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Lee CM. A Review on the Antimutagenic and Anticancer Effects of Cysteamine. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2023; 2023:2419444. [PMID: 37731680 PMCID: PMC10508993 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2419444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. First-line treatments usually include surgery, radiotherapy, and/or systemic therapy. These methods can be associated with serious adverse events and can be toxic to healthy cells. Despite the new advances in cancer therapies, there is still a continuous need for safe and effective therapeutic agents. Cysteamine is an aminothiol endogenously synthetized by human cells during the degradation of coenzyme-A. It has been safely used in humans for the treatment of several pathologies including cystinosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Cysteamine has been shown to be a potent antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antimelanoma in various in vitro and in vivo studies, but a review on these aspects of cysteamine's use in medicine is lacking in the current literature. The efficacy of cysteamine has been shown in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of different types of cancer, such as gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, sarcomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma, leading to the significant reduction of lesions and/or the increase of survival time. Although the mechanisms of action are not fully understood, possible explanations are (i) free radical scavenging, (ii) alteration of the tumor cell proliferation by affecting nucleic acid and protein synthesis or inhibition of DNA synthesis, and (iii) hormone regulation. In conclusion, regarding the high safety profile of cysteamine and the current literature data presented in this article, cysteamine might be considered as an interesting molecule for the prevention and the treatment of cancer. Further clinical studies should be performed to support these data in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Man Lee
- Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Portsmouth Road, Frimley, Camberley GU16 7UJ, UK
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2
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Napoli S, Scuderi C, Gattuso G, Di Bella V, Candido S, Basile MS, Libra M, Falzone L. Functional Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051151. [PMID: 32392801 PMCID: PMC7291303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the regulation of the tissue microenvironment and in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Several proteins with a proteolytic activity toward several ECM components are involved in the regulation and remodeling of the ECM. Among these, Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a class of peptidase able to remodel the ECM by favoring the tumor invasive processes. Of these peptidases, MMP-9 is the most involved in the development of cancer, including that of melanoma. Dysregulations of the MAPKs and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways can lead to an aberrant overexpression of MMP-9. Even ncRNAs are implicated in the aberrant production of MMP-9 protein, as well as other proteins responsible for the activation or inhibition of MMP-9, such as Osteopontin and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases. Currently, there are different therapeutic approaches for melanoma, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies. However, no biomarkers are available for the prediction of the therapeutic response. In this context, several studies have tried to understand the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of MMP-9 in melanoma patients by performing clinical trials with synthetic MMPs inhibitors. Therefore, MMP-9 may be considered a promising molecule for the management of melanoma patients due to its role as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Napoli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Chiara Scuderi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Virginia Di Bella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.N.); (C.S.); (G.G.); (V.D.B.); (S.C.); (M.S.B.)
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1271 (M.L.); +39-094-478-1278 (L.F.)
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); or (L.F.); Tel.: +39-095-478-1271 (M.L.); +39-094-478-1278 (L.F.)
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Slapak EJ, Duitman J, Tekin C, Bijlsma MF, Spek CA. Matrix Metalloproteases in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Key Drivers of Disease Progression? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040080. [PMID: 32325664 PMCID: PMC7235986 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a dismal disorder that is histologically characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma around the tumor cells. As the extracellular matrix comprises the bulk of the stroma, matrix degrading proteases may play an important role in pancreatic cancer. It has been suggested that matrix metalloproteases are key drivers of both tumor growth and metastasis during pancreatic cancer progression. Based upon this notion, changes in matrix metalloprotease expression levels are often considered surrogate markers for pancreatic cancer progression and/or treatment response. Indeed, reduced matrix metalloprotease levels upon treatment (either pharmacological or due to genetic ablation) are considered as proof of the anti-tumorigenic potential of the mediator under study. In the current review, we aim to establish whether matrix metalloproteases indeed drive pancreatic cancer progression and whether decreased matrix metalloprotease levels in experimental settings are therefore indicative of treatment response. After a systematic review of the studies focusing on matrix metalloproteases in pancreatic cancer, we conclude that the available literature is not as convincing as expected and that, although individual matrix metalloproteases may contribute to pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis, this does not support the generalized notion that matrix metalloproteases drive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne J. Slapak
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Cansu Tekin
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Oncode Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Arnold Spek
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (J.D.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Zeylenone Induces Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Inhibits Migration and Invasion in Gastric Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092149. [PMID: 30150551 PMCID: PMC6225419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality of gastric cancer (GC) is increasing due to its high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Zeylenone (Zey), a type of naturally occurring cyclohexene oxide, was demonstrated to be effective in cancer patients. The aim of this study is to explore the anti-cancer effect of Zey against gastric cancer both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We found that Zey inhibited gastric tumor growth, as demonstrated by in vitro gastric cancer cell lines and in a human gastric cancer xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, Zey induced substantial apoptosis through a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, involving mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss, caspase-3 activation, anti-apoptotic protein downregulation, and pro-apoptotic protein upregulation. Notably, we revealed for the first time that Zey suppressed invasion and migration by wound healing and transwell chamber assays. Through Western blotting, we further explored the potential mechanism of Zey’s anti-cancer activity. We found that Zey downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP 2/9) and inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. In short, Zey, which induced mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, may be developed as a novel drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Chen YY, Hsieh MJ, Hsieh YS, Chang YC, Chen PN, Yang SF, Ho HY, Chou YE, Lin CW. Antimetastatic effects of Rheum palmatum L. extract on oral cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:2287-2294. [PMID: 28678381 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheum palmatum L., a traditional Chinese medication, has been used for the treatment of various disorders. However, the detailed impacts and underlying mechanisms of R. palmatum L. extracts (RLEs) on human oral cancer cell metastasis are still unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that an RLE has antimetastatic effects on SCC-9 and SAS human oral cancer cells. Gelatin zymography, Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase assay were used to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in the antimetastatic effects on oral cancer cells. Our results revealed that the RLE (up to 20 μg/mL, without cytotoxicity) attenuated SCC-9 and SAS cell motility, invasiveness, and migration by reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 enzyme activities. Western blot analysis of the MAPK signaling pathway indicated that the RLE significantly decreased phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels but not p38 and JNK levels. In conclusion, RLEs exhibit antimetastatic activity against oral cancer cells through the transcriptional repression of MMP-2 via the Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Thus, RLEs may be potentially useful as antimetastatic agents for oral cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yu Chen
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Cancer Research Center, Changhua, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Ho
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Erh Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Zhang ZR, Gao MX, Yang K. Cucurbitacin B inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells via modulation of the JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK pathways. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:805-812. [PMID: 28673003 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most commonly diagnosed tumor of the bones in children and young adults. Even with conventional therapies the 5-year survival rate is ~65% in patients with OS. Considering the side effects and aggressiveness of malignant bone tumors, research is focussing on multi-targeted strategies in treatment. Cucurbitacin B, a triterpenoid compound has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell types. The Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signalling cascades and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling cascades are critical regulators of tumorigenesis. The present study assessed the influence of cucurbitacin B on the viability and expression of MAPKs and proteins of the JAK2/STAT3 cascades in human OS cells (U-2 OS). Cucurbitacin B (20-100 µM) significantly reduced cell viability (P<0.05) and induced apoptosis, as assessed by MTT and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, along with inhibiting cell migration. Gelatin zymography revealed supressed activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-)2 and 9. Furthermore, cucurbitacin B effectively upregulated the apoptotic pathway and caused the effective inhibition of MAPK signalling and JAK2/STAT3 cascades. Multifold suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor by cucurbitacin B was also observed, indicating inhibition of angiogenesis. Thus, by downregulating major pathways-MAPK and JAK2/STAT3 and MMPs, cucurbitacin B has potent anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects that require further investigation with regards to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan 463600, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xia Gao
- Department of Health Management, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
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Villalta-Romero F, Borro L, Mandic B, Escalante T, Rucavado A, Gutiérrez JM, Neshich G, Tasic L. Discovery of small molecule inhibitors for the snake venom metalloprotease BaP1 using in silico and in vitro tests. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2018-2022. [PMID: 28347665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites represent an important public health problem, with a great number of victims with permanent sequelae or fatal outcomes, particularly in rural, agriculturally active areas. The snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are the principal proteins responsible for some clinically-relevant effects, such as local and systemic hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis. Because of the difficulties in neutralizing them rapidly and locally by antivenoms, the search and design of small molecules as inhibitors of SVMPs are proposed. The Bothrops asper metalloprotease P1 (BaP1) is hereby used as a target protein and by High Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS) approach, the free access virtual libraries: ZINC, PubChem and ChEMBL, were searched for potent small molecule inhibitors. Results from the aforementioned approaches provided strong evidences on the structural requirements for the efficient BaP1 inhibition such as the presence of the pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione moiety. The two proposed compounds have also shown excellent results in performed in vitro interaction studies against BaP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Villalta-Romero
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Borro
- Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Boris Mandic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teresa Escalante
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jose María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Goran Neshich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), National Center for Agricultural Informatics, Computational Biology Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Fouani L, Menezes SV, Paulson M, Richardson DR, Kovacevic Z. Metals and metastasis: Exploiting the role of metals in cancer metastasis to develop novel anti-metastatic agents. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:275-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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McCarthy DA, Nazem AA, McNeilan J, Shakerley NL, Clark RR, Idelchik MD, Yigit M, Melendez JA. Featured Article: Nanoenhanced matrix metalloproteinase-responsive delivery vehicles for disease resolution and imaging. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:2023-2032. [PMID: 27474175 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216662534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide array of proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases, produced in response to many pathogenic insults, confers a unique proteolytic signature which is often disease specific and provides a potential therapeutic target for drug delivery. Here we propose the use of collagen-based nanoenhanced matrix metalloproteinase-responsive delivery vehicles that display matrix metalloproteinase-specific degradation in diverse in vitro models of proteolysis. We demonstrate that collagen particles comprised of protease substrates (primarily collagen) can be made of uniform size and loaded efficiently with assorted cargo including fluorescently labeled mesoporous silica, magnetic nanoparticles, proteins and antioxidants. We also demonstrate that pathologic concentrations of proteases produced in situ or in vitro display protease-specific cargo release. Additionally, we show that the collagen-based particles display bright fluorescence when loaded with a fluorophore, and have the potential to be used as vehicles for targeted delivery of drugs or imaging agents to regions of high proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A McCarthy
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Ahmad A Nazem
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - James McNeilan
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Nicole L Shakerley
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Ryan R Clark
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - María D Idelchik
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | | | - J Andrés Melendez
- 1 SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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Liang S, Gong X, Zhang G, Huang G, Lu Y, Li Y. MicroRNA-140 regulates cell growth and invasion in pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma by targeting iASPP. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:174-81. [PMID: 26787707 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are ∼22 nucleotide RNAs processed from RNA hairpin structures that play important roles in regulating protein expression level via binding to mRNA, either suppressing its translation or speeding up its degradation. In humans, they regulate most protein-coding genes, including genes important in cancer and other diseases. In this study, the expression of microRNA-140 (miR-140) was demonstrated to be significantly suppressed in pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma specimens and cell lines, compared with their adjacent normal tissues. With the help of bioinformatics analysis, inhibitor of apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 (iASPP) was identified to be a direct target of miR-140, and luciferase reporter experiment confirmed this discovery. Overexpression of miR-140 decreases the protein expressions of iASPP, ΔNp63, MMP2, and MMP9. Growth and invasion of PANC-1 cells were attenuated by overexpression of miR-140 in vitro. The suppressive effect of miR-140 on PANC-1 cell line could be partly balanced out by manual overexpression of iASPP. Above all, these findings provided insights into the functional mechanism of miR-140, suggested that the miR-140/iASPP axis may interfere with the proliferative and invasive property of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma cells, and indicated that miR-140 could be a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Biliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xuejun Gong
- Department of Pancreatic Biliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Gewen Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Biliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Gengwen Huang
- Department of Pancreatic Biliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yebin Lu
- Department of Pancreatic Biliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yixiong Li
- Department of Pancreatic Biliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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LEE CHANGSU, CHO HYUNJI, JEONG YUNJEONG, SHIN JAEMOON, PARK KWANKYU, PARK YOONYUB, BAE YOUNGSEUK, CHUNG ILKYUNG, KIM MIHYUN, KIM CHEORLHO, JIN FANSI, CHANG HYEUNWOOK, CHANG YOUNGCHAE. Isothiocyanates inhibit the invasion and migration of C6 glioma cells by blocking FAK/JNK-mediated MMP-9 expression. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2901-8. [PMID: 26397194 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Process of hepatic metastasis from pancreatic cancer: biology with clinical significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:1137-61. [PMID: 26250876 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer shows a remarkable preference for the liver to establish secondary tumors. Selective metastasis to the liver is attributed to the development of potential microenvironment for the survival of pancreatic cancer cells. This review aims to provide a full understanding of the hepatic metastatic process from circulating pancreatic cancer cells to their settlement in the liver, serving as a basic theory for efficient prediction and treatment of metastatic diseases. METHODS A systematic search of relevant original articles and reviews was performed on PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for the purpose of this review. RESULTS Three interrelated phases are delineated as the contributions of the interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and the liver to hepatic metastasis process. Chemotaxis of disseminated pancreatic cancer cells and simultaneous defensive formation of platelets or neutrophils facilitate specific metastasis toward the liver. Remodeling of extracellular matrix and stromal cells in hepatic lobules and angiogenesis induced by proangiogenic factors support the survival and growth of clinical micrometastasis colonizing the liver. The bimodal role of the immune system or prevalence of cancer cells over the immune system makes metastatic progression successfully proceed from micrometastasis to macrometastasis. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic cancer is an appropriate research object of cancer metastasis representing more than a straight cascade. If any of the successive or simultaneous phases, especially tumor-induced immunosuppression, is totally disrupted, hepatic metastasis will be temporarily under control or even cancelled forever. To shrink cancers on multiple fronts and prolong survival for patients, novel oral or intravenous anti-cancer agents covering one or different phases of metastatic pancreatic cancer are expected to be integrated into innovative strategies on the premise of safety and efficacious biostability.
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13
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Is there new hope for therapeutic matrix metalloproteinase inhibition? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:904-27. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Chueh FS, Chen YY, Huang AC, Ho HC, Liao CL, Yang JS, Kuo CL, Chung JG. Bufalin-inhibited migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells is carried out by suppression of the matrix metalloproteinase-2, ERK, and JNK signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:21-29. [PMID: 21922632 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bufalin has been shown to exhibit multiple pharmacological activities, including induction of apoptosis in many types of cancer cell lines. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer which is difficult to treat and the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bufalin on the migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. The wound healing assay and Boyden chamber transwell assay were used for examining the migration of U-2 OS cells. Western blotting and gelatin zymography assays were used for theexpression and activities of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7 or MMP-9 levels. Western blotting analysis also was used for measuring the levels of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 (JNK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 in bufalin-treated U-2 OS cells. Bufalin inhibited the cell migration and invasion of U-2 OS cells in vitro. Moreover, bufalin reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activities of U-2 OS cells. Bufalin also suppressed the protein level of MMP-2 and reduced the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 signals in U-2 OS cells. Our results suggest that signaling pathways for bufalin-inhibited migration and invasion of U-2 OS cells might be mediated through blocking MAPK signaling and resulting in the inhibition of MMP-2. Bufalin could be a useful agent to develop as a novel antitumor agent by virtue of its ability to inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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15
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is critical for developed countries, where its rate of diagnosis has been increasing steadily annually. In the past decade, the advances of pancreatic cancer research have not contributed to the decline in mortality rates from pancreatic cancer-the overall 5-year survival rate remains about 5% low. This number only underscores an obvious urgency for us to better understand the biological features of pancreatic carcinogenesis, to develop early detection methods, and to improve novel therapeutic treatments. To achieve these goals, animal modeling that faithfully recapitulates the whole process of human pancreatic cancer is central to making the advancements. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for pancreatic cancer and the advances in pancreatic cancer animal modeling. We compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of three major categories of these models: (1) carcinogen-induced; (2) xenograft and allograft; and (3) genetically engineered mouse models. We focus more on the genetically engineered mouse models, a category which has been rapidly expanded recently for their capacities to mimic human pancreatic cancer and metastasis, and highlight the combinations of these models with various newly developed strategies and cell-lineage labeling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 10-04, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gloria H. Su
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 10-04, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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16
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Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ and B-Cell Lymphoma-6 in Regulation of Genes Involved in Metastasis and Migration in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:121956. [PMID: 23737761 PMCID: PMC3659435 DOI: 10.1155/2013/121956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARβ/δ is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates various cellular functions via induction of target genes directly or in concert with its associated transcriptional repressor, BCL-6. Matrix remodeling proteinases are frequently over-expressed in pancreatic cancer and are involved with metastasis. The present study tested the hypothesis that PPARβ/δ is expressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and that its activation could regulate MMP-9, decreasing cancer cells ability to transverse the basement membrane. In human pancreatic cancer tissue there was significantly higher expression of MMP-9 and PPARβ/δ, and lower levels of BCL-6 mRNA. PPARβ/δ activation reduced the TNF α -induced expression of various genes implicated in metastasis and reduced the invasion through a basement membrane in cell culture models. Through the use of short hairpin RNA inhibitors of PPARβ/δ, BCL-6, and MMP-9, it was evident that PPARβ/δ was responsible for the ligand-dependent effects whereas BCL-6 dissociation upon GW501516 treatment was ultimately responsible for decreasing MMP-9 expression and hence invasion activity. These results suggest that PPARβ/δ plays a role in regulating pancreatic cancer cell invasion through regulation of genes via ligand-dependent release of BCL-6 and that activation of the receptor may provide an alternative therapeutic method for controlling migration and metastasis.
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17
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Laios A, Mohamed BM, Kelly L, Flavin R, Finn S, McEvoy L, Gallagher M, Martin C, Sheils O, Ring M, Davies A, Lawson M, Gleeson N, D’Arcy T, d’Adhemar C, Norris L, Langhe R, Saadeh FA, O’Leary JJ, O’Toole SA. Pre-Treatment of platinum resistant ovarian cancer cells with an MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor prior to cisplatin enhances cytotoxicity as determined by high content screening. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2085-103. [PMID: 23340649 PMCID: PMC3565367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in ovarian cancer. We previously identified matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) as a potential therapeutic target of chemoresistant disease. A2780cis (cisplatin-resistant) and A2780 (cisplatin-sensitive) ovarian carcinoma cell lines were used. The cytotoxic effect of MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor, (2R)-2-[(4-Biphenylsulfonyl) amino]-3 phenylpropionic acid (C21H19NO4S) alone or in combination with cisplatin was determined using high content screening. Protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Co-incubation of cisplatin and an MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor, (2R)-2-[(4-Biphenylsulfonyl) amino]-3 phenylpropionic acid (C21H19NO4S) resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity as compared to either treatment alone in a cisplatin resistant MMP-9 overexpressing cell line; A2780cis. In addition, pre-incubating with MMP-9i prior to cisplatin further enhances the cytotoxic effect. No significant difference was observed in MMP-9 protein in tissue but a trend towards increased MMP-9 was observed in recurrent serum. We propose that MMP-9/MMP-2i may be utilized in the treatment of recurrent/chemoresistant ovarian cancers that overexpress MMP-9 mRNA but its role in vivo remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Laios
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Bashir M. Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (B.M.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Lynne Kelly
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Richard Flavin
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Lynda McEvoy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Michael Gallagher
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Cara Martin
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Orla Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Martina Ring
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Anthony Davies
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (B.M.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Margaret Lawson
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mail:
| | - Noreen Gleeson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Tom D’Arcy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Charles d’Adhemar
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Lucy Norris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Ream Langhe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Feras Abu Saadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Sharon A. O’Toole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.L.); (L.K.); (L.M.E.); (N.G.); (T.D.A.); (L.N.); (R.L.); (F.A.S.)
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Sir Patrick Duns Research Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital and The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; E-Mails: (R.F.); (S.F.); (M.G.); (C.M.); (O.S.); (M.R.); (C.D.A.)
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18
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Alhamdani MSS, Youns M, Buchholz M, Gress TM, Beckers MC, Maréchal D, Bauer A, Schröder C, Hoheisel JD. Immunoassay-based proteome profiling of 24 pancreatic cancer cell lines. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3747-59. [PMID: 22579748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most deadly forms of cancers, with a mortality that is almost identical to incidence. The inability to predict, detect or diagnose the disease early and its resistance to all current treatment modalities but surgery are the prime challenges to changing the devastating prognosis. Also, relatively little is known about pancreatic carcinogenesis. In order to better understand relevant aspects of pathophysiology, differentiation, and transformation, we analysed the cellular proteomes of 24 pancreatic cancer cell lines and two controls using an antibody microarray that targets 741 cancer-related proteins. In this analysis, 72 distinct disease marker proteins were identified that had not been described before. Additionally, categorizing cancer cells in accordance to their original location (primary tumour, liver metastases, or ascites) was made possible. A comparison of the cells' degree of differentiation (well, moderately, or poorly differentiated) resulted in unique marker sets of high relevance. Last, 187 proteins were differentially expressed in primary versus metastatic cancer cells, of which the majority is functionally related to cellular movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saiel Saeed Alhamdani
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Fujisawa T, Rubin B, Suzuki A, Patel PS, Gahl WA, Joshi BH, Puri RK. Cysteamine suppresses invasion, metastasis and prolongs survival by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases in a mouse model of human pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34437. [PMID: 22532830 PMCID: PMC3332081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteamine, an anti-oxidant aminothiol, is the treatment of choice for nephropathic cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease. Cysteamine is a chemo-sensitization and radioprotection agent and its antitumor effects have been investigated in various tumor cell lines and chemical induced carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated whether cysteamine has anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects in transplantable human pancreatic cancer, an aggressive metastatic disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Cysteamine's anti-invasion effects were studied by matrigel invasion and cell migration assays in 10 pancreatic cancer cell lines. To study mechanism of action, we examined cell viability and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity in the cysteamine-treated cells. We also examined cysteamine's anti-metastasis effect in two orthotopic murine models of human pancreatic cancer by measuring peritoneal metastasis and survival of animals. Cysteamine inhibited both migration and invasion of all ten pancreatic cancer cell lines at concentrations (<25 mM) that caused no toxicity to cells. It significantly decreased MMPs activity (IC50 38–460 µM) and zymographic gelatinase activity in a dose dependent manner in vitro and in vivo; while mRNA and protein levels of MMP-9, MMP-12 and MMP-14 were slightly increased using the highest cysteamine concentration. In vivo, cysteamine significantly decreased metastasis in two established pancreatic tumor models, although it did not affect the size of primary tumors. Additionally, cysteamine prolonged survival of mice in a dose-dependent manner without causing any toxicity. Similar to the in vitro results, MMP activity was significantly decreased in animal tumors treated with cysteamine. Cysteamine had no clinical or preclinical adverse effects in the host even at the highest dose. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that cysteamine, an agent with a proven safety profile, may be useful for inhibition of metastasis and prolonging the survival of a host with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fujisawa
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Rubin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suburban Hospital, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prabhudas S. Patel
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William A. Gahl
- Section on Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bharat H. Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raj K. Puri
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Li S, Wang N, Brodt P. Metastatic cells can escape the proapoptotic effects of TNF-α through increased autocrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res 2011; 72:865-75. [PMID: 22194466 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a common site for cancer metastases in which the entrance of tumor cells has been shown to trigger a rapid inflammatory response. In considering how an inflammatory response may affect metastatic colonization in this setting, we hypothesized that tumor cells may acquire resistance to the proapoptotic and tumoricidal effects of TNF-α, a cytokine that is elevated in a proinflammatory tissue microenvironment. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms by which such resistance may emerge using tumor cells in which the overexpression of the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) enhanced the inflammatory and metastatic capacities of poorly metastatic cells in the liver. Mechanistic investigations in vitro revealed that IGF-IR overexpression increased cell survival in the presence of high levels of TNF-α, in a manner associated with increased autocrine production of interleukin-6 (IL)-6. In turn, tumor cell-derived IL-6 induced gp130 and IL-6R-dependent activation of STAT3, leading to reduced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. We found that IL-6 production and cell death resistance were dose dependent with increasing TNF-α levels. In addition, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of either IL-6 or gp130 that established a blockade to autocrine STAT3 induction was sufficient to abolish the prosurvival effect of TNF-α and to inhibit liver metastasis. Taken together, our findings define an IGF-IR-mediated mechanism of cancer cell survival that is critical for metastatic colonization of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Center-Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Takahashi M, Hori M, Mutoh M, Wakabayashi K, Nakagama H. Experimental animal models of pancreatic carcinogenesis for prevention studies and their relevance to human disease. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:582-602. [PMID: 24212630 PMCID: PMC3756378 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is difficult to cure, so its prevention is very important. For this purpose, animal model studies are necessary to develop effective methods. Injection of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) into Syrian golden hamsters is known to induce pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, the histology of which is similar to human tumors. Moreover, K-ras activation by point mutations and p16 inactivation by aberrant methylation of 5' CpG islands or by homozygous deletions have been frequently observed in common in both the hamster and humans. Thus, this chemical carcinogenesis model has an advantage of histopathological and genetic similarity to human pancreatic cancer, and it is useful to study promotive and suppressive factors. Syrian golden hamsters are in a hyperlipidemic state even under normal dietary conditions, and a ligand of peroxizome proliferator-activated receptor gamma was found to improve the hyperlipidemia and suppress pancreatic carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation is a known important risk factor, and selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 also have protective effects against pancreatic cancer development. Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic agents can thus be considered candidate chemopreventive agents deserving more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Takahashi
- Division of Cancer Development System, Carcinogenesis Research Group, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (M.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Mika Hori
- Division of Cancer Development System, Carcinogenesis Research Group, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (M.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Division of Cancer Development System, Carcinogenesis Research Group, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (M.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Division of Cancer Development System, Carcinogenesis Research Group, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; E-Mails: (M.H.); (M.M.); (H.N.)
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Nagel S, Heinemann P, Heiland S, Koziol J, Gardner H, Wagner S. Selective MMP-inhibition with Ro 28-2653 in acute experimental stroke – a magnetic resonance imaging efficacy study. Brain Res 2011; 1368:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Strimpakos AS, Syrigos KN, Saif MW. The molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Gut Liver 2010; 4:433-49. [PMID: 21253292 PMCID: PMC3021599 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2010.4.4.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is considered an aggressive malignancy that responds poorly to current treatments and therefore has a dismal survival rate. This disease is usually not diagnosed until a late stage, at which point palliative chemotherapy with the purine analogue gemcitabine and/or a fluoropyrimidine or a platinum agent is the standard approach. There are some new data on the molecular and genetic changes that take place in pancreatic cancer, which may facilitate the accuracy of diagnosis and efficacy of treatments. However, translational efforts in clinical practice have increased clinicians' options with a targeted agent, erlotinib, in combination with the standard gemcitabine chemotherapy. Many other novel drugs currently being tested in the field of pharmaco-oncology target various altered biological pathways and molecules. Nevertheless, the lack of clinically significant improvements in treatments is rendering efforts to develop methods of early diagnosis both more urgent and promising. The aim of this review was to summarize the molecular basis of pancreatic carcinogenesis and the latest developments in diagnosis by molecular means, focusing on the results of clinical research into targeted and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas N. Syrigos
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Muhammad Wasif Saif
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Pancreas Center at the New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Lai KC, Hsu SC, Kuo CL, Ip SW, Yang JS, Hsu YM, Huang HY, Wu SH, Chung JG. Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibited tumor migration and invasion via suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human colon cancer HT29 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11148-11155. [PMID: 20863062 DOI: 10.1021/jf102384n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), one of the major compounds from dietary cruciferous vegetables, has been found to have antitumor properties and therefore could generate special interest for the development of chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agent for human cancers. In the primary studies, we found that PEITC induced cytotoxic effect (decreased the percentage of viable cells) in human colon cancer HT29 cells. Here, in this study, we are the first to report the antimetastatic effect of PEITC in HT29 human colon cancer cells. The results show that PEITC exhibited an inhibitory effect on the abilities of adhesion, migration, and invasion by Boyden chamber assay. Western blotting examination indicated that PEITC exerted an inhibitory effect on the SOS-1, PKC, ERK1/2 and Rho A for causing the inhibitions of MMP-2 and -9 then followed by the inhibition of invasion and migration of HT29 cells in vitro. PEITC also affected Ras, FAK, PI3K or inhibited GRB2, NF-κB, iNOS and COX-2 for causing the inhibition of cell proliferation in HT29 cells. Real-time PCR also showed that PEITC inhibited the gene expressions of MMP-2, -7, -9, FAK and Rho A after PEITC treatment for 48 h in HT29 cells. PEITC also inhibited the activities of AKT, ERK, JNK and PKC. Our results provide a new insight into the mechanisms and functions of PEITC which inhibit migration and invasion of HT29 human colon cancer cells. These results suggest that molecular targeting of NF-κB led to the inhibition of MMP-2, -7, and -9 and it might be a useful strategy for the inhibition of migration and invasion on human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Chi Lai
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
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25
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Ho CC, Lai KC, Hsu SC, Kuo CL, Ma CY, Lin ML, Yang JS, Chung JG. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) inhibits migration and invasion of human gastric cancer AGS cells via suppressing ERK signal pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:296-306. [PMID: 20498032 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110371991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis suppressors and associated other regulators of cell motility play a critical initial role in tumor invasion and metastases. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is a hydrolysis compound of glucotropaeolin in dietary cruciferous vegetables. BITC has been found to exhibit prevention of cancers in laboratory animals and might also be chemoprotective in humans. Here, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of BITC on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways of AGS human gastric cancer cells. Wound healing and Boyden chamber (migration and invasion) assays demonstrated that BITC exhibited an inhibitory effect on the abilities of migration and invasion in AGS cancer cells. BITC suppressed cell migration and invasion of AGS cells in a dose-dependent manner. Results from Western blotting indicated that BITC exerted an inhibitory effect on the ERK1/2, Ras, GRB2, Rho A, iNOS, COX-2 for causing the inhibitions of MMP-2, -7 and -9 then followed by the inhibitions of invasion and migration of AGS cells in vitro. BITC also promoted MKK7, MEKK3, c-jun, JNK1/2, VEGF, Sos1, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), PKC, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 in AGS cells. Results from real-time polymerized chain reaction (PCR) showed that BITC inhibited the gene expressions of MMP-2,-7 -9, FAK, ROCK1 and RhoA after BITC treatment for 24 and 48 hours in AGS cells. Taken together, the finding may provide new mechanisms and functions of BITC, which inhibit migration and invasion of human gastric cancer AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chin Ho
- Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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26
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Muñoz M, Heimesaat MM, Danker K, Struck D, Lohmann U, Plickert R, Bereswill S, Fischer A, Dunay IR, Wolk K, Loddenkemper C, Krell HW, Libert C, Lund LR, Frey O, Hölscher C, Iwakura Y, Ghilardi N, Ouyang W, Kamradt T, Sabat R, Liesenfeld O. Interleukin (IL)-23 mediates Toxoplasma gondii-induced immunopathology in the gut via matrixmetalloproteinase-2 and IL-22 but independent of IL-17. J Exp Med 2009; 206:3047-59. [PMID: 19995958 PMCID: PMC2806449 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii leads to the development of small intestinal inflammation dependent on Th1 cytokines. The role of Th17 cells in ileitis is unknown. We report interleukin (IL)-23-mediated gelatinase A (matrixmetalloproteinase [MMP]-2) up-regulation in the ileum of infected mice. MMP-2 deficiency as well as therapeutic or prophylactic selective gelatinase blockage protected mice from the development of T. gondii-induced immunopathology. Moreover, IL-23-dependent up-regulation of IL-22 was essential for the development of ileitis, whereas IL-17 was down-regulated and dispensable. CD4(+) T cells were the main source of IL-22 in the small intestinal lamina propria. Thus, IL-23 regulates small intestinal inflammation via IL-22 but independent of IL-17. Gelatinases may be useful targets for treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Muñoz
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Danker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Struck
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Lohmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Plickert
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildikò Rita Dunay
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Loddenkemper
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claude Libert
- Molecular Mouse Genetics, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leif R. Lund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Frey
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Molecular Biology Department and Immunology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Molecular Biology Department and Immunology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Mitte, Charité Medical School, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene and Department of Pathology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Pan MH, Chiou YS, Chen WJ, Wang JM, Badmaev V, Ho CT. Pterostilbene inhibited tumor invasion via suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1234-42. [PMID: 19447859 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterostilbene, a natural dimethylated analog of resveratrol, is known to have diverse pharmacologic activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, apoptosis, anti-proliferation and analgesic potential. However, the effects of pterostilbene in preventing invasion of cancer cells have not been studied. Here, we report our finding that pterostilbene significantly suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced invasion, migration and metastasis of human hepatoma cells (HepG(2) cells). Increase in the enzyme activity, protein and messenger RNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were observed in TPA-treated HepG(2) cells, and these were blocked by pterostilbene. In addition, pterostilbene can inhibit TPA-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Transient transfection experiments also showed that pterostilbene strongly inhibited TPA-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)-dependent transcriptional activity in HepG(2) cells. Moreover, pterostilbene can suppress TPA-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and protein kinase C that are upstream of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Significant therapeutic effects were further demonstrated in vivo by treating nude mice with pterostilbene (50 and 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) after inoculation with HepG(2) cells into the tail vein. Presented data reveal that pterostilbene is a novel, effective, anti-metastatic agent that functions by downregulating MMP-9 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142 Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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28
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Strimpakos A, Saif MW, Syrigos KN. Pancreatic cancer: from molecular pathogenesis to targeted therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:495-522. [PMID: 18427734 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-008-9134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly malignancy with still high mortality and poor survival despite the significant advances in understanding, diagnosis, and access to conventional and novel treatments. Though cytotoxic chemotherapy based on the purine analogue gemcitabine remains the standard approach in adjuvant and palliative setting the need for novel agents aiming at the main pathophysiological abnormalities and molecular pathways involved remains soaring. So far, evidence of clinical benefit, though small, exists only from the addition of the targeted agent erlotinib on the standard gemcitabine chemotherapy. Apart from the popular monoclonal antibodies and small molecules tyrosine kinase inhibitors, other novel compounds being tested in preclinical and clinical studies target mTOR, NF-kappaB, proteasome and histone deacetylase. These new drugs along with gene therapy and immunotherapy, which are also under clinical evaluation, may alter the unfavorable natural course of this disease. In this review we present the main pathophysiological alterations met in pancreatic cancer and the results of the florid preclinical and clinical research with regards to the targeted therapy associated to these abnormalities.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease and notoriously difficult to treat. Only a small proportion is curative by surgical resection, whilst standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced disease has only modest effect with substantial toxicity. Clearly there is a need for the continual development of novel therapeutic agents to improve the current situation. Improvement of our understanding of the disease has generated a large number of studies on biological approaches targeting the molecular abnormalities of pancreatic cancer, including gene therapy and signal transduction inhibition, antiangiogenic and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, oncolytic viral therapy and immunotherapy. This article provides a review of these approaches, both investigated in the laboratories and in subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsi Wong
- Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
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30
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Angiogenesis as a target in neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1645-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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