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Romero JM, Serrano-Bueno G, Camacho-Fernández C, Vicente MH, Ruiz MT, Pérez-Castiñeira JR, Pérez-Hormaeche J, Nogueira FTS, Valverde F. CONSTANS, a HUB for all seasons: How photoperiod pervades plant physiology regulatory circuits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2086-2102. [PMID: 38513610 PMCID: PMC11132886 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
How does a plant detect the changing seasons and make important developmental decisions accordingly? How do they incorporate daylength information into their routine physiological processes? Photoperiodism, or the capacity to measure the daylength, is a crucial aspect of plant development that helps plants determine the best time of the year to make vital decisions, such as flowering. The protein CONSTANS (CO) constitutes the central regulator of this sensing mechanism, not only activating florigen production in the leaves but also participating in many physiological aspects in which seasonality is important. Recent discoveries place CO in the center of a gene network that can determine the length of the day and confer seasonal input to aspects of plant development and physiology as important as senescence, seed size, or circadian rhythms. In this review, we discuss the importance of CO protein structure, function, and evolutionary mechanisms that embryophytes have developed to incorporate annual information into their physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Romero
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Gloria Serrano-Bueno
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Carolina Camacho-Fernández
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mateus Henrique Vicente
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Ruiz
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - J Román Pérez-Castiñeira
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Hormaeche
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Fabio T S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Federico Valverde
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
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2
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Gutiérrez RM, de Oliveira RR, Ribeiro THC, de Oliveira KKP, Silva JVN, Alves TC, do Amaral LR, de Souza Gomes M, de Souza Gomes M, Chalfun-Junior A. Unveiling the phenology and associated floral regulatory pathways of Humulus lupulus L. in subtropical conditions. PLANTA 2024; 259:150. [PMID: 38727772 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The hop phenological cycle was described in subtropical condition of Brazil showing that flowering can happen at any time of year and this was related to developmental molecular pathways. Hops are traditionally produced in temperate regions, as it was believed that vernalization was necessary for flowering. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed the potential for hops to flower in tropical and subtropical climates. In this work, we observed that hops in the subtropical climate of Minas Gerais, Brazil grow and flower multiple times throughout the year, independently of the season, contrasting with what happens in temperate regions. This could be due to the photoperiod consistently being inductive, with daylight hours below the described threshold (16.5 h critical). We observed that when the plants reached 7-9 nodes, the leaves began to transition from heart-shaped to trilobed-shaped, which could be indicative of the juvenile to adult transition. This could be related to the fact that the 5th node (in plants with 10 nodes) had the highest expression of miR156, while two miR172s increased in the 20th node (in plants with 25 nodes). Hop flowers appeared later, in the 25th or 28th nodes, and the expression of HlFT3 and HlFT5 was upregulated in plants between 15 and 20 nodes, while the expression of HlTFL3 was upregulated in plants with 20 nodes. These results indicate the role of axillary meristem age in regulating this process and suggest that the florigenic signal should be maintained until the hop plants bloom. In addition, it is possible that the expression of TFL is not sufficient to inhibit flowering in these conditions and promote branching. These findings suggest that the reproductive transition in hop under inductive photoperiodic conditions could occur in plants between 15 and 20 nodes. Our study sheds light on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying hop floral development, paving the way for potential advancements in hop production on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Márquez Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael Ricon de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Kellen Kauanne Pimenta de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Nunes Silva
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (INGEB), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis (LBAM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tamires Caixeta Alves
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (INGEB), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis (LBAM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laurence Rodrigues do Amaral
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (INGEB), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis (LBAM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Souza Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (INGEB), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis (LBAM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry (INGEB), Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis (LBAM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Lu HC, Huang CW, Mimura T, Sukma D, Chan MT. Temperature-Regulated Flowering Locus T-Like Gene Coordinates the Spike Initiation in Phalaenopsis Orchid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:405-419. [PMID: 38153763 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis aphrodite can be induced to initiate spike growth and flowering by exposure to low ambient temperatures. However, the factors and mechanisms responsible for spike initiation in P. aphrodite remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that a repressor Flowing Locus T-like (FTL) gene, FTL, can act as a negative regulator of spike initiation in P. aphrodite. The mRNA transcripts of PaFTL are consistently high during high ambient temperature, thereby preventing premature spike initiation. However, during low ambient temperature, PaFTL expression falls while FT expression increases, allowing for spike initiation. Knock-down of PaFTL expression through virus-inducing gene silencing promoted spike initiation at 30/28°C. Moreover, PaFTL interacts with FLOWERING LOCUS D in a similar manner to FT to regulate downstream flowering initiation genes. Transgenic P. aphrodite plants exhibiting high expression of PaFTL do not undergo spike initiation, even when exposed to low ambient temperatures. These findings shed light on the flowering mechanisms in Phalaenopsis and provide new insights into how perennial plants govern spike initiation in response to temperature cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 100, Sec. 1, Guiren 13th Rd., Guiren Dist., Tainan 741, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Huang
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 100, Sec. 1, Guiren 13th Rd., Guiren Dist., Tainan 741, Taiwan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Graduate Program of Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Taiwan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Dewi Sukma
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 100, Sec. 1, Guiren 13th Rd., Guiren Dist., Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Taiwan 70101, Taiwan
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Baranov D, Dolgov S, Timerbaev V. New Advances in the Study of Regulation of Tomato Flowering-Related Genes Using Biotechnological Approaches. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:359. [PMID: 38337892 PMCID: PMC10856997 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The tomato is a convenient object for studying reproductive processes, which has become a classic. Such complex processes as flowering and fruit setting require an understanding of the fundamental principles of molecular interaction, the structures of genes and proteins, the construction of signaling pathways for transcription regulation, including the synchronous actions of cis-regulatory elements (promoter and enhancer), trans-regulatory elements (transcription factors and regulatory RNAs), and transposable elements and epigenetic regulators (DNA methylation and acetylation, chromatin structure). Here, we discuss the current state of research on tomatoes (2017-2023) devoted to studying the function of genes that regulate flowering and signal regulation systems using genome-editing technologies, RNA interference gene silencing, and gene overexpression, including heterologous expression. Although the central candidate genes for these regulatory components have been identified, a complete picture of their relationship has yet to be formed. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest achievements related to studying the processes of flowering and fruit set. This work attempts to display the gene interaction scheme to better understand the events under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baranov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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Schmidt FJ, Grundmann L, Lahme M, Seidemann M, Schwarze A, Lichtenauer S, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Noll GA. COL2-dependent photoperiodic floral induction in Nicotiana sylvestris seems to be lost in the N. sylvestris × N. tomentosiformis hybrid N. tabacum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1249879. [PMID: 38239221 PMCID: PMC10794312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants are sessile organisms that maximize reproductive success by adapting to their environment. One of the key steps in the reproductive phase of angiosperms is flower development, requiring the perception of multiple endogenous and exogenous signals integrated via a complex regulatory network. Key floral regulators, including the main transcription factor of the photoperiodic pathway (CONSTANS, CO) and the central floral pathway integrator (FLOWERING LOCUS T, FT), are known in many species. Methods and results We identified several CO-like (COL) proteins in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The NtCOL2a/b proteins in the day-neutral plant N. tabacum were most closely related to Arabidopsis CO. We characterized the diurnal expression profiles of corresponding genes in leaves under short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions and confirmed their expression in phloem companion cells. Furthermore, we analyzed the orthologs of NtCOL2a/b in the maternal LD ancestor (N. sylvestris) and paternal, facultative SD ancestor (N. tomentosiformis) of N. tabacum and found that they were expressed in the same diurnal manner. NtCOL2a/b overexpression or knock-out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system did not support a substantial role for the CO homologs in the control of floral transition in N. tabacum. However, NsCOL2 overexpression induced flowering in N. sylvestris under typically non-inductive SD conditions, correlating with the upregulation of the endogenous NsFTd gene. Discussion Our results suggest that NsFTd is transcriptionally regulated by NsCOL2 and that this COL2-dependent photoperiodic floral induction seems to be lost in N. tabacum, providing insight into the diverse genetics of photoperiod-dependent flowering in different Nicotiana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin J. Schmidt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Grundmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Lahme
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Münster, Germany
| | - Marvin Seidemann
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Axel Schwarze
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sophie Lichtenauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Münster, Germany
| | - Gundula A. Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Münster, Germany
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6
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Cerise M, da Silveira Falavigna V, Rodríguez-Maroto G, Signol A, Severing E, Gao H, van Driel A, Vincent C, Wilkens S, Iacobini FR, Formosa-Jordan P, Pajoro A, Coupland G. Two modes of gene regulation by TFL1 mediate its dual function in flowering time and shoot determinacy of Arabidopsis. Development 2023; 150:dev202089. [PMID: 37971083 PMCID: PMC10730086 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ primordia develop successively at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). In Arabidopsis, primordia formed early in development differentiate into vegetative leaves, whereas those formed later generate inflorescence branches and flowers. TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), a negative regulator of transcription, acts in the SAM to delay flowering and to maintain inflorescence meristem indeterminacy. We used confocal microscopy, time-resolved transcript profiling and reverse genetics to elucidate this dual role of TFL1. We found that TFL1 accumulates dynamically in the SAM reflecting its dual function. Moreover, TFL1 represses two major sets of genes. One set includes genes that promote flowering, expression of which increases earlier in tfl1 mutants. The other set is spatially misexpressed in tfl1 inflorescence meristems. The misexpression of these two gene sets in tfl1 mutants depends upon FD transcription factor, with which TFL1 interacts. Furthermore, the MADS-box gene SEPALLATA 4, which is upregulated in tfl1, contributes both to the floral transition and shoot determinacy defects of tfl1 mutants. Thus, we delineate the dual function of TFL1 in shoot development in terms of its dynamic spatial distribution and different modes of gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cerise
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Vítor da Silveira Falavigna
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Gabriel Rodríguez-Maroto
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Antoine Signol
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Edouard Severing
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - He Gao
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Annabel van Driel
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Coral Vincent
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Sandra Wilkens
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Francesca Romana Iacobini
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Pau Formosa-Jordan
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Alice Pajoro
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, c/o Department Biology and Biotechnology ‘C. Darwin’ Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
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7
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Teplitski M, Touchman JW, Almenar E, Evanega S, Aust D, Yoshinaka M, Estes VL. Bio-based solutions for reducing loss and waste of fresh fruits and vegetables: an industry perspective. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 83:102971. [PMID: 37541160 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Reducing loss and waste of fresh produce requires a systems-wide approach, where supply chain, logistical, and cold chain considerations are balanced with plant breeding, biotechnological, biochemical, and bioinspired solutions. Even though bioengineered specialty crops got off to a rocky start, genetically modified nonbrowning apples and potatoes have been on the market for almost a decade, with bioengineered pineapples, tomatoes, and gene-edited leafy greens with novel taste and nutritional profiles entering the market this year. Traditional and modern breeding expand the toolset of solutions for alleviating labor concerns, extending shelf life, and developing a generally tastier product less likely to be wasted by consumers. Critical to the systems approach is ensuring shelf-life extensions are not 'swallowed' into the supply chain and passed on to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Teplitski
- International Fresh Produce Association, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Eva Almenar
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vonnie L Estes
- International Fresh Produce Association, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Clark CB, Ma J. The genetic basis of shoot architecture in soybean. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:55. [PMID: 37351274 PMCID: PMC10281916 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Shoot architecture refers to the three-dimensional body plan of the above ground organs of the plant. The patterning of this body plan results from the tight genetic control of the size and maintenance of meristems, the initiation of axillary growth, and the timing of developmental phase transition. Variation in shoot architecture can result in dramatic differences in plant productivity and/or grain yield due to their effects on light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, response to agronomic inputs, and environmental adaptation. The fine-tuning of shoot architecture has consequently been of great interest to plant breeders, driving the need for deeper understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms governing these traits. In soybean, the world's most important oil and protein crop, major components of shoot architecture include stem growth habit, plant height, branch angle, branch number, leaf petiole angle, and the size and shape of leaves. Key genes underlying some of these traits have been identified to integrate hormonal, developmental, and environmental signals modulating the growth and orientation of shoot organs. Here we summarize the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of the genetic control of these important architectural traits in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chancelor B. Clark
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, 47907 IN USA
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, 47907 IN USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
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9
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Sun Y, Jia X, Yang Z, Fu Q, Yang H, Xu X. Genome-Wide Identification of PEBP Gene Family in Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119185. [PMID: 37298136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PEBP gene family is crucial for the growth and development of plants, the transition between vegetative and reproductive growth, the response to light, the production of florigen, and the reaction to several abiotic stressors. The PEBP gene family has been found in numerous species, but the SLPEBP gene family has not yet received a thorough bioinformatics investigation, and the members of this gene family are currently unknown. In this study, bioinformatics was used to identify 12 members of the SLPEBP gene family in tomato and localize them on the chromosomes. The physicochemical characteristics of the proteins encoded by members of the SLPEBP gene family were also examined, along with their intraspecific collinearity, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements. In parallel, a phylogenetic tree was built and the collinear relationships of the PEBP gene family among tomato, potato, pepper, and Arabidopsis were examined. The expression of 12 genes in different tissues and organs of tomato was analyzed using transcriptomic data. It was also hypothesized that SLPEBP3, SLPEBP5, SLPEBP6, SLPEBP8, SLPEBP9, and SLPEBP10 might be related to tomato flowering and that SLPEBP2, SLPEBP3, SLPEBP7, and SLPEBP11 might be related to ovary development based on the tissue-specific expression analysis of SLPEBP gene family members at five different stages during flower bud formation to fruit set. This article's goal is to offer suggestions and research directions for further study of tomato PEBP gene family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Sun
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyi Jia
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhenru Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingjun Fu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- Laboratory of Genetic Breeding in Tomato, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Harbin 150030, China
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10
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He J, Gu L, Tan Q, Wang Y, Hui F, He X, Chang P, Gong D, Sun Q. Genome-wide analysis and identification of the PEBP genes of Brassica juncea var. Tumida. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:535. [PMID: 35870881 PMCID: PMC9308242 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) is widely present in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Plant PEBP genes are mainly involved in flowering transition and nutritional growth. These genes have been studied in several plants; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have explored them in Brassica juncea var. tumida. This study identified and characterized the entire PEBP gene family of Brassica juncea var. tumida.
Results
A total of 21 PEBP genes were identified from Brassica juncea var. tumida. Through phylogenetic analysis, the 21 corresponding proteins were classified into the following four clusters: TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-like proteins (n = 8), MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT)-like proteins (n = 5), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like proteins (n = 6), and ybhB-like proteins (n = 2). A total of 18 genes contained four exons and had similar gene structures in each subfamily except BjMFT1, BjPYBHB1, and Arabidopsis thaliana CENTRORADIALIS homolog of Brassica juncea var. tumida (BjATC1). In the analysis of conserved motif composition, the BjPEBP genes exhibited similar characteristics, except for BjFT3, BjMFT1, BjPYBHB1, BjPYBHB2, and BjATC1. The BjPEBP promoter includes multiple cis-acting elements such as the G-box and I-box elements that respond to light, ABRE and GARE-motif elements that respond to hormones, and MBSI and CAT-box elements that are associated with plant growth and development. Analysis of RNA-Seq data revealed that the expression of a few BjPEBP genes may be associated with the development of a tumorous stem. The results of qRT–PCR showed that BjTFL1 and BjPYBHB1 were highly expressed in the flower tissue, BjFT1 and BjATC1 were mainly expressed in the root, and BjMFT4 were highly detected in the stem. The results of yeast two-hybrid screening suggested that BjFT interacts with Bj14-3-3. These results indicate that BjFT is involved in flowering regulation.
Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to perform a genome-wide analysis of PEBP genes family in Brassica juncea var. tumida. The findings of this study may help improve the yield and molecular breeding of Brassica juncea var. tumida.
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11
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Cardon CH, de Oliveira RR, Lesy V, Ribeiro THC, Fust C, Pereira LP, Colasanti J, Chalfun-Junior A. Expression of coffee florigen CaFT1 reveals a sustained floral induction window associated with asynchronous flowering in tropical perennials. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111479. [PMID: 36181945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of florigen(s) and environment-influenced regulatory pathways that control floral initiation in tropical perennials species with complex phenological cycles is poorly understood. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is important for food production in the face of climate change, thus, we used Coffea sp. L. (Rubiaceae) as a model to explore this issue. Homologs of FLOWERING LOCUS T (CaFT1) and environment-related regulators CONSTANS (CaCO), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (CaPIF4) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (CaFLC) were retrieved from coffee genomes and identified through phylogenetic analysis. Overexpression of CaFT1 in Arabidopsis caused early-flowering phenotype and yeast two hybrid studies indicated CaFT1 binding to bZIP floral regulator FD, which suggests that CaFT1 is a coffee florigen. Expression of CaFT1 and other floral regulators, together with carbohydrate analysis, were evaluated over one year using three contrasting genotypes, two C. arabica cultivars and C. canephora. All genotypes showed active and variable CaFT1 transcription from February until October, indicating the potential window for floral induction that reached a maximum in the cold period of June. CaCO expression, as expected, varied over a 24-hour day period and monthly with day length, whereas expression of temperature-responsive homologs, CaFLC and CaPIF4, did not correlate with temperature changes nor CaFT1 expression, suggesting alternative FT regulatory pathways in coffee. Based on our results, we suggest a continuum of floral induction that allows different starting points for floral activation, which explains developmental asynchronicity and prolonged anthesis events in tropical perennial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique Cardon
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Raphael Ricon de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Victoria Lesy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Catherine Fust
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Luísa Peloso Pereira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Moreira JDR, Quiñones A, Lira BS, Robledo JM, Curtin SJ, Vicente MH, Ribeiro DM, Ryngajllo M, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Peres LEP, Rossi M, Zsögön A. SELF PRUNING 3C is a flowering repressor that modulates seed germination, root architecture, and drought responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6226-6240. [PMID: 35710302 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allelic variation in the CETS (CENTRORADIALIS, TERMINAL FLOWER 1, SELF PRUNING) gene family controls agronomically important traits in many crops. CETS genes encode phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins that have a central role in the timing of flowering as florigenic and anti-florigenic signals. The great expansion of CETS genes in many species suggests that the functions of this family go beyond flowering induction and repression. Here, we characterized the tomato SELF PRUNING 3C (SP3C) gene, and show that besides acting as a flowering repressor it also regulates seed germination and modulates root architecture. We show that loss of SP3C function in CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutant lines increases root length and reduces root side branching relative to the wild type. Higher SP3C expression in transgenic lines promotes the opposite effects in roots, represses seed germination, and also improves tolerance to water stress in seedlings. These discoveries provide new insights into the role of SP paralogs in agronomically relevant traits, and support future exploration of the involvement of CETS genes in abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Quiñones
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Jessenia M Robledo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Shaun J Curtin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Science Research Unit, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Plant Precision Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mateus H Vicente
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Yang J, Song J, Jeong BR. The flowering of SDP chrysanthemum in response to intensity of supplemental or night-interruptional blue light is modulated by both photosynthetic carbon assimilation and photoreceptor-mediated regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:981143. [PMID: 36186037 PMCID: PMC9523439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptor-mediated photoperiodic sensitivity determines the obligate short-day flowering in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) when the night length is longer than a critical minimum, otherwise, flowering is effectively inhibited. The reversal of this inhibition by subsequent exposure to a short period of supplemental (S) or night-interruptional (NI) blue (B) light (S-B; NI-B) indicates the involvement of B light-received photoreceptors in the flowering response. Flowering is mainly powered by sugars produced through photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Thus, the light intensity can be involved in flowering regulation by affecting photosynthesis. Here, it is elucidated that the intensity of S-B or NI-B in photoperiodic flowering regulation of chrysanthemums by applying 4-h of S-B or NI-B with either 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in a 10-h short-day (SD10) [SD10 + 4B or + NI-4B (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40)] or 13-h long-day (LD13) condition [LD13 + 4B or + NI-4B (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40)] provided by 300 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD white (W) LEDs. After 60 days of photoperiodic light treatments other than the LD13 and LD13 + NI-4B (40), flowering with varying degrees was observed, although the SD10 gave the earliest flowering. And the LD13 + 4B (30) produced the greatest number of flowers. The flowering pattern in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B was consistent as it was gradually promoted from 10 to 30 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD and inhibited by 40B regardless of the photoperiod. In SD conditions, the same intensity of S-B and NI-B did not significantly affect flowering, while differential flowering inhibition was observed with any intensity of NI-B in LDs. Furthermore, the 30 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD of S-B or NI-B up-regulated the expression of floral meristem identity or florigen genes, as well as the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and carbohydrate accumulation. The 40B also promoted these physiological traits but led to the unbalanced expression of florigen or anti-florigen genes. Overall, the photoperiodic flowering in response to the intensity of S-B or NI-B of the SDP chrysanthemum suggests the co-regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and differential photoreceptor-mediated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jinnan Song
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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14
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Huang X, Liu H, Ma B. The Current Progresses in the Genes and Networks Regulating Cotton Plant Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882583. [PMID: 35755647 PMCID: PMC9218861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is the most important source of natural fiber in the world as well as a key source of edible oil. The plant architecture and flowering time in cotton are crucial factors affecting cotton yield and the efficiency of mechanized harvest. In the model plant arabidopsis, the functions of genes related to plant height, inflorescence structure, and flowering time have been well studied. In the model crops, such as tomato and rice, the similar genetic explorations have greatly strengthened the economic benefits of these crops. Plants of the Gossypium genus have the characteristics of perennials with indeterminate growth and the cultivated allotetraploid cottons, G. hirsutum (Upland cotton), and G. barbadense (Sea-island cotton), have complex branching patterns. In this paper, we review the current progresses in the identification of genes affecting cotton architecture and flowering time in the cotton genome and the elucidation of their functional mechanisms associated with branching patterns, branching angle, fruit branch length, and plant height. This review focuses on the following aspects: (i) plant hormone signal transduction pathway; (ii) identification of cotton plant architecture QTLs and PEBP gene family members; (iii) functions of FT/SFT and SP genes; (iv) florigen and anti-florigen systems. We highlight areas that require further research, and should lay the groundwork for the targeted bioengineering of improved cotton cultivars with flowering times, plant architecture, growth habits and yields better suited for modern, mechanized cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhong Huang
- Center for Crop Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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15
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Kunta S, Chu Y, Levy Y, Harel A, Abbo S, Ozias-Akins P, Hovav R. Identification of a major locus for flowering pattern sheds light on plant architecture diversification in cultivated peanut. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1767-1777. [PMID: 35260930 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A major gene controls flowering pattern in peanut, possibly encoding a TFL1-like. It was subjected to gain/loss events of a deletion and changes in mRNA expression levels, partly explaining the evolution of flowering pattern in Arachis. Flowering pattern (FP) is a major characteristic differentiating the two subspecies of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Subsp. fastigiata possessing flowers on the mainstem (MSF) and a sequential FP, whereas subsp. hypogaea lacks MSF and exhibits an alternate FP. FP is considered the main contributor to plant adaptability, and evidence indicates that its diversification occurred during the several thousand years of domestication. However, the genetic mechanism that controls FP in peanut is unknown. We investigated the genetics of FP in a recombinant inbred population, derivatives of an A. hypogaea by A. fastigiata cross. Lines segregated 1:1 for FP, indicating a single gene effect. Using Axiom_Arachis2 SNP-array, FP was mapped to a small segment in chromosome B02, wherein a Terminal Flowering 1-like (AhTFL1) gene with a 1492 bp deletion was found in the fastigiata line, leading to a truncated protein. Remapping FP in the RIL population with the AhTFL1 indel as a marker increased the LOD score from 53.3 to 158.8 with no recombination in the RIL population. The same indel was found co-segregating with the phenotype in two independent EMS-mutagenized M2 families, suggesting a hotspot for gene conversion. Also, AhTFL1 was significantly less expressed in the fastigiata line compared to hypogaea and in flowering than non-flowering branches. Sequence analysis of the AhTFL1 in peanut world collections indicated significant conservation, supporting the putative role of AhTFL1 in peanut speciation during domestication and modern cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Kunta
- Department of Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, HaMakkabbim Road, POB 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food and the Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ye Chu
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Yael Levy
- Department of Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, HaMakkabbim Road, POB 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arye Harel
- Department of Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, HaMakkabbim Road, POB 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shahal Abbo
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food and the Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization-The Volcani Institute, HaMakkabbim Road, POB 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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16
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Jiang X, Lubini G, Hernandes-Lopes J, Rijnsburger K, Veltkamp V, de Maagd RA, Angenent GC, Bemer M. FRUITFULL-like genes regulate flowering time and inflorescence architecture in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1002-1019. [PMID: 34893888 PMCID: PMC8894982 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering and the inflorescence architecture are critical for the reproductive success of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but the gene regulatory networks underlying these traits have not been fully explored. Here, we show that the tomato FRUITFULL-like (FUL-like) genes FUL2 and MADS-BOX PROTEIN 20 (MBP20) promote the vegetative-to-reproductive transition and repress inflorescence branching by inducing floral meristem (FM) maturation. FUL1 fulfils a less prominent role and appears to depend on FUL2 and MBP20 for its upregulation in the inflorescence- and floral meristems. MBP10, the fourth tomato FUL-like gene, has probably lost its function. The tomato FUL-like proteins cannot homodimerize in in vitro assays, but heterodimerize with various other MADS-domain proteins, potentially forming distinct complexes in the transition meristem and FM. Transcriptome analysis of the primary shoot meristems revealed various interesting downstream targets, including four repressors of cytokinin signaling that are upregulated during the floral transition in ful1 ful2 mbp10 mbp20 mutants. FUL2 and MBP20 can also bind in vitro to the upstream regions of these genes, thereby probably directly stimulating cell division in the meristem upon the transition to flowering. The control of inflorescence branching does not occur via the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases (CKXs) but may be regulated by repression of transcription factors such as TOMATO MADS-box gene 3 (TM3) and APETALA 2b (AP2b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greice Lubini
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - José Hernandes-Lopes
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kim Rijnsburger
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Veltkamp
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Gaston A, Potier A, Alonso M, Sabbadini S, Delmas F, Tenreira T, Cochetel N, Labadie M, Prévost P, Folta KM, Mezzetti B, Hernould M, Rothan C, Denoyes B. The FveFT2 florigen/FveTFL1 antiflorigen balance is critical for the control of seasonal flowering in strawberry while FveFT3 modulates axillary meristem fate and yield. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:372-387. [PMID: 34131919 PMCID: PMC8519138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture is central in determining crop yield. In the short-day species strawberry, a crop vegetatively propagated by daughter-plants produced by stolons, fruit yield is further dependent on the trade-off between sexual reproduction (fruits) and asexual reproduction (daughter-plants). Both are largely dependent on meristem identity, which establishes the development of branches, stolons and inflorescences. Floral initiation and plant architecture are modulated by the balance between two related proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). We explored in woodland strawberry the role of the uncharacterised FveFT2 and FveFT3 genes and of the floral repressor FveTFL1 through gene expression analyses, grafting and genetic transformation (overexpression and gene editing). We demonstrate the unusual properties of these genes. FveFT2 is a nonphotoperiodic florigen permitting short-day (SD) flowering and FveTFL1 is the long-hypothesised long-day systemic antiflorigen that contributes, together with FveFT2, to the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. We additionally show that FveFT3 is not a florigen but promotes plant branching when overexpressed, that is likely to be through changing axillary meristem fate, therefore resulting in a 3.5-fold increase in fruit yield at the expense of stolons. We show that our findings can be translated into improvement of cultivated strawberry in which FveFT2 overexpression significantly accelerates flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amèlia Gaston
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Aline Potier
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Marie Alonso
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Silvia Sabbadini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesMarche Polytechnic UniversityAncona60131Italy
| | - Frédéric Delmas
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Tracey Tenreira
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Noé Cochetel
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Marc Labadie
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Pierre Prévost
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Kevin M. Folta
- Horticultural Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesMarche Polytechnic UniversityAncona60131Italy
| | - Michel Hernould
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Béatrice Denoyes
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
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18
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Zhu Y, Klasfeld S, Jeong CW, Jin R, Goto K, Yamaguchi N, Wagner D. TERMINAL FLOWER 1-FD complex target genes and competition with FLOWERING LOCUS T. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5118. [PMID: 33046692 PMCID: PMC7550357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants monitor seasonal cues to optimize reproductive success by tuning onset of reproduction and inflorescence architecture. TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and their orthologs antagonistically regulate these life history traits, yet their mechanism of action, antagonism and targets remain poorly understood. Here, we show that TFL1 is recruited to thousands of loci by the bZIP transcription factor FD. We identify the master regulator of floral fate, LEAFY (LFY) as a target under dual opposite regulation by TFL1 and FT and uncover a pivotal role of FT in promoting flower fate via LFY upregulation. We provide evidence that the antagonism between FT and TFL1 relies on competition for chromatin-bound FD at shared target loci. Direct TFL1-FD regulated target genes identify this complex as a hub for repressing both master regulators of reproductive development and endogenous signalling pathways. Our data provide mechanistic insight into how TFL1-FD sculpt inflorescence architecture, a trait important for reproductive success, plant architecture and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samantha Klasfeld
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cheol Woong Jeong
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- LG Economic Research Institute, LG Twin tower, Seoul, 07336, Korea
| | - Run Jin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Koji Goto
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayaka Prefecture, 7549-1, Kibichuoh-cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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19
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Liu X, Yang W, Wang J, Yang M, Wei K, Liu X, Qiu Z, van Giang T, Wang X, Guo Y, Li J, Liu L, Shu J, Du Y, Huang Z. SlGID1a Is a Putative Candidate Gene for qtph1.1, a Major-Effect Quantitative Trait Locus Controlling Tomato Plant Height. Front Genet 2020; 11:881. [PMID: 32849843 PMCID: PMC7427465 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant height is an important agronomic trait in crops. Several genes underlying tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant height mutants have been cloned. However, few quantitative trait genes for plant height have been identified in tomato. In this study, seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling plant height were identified in tomato. Of which, qtph1.1 (QTL for tomato plant height 1.1), qtph3.1 and qtph12.1 were major QTLs and explained 15, 16, and 12% of phenotypic variation (R2), respectively. The qtph1.1 was further mapped to an 18.9-kb interval on chromosome 1. Based on the annotated tomato genome (version SL2.50, annotation ITAG2.40), Solyc01g098390 encoding GA receptor SlGID1a was the putative candidate gene. The SlGID1a gene underlying the qtph1.1 locus contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that resulted in an amino acid alteration in protein sequence. The near-isogenic line containing the qtph1.1 locus (NIL-qtph1.1) exhibited shorter internode length and cell length than the wild type (NIL-WT). The dwarf phenotype of NIL-qtph1.1 could not be rescued by exogenous GA3 treatment. Transcriptome analysis and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) showed that several genes related to biosynthesis and signaling of GA and auxin were differentially expressed in stems between NIL-qtph1.1 and NIL-WT. These findings might pave the road for understanding the molecular regulation mechanism of tomato plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengkun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong van Giang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Eshed Y, Lippman ZB. Revolutions in agriculture chart a course for targeted breeding of old and new crops. Science 2019; 366:science.aax0025. [PMID: 31488704 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dominance of the major crops that feed humans and their livestock arose from agricultural revolutions that increased productivity and adapted plants to large-scale farming practices. Two hormone systems that universally control flowering and plant architecture, florigen and gibberellin, were the source of multiple revolutions that modified reproductive transitions and proportional growth among plant parts. Although step changes based on serendipitous mutations in these hormone systems laid the foundation, genetic and agronomic tuning were required for broad agricultural benefits. We propose that generating targeted genetic variation in core components of both systems would elicit a wider range of phenotypic variation. Incorporating this enhanced diversity into breeding programs of conventional and underutilized crops could help to meet the future needs of the human diet and promote sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Eshed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Zachary B Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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21
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Hirakawa H, Sumitomo K, Hisamatsu T, Nagano S, Shirasawa K, Higuchi Y, Kusaba M, Koshioka M, Nakano Y, Yagi M, Yamaguchi H, Taniguchi K, Nakano M, Isobe SN. De novo whole-genome assembly in Chrysanthemum seticuspe, a model species of Chrysanthemums, and its application to genetic and gene discovery analysis. DNA Res 2019; 26:195-203. [PMID: 30689773 PMCID: PMC6589549 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most economically important ornamental crops grown worldwide. It has a complex hexaploid genome (2n = 6x = 54) and large genome size. The diploid Chrysanthemum seticuspe is often used as a model of cultivated chrysanthemum, since the two species are closely related. To expand our knowledge of the cultivated chrysanthemum, we here performed de novo whole-genome assembly in C. seticuspe using the Illumina sequencing platform. XMRS10, a C. seticuspe accession developed by five generations of self-crossing from a self-compatible strain, AEV2, was used for genome sequencing. The 2.72 Gb of assembled sequences (CSE_r1.0), consisting of 354,212 scaffolds, covered 89.0% of the 3.06 Gb C. seticuspe genome estimated by k-mer analysis. The N50 length of scaffolds was 44,741 bp. For protein-encoding genes, 71,057 annotated genes were deduced (CSE_r1.1_cds). Next, based on the assembled genome sequences, we performed linkage map construction, gene discovery and comparative analyses for C. seticuspe and cultivated chrysanthemum. The generated C. seticuspe linkage map revealed skewed regions in segregation on the AEV2 genome. In gene discovery analysis, candidate flowering-related genes were newly found in CSE_r1.1_cds. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphism identification and annotation on the C. × morifolium genome showed that the C. seticuspe genome was applicable to genetic analysis in cultivated chrysanthemums. The genome sequences assembled herein are expected to contribute to future chrysanthemum studies. In addition, our approach demonstrated the usefulness of short-read genome assembly and the importance of choosing an appropriate next genome sequencing technology based on the purpose of the post-genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsuhiko Sumitomo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Hisamatsu
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nagano
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan.,Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yohei Higuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kusaba
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaji Koshioka
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakano
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yagi
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiharu Nakano
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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22
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Périlleux C, Bouché F, Randoux M, Orman-Ligeza B. Turning Meristems into Fortresses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:431-442. [PMID: 30853243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) was named from knockout Arabidopsis thaliana mutants in which the inflorescence abnormally terminates into a flower. In wild type plants, the expression of TFL1 in the center of the inflorescence meristem represses the flower meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) to maintain indeterminacy. LFY and AP1 are activated by flowering signals that antagonize TFL1. Its characterization in numerous species revealed that the TFL1-mediated regulation of meristem fate has broader impacts on plant development than originally depicted in A. thaliana. By blocking floral transition, TFL1 genes participate in the control of juvenility, shoot growth pattern, inflorescence architecture, and the establishment of life history strategies. Here, we contextualize the role of the TFL1-mediated protection of meristem indeterminacy throughout plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Randoux
- University of Liège, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, Liège, Belgium
| | - Beata Orman-Ligeza
- University of Liège, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, Liège, Belgium; Current address: National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Flax latitudinal adaptation at LuTFL1 altered architecture and promoted fiber production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:976. [PMID: 30700760 PMCID: PMC6354013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
After domestication in the Near East around 10,000 years ago several founder crops, flax included, spread to European latitudes. On reaching northerly latitudes the architecture of domesticated flax became more suitable to fiber production over oil, with longer stems, smaller seeds and fewer axillary branches. Latitudinal adaptations in crops typically result in changes in flowering time, often involving the PEBP family of genes that also have the potential to influence plant architecture. Two PEBP family genes in the flax genome, LuTFL1 and LuTFL2, vary in wild and cultivated flax over latitudinal range with cultivated flax receiving LuTFL1 alleles from northerly wild flax populations. Compared to a background of population structure of flaxes over latitude, the LuTFL1 alleles display a level of differentiation that is consistent with selection for an allele III in the north. We demonstrate through heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana that LuTFL1 is a functional homolog of TFL1 in A. thaliana capable of changing both flowering time and plant architecture. We conclude that specialized fiber flax types could have formed as a consequence of a natural adaptation of cultivated flax to higher latitudes.
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24
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Moraes TS, Dornelas MC, Martinelli AP. FT/TFL1: Calibrating Plant Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:97. [PMID: 30815003 PMCID: PMC6381015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a very large diversity in plant architecture in nature. Over the past few years, novel theoretical concepts and analytical methods have emerged as powerful tools to understand important aspects of plant architecture. Plant architecture depends on the relative arrangement of three types of organs: leaves, shoots, and flowers. During plant development, the architecture is modulated by the balance of two homologous proteins: FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). The FT/TFL1 balance defines the plant growth habit as indeterminate or determinate by modulating the pattern of formation of vegetative and reproductive structures in the apical and axillary meristems. Here, we present a summarized review of plant architecture and primarily focus on the FT/TFL1 balance and its effect on plant form and development. We also propose passion fruit as a suitable model plant to study the effect of FT/TFL1 genes on plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Souza Moraes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Carnier Dornelas
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Adriana Pinheiro Martinelli,
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25
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Salentijn EMJ, Petit J, Trindade LM. The Complex Interactions Between Flowering Behavior and Fiber Quality in Hemp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:614. [PMID: 31156677 PMCID: PMC6532435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is a sustainable multipurpose fiber crop with high nutrient and water use efficiency and with biomass of excellent quality for textile fibers and construction materials. The yield and quality of hemp biomass are largely determined by the genetic background of the hemp cultivar but are also strongly affected by environmental factors, such as temperature and photoperiod. Hemp is a facultative short-day plant, characterized by a strong adaptation to photoperiod and a great influence of environmental factors on important agronomic traits such as "flowering-time" and "sex determination." This sensitivity of hemp can cause a considerable degree of heterogeneity, leading to unforeseen yield reductions. Fiber quality for instance is influenced by the developmental stage of hemp at harvest. Also, male and female plants differ in stature and produce fibers with different properties and quality. Next to these causes, there is evidence for specific genotypic variation in fiber quality among hemp accessions. Before improved hemp cultivars can be developed, with specific flowering-times and fiber qualities, and adapted to different geographical regions, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling important phenological traits such as "flowering-time" and "sex determination" in relation to fiber quality in hemp is required. It is well known that genetic factors play a major role in the outcome of both phenological traits, but the major molecular factors involved in this mechanism are not characterized in hemp. Genome sequences and transcriptome data are available but their analysis mainly focused on the cannabinoid pathway for medical purposes. Herein, we review the current knowledge of phenotypic and genetic data available for "flowering-time," "sex determination," and "fiber quality" in short-day and dioecious crops, respectively, and compare them with the situation in hemp. A picture emerges for several controlling key genes, for which natural genetic variation may lead to desired flowering behavior, including examples of pleiotropic effects on yield quality and on carbon partitioning. Finally, we discuss the prospects for using this knowledge for the molecular breeding of this sustainable crop via a candidate gene approach.
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26
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Busov VB. Manipulation of Growth and Architectural Characteristics in Trees for Increased Woody Biomass Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1505. [PMID: 30459780 PMCID: PMC6232754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth and architectural traits in trees are economically and environmentally important and thus of considerable importance to the improvement of forest and fruit trees. These traits are complex and result from the operation of a number of molecular mechanisms. This review will focus on the regulation of crown architecture, secondary woody growth and adventitious rooting. These traits and processes have significant impact on deployment, management, and productivity of tree crops. The majority of the described work comes from experiments in model plants, poplar, apple, peach, and plum because these species allow functional analysis of the involved genes and have significant genomics resources. However, these studies convincingly show conserved mechanisms for elaboration of specific growth and architectural traits. The conservation of these mechanisms suggest that they can be used as a blueprint for the improvement of these traits and processes in phylogenetically diverse tree crops. We will specifically consider the involvement of flowering time, transcription factors and hormone-associated genes. The review will also discuss the impact of recent technological advances as well as the challenges to the dissection of these traits in trees.
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27
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Beinecke FA, Grundmann L, Wiedmann DR, Schmidt FJ, Caesar AS, Zimmermann M, Lahme M, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Noll GA. The FT/FD-dependent initiation of flowering under long-day conditions in the day-neutral species Nicotiana tabacum originates from the facultative short-day ancestor Nicotiana tomentosiformis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:329-342. [PMID: 30030859 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is an important external stimulus governing the precise timing of the floral transition in plants. Members of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like clade of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins induce this developmental process in numerous species by forming regulatory protein complexes with FD-like bZIP transcription factors. We identified several thus far unknown FT-like and FD-like genes in the genus Nicotiana and found that, even in the day-neutral species Nicotiana tabacum, floral initiation requires the photoperiod-dependent expression of several FT-like genes. Furthermore, floral promotion under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions is mediated by an FT-like protein (NtFT5) that originates from the genome of the paternal, facultative SD ancestor Nicotiana tomentosiformis. In contrast, its ortholog of the maternal LD ancestor Nicotiana sylvestris is not present in the genome of N. tabacum cv. SR1. Expression profiling in N. tabacum and its ancestors confirmed the relevance of these FT and FD orthologs in the context of polyploidization. We also found that floral inhibition by tobacco FT-like proteins is not restricted to SD conditions, highlighting the coincident expression of tobacco FT-like genes encoding floral activators and floral inhibitors. Multicolor bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed the preferential formation of FT/FD complexes that promote rather than inhibit flowering, which in concert with the regulation of NtFT and NtFD expression could explain how floral promotion overcomes floral repression during the floral transition in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina A Beinecke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Grundmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - David R Wiedmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Florentin J Schmidt
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea S Caesar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Marius Zimmermann
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Lahme
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Gundula A Noll
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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28
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Sun Q, Qiao J, Zhang S, He S, Shi Y, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Cai Y. Changes in DNA methylation assessed by genomic bisulfite sequencing suggest a role for DNA methylation in cotton fruiting branch development. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4945. [PMID: 29915693 PMCID: PMC6004305 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton plant architecture, including fruit branch formation and flowering pattern, influences plant light exploitation, cotton yield and planting cost. DNA methylation has been widely observed at different developmental stages in both plants and animals and is associated with regulation of gene expression, chromatin remodelling, genome protection and other functions. Here, we investigated the global epigenetic reprogramming during the development of fruiting branches and floral buds at three developmental stages: the seedling stage, the pre-squaring stage and the squaring stage. We first identified 22 cotton genes which potentially encode DNA methyltransferases and demethylases. Among them, the homologous genes of CMT, DRM2 and MET1 were upregulated at pre-squaring and squaring stages, suggesting that DNA methylation is involved in the development of floral buds and fruit branches. Although the global methylation at all of three developmental stages was not changed, the CHG-type methylation of non-expressed genes was higher than those of expressed genes. In addition, we found that the expression of the homologous genes of the key circadian rhythm regulators, including CRY, LHY and CO, was associated with changes of DNA methylation at three developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Sun
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, College of Bioinformation, ChongQing, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shibin He
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- Cotton Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- Cotton Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Cotton Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yingfan Cai
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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29
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Su J, Li L, Zhang C, Wang C, Gu L, Wang H, Wei H, Liu Q, Huang L, Yu S. Genome-wide association study identified genetic variations and candidate genes for plant architecture component traits in Chinese upland cotton. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:1299-1314. [PMID: 29497767 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty significant associations between 22 SNPs and five plant architecture component traits in Chinese upland cotton were identified via GWAS. Four peak SNP loci located on chromosome D03 were simultaneously associated with more plant architecture component traits. A candidate gene, Gh_D03G0922, might be responsible for plant height in upland cotton. A compact plant architecture is increasingly required for mechanized harvesting processes in China. Therefore, cotton plant architecture is an important trait, and its components, such as plant height, fruit branch length and fruit branch angle, affect the suitability of a cultivar for mechanized harvesting. To determine the genetic basis of cotton plant architecture, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a panel composed of 355 accessions and 93,250 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing method. Thirty significant associations between 22 SNPs and five plant architecture component traits were identified via GWAS. Most importantly, four peak SNP loci located on chromosome D03 were simultaneously associated with more plant architecture component traits, and these SNPs were harbored in one linkage disequilibrium block. Furthermore, 21 candidate genes for plant architecture were predicted in a 0.95-Mb region including the four peak SNPs. One of these genes (Gh_D03G0922) was near the significant SNP D03_31584163 (8.40 kb), and its Arabidopsis homologs contain MADS-box domains that might be involved in plant growth and development. qRT-PCR showed that the expression of Gh_D03G0922 was upregulated in the apical buds and young leaves of the short and compact cotton varieties, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) proved that the silenced plants exhibited increased PH. These results indicate that Gh_D03G0922 is likely the candidate gene for PH in cotton. The genetic variations and candidate genes identified in this study lay a foundation for cultivating moderately short and compact varieties in future Chinese cotton-breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Cotton Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science/Northwest Inland Region Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shihezi, China
| | - Libei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Caixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Lijiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Qibao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
| | - Long Huang
- Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China.
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30
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Hollwey E, Out S, Watson MR, Heidmann I, Meyer P. TET3-mediated demethylation in tomato activates expression of a CETS gene that stimulates vegetative growth. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00022. [PMID: 31245668 PMCID: PMC6508569 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the mammalian DNA demethylase enzyme TET3 in plants can be used to induce hypomethylation of DNA. In tomato lines that express a TET3 transgene, we observed distinct phenotypes including an increase in the length and number of leaves of primary shoots. As these changes resemble phenotypes observed in plants with strong expression of SELF PRUNING (SP), a member of the PEBP/CETS family, we investigated in TET3 lines the expression levels of members of the PEBP/CETS gene family, which affect shoot architecture and growth of sympodial units in tomato. We did not detect any changes in SP expression in TET3 lines, but for CEN1.1, a putative family member that has not been functionally characterized, we identified changes in gene expression that corresponded to hypomethylation in the upstream region. In tomato wild type, CEN1.1 is expressed in roots, petals, and shoot apices but not in mature leaves. In contrast, in TET3 transformants, the CEN1.1 gene became hypomethylated and activated in leaves. Ectopic expression of CEN1.1 in tomato caused similar phenotypes to those seen in TET3 transformants. Vegetative growth was increased, resulting both in a delay in inflorescence development and in an instability of the inflorescences, which frequently reverted to a vegetative state. Ectopic expression of CEN1.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana also caused floral repression. Our data suggest that the phenotypes observed in TET3 lines are a consequence of ectopic activation of CEN1.1, which promotes vegetative growth, and that CEN1.1 expression is sensitive to DNA methylation changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzan Out
- ENZA ZADEN Research and DevelopmentEnkhuizenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Iris Heidmann
- ENZA ZADEN Research and DevelopmentEnkhuizenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Meyer
- Centre for Plant SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Adeyemo OS, Chavarriaga P, Tohme J, Fregene M, Davis SJ, Setter TL. Overexpression of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene improves floral development in cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181460. [PMID: 28753668 PMCID: PMC5533431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava is a tropical storage-root crop that serves as a worldwide source of staple food for over 800 million people. Flowering is one of the most important breeding challenges in cassava because in most lines flowering is late and non-synchronized, and flower production is sparse. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene is pivotal for floral induction in all examined angiosperms. The objective of the current work was to determine the potential roles of the FT signaling system in cassava. The Arabidopsis thaliana FT gene (atFT) was transformed into the cassava cultivar 60444 through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and was found to be overexpressed constitutively. FT overexpression hastened flower initiation and associated fork-type branching, indicating that cassava has the necessary signaling factors to interact with and respond to the atFT gene product. In addition, overexpression stimulated lateral branching, increased the prolificacy of flower production and extended the longevity of flower development. While FT homologs in some plant species stimulate development of vegetative storage organs, atFT inhibited storage-root development and decreased root harvest index in cassava. These findings collectively contribute to our understanding of flower development in cassava and have the potential for applications in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Sarah Adeyemo
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Paul Chavarriaga
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Joe Tohme
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Martin Fregene
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Seth J. Davis
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim L. Setter
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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32
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Zsögön A, Cermak T, Voytas D, Peres LEP. Genome editing as a tool to achieve the crop ideotype and de novo domestication of wild relatives: Case study in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 256:120-130. [PMID: 28167025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ideotype is a theoretical model of an archetypal cultivated plant. Recent progress in genome editing is aiding the pursuit of this ideal in crop breeding. Breeding is relatively straightforward when the traits in question are monogenic in nature and show Mendelian inheritance. Conversely, traits with a diffuse, polygenic basis such as abiotic stress resistance are more difficult to harness. In recent years, many genes have been identified that are important for plant domestication and act by increasing yield, grain or fruit size or altering plant architecture. Here, we propose that (a) key monogenic traits whose physiology has been unveiled can be molecularly tailored to achieve the ideotype; and (b) wild relatives of crops harboring polygenic stress resistance genes or other traits of interest could be de novo domesticated by manipulating monogenic yield-related traits through state-of-the-art gene editing techniques. An overview of the genomic and physiological challenges in the world's main staple crops is provided. We focus on tomato and its wild Solanum (section Lycopersicon) relatives as a suitable model for molecular design in the pursuit of the ideotype for elite cultivars and to test de novo domestication of wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Zsögön
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Tomas Cermak
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dan Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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33
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McGarry RC, Prewitt SF, Culpepper S, Eshed Y, Lifschitz E, Ayre BG. Monopodial and sympodial branching architecture in cotton is differentially regulated by the Gossypium hirsutum SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS and SELF-PRUNING orthologs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:244-58. [PMID: 27292411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) converted it from a lanky photoperiodic perennial to a day-neutral annual row-crop. Residual perennial traits, however, complicate irrigation and crop management, and more determinate architectures are desired. Cotton simultaneously maintains robust monopodial indeterminate shoots and sympodial determinate shoots. We questioned if and how the FLOWERING LOCUS T/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT)-like and TERMINAL FLOWER1/SELF-PRUNING (SP)-like genes control the balance of monopodial and sympodial growth in a woody perennial with complex growth habit. Virus-based manipulation of GhSP and GhSFT expression enabled unprecedented functional analysis of cotton development. GhSP maintains growth in all apices; in its absence, both monopodial and sympodial branch systems terminate precociously. GhSFT encodes a florigenic signal stimulating rapid onset of sympodial branching and flowering in side shoots of wild photoperiodic and modern day-neutral accessions. High florigen concentrations did not alter monopodial apices, implying that once a cotton apex is SP-determined, it cannot be reset by florigen. GhSP is also essential to establish and maintain cambial activity. Dynamic changes in GhSFT and GhSP levels navigate meristems between monopodial and sympodial programs in a single plant. SFT and SP influenced cotton domestication and are ideal targets for further agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin C McGarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Sarah F Prewitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Samantha Culpepper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Yuval Eshed
- Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Eliezer Lifschitz
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle 305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
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Tsukamoto A, Hirai T, Chin DP, Mii M, Mizoguchi T, Mizuta D, Yoshida H, Olsen JE, Ezura H, Fukuda N. The FT-like gene PehFT in petunia responds to photoperiod and light quality but is not the main gene promoting light quality-associated flowering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:297-307. [PMID: 31274991 PMCID: PMC6565942 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.0620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, flowering is delayed under red light and induced under far red light and blue light. Studies suggest that the florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T, is involved in the control of light quality-associated flowering in Arabidopsis. In petunia, similar to Arabidopsis, flowering is delayed under red light and induced under blue light, however its mechanism still remains unknown. Here we isolated a gene which has 75% amino acid sequence similarity with Arabidopsis FT (AtFT), named PehFT. By overexpressing PehFT in Arbidopsis and petunia, we tested its ability to induce flowering. Also, by conducting expression analyses of PehFT under different light quality treatments, we tested its response to light quality. We concluded that PehFT, like AtFT, is a gene which responds to photoperiod and light quality, but unlike AtFT, is not the main gene controlling the light quality-associated flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hirai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Dong Poh Chin
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mii
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Natural Science, International Christian University (ICU), 10-2-3, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizuta
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jorunn E. Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Naoya Fukuda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Mauro-Herrera M, Doust AN. Development and Genetic Control of Plant Architecture and Biomass in the Panicoid Grass, Setaria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151346. [PMID: 26985990 PMCID: PMC4795695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The architecture of a plant affects its ability to compete for light and to respond to environmental stresses, thus affecting overall fitness and productivity. Two components of architecture, branching and height, were studied in 182 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) at the vegetative, flowering and mature developmental stages in the panicoid C4 model grass system, Setaria. The RIL population was derived from a cross between domesticated S. italica (foxtail millet) and its wild relative S. viridis (green foxtail). In both field and greenhouse trials the wild parent was taller initially, started branching earlier, and flowered earlier, while the domesticated parent was shorter initially, but flowered later, producing a robust tall plant architecture with more nodes and leaves on the main culm and few or no branches. Biomass was highly correlated with height of the plant and number of nodes on the main culm, and generally showed a negative relationship with branch number. However, several of the RILs with the highest biomass in both trials were significantly more branched than the domesticated parent of the cross. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses indicate that both height and branching are controlled by multiple genetic regions, often with QTL for both traits colocalizing in the same genomic regions. Genomic positions of several QTL colocalize with QTL in syntenic regions in other species and contain genes known to control branching and height in sorghum, maize, and switchgrass. Included in these is the ortholog of the rice SD-1 semi-dwarfing gene, which underlies one of the major Setaria height QTL. Understanding the relationships between height and branching patterns in Setaria, and their genetic control, is an important step to gaining a comprehensive knowledge of the development and genetic regulation of panicoid grass architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Mauro-Herrera
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Doust
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
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36
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Klocko AL, Ma C, Robertson S, Esfandiari E, Nilsson O, Strauss SH. FT overexpression induces precocious flowering and normal reproductive development in Eucalyptus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:808-19. [PMID: 26132805 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus trees are among the most important species for industrial forestry worldwide. However, as with most forest trees, flowering does not begin for one to several years after planting which can limit the rate of conventional and molecular breeding. To speed flowering, we transformed a Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla hybrid (SP7) with a variety of constructs that enable overexpression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). We found that FT expression led to very early flowering, with events showing floral buds within 1-5 months of transplanting to the glasshouse. The most rapid flowering was observed when the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was used to drive the Arabidopsis thaliana FT gene (AtFT). Early flowering was also observed with AtFT overexpression from a 409S ubiquitin promoter and under heat induction conditions with Populus trichocarpa FT1 (PtFT1) under control of a heat-shock promoter. Early flowering trees grew robustly, but exhibited a highly branched phenotype compared to the strong apical dominance of nonflowering transgenic and control trees. AtFT-induced flowers were morphologically normal and produced viable pollen grains and viable self- and cross-pollinated seeds. Many self-seedlings inherited AtFT and flowered early. FT overexpression-induced flowering in Eucalyptus may be a valuable means for accelerating breeding and genetic studies as the transgene can be easily segregated away in progeny, restoring normal growth and form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Klocko
- Department Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Robertson
- Department Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Elahe Esfandiari
- Department Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Serrano-Mislata A, Fernández-Nohales P, Doménech MJ, Hanzawa Y, Bradley D, Madueño F. Separate elements of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 cis-regulatory region integrate pathways to control flowering time and shoot meristem identity. Development 2016; 143:3315-27. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.135269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) is a key regulator of Arabidopsis plant architecture, which responds to developmental and environmental signals to control flowering time and the fate of shoot meristems. TFL1 expression pattern is dynamic, being found in all shoot meristems, but not in floral meristems, with its level and distribution changing throughout development. Using a variety of experimental approaches, we have analysed the TFL1 promoter to elucidate its functional structure. TFL1 expression is based on distinct cis-regulatory regions, the most important ones located 3' of the coding sequence. Our results indicate that TFL1 expression in the shoot apical vs. lateral inflorescence meristems is controlled through distinct cis-regulatory elements, suggesting that different signals control expression in these meristem types. Moreover, we identified a cis-regulatory region necessary for TFL1 expression in the vegetative shoot, required for a wild-type flowering time, supporting that TFL1 expression in the vegetative meristem controls flowering time. Our study provides a model for the functional organization of TFL1 cis-regulatory regions, contributing to understanding of how developmental pathways are integrated at the genomic level of a key regulator to control plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Serrano-Mislata
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Nohales
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - María J. Doménech
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Yoshie Hanzawa
- John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 259 Edward R Madigan Lab, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Francisco Madueño
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain
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38
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Vicente MH, Zsögön A, de Sá AFL, Ribeiro RV, Peres LEP. Semi-determinate growth habit adjusts the vegetative-to-reproductive balance and increases productivity and water-use efficiency in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 177:11-19. [PMID: 25659332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) shows three growth habits: determinate, indeterminate and semi-determinate. These are controlled mainly by allelic variation in the self-pruning (SP) gene family, which also includes the "florigen" gene single flower TRUSS (SFT). Determinate cultivars have synchronized flower and fruit production, which allows mechanical harvesting in the tomato processing industry, whereas indeterminate ones have more vegetative growth with continuous flower and fruit formation, being thus preferred for fresh market tomato production. The semi-determinate growth habit is poorly understood, although there are indications that it combines advantages of determinate and indeterminate growth. Here, we used near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) with different growth habit to characterize semi-determinate growth and to determine its impact on developmental and productivity traits. We show that semi-determinate genotypes are equivalent to determinate ones with extended vegetative growth, which in turn impacts shoot height, number of leaves and either stem diameter or internode length. Semi-determinate plants also tend to increase the highly relevant agronomic parameter Brix × ripe yield (BRY). Water-use efficiency (WUE), evaluated either directly as dry mass produced per amount of water transpired or indirectly through C isotope discrimination, was higher in semi-determinate genotypes. We also provide evidence that the increases in BRY in semi-determinate genotypes are a consequence of an improved balance between vegetative and reproductive growth, a mechanism analogous to the conversion of the overly vegetative tall cereal varieties into well-balanced semi-dwarf ones used in the Green Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Henrique Vicente
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Felicio Lopo de Sá
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Rameau C, Bertheloot J, Leduc N, Andrieu B, Foucher F, Sakr S. Multiple pathways regulate shoot branching. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:741. [PMID: 25628627 PMCID: PMC4292231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching patterns result from the spatio-temporal regulation of axillary bud outgrowth. Numerous endogenous, developmental and environmental factors are integrated at the bud and plant levels to determine numbers of growing shoots. Multiple pathways that converge to common integrators are most probably involved. We propose several pathways involving not only the classical hormones auxin, cytokinins and strigolactones, but also other signals with a strong influence on shoot branching such as gibberellins, sugars or molecular actors of plant phase transition. We also deal with recent findings about the molecular mechanisms and the pathway involved in the response to shade as an example of an environmental signal controlling branching. We propose the TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF transcription factor TB1/BRC1 and the polar auxin transport stream in the stem as possible integrators of these pathways. We finally discuss how modeling can help to represent this highly dynamic system by articulating knowledges and hypothesis and calculating the phenotype properties they imply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | | | - Nathalie Leduc
- UMR1345 IRHS, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- UMR1091 EGC, INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UMR1091 EGC, AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- UMR1345 IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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40
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Cao K, Cui L, Zhou X, Ye L, Zou Z, Deng S. Four Tomato FLOWERING LOCUS T-Like Proteins Act Antagonistically to Regulate Floral Initiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1213. [PMID: 26793202 PMCID: PMC4707262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The transition from vegetative growth to floral meristems in higher plants is regulated through the integration of internal cues and environmental signals. We were interested to examine the molecular mechanism of flowering in the day-neutral plant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and the effect of environmental conditions on tomato flowering. Analysis of the tomato genome uncovered 13 PEBP (phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein) genes, and found six of them were FT-like genes which named as SlSP3D, SlSP6A, SlSP5G, SlSP5G1, SlSP5G2, and SlSP5G3. Six FT-like genes were analyzed to clarify their functional roles in flowering using transgenic and expression analyses. We found that SlSP5G, SlSP5G2, and SlSP5G3 proteins were floral inhibitors whereas only SlSP3D/SFT (SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS) was a floral inducer. SlSP5G was expressed at higher levels in long day (LD) conditions compared to short day (SD) conditions while SlSP5G2 and SlSP5G3 showed the opposite expression patterns. The silencing of SlSP5G by VIGS (Virus induced gene silencing) resulted in tomato plants that flowered early under LD conditions and the silencing of SlSP5G2 and SlSP5G3 led to early flowering under SD conditions. The higher expression levels of SlSP5G under LD conditions were not seen in phyB1 mutants, and the expression levels of SlSP5G2 and SlSP5G3 were increased in phyB1 mutants under both SD and LD conditions compared to wild type plants. These data suggest that SlSP5G, SlSP5G2, and SlSP5G3 are controlled by photoperiod, and the different expression patterns of FT-like genes under different photoperiod may contribute to tomato being a day neutral plant. In addition, PHYB1 mediate the expression of SlSP5G, SlSP5G2, and SlSP5G3 to regulate flowering in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Lirong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhirong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Zhirong Zou
| | - Shulin Deng
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
- Shulin Deng
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Friedman J, Twyford AD, Willis JH, Blackman BK. The extent and genetic basis of phenotypic divergence in life history traits in Mimulus guttatus. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:111-22. [PMID: 25403267 PMCID: PMC4657477 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differential natural selection acting on populations in contrasting environments often results in adaptive divergence in multivariate phenotypes. Multivariate trait divergence across populations could be caused by selection on pleiotropic alleles or through many independent loci with trait-specific effects. Here, we assess patterns of association between a suite of traits contributing to life history divergence in the common monkey flower, Mimulus guttatus, and examine the genetic architecture underlying these correlations. A common garden survey of 74 populations representing annual and perennial strategies from across the native range revealed strong correlations between vegetative and reproductive traits. To determine whether these multitrait patterns arise from pleiotropic or independent loci, we mapped QTLs using an approach combining high-throughput sequencing with bulk segregant analysis on a cross between populations with divergent life histories. We find extensive pleiotropy for QTLs related to flowering time and stolon production, a key feature of the perennial strategy. Candidate genes related to axillary meristem development colocalize with the QTLs in a manner consistent with either pleiotropic or independent QTL effects. Further, these results are analogous to previous work showing pleiotropy-mediated genetic correlations within a single population of M. guttatus experiencing heterogeneous selection. Our findings of strong multivariate trait associations and pleiotropic QTLs suggest that patterns of genetic variation may determine the trajectory of adaptive divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannice Friedman
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 110 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
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42
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Lifschitz E, Ayre BG, Eshed Y. Florigen and anti-florigen - a systemic mechanism for coordinating growth and termination in flowering plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:465. [PMID: 25278944 PMCID: PMC4165217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Arabidopsis established FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) as a key flower-promoting gene in photoperiodic systems. Grafting experiments established unequivocal one-to-one relations between SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT), a tomato homolog of FT, and the hypothetical florigen, in all flowering plants. Additional studies of SFT and SELF PRUNING (SP, homolog of TFL1), two antagonistic genes regulating the architecture of the sympodial shoot system, have suggested that transition to flowering in the day-neutral and perennial tomato is synonymous with "termination." Dosage manipulation of its endogenous and mobile, graft-transmissible levels demonstrated that florigen regulates termination and transition to flowering in an SP-dependent manner and, by the same token, that high florigen levels induce growth arrest and termination in meristems across the tomato shoot system. It was thus proposed that growth balances, and consequently the patterning of the shoot systems in all plants, are mediated by endogenous, meristem-specific dynamic SFT/SP ratios and that shifts to termination by changing SFT/SP ratios are triggered by the imported florigen, the mobile form of SFT. Florigen is a universal plant growth hormone inherently checked by a complementary antagonistic systemic system. Thus, an examination of the endogenous functions of FT-like genes, or of the systemic roles of the mobile florigen in any plant species, that fails to pay careful attention to the balancing antagonistic systems, or to consider its functions in day-neutral or perennial plants, would be incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliezer Lifschitz
- Department of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, Israel
| | - Brian G. Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, DentonTX, USA
| | - Yuval Eshed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
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A novel mutation in TFL1 homolog affecting determinacy in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:55-65. [PMID: 25146839 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the widely conserved Arabidopsis Terminal Flower 1 (TFL1) gene and its homologs have been demonstrated to result in determinacy across genera, the knowledge of which is lacking in cowpea. Understanding the molecular events leading to determinacy of apical meristems could hasten development of cowpea varieties with suitable ideotypes. Isolation and characterization of a novel mutation in cowpea TFL1 homolog (VuTFL1) affecting determinacy is reported here for the first time. Cowpea TFL1 homolog was amplified using primers designed based on conserved sequences in related genera and sequence variation was analysed in three gamma ray-induced determinate mutants, their indeterminate parent "EC394763" and two indeterminate varieties. The analyses of sequence variation exposed a novel SNP distinguishing the determinate mutants from the indeterminate types. The non-synonymous point mutation in exon 4 at position 1,176 resulted from transversion of cytosine (C) to adenine (A) leading to an amino acid change (Pro-136 to His) in determinate mutants. The effect of the mutation on protein function and stability was predicted to be detrimental using different bioinformatics/computational tools. The functionally significant novel substitution mutation is hypothesized to affect determinacy in the cowpea mutants. Development of suitable regeneration protocols in this hitherto recalcitrant crop and subsequent complementation assay in mutants or over-expressing assay in parents could decisively conclude the role of the SNP in regulating determinacy in these cowpea mutants.
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Fernandez L, Le Cunff L, Tello J, Lacombe T, Boursiquot JM, Fournier-Level A, Bravo G, Lalet S, Torregrosa L, This P, Martinez-Zapater JM. Haplotype diversity of VvTFL1A gene and association with cluster traits in grapevine (V. vinifera). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:209. [PMID: 25091083 PMCID: PMC4243098 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction between TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and LEAFY (LFY) seem to determine the inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis. In a parallel way, overexpression of VvTFL1A, a grapevine TFL1 homolog, causes delayed flowering and production of a ramose cluster in the reiterated reproductive meristem (RRM) somatic variant of cultivar Carignan. To analyze the possible contribution of this gene to cluster phenotypic variation in a diversity panel of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera) its nucleotide diversity was characterized and association analyses among detected sequence polymorphisms and phenology and cluster traits was carried out. RESULTS A total of 3.6 kb of the VvTFL1A gene, including its promoter, was sequenced in a core collection of 140 individuals designed to maximize phenotypic variation at agronomical relevant traits. Nucleotide variation for VvTFL1A within this collection was higher in the promoter and intron sequences than in the exon regions; where few polymorphisms were located in agreement with a high conservation of coding sequence. Characterization of the VvTFL1A haplotype network identified three major haplogroups, consistent with the geographic origins and the use of the cultivars that could correspond to three major ancestral alleles or evolutionary branches, based on the existence of mutations in linkage disequilibrium. Genetic association studies with cluster traits revealed the presence of major INDEL polymorphisms, explaining 16%, 13% and 25% of flowering time, cluster width and berry weight, respectively, and also structuring the three haplogroups. CONCLUSIONS At least three major VvTFL1A haplogroups are present in cultivated grapevines, which are defined by the presence of three main polymorphism LD blocks and associated to characteristic phenotypic values for flowering time, cluster width and berry size. Phenotypic differences between haplogroups are consistent with differences observed between Eastern and Western grapevine cultivars and could result from the use of different genetic pools in the domestication process as well as different selection pressures on the development of table and wine cultivars, respectively. Altogether, these results are coherent with previous classifications of grapevine phenotypic diversity mainly based on cluster and berry morphotypes as well as with recent results on the structure of genetic diversity in cultivated grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Fernandez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja,
Gobierno de La Rioja), CCT, C/Madre de Dios 51, Logroño 26006, Spain
- current address: INRA, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, B.P. 81,
Villenave-d’Ornon 33883, Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Le Cunff
- UMT Geno-Vigne® (IFV- INRA-SupAgro), 2 Place P. Viala 34060, Montpellier,
Cedex 1, France
| | - Javier Tello
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja,
Gobierno de La Rioja), CCT, C/Madre de Dios 51, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - Thierry Lacombe
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, équipe Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne, 2
Place P. Viala, Montpellier 34060, Cedex 1, France
- INRA, Unité Expérimentale du Domaine de Vassal, Route de Sète,
Marseillan-plage 34340, France
| | - Jean Michel Boursiquot
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, équipe Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne, 2
Place P. Viala, Montpellier 34060, Cedex 1, France
| | - Alexandre Fournier-Level
- Bio21 Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, 40 Flemington
road, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Gema Bravo
- CNB-CSIC, Dpto. de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Darwin 3, Madrid 28049,
Spain
| | - Sandrine Lalet
- INRA, Unité Expérimentale du Domaine de Vassal, Route de Sète,
Marseillan-plage 34340, France
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, équipe Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne, 2
Place P. Viala, Montpellier 34060, Cedex 1, France
| | - Patrice This
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, équipe Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne, 2
Place P. Viala, Montpellier 34060, Cedex 1, France
| | - José Miguel Martinez-Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja,
Gobierno de La Rioja), CCT, C/Madre de Dios 51, Logroño 26006, Spain
- CNB-CSIC, Dpto. de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Darwin 3, Madrid 28049,
Spain
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Saurabh S, Vidyarthi AS, Prasad D. RNA interference: concept to reality in crop improvement. PLANTA 2014; 239:543-64. [PMID: 24402564 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) is involved in sequence-specific gene regulation driven by the introduction of dsRNA resulting in inhibition of translation or transcriptional repression. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in opening a new vista for crop improvement. RNAi technology is precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology. It has been employed successfully to alter the gene expression in plants for better quality traits. The impact of RNAi to improve the crop plants has proved to be a novel approach in combating the biotic and abiotic stresses and the nutritional improvement in terms of bio-fortification and bio-elimination. It has been employed successfully to bring about modifications of several desired traits in different plants. These modifications include nutritional improvements, reduced content of food allergens and toxic compounds, enhanced defence against biotic and abiotic stresses, alteration in morphology, crafting male sterility, enhanced secondary metabolite synthesis and seedless plant varieties. However, crop plants developed by RNAi strategy may create biosafety risks. So, there is a need for risk assessment of GM crops in order to make RNAi a better tool to develop crops with biosafety measures. This article is an attempt to review the RNAi, its biochemistry, and the achievements attributed to the application of RNAi in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Saurabh
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835125, India
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Alvarez S, Roy Choudhury S, Pandey S. Comparative quantitative proteomics analysis of the ABA response of roots of drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant wheat varieties identifies proteomic signatures of drought adaptability. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1688-701. [PMID: 24475748 DOI: 10.1021/pr401165b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most highly cultivated cereals in the world. Like other cultivated crops, wheat production is significantly affected by abiotic stresses such as drought. Multiple wheat varieties suitable for different geographical regions of the world have been developed that are adapted to different environmental conditions; however, the molecular basis of such adaptations remains unknown in most cases. We have compared the quantitative proteomics profile of the roots of two different wheat varieties, Nesser (drought-tolerant) and Opata (drought-sensitive), in the absence and presence of abscisic acid (ABA, as a proxy for drought). A labeling LC-based quantitative proteomics approach using iTRAQ was applied to elucidate the changes in protein abundance levels. Quantitative differences in protein levels were analyzed for the evaluation of inherent differences between the two varieties as well as the overall and variety-specific effect of ABA on the root proteome. This study reveals the most elaborate ABA-responsive root proteome identified to date in wheat. A large number of proteins exhibited inherently different expression levels between Nesser and Opata. Additionally, significantly higher numbers of proteins were ABA-responsive in Nesser roots compared with Opata roots. Furthermore, several proteins showed variety-specific regulation by ABA, suggesting their role in drought adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Alvarez
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center , 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, United States
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Kawamura K, Hibrand-Saint Oyant L, Foucher F, Thouroude T, Loustau S. Kernel methods for phenotyping complex plant architecture. J Theor Biol 2014; 342:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Lenser T, Theißen G. Molecular mechanisms involved in convergent crop domestication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:704-14. [PMID: 24035234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Domestication has helped to understand evolution. We argue that, vice versa, novel insights into evolutionary principles could provide deeper insights into domestication. Molecular analyses have demonstrated that convergent phenotypic evolution is often based on molecular changes in orthologous genes or pathways. Recent studies have revealed that during plant domestication the causal mutations for convergent changes in key traits are likely to be located in particular genes. These insights may contribute to defining candidate genes for genetic improvement during the domestication of new plant species. Such efforts may help to increase the range of arable crops available, thus increasing crop biodiversity and food security to help meet the predicted demands of the continually growing global population under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lenser
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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49
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The spectrum of mutations controlling complex traits and the genetics of fitness in plants. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:665-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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The gated induction system of a systemic floral inhibitor, antiflorigen, determines obligate short-day flowering in chrysanthemums. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17137-42. [PMID: 24082137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307617110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoperiodic floral induction has had a significant impact on the agricultural and horticultural industries. Changes in day length are perceived in leaves, which synthesize systemic flowering inducers (florigens) and inhibitors (antiflorigens) that determine floral initiation at the shoot apex. Recently, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) was found to be a florigen; however, the identity of the corresponding antiflorigen remains to be elucidated. Here, we report the identification of an antiflorigen gene, Anti-florigenic FT/TFL1 family protein (AFT), from a wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum seticuspe) whose expression is mainly induced in leaves under noninductive conditions. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses demonstrated that CsAFT acts systemically to inhibit flowering and plays a predominant role in the obligate photoperiodic response. A transient gene expression assay indicated that CsAFT inhibits flowering by directly antagonizing the flower-inductive activity of CsFTL3, a C. seticuspe ortholog of FT, through interaction with CsFDL1, a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor FD homolog of Arabidopsis. Induction of CsAFT was triggered by the coincidence of phytochrome signals with the photosensitive phase set by the dusk signal; flowering occurred only when night length exceeded the photosensitive phase for CsAFT induction. Thus, the gated antiflorigen production system, a phytochrome-mediated response to light, determines obligate photoperiodic flowering response in chrysanthemums, which enables their year-round commercial production by artificial lighting.
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