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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Lai D, Deng Y, Ju C, Sun L, Huang P, Wang C. CPK10 protein kinase regulates Arabidopsis tolerance to boron deficiency through phosphorylation and activation of BOR1 transporter. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38622812 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is crucial for plant growth and development. B deficiency can impair numerous physiological and metabolic processes, particularly in root development and pollen germination, seriously impeding crop growth and yield. However, the molecular mechanism underlying boron signal perception and signal transduction is rather limited. In this study, we discovered that CPK10, a calcium-dependent protein kinase in the CPK family, has the strongest interaction with the boron transporter BOR1. Mutations in CPK10 led to growth and root development defects under B-deficiency conditions, while constitutively active CPK10 enhanced plant tolerance to B deficiency. Furthermore, we found that CPK10 interacted with and phosphorylated BOR1 at the Ser689 residue. Through various biochemical analyses and complementation of B transport in yeast and plants, we revealed that Ser689 of BOR1 is important for its transport activity. In summary, these findings highlight the significance of the CPK10-BOR1 signaling pathway in maintaining B homeostasis in plants and provide targets for the genetic improvement of crop tolerance to B-deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yaru Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Duoduo Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuanfeng Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lv Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Vera-Maldonado P, Aquea F, Reyes-Díaz M, Cárcamo-Fincheira P, Soto-Cerda B, Nunes-Nesi A, Inostroza-Blancheteau C. Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1332459. [PMID: 38410729 PMCID: PMC10895714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants, and its deficiency can lead to impaired development and function. Around 50% of arable land in the world is acidic, and low pH in the soil solution decreases availability of several essential mineral elements, including B, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K). Plants take up soil B in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soil or tetrahydroxy borate [B(OH)4]- at neutral or alkaline pH. Boron can participate directly or indirectly in plant metabolism, including in the synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane, in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and in the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In addition, B interacts with other nutrients such as Ca, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, and zinc (Zn). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of B uptake, absorption, and accumulation and its interactions with other elements, and how it contributes to the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions. We also discuss potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vera-Maldonado
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Aquea
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Braulio Soto-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Wang T, Chen X, Ju C, Wang C. Calcium signaling in plant mineral nutrition: From uptake to transport. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100678. [PMID: 37635354 PMCID: PMC10721523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant mineral nutrition is essential for crop yields and human health. However, the uneven distribution of mineral elements over time and space leads to a lack or excess of available mineral elements in plants. Among the essential nutrients, calcium (Ca2+) stands out as a prominent second messenger that plays crucial roles in response to extracellular stimuli in all eukaryotes. Distinct Ca2+ signatures with unique parameters are induced by different stresses and deciphered by various Ca2+ sensors. Recent research on the participation of Ca2+ signaling in regulation of mineral elements has made great progress. In this review, we focus on the impact of Ca2+ signaling on plant mineral uptake and detoxification. Specifically, we emphasize the significance of Ca2+ signaling for regulation of plant mineral nutrition and delve into key points and novel avenues for future investigations, aiming to offer new insights into plant ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuanyi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chuanfeng Ju
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Cun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Ren H, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Hussian J, Tang Y, Liu S, Qi G. Calcium signaling-mediated transcriptional reprogramming during abiotic stress response in plants. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:210. [PMID: 37728763 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a second messenger in plants growth and development, as well as in stress responses. The transient elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration have been reported to be involved in plants response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In plants, Ca2+-induced transcriptional changes trigger molecular mechanisms by which plants adapt and respond to environment stresses. The mechanism for transcription regulation by Ca2+ could be either rapid in which Ca2+ signals directly cause the related response through the gene transcript and protein activities, or involved amplification of Ca2+ signals by up-regulation the expression of Ca2+ responsive genes, and then increase the transmission of Ca2+ signals. Ca2+ regulates the expression of genes by directly binding to the transcription factors (TFs), or indirectly through its sensors like calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) and calcineurin B-like protein (CBL). In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the role of Ca2+-mediated transcriptional regulation in different processes in plants. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of Ca2+-mediated transcriptional regulation in plants in response to abiotic stresses including nutrition deficiency, temperature stresses (like heat and cold), dehydration stress, osmotic stress, hypoxic, salt stress, acid rain, and heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minyi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jamshaid Hussian
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Yuting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guoning Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Bolaños L, Abreu I, Bonilla I, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ, Reguera M. What Can Boron Deficiency Symptoms Tell Us about Its Function and Regulation? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:777. [PMID: 36840125 PMCID: PMC9963425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On the eve of the 100th anniversary of Dr. Warington's discovery of boron (B) as a nutrient essential for higher plants, "boronists" have struggled to demonstrate a role beyond its structural function in cell walls dimerizing pectin molecules of rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII). In this regard, B deficiency has been associated with a plethora of symptoms in plants that include macroscopic symptoms like growth arrest and cell death and biochemical or molecular symptoms that include changes in cell wall pore size, apoplast acidification, or a steep ROS production that leads to an oxidative burst. Aiming to shed light on B functions in plant biology, we proposed here a unifying model integrating the current knowledge about B function(s) in plants to explain why B deficiency can cause such remarkable effects on plant growth and development, impacting crop productivity. In addition, based on recent experimental evidence that suggests the existence of different B ligands other than RGII in plant cells, namely glycolipids, and glycoproteins, we proposed an experimental pipeline to identify putative missing ligands and to determine how they would integrate into the above-mentioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bolaños
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ildefonso Bonilla
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Camacho-Cristóbal
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Park CJ, Shin R. Calcium channels and transporters: Roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964059. [PMID: 36161014 PMCID: PMC9493244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) serves as a ubiquitous second messenger by mediating various signaling pathways and responding to numerous environmental conditions in eukaryotes. Therefore, plant cells have developed complex mechanisms of Ca2+ communication across the membrane, receiving the message from their surroundings and transducing the information into cells and organelles. A wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses cause the increase in [Ca2+]cyt as a result of the Ca2+ influx permitted by membrane-localized Ca2+ permeable cation channels such as CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATE CHANNELs (CNGCs), and voltage-dependent HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CALCIUM2+ PERMEABLE CHANNELs (HACCs), as well as GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTORs (GLRs) and TWO-PORE CHANNELs (TPCs). Recently, resistosomes formed by some NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT RECEPTORs (NLRs) are also proposed as a new type of Ca2+ permeable cation channels. On the contrary, some Ca2+ transporting membrane proteins, mainly Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+/H+ exchangers, are involved in Ca2+ efflux for removal of the excessive [Ca2+]cyt in order to maintain the Ca2+ homeostasis in cells. The Ca2+ efflux mechanisms mediate the wide ranges of cellular activities responding to external and internal stimuli. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent discoveries of various membrane proteins involved in Ca2+ influx and efflux which play an essential role in fine-tuning the processing of information for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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7
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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8
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Matthes MS, Darnell Z, Best NB, Guthrie K, Robil JM, Amstutz J, Durbak A, McSteen P. Defects in meristem maintenance, cell division, and cytokinin signaling are early responses in the boron deficient maize mutant tassel-less1. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13670. [PMID: 35292977 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meristems house the stem cells needed for the developmental plasticity observed in adverse environmental conditions and are crucial for determining plant architecture. Meristem development is particularly sensitive to deficiencies of the micronutrient boron, yet how boron integrates into meristem development pathways is unknown. We addressed this question using the boron-deficient maize mutant, tassel-less1 (tls1). Reduced boron uptake in tls1 leads to a progressive impairment of meristem development that manifests in vegetative and reproductive defects. We show, that the tls1 tassel phenotype (male reproductive structure) was partially suppressed by mutations in the CLAVATA1 (CLV1)-ortholog, thick tassel dwarf1 (td1), but not by other mutants in the well characterized CLV-WUSCHEL pathway, which controls meristem size. The suppression of tls1 by td1 correlates with altered signaling of the phytohormone cytokinin. In contrast, mutations in the meristem maintenance gene knotted1 (kn1) enhanced both vegetative and reproductive defects in tls1. In addition, reduced transcript levels of kn1 and cell cycle genes are early defects in tls1 tassel meristems. Our results show that specific meristem maintenance and hormone pathways are affected in tls1, and suggest that reduced boron levels induced by tls1 are the underlying cause of the observed defects. We, therefore, provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms affected by boron deficiency in maize, leading to a better understanding of how genetic and environmental factors integrate during shoot meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela S Matthes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zoe Darnell
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Norman B Best
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Katy Guthrie
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jen Amstutz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda Durbak
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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9
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Zhou GF, Zhang LP, Li BX, Sheng O, Wei QJ, Yao FX, Guan G, Liu GD. Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-coding RNA in Trifoliate Orange ( Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) Leaves in Response to Boron Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215419. [PMID: 31683503 PMCID: PMC6862649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in plant growth and stress responses. As a dominant abiotic stress factor in soil, boron (B) deficiency stress has impacted the growth and development of citrus in the red soil region of southern China. In the present work, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of lncRNAs in response to B deficiency stress in the leaves of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), an important rootstock of citrus. A total of 2101 unique lncRNAs and 24,534 mRNAs were predicted. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed for a total of 16 random mRNAs and lncRNAs to validate their existence and expression patterns. Expression profiling of the leaves of trifoliate orange under B deficiency stress identified 729 up-regulated and 721 down-regulated lncRNAs, and 8419 up-regulated and 8395 down-regulated mRNAs. Further analysis showed that a total of 84 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were up-regulated and 31 were down-regulated, where the number of up-regulated DELs was 2.71-fold that of down-regulated. A similar trend was also observed in differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs, 4.21-fold). Functional annotation of these DEMs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, and the results demonstrated an enrichment of the categories of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis/lignin biosynthesis), plant hormone signal transduction and the calcium signaling pathway. LncRNA target gene enrichment identified several target genes that were involved in plant hormones, and the expression of lncRNAs and their target genes was significantly influenced. Therefore, our results suggest that lncRNAs can regulate the metabolism and signal transduction of plant hormones, which play an important role in the responses of citrus plants to B deficiency stress. Co-expression network analysis indicated that 468 significantly differentially expressed genes may be potential targets of 90 lncRNAs, and a total of 838 matched lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified. In summary, our data provides a rich resource of candidate lncRNAs and mRNAs, as well as their related pathways, thereby improving our understanding of the role of lncRNAs in response to B deficiency stress, and in symptom formation caused by B deficiency in the leaves of trifoliate orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zhou
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Li
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Ou Sheng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qing-Jiang Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Feng-Xian Yao
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Guan Guan
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Gui-Dong Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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10
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Boron Deficiency Increases Cytosolic Ca 2+ Levels Mainly via Ca 2+ Influx from the Apoplast in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092297. [PMID: 31075903 PMCID: PMC6540140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron (B) is a micronutrient for plant development, and its deficiency alters many physiological processes. However, the current knowledge on how plants are able to sense the B-starvation signal is still very limited. Recently, it has been reported that B deprivation induces an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The aim of this work was to research in Arabidopsis whether [Ca2+]cyt is restored to initial levels when B is resupplied and elucidate whether apoplastic Ca2+ is the major source for B-deficiency-induced rise in [Ca2+]cyt. The use of chemical compounds affecting Ca2+ homeostasis showed that the rise in root [Ca2+]cyt induced by B deficiency was predominantly owed to Ca2+ influx from the apoplast through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels in an IP3-independent manner. Furthermore, B resupply restored the root [Ca2+]cyt. Interestingly, expression levels of genes encoding Ca2+ transporters (ACA10, plasma membrane PIIB-type Ca2+-ATPase; and CAX3, vacuolar cation/proton exchanger) were upregulated by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The results pointed out that ACA10, and especially CAX3, would play a major role in the restoration of Ca2+ homeostasis after 24 h of B deficiency.
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11
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Fang KF, Du BS, Zhang Q, Xing Y, Cao QQ, Qin L. Boron deficiency alters cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration and affects the cell wall components of pollen tubes in Malus domestica. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:343-351. [PMID: 30444945 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential for normal plant growth, including pollen tube growth. B deficiency influences various physiological and metabolic processes in plants. However, the underlying mechanism of B deficiency in pollen tube growth is not sufficiently understood. In the present research, the influence of B deficiency on apple (Malus domestica) pollen tube growth was studied and the possible regulatory mechanism evaluated. Apple pollen grains were cultured under different concentrations of B. Scanning ion-selective electrode technique, fluorescence labelling and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were used to detect calcium ion flux, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]cyt), actin filaments and cell wall components of pollen tubes. B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth. B deficiency increased extracellular Ca2+ influx and thus led to increased [Ca2+ ]cyt in the pollen tube tip. In addition, B deficiency modified actin filament arrangement at the pollen tube apex. B deficiency also altered the deposition of pollen tube wall components. Clear differences were not observed in the distribution patterns of cellulose and callose between control and B deficiency treated pollen tubes. However, B deficiency affected distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins (AGP). Clear ring-like signals of pectins and AGP on control pollen tubes varied according to B deficiency. B deficiency further decreased acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP content at the tip of the pollen tube, which were supported by changes in chemical composition of the tube walls. B appears to have an active role in pollen tube growth by affecting [Ca2+ ]cyt, actin filament assembly and pectin and AGP deposition in the pollen tube. These findings provide valuable information that enhances our current understanding of the mechanism regulating pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Fang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
| | - B S Du
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Y Xing
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Q Q Cao
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - L Qin
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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12
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Gehring C, Turek IS. Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates and Their Cyclases in Plant Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1704. [PMID: 29046682 PMCID: PMC5632652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs), and notably 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are now accepted as key signaling molecules in many processes in plants including growth and differentiation, photosynthesis, and biotic and abiotic defense. At the single molecule level, we are now beginning to understand how cNMPs modify specific target molecules such as cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, while at the systems level, a recent study of the Arabidopsis cNMP interactome has identified novel target molecules with specific cNMP-binding domains. A major advance came with the discovery and characterization of a steadily increasing number of guanylate cyclases (GCs) and adenylate cyclases (ACs). Several of the GCs are receptor kinases and include the brassinosteroid receptor, the phytosulfokine receptor, the Pep receptor, the plant natriuretic peptide receptor as well as a nitric oxide sensor. We foresee that in the near future many more molecular mechanisms and biological roles of GCs and ACs and their catalytic products will be discovered and further establish cNMPs as a key component of plant responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gehring
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilona S. Turek
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
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13
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Capati MLF, Nakazono A, Igawa K, Ookubo K, Yamamoto Y, Yanagiguchi K, Kubo S, Yamada S, Hayashi Y. Boron Accelerates Cultured Osteoblastic Cell Activity through Calcium Flux. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:300-308. [PMID: 27129314 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A low concentration of boron (B) accelerates the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian osteoblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 0.1 mM of B on the membrane function of osteoblastic cells in vitro. Genes involved in cell activity were investigated using gene expression microarray analyses. The Ca2+ influx and efflux were evaluated to demonstrate the activation of L-type Ca2+ channel for the Ca2+ influx, and that of Na+/K+-ATPase for the Ca2+ efflux. A real-time PCR analysis revealed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of four mineralization-related genes was clearly increased after 3 days of culture with a B-supplemented culture medium. Using microarray analyses, five genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation were upregulated compared to the control group. Regarding the Ca2+ influx, in the nifedipine-pretreated group, the relative fluorescence intensity for 1 min after adding B solution did not increase compared with that for 1 min before addition. In the control group, the relative fluorescence intensity was significantly increased compared with the experimental group (P < 0.05). Regarding the Ca2+ efflux, in the experimental group cultured in 0.1 mM of B-supplemented medium, the relative fluorescence intensity for 10 min after ouabain treatment revealed a significantly lower slope value compared with the control group (P < 0.01). This is the first study to demonstrate the acceleration of Ca2+ flux by B supplementation in osteoblastic cells. Cell membrane stability is related to the mechanism by which a very low concentration of B promotes the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian osteoblastic cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Luigi Fabian Capati
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakazono
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunari Igawa
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ookubo
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuya Yamamoto
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kajirou Yanagiguchi
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shisei Kubo
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shizuka Yamada
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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14
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Li ZF, He CL, Wang Y, Li MJ, Dai YJ, Wang T, Lin W. Enhancement of trichothecene mycotoxins of Fusarium oxysporum by ferulic acid aggravates oxidative damage in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33962. [PMID: 27667444 PMCID: PMC5036203 DOI: 10.1038/srep33962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa is an important medicinal herb that cannot be replanted in the same field due to the effects of autotoxic substances. The effects of these substances on R. glutinosa in continuous cropping systems are unknown. In the present study, bioassays revealed that R. glutinosa exhibited severe growth restriction and higher disease indices in the FO+FA (F.oxysporum pretreated with ferulic acid) treatment. The increases in the contents of MDA and H2O2 were greater in the FA+FO treatment than in the FA or FO only treatments, respectively. Consistent with this result, the enzyme activities in the seedlings increased with treatment time. To identify the main factor underlying the increased pathogenicity of FO, macroconidia and trichothecene mycotoxins coproduced by FO were separated and used to treat R. glutinosa seedlings. The MDA and H2O2 contents were similar in the seedlings treated with deoxynivalenol and in the FA+FO treatment. Quantification of the relative expression of certain genes involved in Ca2+ signal transduction pathways suggested that trichothecene mycotoxins play an important role in the increased pathogenicity of FO. In conclusion, FA not only directly enhances oxidative damage in R. glutinosa but also increases wilting symptom outbreaks by promoting the secretion of trichothecene mycotoxins by FO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang Li
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Chen Ling He
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Ming Jie Li
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Ya Jing Dai
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
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15
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Pittman JK, Hirschi KD. CAX-ing a wide net: Cation/H(+) transporters in metal remediation and abiotic stress signalling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:741-9. [PMID: 27061644 PMCID: PMC4982074 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cation/proton exchangers (CAXs) are a class of secondary energised ion transporter that are being implicated in an increasing range of cellular and physiological functions. CAXs are primarily Ca(2+) efflux transporters that mediate the sequestration of Ca(2+) from the cytosol, usually into the vacuole. Some CAX isoforms have broad substrate specificity, providing the ability to transport trace metal ions such as Mn(2+) and Cd(2+) , as well as Ca(2+) . In recent years, genomic analyses have begun to uncover the expansion of CAXs within the green lineage and their presence within non-plant species. Although there appears to be significant conservation in tertiary structure of CAX proteins, there is diversity in function of CAXs between species and individual isoforms. For example, in halophytic plants, CAXs have been recruited to play a role in salt tolerance, while in metal hyperaccumulator plants CAXs are implicated in cadmium transport and tolerance. CAX proteins are involved in various abiotic stress response pathways, in some cases as a modulator of cytosolic Ca(2+) signalling, but in some situations there is evidence of CAXs acting as a pH regulator. The metal transport and abiotic stress tolerance functions of CAXs make them attractive targets for biotechnology, whether to provide mineral nutrient biofortification or toxic metal bioremediation. The study of non-plant CAXs may also provide insight into both conserved and novel transport mechanisms and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Pittman
- Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - K. D. Hirschi
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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16
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Fang K, Zhang W, Xing Y, Zhang Q, Yang L, Cao Q, Qin L. Boron Toxicity Causes Multiple Effects on Malus domestica Pollen Tube Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:208. [PMID: 26955377 PMCID: PMC4768074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an important micronutrient for plants. However, boron is also toxic to cells at high concentrations, although the mechanism of this toxicity is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of boron toxicity on Malus domestica pollen tube growth and its possible regulatory pathway. Our results showed that a high concentration of boron inhibited pollen germination and tube growth and led to the morphological abnormality of pollen tubes. Fluorescent labeling coupled with a scanning ion-selective electrode technique detected that boron toxicity could decrease [Ca(2+)]c and induce the disappearance of the [Ca(2+)]c gradient, which are critical for pollen tube polar growth. Actin filaments were therefore altered by boron toxicity. Immuno-localization and fluorescence labeling, together with fourier-transform infrared analysis, suggested that boron toxicity influenced the accumulation and distribution of callose, de-esterified pectins, esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins in pollen tubes. All of the above results provide new insights into the regulatory role of boron in pollen tube development. In summary, boron likely plays a structural and regulatory role in relation to [Ca(2+)]c, actin cytoskeleton and cell wall components and thus regulates Malus domestica pollen germination and tube polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
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17
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Fang K, Gao S, Zhang W, Xing Y, Cao Q, Qin L. Addition of Phenylboronic Acid to Malus domestica Pollen Tubes Alters Calcium Dynamics, Disrupts Actin Filaments and Affects Cell Wall Architecture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149232. [PMID: 26886907 PMCID: PMC4757038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key role of boron in plants is to cross-link the cell wall pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) through borate diester linkages. Phenylboronic acid (PBA) can form the same reversible ester bonds but cannot cross-link two molecules, so can be used as an antagonist to study the function of boron. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PBA on apple (Malus domestica) pollen tube growth and the underlying regulatory mechanism. We observed that PBA caused an inhibition of pollen germination, tube growth and led to pollen tube morphological abnormalities. Fluorescent labeling, coupled with a scanning ion-selective electrode technique, revealed that PBA induced an increase in extracellular Ca2+ influx, thereby elevating the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]c and disrupting the [Ca2+]c gradient, which is critical for pollen tube growth. Moreover the organization of actin filaments was severely perturbed by the PBA treatment. Immunolocalization studies and fluorescent labeling, together with Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FTIR) suggested that PBA caused an increase in the abundance of callose, de-esterified pectins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) at the tip. However, it had no effect on the deposition of the wall polymers cellulose. These effects are similar to those of boron deficiency in roots and other organs, indicating that PBA can induce boron deficiency symptoms. The results provide new insights into the roles of boron in pollen tube development, which likely include regulating [Ca2+]c and the formation of the actin cytoskeleton, in addition to the synthesis and assembly of cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sai Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Wang N, Yang C, Pan Z, Liu Y, Peng S. Boron deficiency in woody plants: various responses and tolerance mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:916. [PMID: 26579163 PMCID: PMC4621400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for higher plants, and its deficiency is widespread around the world and constrains the productivity of both agriculture and forestry. In the last two decades, numerous studies on model or herbaceous plants have contributed greatly to our understanding of the complex network of B-deficiency responses and mechanisms for tolerance. In woody plants, however, fewer studies have been conducted and they have not well been recently synthesized or related to the findings on model species on B transporters. Trees have a larger body size, longer lifespan and more B reserves than do herbaceous plants, indicating that woody species might undergo long-term or mild B deficiency more commonly and that regulation of B reserves helps trees cope with B deficiency. In addition, the highly heterozygous genetic background of tree species suggests that they may have more complex mechanisms of response and tolerance to B deficiency than do model plants. Boron-deficient trees usually exhibit two key visible symptoms: depression of growing points (root tip, bud, flower, and young leaf) and deformity of organs (root, shoot, leaf, and fruit). These symptoms may be ascribed to B functioning in the cell wall and membrane, and particularly to damage to vascular tissues and the suppression of both B and water transport. Boron deficiency also affects metabolic processes such as decreased leaf photosynthesis, and increased lignin and phenol content in trees. These negative effects will influence the quality and quantity of wood, fruit and other agricultural products. Boron efficiency probably originates from a combined effect of three processes: B uptake, B translocation and retranslocation, and B utilization. Root morphology and mycorrhiza can affect the B uptake efficiency of trees. During B translocation from the root to shoot, differences in B concentration between root cell sap and xylem exudate, as well as water use efficiency, may play key roles in tolerance to B deficiency. In addition, B retranslocation efficiency primarily depends on the extent of xylem-to-phloem transfer and the variety and amount of cis-diol moieties in the phloem. The B requirement for cell wall construction also contribute to the B use efficiency in trees. The present review will provide an update on the physiological and molecular responses and tolerance mechanisms to B deficiency in woody plants. Emphasis is placed on the roles of B reserves that are more important for tolerance to B deficiency in trees than in herbaceous plants and the possible physiological and molecular mechanisms of differential B efficiency in trees. We propose that B may be used to study the relationship between the cell wall and the membrane via the B-bridge. Transgenic B-efficient tree cultivars have considerable potential for forestry or fruit rootstock production on low B soils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shu’ang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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19
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González-Fontes A, Herrera-Rodríguez MB, Martín-Rejano EM, Navarro-Gochicoa MT, Rexach J, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ. Root Responses to Boron Deficiency Mediated by Ethylene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1103. [PMID: 26779202 PMCID: PMC4705265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Low boron (B) supply alters the architecture of the root system in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, leading to a reduction in the primary root growth and an increase in the length and number of root hairs. At short-term (hours), B deficiency causes a decrease in the cell elongation of the primary root, resulting in a lower growth. Experimental approaches using ethylene insensitive Arabidopsis mutants, inhibitors of ethylene response, and GUS reporter lines suggest that ethylene is involved in these responses of the primary root to B deficiency. Furthermore, it has been shown that auxin participates in the inhibition of cell elongation under short-term B deprivation. These results support that an interaction between ethylene and auxin plays an important role in controlling the primary root elongation, in which a number of genes related to the synthesis, transport, and signaling of both phytohormones could modulate this effect. Evidence for a root cross-talk among both hormones and other possible intermediates (abscisic acid, calcium sensors, and reactive oxygen species) in response to B deficiency is provided and discussed.
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20
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Tenhaken R. Cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:771. [PMID: 25709610 PMCID: PMC4285730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants exposed to abiotic stress respond to unfavorable conditions on multiple levels. One challenge under drought stress is to reduce shoot growth while maintaining root growth, a process requiring differential cell wall synthesis and remodeling. Key players in this process are the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxidases, which initially cross-link phenolic compounds and glycoproteins of the cell walls causing stiffening. The function of ROS shifts after having converted all the peroxidase substrates in the cell wall. If ROS-levels remain high during prolonged stress, OH°-radicals are formed which lead to polymer cleavage. In concert with xyloglucan modifying enzymes and expansins, the resulting cell wall loosening allows further growth of stressed organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Tenhaken
- *Correspondence: Raimund Tenhaken, Department of Cell Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria e-mail:
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