deeper soil layers. 2-3 days after raining, precipitation had the most prominent effect on soil water in 0-100 cm soil layer. The correlation time range was 1-3 days shorter in dry season than in wet season. When it didn' t rain more than 5 days, the water content in topsoil would decrease, and even, lead to seasonal drought. Compared with farmland, tea plantation had a weaker correlation between soil water and precipitation in surface soil, but a stronger and more persistent correlation in soil layers below 50 cm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yan Wang
- Time series analysis of soil water on sloping land in red soil hilly region.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang R, Shi XG, Wei YZ, Yang XE, Uoti J. Yield and quality responses of citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to compound fertilizers. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7:696-701. [PMID: 16909469 PMCID: PMC1559797 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.b0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out with citrus (Citrus reticulate) and tea (Podocarpus fleuryi Hickel.) to study the effects of compound fertilizers on their yields and quality. In the citrus experiment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N contents in soil and N, P and K contents in leaves. In the tea experiment, application of compound fertilizers increased available P, K and Mg contents in soil and N, P, K and Mg contents in leaves but decreased alkali-hydrolyzable N in soil compared with the urea treatment. Application of compound fertilizers could improve the quality of citrus and tea, increase their yields and enhance their economical profits significantly. Compared with the control, application of compound fertilizers increased citrus yields by 6.31, 12.94 and 17.69 t/ha, and those of tea by 0.51, 0.86 and 1.30 t/ha, respectively. Correspondingly, profits were increased by 21.4% to 61.1% for citrus and by 10.0% to 15.7% for tea. Optimal rates of compound fertilizers were recommended for both crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health, School of Natural Resources and Environment Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Peng W, Song T, Xiao R, Yang Z, Wang J, Li S, Xia Y. [Effects of mulching and intercropping on temporal-spatial variation of soil temperature in tea plantation in subtropical hilly region]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2006; 17:778-82. [PMID: 16883800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of four years straw mulching and white clover intercropping in a tea plantation in subtropical hilly region showed that the soil temperature in the plantation presented a distinct dynamic temporal-spatial variation and hysteresis, which was greatly accorded with the fittest temperature of tea growth. Straw mulching and white clover intercropping altered the nature of soil thermal exchanging layer (soil surface), decreased daily temperature difference, enhanced the temperature stability in the same soil layer, and had duplex effects of lowering temperature when it went up and increasing and keeping temperature when it went down. The effectiveness was in the order of white clover intercropping > straw mulching > control, 13:00 > 19:00 >7:00,and lowering temperature > increasing and keeping temperature, and decreased with soil depth. Straw mulching and white clover intercropping adjusted the switching point of the temporal-spatial variation of soil temperature, and evidently decreased the emergence of harmful high temperature. During the period of continual high temperature, these measures markedly lowered soil temperature, and effectively shortened the duration of this period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanxia Peng
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Forty-three isolates of Aspergillus caelatus, whose vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) have been identified, were assessed by DNA fingerprinting using a repetitive sequence DNA probe (pAF28) cloned from A. flavus. Thirteen distinct DNA fingerprint groups or genotypes were identified among the 43 isolates. Twenty-four isolates belonging to VCG 1 produced identical DNA fingerprints and included isolates from the United States and Japan. Four other DNA fingerprint groups had multiple isolates sharing identical fingerprints corresponding to VCGs 2, 3, 12 and 13. Eight of the 13 fingerprint groups corresponding to VCGs 4-11 were represented by a single isolate with a unique fingerprint pattern. These results provide further confirmation that the pAF28 probe can distinguish VCGs of species within Aspergillus section Flavi based on DNA fingerprint patterns and that the probe can be used to estimate the number of VCGs in a sample population. Most of the A. caelatus isolates produced fewer restriction fragments and weakly hybridized with the repetitive DNA probe pAF28 compared to hybridization patterns obtained with A. flavus, suggesting less homology of the probe to A. caelatus genomic DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E McAlpin
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, ARS, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen Y, Xiong J, Huang M, Gu D. [Diversity and stability of arthropod assemblage in tea orchard]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2004; 15:875-8. [PMID: 15320414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Two tea orchards, simplex tea orchard with weeds removed manually or by herbicides (STO) and complex tea orchard with the weed Hedyotis uncinella (CTO), each with an area of 0. 4 hm2, were established in 1995 in Yingde Hongxing Tea Plantation, Guangdong Province. The primary eigenvalues, species richness index (R), assemblage diversity index (H'), evenness index (J) and species concentration index (C) of arthropod assemblage were employed and compared to assess the efficacy of STO and CTO on the diversity and stabilityof arthropod assemblage. Stability indexes Ss/Si and Sn/Sp and variation coefficient of diversity index ds/dm were utilized as well. The results demonstrated that the R of arthropod assemblage in CTO ranged from 4 to 8, with the highest of 7.7403, while that in STO varied mainly between 4 to 6. The average R of arthropod assemblage in CTO was 5.4672 +/- 0.3483, higher than that in STO (4.8809 +/- 0.3175). The H' of arthropod in CTO (3.8535 +/- 0.1232) was higher, in contrast to the value in STO (3.4654 +/- 0.1856). The J in CTO was higher, while the species concentration index (C) was lower, in comparison to STO. The stability indexes Ss/Si and Sn/Sp of CTO were greater than those of STO, while the ds/dm in CTO (0.1107) was lower than that in STO (0.1855). All these indicated that the diversity of arthropod assemblage was better preserved in CTO, and the assemblage in CTO was more stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yigen Chen
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Koshiishi C, Kato A, Yama S, Crozier A, Ashihara H. A new caffeine biosynthetic pathway in tea leaves: utilisation of adenosine released from the S-adenosyl-L-methionine cycle. FEBS Lett 2001; 499:50-4. [PMID: 11418110 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The four-step caffeine biosynthetic pathway includes three methylation steps that utilise S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In the process SAM is converted to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) which in turn is hydrolysed to L-homocysteine and adenosine. Significant amounts of radioactivity from [methyl-(14)C]methionine and [methyl-(14)C]SAM were incorporated into theobromine and caffeine in young tea leaf segments, and very high SAH hydrolase activity was found in cell-free extracts from young tea leaves. Substantial amounts of radioactivity from [adenosyl-(14)C]SAH were also recovered as theobromine and caffeine in tea leaf segments, indicating that adenosine derived from SAH is utilised for the synthesis of the purine ring of caffeine. From the profiles of activity of related enzymes in tea leaf extracts, it is proposed that the major route from SAM to caffeine is a SAM-->SAH-->adenosine-->adenine-->AMP-->IMP-->XMP-->xanthosine-->7-methylxanthosine-->7-methylxanthine-->theobromine-->caffeine pathway. In addition, direct adenosine kinase-catalysed formation of AMP from adenosine may participate as an alternative minor route. The activity of two of the three N-methyltransferase activities involved in caffeine biosynthesis and part of the activities of SAH hydrolase, adenosine nucleosidase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and adenosine kinase were located in tea chloroplasts. In contrast, no detectable activity of SAM synthetase was associated with the purified chloroplast fraction. This is a first demonstration that the purine skeleton of caffeine is synthesised from adenosine released from the SAM cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Koshiishi
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Fungi in Aspergillus section Flavi include both aflatoxin producers and non-producers. Aspergillus caelatus is a recently described non-aflatoxigenic species in this section, which has some common characteristics with A. tamarii, such as yellowish brown color and double walled spores. In contrast to the morphological similarities, all of the A. caelatus isolates tested produced no cyclopiazonic acid whereas most isolates of A. tamarii produce this compound. There are six nucleotide differences that distinguish the DNA sequences of these two species in the regions of ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S rDNA and 28S rDNA and this is a consistent difference. Both species were isolated from acidified field soils, but A. tamarii isolates were more common than A. caelatus in highly acidic soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea, MAFF, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
In Japan, tea (Camellia sinenis (L.) Kuntze) seedlings are propagated by cutting. A root system of clonal plants by cutting consists of adventitious roots and lateral roots. Most of the roots grow horizontally, which results in a shallow distribution of the root system. Such a shallow root system could be one of the factors contributing to the deterioration of nutrient uptake and resistance to water stress. Gravitropism of the roots is considered to be a decisive factor that controls the depth of a root system. The authors have investigated changes in the growth direction of roots to gravitative stimulus, using several kinds of roots (seminal roots, lateral roots and adventitious roots). Furthermore, amyloplasts in the root-cap cells, which are considered to be an equipment sensing gravistimulus, were observed. Seminal roots prominently showed orthogravitropism and contained many amyloplast particles in their root cap cells. Most lateral and adventitious roots showed plagiogravitropism, growing in an angle to gravistimulus, and lacked observable amyloplast particles in their root cap cells. The results suggest that the shallowing of root systems of elonal tea plants could be attributed to a gravitropic reaction of the adventitious and lateral roots composing the root system. There could also be a close relationship between the growth direction of roots and the presence of amyloplasts in root-cap cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yamashita
- Kurume Branch, National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Suzuki T, Takahashi E. Biosynthesis of caffeine by tea-leaf extracts. Enzymic formation of theobromine from 7-methylxanthine and of caffeine from theobromine. Biochem J 1975; 146:87-96. [PMID: 238504 PMCID: PMC1165278 DOI: 10.1042/bj1460087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Extracts prepared from tea leaves with Polyclar AT (insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidine) contained two methyltransferase activities catalysing the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to 7-methylxanthine, producing theobromine, and to theobromine, producing caffeine. 2. The methyltransferases exhibited the same pH optimum (8.4) and a similar pattern of effects by metal ions, thiol inhibitors and metal-chelating reagents, both for theobromine and caffeine synthesis. Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ slightly stimulated enzyme activity but they were not essential. Paraxanthine was shown to be most active among methylxanthines, as the methyl acceptor. However, the formation of paraxanthine from 1-methylxanthine was very low and that from 7-methylxanthine was nil, suggesting that the synthesis of caffeine from paraxanthine is of little importance in intact plants. Xanthine, xanthosine, XMP and hypoxanthine were all inactive as methyl acceptors, whereas [2(-14)C]xanthine and [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine were catabolized to allantoin and urea by tea-leaf extracts. The apparent Km values are as follows: 7-methylxanthine, 1.0 times 10(-14)M; theobromine, 1.0 times 10(-3)M; paraxanthine, 0.2 times 10(-3)M; S-adenosylmethionine, 0.25 times 10(-4)M (with each of the three substrates). 3. The results suggest that the pathway for caffeine biosynthesis is as follows: 7-methylxanthine leads to theobromine leads to caffeine. In contrast, it is suggested that theophylline is synthesized from 1-methylxanthine. The methyl groups of the purine ring of caffeine are all derived directly from the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine. Little is known about the pathways leading to the formation of 7-methylxanthine. 4. A good correlation between caffeine synthesis and shoot formation or growth of tea seedlings was shown, suggesting that the methylating systems in caffeine synthesis are closely associated with purine nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism in tea plants.
Collapse
|