1
|
Asadyar L, de Felippes FF, Bally J, Blackman CJ, An J, Sussmilch FC, Moghaddam L, Williams B, Blanksby SJ, Brodribb TJ, Waterhouse PM. Evidence for within-species transition between drought response strategies in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38863314 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is predominantly distributed in arid habitats across northern Australia. However, none of six geographically isolated accessions shows obvious xerophytic morphological features. To investigate how these tender-looking plants withstand drought, we examined their responses to water deprivation, assessed phenotypic, physiological, and cellular responses, and analysed cuticular wax composition and wax biosynthesis gene expression profiles. Results showed that the Central Australia (CA) accession, globally known as a research tool, has evolved a drought escape strategy with early vigour, short life cycle, and weak, water loss-limiting responses. By contrast, a northern Queensland (NQ) accession responded to drought by slowing growth, inhibiting flowering, increasing leaf cuticle thickness, and altering cuticular wax composition. Under water stress, NQ increased the heat stability and water impermeability of its cuticle by extending the carbon backbone of cuticular long-chain alkanes from c. 25 to 33. This correlated with rapid upregulation of at least five wax biosynthesis genes. In CA, the alkane chain lengths (c. 25) and gene expression profiles remained largely unaltered. This study highlights complex genetic and environmental control over cuticle composition and provides evidence for divergence into at least two fundamentally different drought response strategies within the N. benthamiana species in < 1 million years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Asadyar
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Felipe Fenselau de Felippes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Julia Bally
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Frances C Sussmilch
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Lalehvash Moghaddam
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang H, Wang Y, Yang P, Zhao H, Jenks MA, Lü S, Yang X. The Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP96A4 is involved in the wound-induced biosynthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1619-1634. [PMID: 38456566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is composed of cuticular wax and cutin polymers and plays an essential role in plant tolerance to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Several stresses, including water deficit and salinity, regulate the synthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers. However, the effect of wounding on wax and cutin monomer production and the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the accumulation of wax and cutin monomers in Arabidopsis leaves is positively regulated by wounding primarily through the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. Moreover, we observed that a wound- and JA-responsive gene (CYP96A4) encoding an ER-localized cytochrome P450 enzyme was highly expressed in leaves. Further analyses indicated that wound-induced wax and cutin monomer production was severely inhibited in the cyp96a4 mutant. Furthermore, CYP96A4 interacted with CER1 and CER3, the core enzymes in the alkane-forming pathway associated with wax biosynthesis, and modulated CER3 activity to influence aldehyde production in wax synthesis. In addition, transcripts of MYC2 and JAZ1, key genes in JA signaling pathway, were significantly reduced in cyp96a4 mutant. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CYP96A4 functions as a cofactor of the alkane synthesis complex or participates in JA signaling pathway that contributes to cuticular wax biosynthesis and cutin monomer formation in response to wounding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Keyl A, Kwas V, Lewandowska M, Herrfurth C, Kunst L, Feussner I. AtMYB41 acts as a dual-function transcription factor that regulates the formation of lipids in an organ- and development-dependent manner. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:568-582. [PMID: 38634447 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle controls non-stomatal water loss and can serve as a barrier against biotic agents, whereas the heteropolymer suberin and its associated waxes are deposited constitutively at specific cell wall locations. While several transcription factors controlling cuticle formation have been identified, those involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin biosynthesis remain poorly characterized. The major goal of this study was to further analyse the function of the R2R3-Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor AtMYB41 in formation of the cuticle, suberin, and suberin-associated waxes throughout plant development. For functional analysis, the organ-specific expression pattern of AtMYB41 was analysed and Atmyb41ge alleles were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These were investigated for root growth and water permeability upon stress. In addition, the fatty acid, wax, cutin, and suberin monomer composition of different organs was evaluated by gas chromatography. The characterization of Atmyb41ge mutants revealed that AtMYB41 negatively regulates the production of cuticular lipids and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively. Remarkably, biochemical analyses indicate that AtMYB41 also positively regulates the formation of cuticular waxes in stems of Arabidopsis thaliana. Overall, these results suggest that the AtMYB41 acts as a negative regulator of cuticle and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively, but also as a positive regulator of wax production in A. thaliana stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Keyl
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - V Kwas
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - L Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - I Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumachova TK, Voronkov AS. Cutinsomes of Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) leaf and pericarp: genesis, localization, and transport. Micron 2024; 183:103657. [PMID: 38735105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
New data were obtained on specific bionanostructures, cutinsomes, which are involved in the formation of cuticles on the surface of leaf blades and pericarp of Malus domestica Borkh (Malus Mill., Rosaceae)introduced to the mountains at the altitudes of 1200 and 1700 m above sea level. Cutinsomes, which are electron-dense structures of spherical shape, have been identified by transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that plastids can be involved in the synthesis of their constituent nanocomponents. The greatest number of nanoparticles was observed in the granal thylakoid lumen of the chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells and pericarp hypodermal cells. The transmembrane transport of cutinsomes into the cell wall cuticle proper by exocytosis has been visualized for the first time. The plasma membrane is directly involved in the excretion of nanostructures from the cell. Nanoparticles of cutinsomes in the form of necklace-like formations line up in a chain near cell walls, merge into larger conglomerates and are loaded into plasmalemma invaginations, and then, in membrane packing, they move into the cuticle, which covers both outer and inner cell walls of external tissues. The original materials obtained by us supplement the ideas about the non-enzymatic synthesis of cuticle components available in the literature and expand the cell compartment geography involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kh Kumachova
- Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Alexander S Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qin K, Ge S, Xiao G, Chen F, Ding S, Wang R. 1-MCP treatment improves the postharvest quality of Jinxiu yellow peach by regulating cuticular wax composition and gene expression during cold storage. J Food Sci 2024; 89:2787-2802. [PMID: 38563098 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on the postharvest quality, epidermal wax morphology, composition, and gene expression of Jinxiu yellow peach during cold storage. The results showed that 1-MCP treatment could maintain the postharvest quality of peach fruit as compared to control (CK) during cold storage. The wax crystals of peach fruit were better retained by 1-MCP, and they still existed in 0.6 and 0.9 µL/L 1-MCP treated fruit at 36 days. The total wax content in all the fruit increased first and then decreased during cold storage. Meanwhile, n-alkanes and primary alcohols were the main wax components. Compared to CK, 1-MCP treatment could delay the reduction of wax content during cold storage. The correlation analysis indicated that the postharvest quality of yellow peach was mainly affected by the contents of fatty acids and triterpenoids in cuticular wax. The transcriptomics results revealed PpaCER1, PpaKCS, PpaKCR1, PpaCYP86B1, PpaFAR, PpaSS2, and PpaSQE1 played the important roles in the formation of peach fruit wax. 1-MCP treatment upregulated PpaCER1 (18785414, 18786441, and 18787644), PpaKCS (18774919, 18789438, and 18793503), PpaKCR1 (18790432), and PpaCYP86B1 (18789815) to deposit more n-alkanes and fatty acids during cold storage. This study could provide a new perspective for regulating the postharvest quality of yellow peach in view of the application of cuticular wax. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: 'Jinxiu' yellow peach fruit is favorable among consumers because of its high commercial value. However, it ripens and deteriorates rapidly during storage, leading to serious economic loss and consumer disappointment. The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on the postharvest quality, epidermal wax morphology, composition, and genes regulation of 'Jinxiu' yellow peach during cold storage was assessed. Compared to control, 1-MCP treatment could retain the storage quality of yellow peach by affecting cuticular wax composition and gene expression. This study could provide new perspective for regulating the postharvest quality of yellow peach in view of the application of cuticular wax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keying Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Ge
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Guangjian Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kojima H, Yamamoto K, Suzuki T, Hayakawa Y, Niwa T, Tokuhiro K, Katahira S, Higashiyama T, Ishiguro S. Broad Chain-Length Specificity of the Alkane-Forming Enzymes NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Nymphaea odorata. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:428-446. [PMID: 38174441 PMCID: PMC11020225 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Many terrestrial plants produce large quantities of alkanes for use in epicuticular wax and the pollen coat. However, their carbon chains must be long to be useful as fuel or as a petrochemical feedstock. Here, we focus on Nymphaea odorata, which produces relatively short alkanes in its anthers. We identified orthologs of the Arabidopsis alkane biosynthesis genes AtCER1 and AtCER3 in N. odorata and designated them NoCER1A, NoCER3A and NoCER3B. Expression analysis of NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Arabidopsis cer mutants revealed that the N. odorata enzymes cooperated with the Arabidopsis enzymes and that the NoCER1A produced shorter alkanes than AtCER1, regardless of which CER3 protein it interacted with. These results indicate that AtCER1 frequently uses a C30 substrate, whereas NoCER1A, NoCER3A/B and AtCER3 react with a broad range of substrate chain lengths. The incorporation of shorter alkanes disturbed the formation of wax crystals required for water-repellent activity in stems, suggesting that chain-length specificity is important for surface cleaning. Moreover, cultured tobacco cells expressing NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B effectively produced C19-C23 alkanes, indicating that the introduction of the two enzymes is sufficient to produce alkanes. Taken together, our findings suggest that these N. odorata enzymes may be useful for the biological production of alkanes of specific lengths. 3D modeling revealed that CER1s and CER3s share a similar structure that consists of N- and C-terminal domains, in which their predicted active sites are respectively located. We predicted the complex structure of both enzymes and found a cavity that connects their active sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kojima
- Technical Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kanta Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tomoko Niwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kenro Tokuhiro
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, 480-1192 Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu WB, Guo QH, Liu P, Dai S, Wu CA, Yang GD, Huang JG, Zhang SZ, Song JM, Zheng CC, Yan K. A long non-coding RNA functions as a competitive endogenous RNA to modulate TaNAC018 by acting as a decoy for tae-miR6206. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:36. [PMID: 38598012 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a strong correlation between the deposition of cuticular waxes and drought tolerance. However, the precise regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of two wheat (Triticum aestivum) near-isogenic lines, the glaucous line G-JM38 rich in cuticular waxes and the non-glaucous line NG-JM31. We identified 85,143 protein-coding mRNAs, 4,485 lncRNAs, and 1,130 miRNAs. Using the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and endogenous target mimic (eTM) prediction, we discovered that lncRNA35557 acted as an eTM for the miRNA tae-miR6206, effectively preventing tae-miR6206 from cleaving the NAC transcription factor gene TaNAC018. This lncRNA-miRNA interaction led to higher transcript abundance for TaNAC018 and enhanced drought-stress tolerance. Additionally, treatment with mannitol and abscisic acid (ABA) each influenced the levels of tae-miR6206, lncRNA35557, and TaNAC018 transcript. The ectopic expression of TaNAC018 in Arabidopsis also improved tolerance toward mannitol and ABA treatment, whereas knocking down TaNAC018 transcript levels via virus-induced gene silencing in wheat rendered seedlings more sensitive to mannitol stress. Our results indicate that lncRNA35557 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to modulate TaNAC018 expression by acting as a decoy target for tae-miR6206 in glaucous wheat, suggesting that non-coding RNA has important roles in the regulatory mechanisms responsible for wheat stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bo Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Huan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Shuang Dai
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ai Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Dong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Guang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Song
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng-Chao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kang Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feng L, Teng F, Li N, Zhang JC, Zhang BJ, Tsai SN, Yue XL, Gu LF, Meng GH, Deng TQ, Tong SW, Wang CM, Li Y, Shi W, Zeng YL, Jiang YM, Yu W, Ngai SM, An LZ, Lam HM, He JX. A reference-grade genome of the xerophyte Ammopiptanthus mongolicus sheds light on its evolution history in legumes and drought-tolerance mechanisms. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100891. [PMID: 38561965 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plants that grow in extreme environments represent unique sources of stress-resistance genes and mechanisms. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Leguminosae) is a xerophytic evergreen broadleaf shrub native to semi-arid and desert regions; however, its drought-tolerance mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report the assembly of a reference-grade genome for A. mongolicus, describe its evolutionary history within the legume family, and examine its drought-tolerance mechanisms. The assembled genome is 843.07 Mb in length, with 98.7% of the sequences successfully anchored to the nine chromosomes of A. mongolicus. The genome is predicted to contain 47 611 protein-coding genes, and 70.71% of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences; these are dominated by transposable elements, particularly long-terminal-repeat retrotransposons. Evolutionary analyses revealed two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events at 130 and 58 million years ago (mya) that are shared by the genus Ammopiptanthus and other legumes, but no species-specific WGDs were found within this genus. Ancestral genome reconstruction revealed that the A. mongolicus genome has undergone fewer rearrangements than other genomes in the legume family, confirming its status as a "relict plant". Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis and transport are highly expressed, both under normal conditions and in response to polyethylene glycol-induced dehydration. Significant induction of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and signaling was also observed in leaves under dehydration stress, suggesting that enhanced ethylene response and formation of thick waxy cuticles are two major mechanisms of drought tolerance in A. mongolicus. Ectopic expression of AmERF2, an ethylene response factor unique to A. mongolicus, can markedly increase the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants, demonstrating the potential for application of A. mongolicus genes in crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Fei Teng
- BGI-Shenzhen Tech Co., Ltd., Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bian-Jiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sau-Na Tsai
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu-Le Yue
- School of Life Sciences and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Li-Fei Gu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Hua Meng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tian-Quan Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen Tech Co., Ltd., Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Suk-Wah Tong
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wei Shi
- BGI-Shenzhen Tech Co., Ltd., Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yong-Lun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weichang Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sai-Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Zhe An
- School of Life Sciences and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Keyl A, Herrfurth C, Pandey G, Kim RJ, Helwig L, Haslam TM, de Vries S, de Vries J, Gutsche N, Zachgo S, Suh MC, Kunst L, Feussner I. Divergent evolution of the alcohol-forming pathway of wax biosynthesis among bryophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38501480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a hydrophobic barrier, which seals the epidermal surface of most aboveground organs. While the cuticle biosynthesis of angiosperms has been intensively studied, knowledge about its existence and composition in nonvascular plants is scarce. Here, we identified and characterized homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) ECERIFERUM 4 (AtCER4) and bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (AtWSD1) in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha (MpFAR2 and MpWSD1) and the moss Physcomitrium patens (PpFAR2A, PpFAR2B, and PpWSD1). Although bryophyte harbor similar compound classes as described for angiosperm cuticles, their biosynthesis may not be fully conserved between the bryophytes M. polymorpha and P. patens or between these bryophytes and angiosperms. While PpFAR2A and PpFAR2B contribute to the production of primary alcohols in P. patens, loss of MpFAR2 function does not affect the wax profile of M. polymorpha. By contrast, MpWSD1 acts as the major wax ester-producing enzyme in M. polymorpha, whereas mutations of PpWSD1 do not affect the wax ester levels of P. patens. Our results suggest that the biosynthetic enzymes involved in primary alcohol and wax ester formation in land plants have either evolved multiple times independently or undergone pronounced radiation followed by the formation of lineage-specific toolkits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Keyl
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Lina Helwig
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Department of Applied Informatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Nora Gutsche
- Division of Botany, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, 49076, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, 49076, Germany
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Man YY, Lv YH, Lv HM, Jiang H, Wang T, Zhang YL, Li YY. MdDEWAX decreases plant drought resistance by regulating wax biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108288. [PMID: 38160533 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Apple epidermal wax protects plants from environmental stresses, determines fruit gloss and improves postharvest storage quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis and regulation of apple epidermal waxes are not fully understood. In this study, we isolated a MdDEWAX gene from apple, which localized in the nucleus, expressed mainly in apple fruit, and induced by drought. We transformed the MdDEWAX gene into Arabidopsis, and found that heterologous expression of MdDEWAX reduced the accumulation of cuticular waxes in leaves and stems, increased epidermal permeability, the rate of water loss, and the rate of chlorophyll extraction of leaves and stems, altered the sensitivity to ABA, and reduced drought tolerance. Meanwhile, overexpression or silencing of the gene in the epidermis of apple fruits decreased or increased wax content, respectively. This study provides candidate genes for breeding apple cultivars and rootstocks with better drought tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yang Man
- National Apple Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lv
- National Apple Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Min Lv
- National Apple Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Han Jiang
- National Apple Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tai'an Institute for Food and Drug Control, Tai-An, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- National Apple Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Apple Engineering Technology Research Center, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen JY, Kuruparan A, Zamani-Babgohari M, Gonzales-Vigil E. Dynamic changes to the plant cuticle include the production of volatile cuticular wax-derived compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307012120. [PMID: 38019866 PMCID: PMC10710056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is a hydrophobic structure that seals plant aerial surfaces from the surrounding environment. To better understand how cuticular wax composition changes over development, we conducted an untargeted screen of leaf surface lipids from black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). We observed major shifts to the lipid profile across development, from a phenolic and terpene-dominated profile in young leaves to an aliphatic wax-dominated profile in mature leaves. Contrary to the general pattern, levels of aliphatic cis-9-alkenes decreased in older leaves following their accumulation. A thorough examination revealed that the decrease in cis-9-alkenes was accompanied by a concomitant increase in aldehydes, one of them being the volatile compound nonanal. By applying exogenous alkenes to P. trichocarpa leaves, we show that unsaturated waxes in the cuticle undergo spontaneous oxidative cleavage to generate aldehydes and that this process occurs similarly in other alkene-accumulating systems such as balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) leaves and corn (Zea mays) silk. Moreover, we show that the production of cuticular wax-derived compounds can be extended to other wax components. In bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), 9-hydroxy-14,16-hentriacontanedione likely decomposes to generate 2-heptadecanone and 7-octyloxepan-2-one (a caprolactone). These findings highlight an unusual route to the production of plant volatiles that are structurally encoded within cuticular wax precursors. These processes could play a role in modulating ecological interactions and open the possibility for engineering bioactive volatile compounds into plant waxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Aswini Kuruparan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Mahbobeh Zamani-Babgohari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tomasi P, Abdel-Haleem H. Phenotypic Diversity in Leaf Cuticular Waxes in Brassica carinata Accessions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3716. [PMID: 37960072 PMCID: PMC10649817 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassica carinata has received considerable attention as a renewable biofuel crop for semi-arid zones due to its high oil content and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents. It is important to develop new drought-resistant cultivars of B. carinata production to expand its areas into more arid regions. The accumulation of leaf cuticular wax on plant surfaces is one mechanism that reduces non-stomatal water loss, thus increasing drought resistance in plants. To explore phenotypic variations in cuticular wax in B. carinata, leaf waxes were extracted and quantified from a diversity panel consisting of 315 accessions. The results indicate that the accessions have a wide range of total leaf wax content (289-1356 µg dm-2), wax classes, and their components. The C29 and C31 homologues of alkanes, C29 ketone homologue, C29 secondary alcohol, and C30 aldehyde were the most abundant leaf waxes extracted from B. carinata accessions. The high heritability values of these waxes point to the positive selection for high wax content during early generations of future B. carinata breeding programs. Positive correlation coefficients, combined with the effects of these waxes on leaf wax content accumulation, suggest that modifying specific wax content could increase the total wax content and enhance cuticle composition. The identified leaf wax content and compositions in B. carinata will lead to the future discovery of wax biosynthetic pathways, the dissection of its genetic regulatory networks, the identification of candidate genes controlling production of these waxes, and thus, develop and release new B. carinata drought-tolerant cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hussein Abdel-Haleem
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chemelewski R, McKinley BA, Finlayson S, Mullet JE. Epicuticular wax accumulation and regulation of wax pathway gene expression during bioenergy Sorghum stem development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227859. [PMID: 37936930 PMCID: PMC10626490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy sorghum is a drought-tolerant high-biomass C4 grass targeted for production on annual cropland marginal for food crops due primarily to abiotic constraints. To better understand the overall contribution of stem wax to bioenergy sorghum's resilience, the current study characterized sorghum stem cuticular wax loads, composition, morphometrics, wax pathway gene expression and regulation using vegetative phase Wray, R07020, and TX08001 genotypes. Wax loads on sorghum stems (~103-215 µg/cm2) were much higher than Arabidopsis stem and leaf wax loads. Wax on developing sorghum stem internodes was enriched in C28/30 primary alcohols (~65%) while stem wax on fully developed stems was enriched in C28/30 aldehydes (~80%). Scanning Electron Microscopy showed minimal wax on internodes prior to the onset of elongation and that wax tubules first appear associated with cork-silica cell complexes when internode cell elongation is complete. Sorghum homologs of genes involved in wax biosynthesis/transport were differentially expressed in the stem epidermis. Expression of many wax pathway genes (i.e., SbKCS6, SbCER3-1, SbWSD1, SbABCG12, SbABCG11) is low in immature apical internodes then increases at the onset of stem wax accumulation. SbCER4 is expressed relatively early in stem development consistent with accumulation of C28/30 primary alcohols on developing apical internodes. High expression of two SbCER3 homologs in fully elongated internodes is consistent with a role in production of C28/30 aldehydes. Gene regulatory network analysis aided the identification of sorghum homologs of transcription factors that regulate wax biosynthesis (i.e., SbSHN1, SbWRI1/3, SbMYB94/96/30/60, MYS1) and other transcription factors that could regulate and specify expression of the wax pathway in epidermal cells during cuticle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chemelewski
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Brian A. McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Scott Finlayson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang P, Li Z, Zhu L, Cheng M, Chen X, Wang A, Wang C, Zhang X. Fine Mapping and Identification of a Candidate Gene for the Glossy Green Trait in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3340. [PMID: 37765502 PMCID: PMC10538046 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cuticular wax deposited on the surface of epidermal cells plays an important role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic stresses; however, the molecular mechanism of cuticular wax production is not completely understood. In this study, we identified a glossy green mutant (98-1030gl) from the glaucous cabbage inbred line 98-1030. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the amount of leaf cuticular wax significantly decreased in 98-1030gl. Genetic analysis showed that the glossy green trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Bulked segregant analysis coupled with whole genome sequencing revealed that the candidate gene for the glossy green trait was located at 13,860,000-25,070,000 bp (11.21 Mb) on Chromosome 5. Based on the resequencing data of two parents and the F2 population, insertion-deletion markers were developed and used to reduce the candidate mapping region. The candidate gene (Bol026949) was then mapped in a 50.97 kb interval. Bol026949 belongs to the Agenet/Tudor domain protein family, whose members are predicted to be involved in chromatin remodeling and RNA transcription. Sequence analysis showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation (C → G) in the second exon of Bol026949 could result in the premature termination of its protein translation in 98-1030gl. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bol026949 is relatively conserved in cruciferous plants. Transcriptome profiling indicated that Bol026949 might participate in cuticular wax production by regulating the transcript levels of genes involved in the post-translational cellular process and phytohormone signaling. Our findings provide an important clue for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of cuticular wax production in cruciferous crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mozhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Castorina G, Bigelow M, Hattery T, Zilio M, Sangiorgio S, Caporali E, Venturini G, Iriti M, Yandeau-Nelson MD, Consonni G. Roles of the MYB94/FUSED LEAVES1 (ZmFDL1) and GLOSSY2 (ZmGL2) genes in cuticle biosynthesis and potential impacts on Fusarium verticillioides growth on maize silks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228394. [PMID: 37546274 PMCID: PMC10399752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize silks, the stigmatic portions of the female flowers, have an important role in reproductive development. Silks also provide entry points for pathogens into host tissues since fungal hyphae move along the surface of the silks to reach the site of infection, i.e., the developing kernel. The outer extracellular surface of the silk is covered by a protective hydrophobic cuticle, comprised of a complex array of long-chain hydrocarbons and small amounts of very long chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols. This work illustrates that two previously characterized cuticle-related genes separately exert roles on maize silk cuticle deposition and function. ZmMYB94/FUSED LEAVES 1 (ZmFDL1) MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of cuticle deposition in maize seedlings. The ZmGLOSSY2 (ZmGL2) gene, a putative member of the BAHD superfamily of acyltransferases with close sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis AtCER2 gene, is involved in the elongation of the fatty acid chains that serve as precursors of the waxes on young leaves. In silks, lack of ZmFDL1 action generates a decrease in the accumulation of a wide number of compounds, including alkanes and alkenes of 20 carbons or greater and affects the expression of cuticle-related genes. These results suggest that ZmFDL1 retains a regulatory role in silks, which might be exerted across the entire wax biosynthesis pathway. Separately, a comparison between gl2-ref and wild-type silks reveals differences in the abundance of specific cuticular wax constituents, particularly those of longer unsaturated carbon chain lengths. The inferred role of ZmGL2 is to control the chain lengths of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The treatment of maize silks with Fusarium verticillioides conidia suspension results in altered transcript levels of ZmFDL1 and ZmGL2 genes. In addition, an increase in fungal growth was observed on gl2-ref mutant silks 72 hours after Fusarium infection. These findings suggest that the silk cuticle plays an active role in the response to F. verticillioides infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Castorina
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Madison Bigelow
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Travis Hattery
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Venturini
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marna D. Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guan L, Xia D, Hu N, Zhang H, Wu H, Jiang Q, Li X, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wang Z. OsFAR1 is involved in primary fatty alcohol biosynthesis and promotes drought tolerance in rice. PLANTA 2023; 258:24. [PMID: 37344696 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION OsFAR1 encodes a fatty acyl-CoA reductase involved in biosynthesis of primary alcohols and plays an important role in drought stress response in rice. Cuticular waxes cover the outermost surface of terrestrial plants and contribute to inhibiting nonstomatal water loss and improving plant drought resistance. Primary alcohols are the most abundant components in the leaf cuticular waxes of rice (Oryza sativa), but the biosynthesis and regulation of primary alcohol remain largely unknown in rice. Here, we identified and characterized an OsFAR1 gene belonging to the fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) via a homology-based approach in rice. OsFAR1 was activated by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid, resulting in increased production of primary alcohol in rice. Heterologous expression of OsFAR1 enhanced the amounts of C22:0 and C24:0 primary alcohols in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and C24:0 to C32:0 primary alcohols in Arabidopsis. Similarly, OsFAR1 overexpression significantly increased the content of C24:0 to C30:0 primary alcohols on rice leaves. Finally, OsFAR1 overexpression lines exhibited reduced cuticle permeability and enhanced drought tolerance in rice and Arabidopsis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that OsFAR1 is involved in rice primary alcohol biosynthesis and plays an important role in responding to drought and other environmental stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongnan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingkai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mo L, Yao X, Tang H, Li Y, Jiao Y, He Y, Jiang Y, Tian S, Lu L. Genome-Wide Investigation and Functional Analysis Reveal That CsKCS3 and CsKCS18 Are Required for Tea Cuticle Wax Formation. Foods 2023; 12:2011. [PMID: 37238828 PMCID: PMC10217411 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax is a complex mixture of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives that constitute a natural barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses on the aerial surface of terrestrial plants. In tea plants, leaf cuticular wax also contributes to the unique flavor and quality of tea products. However, the mechanism of wax formation in tea cuticles is still unclear. The cuticular wax content of 108 germplasms (Niaowang species) was investigated in this study. The transcriptome analysis of germplasms with high, medium, and low cuticular wax content revealed that the expression levels of CsKCS3 and CsKCS18 were strongly associated with the high content of cuticular wax in leaves. Hence, silencing CsKCS3 and CsKCS18 using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited the synthesis of cuticular wax and caffeine in tea leaves, indicating that expression of these genes is necessary for the synthesis of cuticular wax in tea leaves. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of cuticular wax formation in tea leaves. The study also revealed new candidate target genes for further improving tea quality and flavor and cultivating high-stress-resistant tea germplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilai Mo
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hu Tang
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, China
| | - Yujie Jiao
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yumei He
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yihe Jiang
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shiyu Tian
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, China
| | - Litang Lu
- College of Tea Science, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li HJ, Bai WP, Liu LB, Liu HS, Wei L, Garant TM, Kalinger RS, Deng YX, Wang GN, Bao AK, Ma Q, Rowland O, Wang SM. Massive increases in C31 alkane on Zygophyllum xanthoxylum leaves contribute to its excellent abiotic stress tolerance. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:723-736. [PMID: 36848247 PMCID: PMC10147333 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Desert plants possess excellent water-conservation capacities to survive in extreme environments. Cuticular wax plays a pivotal role in reducing water loss through plant aerial surfaces. However, the role of cuticular wax in water retention by desert plants is poorly understood. METHODS We investigated leaf epidermal morphology and wax composition of five desert shrubs from north-west China and characterized the wax morphology and composition for the typical xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum under salt, drought and heat treatments. Moreover, we examined leaf water loss and chlorophyll leaching of Z. xanthoxylum and analysed their relationships with wax composition under the above treatments. KEY RESULTS The leaf epidermis of Z. xanthoxylum was densely covered by cuticular wax, whereas the other four desert shrubs had trichomes or cuticular folds in addition to cuticular wax. The total amount of cuticular wax on leaves of Z. xanthoxylum and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was significantly higher than that of the other three shrubs. Strikingly, C31 alkane, the most abundant component, composed >71 % of total alkanes in Z. xanthoxylum, which was higher than for the other four shrubs studied here. Salt, drought and heat treatments resulted in significant increases in the amount of cuticular wax. Of these treatments, the combined drought plus 45 °C treatment led to the largest increase (107 %) in the total amount of cuticular wax, attributable primarily to an increase of 122 % in C31 alkane. Moreover, the proportion of C31 alkane within total alkanes remained >75 % in all the above treatments. Notably, the water loss and chlorophyll leaching were reduced, which was negatively correlated with C31 alkane content. CONCLUSION Zygophyllum xanthoxylum could serve as a model desert plant for study of the function of cuticular wax in water retention because of its relatively uncomplicated leaf surface and because it accumulates C31 alkane massively to reduce cuticular permeability and resist abiotic stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Wan-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Lin-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Hai-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Timothy M Garant
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Kalinger
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Yu-Xuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Gai-Ni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Ai-Ke Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Owen Rowland
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang C, Cheng C, Xue J, Li Q, Wang C, Zhang Y, Yang S. Metabolome and transcriptome profiling in different bagging pear fruit reveals that PbKCS10 affects the occurrence of superficial scald via regulating the wax formation. Food Chem 2023; 422:136206. [PMID: 37130451 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Superficial scald is a physiological disorder of fruit, which is easy to occur during long-term cold storage after harvest. Different preharvest bagging treatments (no bagging, polyethylene bagging and non-woven fabric bagging) were used to explore the occurrence mechanism of superficial scald. UHPLC-MS analysis, GC-MS analysis and RNA-seq revealed the influence of the wax of 'Chili' on the occurrence of superficial scald. The wax content and wax components (Lupeol, lup-20(29)-en-3-one, heptacosane, 9-octadecenoic acid, eicosanoic acid, cis-11-eicosenoic acid) were significantly higher in the fruit bagged with non-woven fabric (NWF, with low incidence of superficial scald) than that in fruit bagged with polyethylene (PE, high incidence of superficial scald). Transcriptomics and qRT-PCR data identified a wax synthesis gene, PbKCS10, which exhibited high expression levels in fruit with low of superficial scald. The results of gene function showed that PbKCS10 reduced the occurrence of superficial scald by increasing the wax formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Chenxia Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Junxiu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China.
| | - Shaolan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gerasimova SV, Kolosovskaya EV, Vikhorev AV, Korotkova AM, Hertig CW, Genaev MA, Domrachev DV, Morozov SV, Chernyak EI, Shmakov NA, Vasiliev GV, Kochetov AV, Kumlehn J, Khlestkina EK. WAX INDUCER 1 Regulates β-Diketone Biosynthesis by Mediating Expression of the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076762. [PMID: 37047735 PMCID: PMC10095013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant surface properties are crucial determinants of resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. The outer layer of the plant cuticle consists of chemically diverse epicuticular waxes. The WAX INDUCER1/SHINE subfamily of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORS regulates cuticle properties in plants. In this study, four barley genes homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana AtWIN1 gene were mutated using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease. Mutations in one of them, the HvWIN1 gene, caused a recessive glossy sheath phenotype associated with β-diketone deficiency. A complementation test for win1 knockout (KO) and cer-x mutants showed that Cer-X and WIN1 are allelic variants of the same genomic locus. A comparison of the transcriptome from leaf sheaths of win1 KO and wild-type plants revealed a specific and strong downregulation of a large gene cluster residing at the previously known Cer-cqu locus. Our findings allowed us to postulate that the WIN1 transcription factor in barley is a master mediator of the β-diketone biosynthesis pathway acting through developmental stage- and organ-specific transactivation of the Cer-cqu gene cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander V Vikhorev
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M Korotkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Christian W Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Genaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Domrachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Shmakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gennady V Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena K Khlestkina
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kubásek J, Kalistová T, Janová J, Askanbayeva B, Bednář J, Šantrůček J. 13 CO 2 labelling as a tool for elucidating the mechanism of cuticle development: a case of Clusia rosea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:202-215. [PMID: 36604855 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important plant-atmosphere boundary, the synthesis and maintenance of which represents a significant metabolic cost. Only limited information regarding cuticle dynamics is available. We determined the composition and dynamics of Clusia rosea cuticular waxes and matrix using 13 CO2 labelling, compound-specific and bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Collodion was used for wax collection; gas exchange techniques to test for any collodion effects on living leaves. Cutin matrix (MX) area density did not vary between young and mature leaves and between leaf sides. Only young leaves incorporated new carbon into their MX. Collodion-based sampling discriminated between epicuticular (EW) and intracuticular wax (IW) effectively. Epicuticular differed in composition from IW. The newly synthetised wax was deposited in IW first and later in EW. Both young and mature leaves synthetised IW and EW. The faster dynamics in young leaves were due to lower wax coverage, not a faster synthesis rate. Longer-chain alkanes were deposited preferentially on the abaxial, stomatous leaf side, producing differences between leaf sides in wax composition. We introduce a new, sensitive isotope labelling method and demonstrate that cuticular wax is renewed during leaf ontogeny of C. rosea. We discuss the ecophysiological significance of the new insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kalistová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Janová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Balzhan Askanbayeva
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bednář
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760/31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Han L, Chai M, Wang ZY, Yang X, Lu S, Tong J, Xiao L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1751-1770. [PMID: 36617225 PMCID: PMC10022625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang J, Busta L, Jetter R, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhang W, Ni Y, Guo Y. Diversified chemical profiles of cuticular wax on alpine meadow plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTA 2023; 257:74. [PMID: 36879182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alpine meadow plants showed great intra- and inter-genera variations of chemical profiles of cuticular waxes. Developing an understanding of wax structure-function relationships that will help us tackle global climate change requires a detailed understanding of plant wax chemistry. The goal in this study was to provide a catalog of wax structures, abundances, and compositions on alpine meadow plants. Here, leaf waxes from 33 plant species belonging to 11 families were sampled from alpine meadows of the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Across these species, total wax coverage varied from 2.30 μg cm-2 to 40.70 μg cm-2, showing variation both within as well as between genera and suggesting that wax variation is subject to both environmental and genetic effects. Across all wax samples, more than 140 wax compounds belonging to 13 wax compound classes were identified, including both ubiquitous wax compounds and lineage-specific compounds. Among the ubiquitous compounds (primary alcohols, alkyl esters, aldehydes, alkanes, and fatty acids), chain length profiles across a wide range of species point to key differences in the chain length specificity of alcohol and alkane formation machinery. The lineage-specific wax compound classes (diols, secondary alcohols, lactones, iso-alkanes, alkyl resorcinols, phenylethyl esters, cinnamate esters, alkyl benzoates, and triterpenoids) nearly all consisted of isomers with varying chain lengths or functional group positions, making the diversity of specialized wax compounds immense. The comparison of species relationships between chemical data and genetic data highlighted the importance of inferring phylogenetic relationships from data sets that contain a large number of variables that do not respond to environmental stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yingpeng Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kondo A, Ito M, Takeda Y, Kurahashi Y, Toh S, Funaguma T. Morphological and antioxidant responses of Nopalea cochenillifera cv. Maya (edible Opuntia sp. "Kasugai Saboten") to chilling acclimatization. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:211-225. [PMID: 36690846 PMCID: PMC9988806 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the wintering ability of the cactus Nopalea cochenillifera cv. Maya (edible Opuntia sp., common name "Kasugai Saboten"), we investigated the effects of temperature and antioxidant capacity on chilling acclimatization. We analyzed the anatomy of cladode chlorenchyma tissue of plants exposed to light under chilling. We found that chilling acclimatization can be achieved by exposure to approximately 15 °C for 2 weeks and suggest that it is affected by whether or not antioxidant capacity can recover. The overwintering cacti had the thinnest cuticle but firm cuticular wax, which is important in the acquisition of low temperature tolerance under strong light. In cacti with severe chilling injury, round swollen nuclei with clumping chloroplasts were localized in the upper part (axial side) of the cell, as though pushed up by large vacuoles in the lower part. In overwintering cacti, chloroplasts were arranged on the lateral side of the cell as in control plants, but they formed pockets: invaginations with a thin layer of chloroplast stroma that surrounded mitochondria and peroxisomes. Specific cellular structural changes depended on the degree of chilling stress and provide useful insights linking chloroplast behavior and structural changes to the environmental stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Kondo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Masashi Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yuka Kurahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Toh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Toru Funaguma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Batsale M, Alonso M, Pascal S, Thoraval D, Haslam RP, Beaudoin F, Domergue F, Joubès J. Tackling functional redundancy of Arabidopsis fatty acid elongase complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1107333. [PMID: 36798704 PMCID: PMC9928185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are precursors for various lipids playing important physiological and structural roles in plants. Throughout plant tissues, VLCFA are present in multiple lipid classes essential for membrane homeostasis, and also stored in triacylglycerols. VLCFA and their derivatives are also highly abundant in lipid barriers, such as cuticular waxes in aerial epidermal cells and suberin monomers in roots. VLCFA are produced by the fatty acid elongase (FAE), which is an integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane multi-enzymatic complex consisting of four core enzymes. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) catalyzes the first reaction of the elongation and determines the chain-length substrate specificity of each elongation cycle, whereas the other three enzymes have broad substrate specificities and are shared by all FAE complexes. Consistent with the co-existence of multiple FAE complexes, performing sequential and/or parallel reactions to produce the broad chain-length-range of VLCFA found in plants, twenty-one KCS genes have been identified in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we established an expression platform to reconstitute the different Arabidopsis FAE complexes in yeast. The VLCFA produced in these yeast strains were analyzed in detail to characterize the substrate specificity of all KCS candidates. Additionally, Arabidopsis candidate proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves to explore their activity and localization in planta. This work sheds light on the genetic and biochemical redundancy of fatty acid elongation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Alonso
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, BFP, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Pascal
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Didier Thoraval
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Domergue
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Univesity of Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li D, Li X, Cheng Y, Guan J. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on peel greasiness, yellowing, and related gene expression in postharvest 'Yuluxiang' pear. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1082041. [PMID: 36714764 PMCID: PMC9878607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1082041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
'Yuluxiang' pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis) commonly develop a greasy coating and yellowing during storage. In this study, 1.0 μL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to 'Yuluxiang' pear to investigate its effects on fruit quality, peel wax composition, greasiness index, chlorophyll content, and the expression pattern of related genes during storage at ambient temperature (25°C). The results showed that 1-MCP treatment maintained higher fruit firmness and chlorophyll content, decreased respiration rate, and postponed the peak of ethylene production rate, lowered the greasy index of the peel. The main wax components of peel accumulated during storage, the principal ones being alkenes (C23, C25, and C29), fatty acids (C16, C18:1, and C28), aldehydes (C24:1, C26:1, and C28:1), and esters (C22:1 fatty alcohol-C16 fatty acid, C22:1 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid, C22 fatty alcohol-C16 fatty acid, C22 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid, C24:1 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid, and C24 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid), and were reduced by 1-MCP. 1-MCP also decreased the expression of genes associated with ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction (ACS1, ACO1, ERS1, ETR2, and ERF1), chlorophyll breakdown (NYC1, NOL, PAO, PPH, and SGR), and wax accumulation (LACS1, LACS6, KCS1, KCS2, KCS4, KCS10L, KCS11L, KCS20, FDH, CER10, KCR1, ABCG11L, ABCG12, ABCG21L, LTPG1, LTP4, CAC3, CAC3L, and DGAT1L). There were close relationships among wax components (alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, esters, and aldehydes), chlorophyll content, greasiness index, and level of expression of genes associated with wax synthesis and chlorophyll breakdown. These results suggest that 1-MCP treatment decreased the wax content of 'Yuluxiang' pear and delayed the development of peel greasiness and yellowing by inhibiting the expression of genes related to the ethylene synthesis, signal transduction, wax synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yudou Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu F, Sun Y, Jadhav SS, Cheng Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR. The Plant Metabolic Changes and the Physiological and Signaling Functions in the Responses to Abiotic Stress. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:129-150. [PMID: 36944876 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has altered, and will further alter, rainfall patterns and temperatures likely causing more frequent drought and heat waves, which will consequently exacerbate abiotic stresses of plants and significantly decrease the yield and quality of crops. On the one hand, the global demand for food is ever-increasing owing to the rapid increase of the human population. On the other hand, metabolic responses are one of the most important mechanisms by which plants adapt to and survive to abiotic stresses. Here we therefore summarize recent progresses including the plant primary and secondary metabolic responses to abiotic stresses and their function in plant resistance acting as antioxidants, osmoregulatory, and signaling factors, which enrich our knowledge concerning commonalities of plant metabolic responses to abiotic stresses, including their involvement in signaling processes. Finally, we discuss potential methods of metabolic fortification of crops in order to improve their abiotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yuming Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Sagar Sudam Jadhav
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao S, Nie X, Liu X, Wang B, Liu S, Qin L, Xing Y. Genome-Wide Identification of the CER Gene Family and Significant Features in Climate Adaptation of Castanea mollissima. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416202. [PMID: 36555843 PMCID: PMC9787725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle is the outermost layer of the aerial organs and an important barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. The climate varies greatly between the north and south of China, with large differences in temperature and humidity, but Chinese chestnut is found in both regions. This study investigated the relationship between the wax layer of chestnut leaves and environmental adaptation. Firstly, semi-thin sections were used to verify that there is a significant difference in the thickness of the epicuticular wax layer between wild chestnut leaves in northwest and southeast China. Secondly, a whole-genome selective sweep was used to resequence wild chestnut samples from two typical regional populations, and significant genetic divergence was identified between the two populations in the CmCER1-1, CmCER1-5 and CmCER3 genes. Thirty-four CER genes were identified in the whole chestnut genome, and a series of predictive analyses were performed on the identified CmCER genes. The expression patterns of CmCER genes were classified into three trends-upregulation, upregulation followed by downregulation and continuous downregulation-when chestnut seedlings were treated with drought stress. Analysis of cultivars from two resource beds in Beijing and Liyang showed that the wax layer of the northern variety was thicker than that of the southern variety. For the Y-2 (Castanea mollissima genome sequencing material) cultivar, there were significant differences in the expression of CmCER1-1, CmCER1-5 and CmCER3 between the southern variety and the northern one-year-grafted variety. Therefore, this study suggests that the CER family genes play a role in environmental adaptations in chestnut, laying the foundation for further exploration of CmCER genes. It also demonstrates the importance of studying the adaptation of Chinese chestnut wax biosynthesis to the southern and northern environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ling Qin
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-10-8079-7229 (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xing
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-10-8079-7229 (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu Q, Huang H, Chen Y, Yue Z, Wang Z, Qu T, Xu D, Lü S, Hu H. Two Arabidopsis MYB-SHAQKYF transcription repressors regulate leaf wax biosynthesis via transcriptional suppression on DEWAX. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2115-2130. [PMID: 36110041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticular wax accumulation limits nonstomatal transpiration and is regulated by external environmental stresses. DEWAX (DECREASE WAX BIOSYNTHESIS) plays a vital role in diurnal wax biosynthesis. However, how DEWAX expression is controlled and the molecular mechanism of wax biosynthesis regulated by the diurnal cycle remains largely unknown. Here, we identified two Arabidopsis MYB-SHAQKYF transcription factors, MYS1 and MYS2, as new regulators in wax biosynthesis and drought tolerance. Mutations of both MYS1 and MYS2 caused significantly reduced leaf wax, whereas overexpression of MYS1 or MYS2 increased leaf wax biosynthesis and enhanced drought tolerance. Our results demonstrated that MYS1 and MYS2 act as transcription repressors and directly suppress DEWAX expression via ethylene response factor-associated amphiphilic repression motifs. Genetic interaction analysis with DEWAX, SPL9 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9), and CER1 (ECERIFERUM 1) in wax biosynthesis and under drought stresses demonstrated that MYS1 and MYS2 act upstream of the DEWAX-SPL9 module, thus regulating CER1 expression. Expression analysis suggested that the diurnal expression pattern of DEWAX is partly regulated by MYS1 and MYS2. Our findings demonstrate the roles of two unidentified transcription repressors, MYS1 and MYS2, in wax biosynthesis and provide insights into the mechanism of diurnal cycle-regulated wax biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhichuang Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingting Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Danyun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Transcriptome Profiling of the Resistance Response of Musa acuminata subsp. burmannicoides, var. Calcutta 4 to Pseudocercospora musae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113589. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.), which is one of the world’s most popular and most traded fruits, is highly susceptible to pests and diseases. Pseudocercospora musae, responsible for Sigatoka leaf spot disease, is a principal fungal pathogen of Musa spp., resulting in serious economic damage to cultivars in the Cavendish subgroup. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic components of the early immune response to P. musae in Musa acuminata subsp. burmannicoides, var. Calcutta 4, a resistant wild diploid. Leaf RNA samples were extracted from Calcutta 4 three days after inoculation with fungal conidiospores, with paired-end sequencing conducted in inoculated and non-inoculated controls using lllumina HiSeq 4000 technology. Following mapping to the reference M. acuminata ssp. malaccensis var. Pahang genome, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and expression representation analyzed on the basis of gene ontology enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology and MapMan pathway analysis. Sequence data mapped to 29,757 gene transcript models in the reference Musa genome. A total of 1073 DEGs were identified in pathogen-inoculated cDNA libraries, in comparison to non-inoculated controls, with 32% overexpressed. GO enrichment analysis revealed common assignment to terms that included chitin binding, chitinase activity, pattern binding, oxidoreductase activity and transcription factor (TF) activity. Allocation to KEGG pathways revealed DEGs associated with environmental information processing, signaling, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. With 144 up-regulated DEGs potentially involved in biotic stress response pathways, including genes involved in cell wall reinforcement, PTI responses, TF regulation, phytohormone signaling and secondary metabolism, data demonstrated diverse early-stage defense responses to P. musae. With increased understanding of the defense responses occurring during the incompatible interaction in resistant Calcutta 4, these data are appropriate for the development of effective disease management approaches based on genetic improvement through introgression of candidate genes in superior cultivars.
Collapse
|
31
|
Huo Z, Xu Y, Yuan S, Chang J, Li S, Wang J, Zhao H, Xu R, Zhong F. The AP2 Transcription Factor BrSHINE3 Regulates Wax Accumulation in Nonheading Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113454. [PMID: 36362247 PMCID: PMC9656708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax is an acellular structural substance attached to the surface of plant tissues. It forms a protective barrier on the epidermis of plants and plays an important role in resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. In this paper, nonheading Chinese cabbage varieties with and without wax powder were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the surface of waxy plants was covered with a layer of densely arranged waxy crystals, thus differentiating them from the surface of waxless plants. A genetic analysis showed that wax powder formation in nonheading Chinese cabbage was controlled by a pair of dominant genes. A preliminary bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) assay showed that one gene was located at the end of chromosome A09. Within this interval, we identified BraA09000626, encoding an AP2 transcription factor homologous to Arabidopsis AtSHINE3, and we named it BrSHINE3. By comparing the CDS of the gene in the two parental plants, a 35 bp deletion in the BrSHINE3 gene of waxless plants resulted in a frameshift mutation. Tissue analysis showed that BrSHINE3 was expressed at significantly higher levels in waxy plant rosette stage petioles and bolting stage stems than in the tissues of waxless plants. We speculate that this deletion in BrSHINE3 bases in the waxless material may inhibit wax synthesis. The overexpression of BrSHINE3 in Arabidopsis induced the accumulation of wax on the stem surface, indicating that BrSHINE3 is a key gene that regulates the formation of wax powder in nonheading Chinese cabbage. The analysis of the subcellular localization showed that BrSHINE3 is mainly located in the nucleus and chloroplast of tobacco leaves, suggesting that the gene may function as a transcription factor. Subsequent transcriptome analysis of the homology of BrSHINE3 downstream genes in nonheading Chinese cabbage showed that these genes were downregulated in waxless materials. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of the nonheading Chinese cabbage epidermal wax synthesis pathway and provide important information for the molecular-assisted breeding of nonheading Chinese cabbage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhu J, Huang K, Cheng D, Zhang C, Li R, Liu F, Wen H, Tao L, Zhang Y, Li C, Liu S, Wei C. Characterization of Cuticular Wax in Tea Plant and Its Modification in Response to Low Temperature. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13849-13861. [PMID: 36268795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax ubiquitously covers the outer layer of plants and protects them against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Nevertheless, the characteristics of cuticular wax and its role in cold resistance in tea plants remain unclear. In our study, cuticular wax from different tissues, cultivars, and leaves during different spatio-temporal growth stages were characterized and compared in tea plants. The composition, distribution pattern, and structural profile of cuticular wax showed considerable tissue specificity, particularly in petals and seeds. During the spatial development of tea leaves, total wax content increased from the first to fifth leaf in June, while a decreasing pattern was observed in September. Additionally, the total wax content and number of wax compounds were enhanced, and the wax composition significantly varied with leaf growth from June to September. Ten cultivars showed considerable differences in total wax content and composition, such as the predominance of saturated fatty acids and primary alcohols in SYH and HJY cultivars, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested that n-hexadecanoic acid is positively related to cold resistance in tea plants. Further transcriptome analysis from cold-sensitive AJBC, cold-tolerant CYQ, and EC 12 cultivars indicated that the inducible expression of wax-related genes was associated with the cold tolerance of different cultivars in response to cold stress. Our results revealed the characterization of cuticular wax in tea plants and provided new insights into its modification in cold tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Kelin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Daojie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Youze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Li
- Tianfang Tea Company Limited by Share, Tianfang Industrial Park, Chizhou 245100, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
He J, Li C, Hu N, Zhu Y, He Z, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. ECERIFERUM1-6A is required for the synthesis of cuticular wax alkanes and promotes drought tolerance in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1640-1657. [PMID: 36000923 PMCID: PMC9614490 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes cover the aerial surfaces of land plants and protect them from various environmental stresses. Alkanes are major wax components and contribute to plant drought tolerance, but the biosynthesis and regulation of alkanes remain largely unknown in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here, we identified and functionally characterized a key alkane biosynthesis gene ECERIFERUM1-6A (TaCER1-6A) from wheat. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated knockout mutation in TaCER1-6A greatly reduced the contents of C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes in wheat leaves, while TaCER1-6A overexpression significantly increased the contents of these alkanes in wheat leaves, suggesting that TaCER1-6A is specifically involved in the biosynthesis of C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes on wheat leaf surfaces. TaCER1-6A knockout lines exhibited increased cuticle permeability and reduced drought tolerance, whereas TaCER1-6A overexpression lines displayed reduced cuticle permeability and enhanced drought tolerance. TaCER1-6A was highly expressed in flag leaf blades and seedling leaf blades and could respond to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid. TaCER1-6A was located in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is the subcellular compartment responsible for wax biosynthesis. A total of three haplotypes (HapI/II/III) of TaCER1-6A were identified in 43 wheat accessions, and HapI was the dominant haplotype (95%) in these wheat varieties. Additionally, we identified two R2R3-MYB transcription factors TaMYB96-2D and TaMYB96-5D that bound directly to the conserved motif CAACCA in promoters of the cuticular wax biosynthesis genes TaCER1-6A, TaCER1-1A, and fatty acyl-CoA reductase4. Collectively, these results suggest that TaCER1-6A is required for C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes biosynthesis and improves drought tolerance in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chongzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaofeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li JJ, Zhang CL, Zhang YL, Gao HN, Wang HB, Jiang H, Li YY. An apple long-chain acyl-CoA synthase, MdLACS1, enhances biotic and abiotic stress resistance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 189:115-125. [PMID: 36084527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal waxes are part of the outermost hydrophobic structures of apples and play a significant role in enhancing apple resistance and improving fruit quality. The biosynthetic precursors of epidermal waxes are very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are made into different wax components through various wax synthesis pathways. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the AtLACS1 protein can activate the alkane synthesis pathway to produce very long-chain acyl CoAs (VLC-acyl-CoAs), which provide substrates for wax synthesis, from VLCFAs. The apple protein MdLACS1, encoded by the MdLACS1 gene, belongs to the AMP-binding superfamily and has long-chain acyl coenzyme A synthase activity, but its function in apple remains unclear. Here, we identified MdLACS1 in apple (Malus × domestica) and analyzed its function. Our results suggest that MdLACS1 promotes wax synthesis and improves biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, which were directly or indirectly dependent on wax. Our study further refines the molecular mechanism of wax biosynthesis in apples and elucidates the physiological function of wax in resistance to external stresses. These findings provide candidate genes for the synergistic enhancement of apple fruit quality and stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Huai-Na Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - He-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation, Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, National Research, Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science, and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang A, Xu J, Xu X, Wu J, Li P, Wang B, Fang H. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the KCS gene family in sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). PeerJ 2022; 10:e14156. [PMID: 36225907 PMCID: PMC9549899 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aboveground parts of plants are covered with cuticle, a hydrophobic layer composed of cutin polyester and cuticular wax that can protect plants from various environmental stresses. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is the key rate-limiting enzyme in plant wax synthesis. Although the properties of KCS family genes have been investigated in many plant species, the understanding of this gene family in sorghum is still limited. Here, a total of 25 SbKCS genes were identified in the sorghum genome, which were named from SbKCS1 to SbKCS25. Evolutionary analysis among different species divided the KCS family into five subfamilies and the SbKCSs were more closely related to maize, implying a closer evolutionary relationship between sorghum and maize. All SbKCS genes were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 10, respectively, while Chr 1 and Chr 10 contained more KCS genes than other chromosomes. The prediction results of subcellular localization showed that SbKCSs were mainly expressed in the plasma membrane and mitochondria. Gene structure analysis revealed that there was 0-1 intron in the sorghum KCS family and SbKCSs within the same subgroup were similar. Multiple cis-acting elements related to abiotic stress, light and hormone response were enriched in the promoters of SbKCS genes, which indicated the functional diversity among these genes. The three-dimensional structure analysis showed that a compact spherical space structure was formed by various secondary bonds to maintain the stability of SbKCS proteins, which was necessary for their biological activity. qRT-PCR results revealed that nine randomly selected SbKCS genes expressed differently under drought and salt treatments, among which SbKCS8 showed the greatest fold of expression difference at 12 h after drought and salt stresses, which suggested that the SbKCS genes played a potential role in abiotic stress responses. Taken together, these results provided an insight into investigating the functions of KCS family in sorghum and in response to abiotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aixia Zhang
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junping Wu
- Nantong Changjiang Seed Co., Ltd, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Li
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu J, Lei B, Zhao H, Wang B, Kakar KU, Guo Y, Zhang X, Jia M, Yang H, Zhao D. Cloning, characterization and functional analysis of NtMYB306a gene reveals its role in wax alkane biosynthesis of tobacco trichomes and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005811. [PMID: 36275561 PMCID: PMC9583951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized hair-like organs found on epidermal cells of many terrestrial plants, which protect plant from excessive transpiration and numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the genetic basis and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown in Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco), an established model system for genetic engineering and plant breeding. In present study, we identified, cloned and characterized an unknown function transcription factor NtMYB306a from tobacco cultivar K326 trichomes. Results obtained from sequence phylogenetic tree analysis showed that NtMYB306a-encoded protein belonged to S1 subgroup of the plants' R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs). Observation of the green fluorescent signals from NtMYB306a-GFP fusion protein construct exhibited that NtMYB306a was localized in nucleus. In yeast transactivation assays, the transformed yeast containing pGBKT7-NtMYB306a construct was able to grow on SD/-Trp-Ade+X-α-gal selection media, signifying that NtMYB306a exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Results from qRT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and GUS staining of transgenic tobacco plants revealed that NtMYB306a is primarily expressed in tobacco trichomes, especially tall glandular trichomes (TGTs) and short glandular trichomes (SGTs). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and qRT-PCR analysis of the NtMYB306a-overexpressing transgenic tobacco line revealed that NtMYB306a activated the expression of a set of key target genes which were associated with wax alkane biosynthesis. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) exhibited that the total alkane contents and the contents of n-C28, n-C29, n-C31, and ai-C31 alkanes in leaf exudates of NtMYB306a-OE lines (OE-3, OE-13, and OE-20) were significantly greater when compared to WT. Besides, the promoter region of NtMYB306a contained numerous stress-responsive cis-acting elements, and their differential expression towards salicylic acid and cold stress treatments reflected their roles in signal transduction and cold-stress tolerance. Together, these results suggest that NtMYB306a is necessarily a positive regulator of alkane metabolism in tobacco trichomes that does not affect the number and morphology of tobacco trichomes, and that it can be used as a candidate gene for improving stress resistance and the quality of tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaleem U. Kakar
- Department of Microbiology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology and Managemnet Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengao Jia
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ge S, Qin K, Ding S, Yang J, Jiang L, Qin Y, Wang R. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolite Analysis Combined with Transcriptomic and Proteomic Provide New Insights into Revealing Cuticle Formation during Pepper Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12383-12397. [PMID: 36148491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays an important role for the quality of pepper fruit. However, the molecular mechanism of cuticle formation in pepper fruit remains unclear. Our results showed that the wax was continuously accumulated during pepper development, while the cutin monomer first increased and then decreased. Hexadecanoic acid and 10,16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid were the main components of wax and cutin, respectively. Combined with transcriptome and proteome, the formation patterns of wax and cutin polyester network for pepper cuticle was proposed. The 18 pairs of consistent expression genes and proteins involved in cuticle formation were revealed. Meanwhile, 12 key genes were screened from fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid elongation, cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and transport pathway. This study would provide important candidate genes and theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of cuticle formation, which is essential for the breeding of peppers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Keying Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Liuyang Hongxiu Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Liuyang 410300, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yeyou Qin
- Hunan Tantanxiang Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang S, Zhou F, Liu Z, Feng X, Li Y, Zhu P. Inactivation of BoORP3a, an oxysterol-binding protein, causes a low wax phenotype in ornamental kale. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac219. [PMID: 36479583 PMCID: PMC9720449 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genes associated with wax deposition may contribute to the genetic improvement of ornamental kale. Here, we characterized a candidate gene for wax contents, BoORP3a, encoding an oxysterol-binding protein. We sequenced the BoORP3a gene and coding sequence from the high-wax line S0835 and the low-wax line F0819, which revealed 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms between the two lines, of which six caused five amino acids substitutions. BoORP3a appeared to be relatively well conserved in Brassicaceae, as determined by a phylogenetic analysis, and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. To confirm the role of BoORP3a in wax deposition, we generated three orp3a mutants in a high-wax kale background via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Importantly, all three mutants exhibited lower wax contents and glossy leaves. Overall, these data suggest that BoORP3a may participate in cuticular wax deposition in ornamental kale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Feng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yashu Li
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu CJ. Cytochrome b 5: A versatile electron carrier and regulator for plant metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984174. [PMID: 36212330 PMCID: PMC9539407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome b 5 (CB5) is a small heme-binding protein, known as an electron donor delivering reducing power to the terminal enzymes involved in oxidative reactions. In plants, the CB5 protein family is substantially expanded both in its isoform numbers and cellular functions, compared to its yeast and mammalian counterparts. As an electron carrier, plant CB5 proteins function not only in fatty acid desaturation, hydroxylation and elongation, but also in the formation of specialized metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic esters, and heteropolymer lignin. Furthermore, plant CB5s are found to interact with different non-catalytic proteins such as ethylene signaling regulator, cell death inhibitor, and sugar transporters, implicating their versatile regulatory roles in coordinating different metabolic and cellular processes, presumably in respect to the cellular redox status and/or carbon availability. Compared to the plentiful studies on biochemistry and cellular functions of mammalian CB5 proteins, the cellular and metabolic roles of plant CB5 proteins have received far less attention. This article summarizes the fragmentary information pertaining to the discovery of plant CB5 proteins, and discusses the conventional and peculiar functions that plant CB5s might play in different metabolic and cellular processes. Gaining comprehensive insight into the biological functions of CB5 proteins could offer effective biotechnological solutions to tailor plant chemodiversity and cellular responses to environment stimuli.
Collapse
|
40
|
BrWAX3, Encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA Synthase, Plays an Essential Role in Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810938. [PMID: 36142850 PMCID: PMC9501823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified a novel glossy mutant from Chinese cabbage, named SD369, and all wax monomers longer than 26 carbons were significantly decreased. Inheritance analysis revealed that the glossy trait of SD369 was controlled by a single recessive locus, BrWAX3. We fine-mapped the BrWAX3 locus to an interval of 161.82 kb on chromosome A09. According to the annotated genome of Brassica rapa, Bra024749 (BrCER60.A09), encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, was identified as the candidate gene. Expression analysis showed that BrCER60.A09 was significantly downregulated in all aerial organs of glossy plants. Subcellular localization indicated that the BrCER60.A09 protein functions in the endoplasmic reticulum. A 5567-bp insertion was identified in exon 1 of BrCER60.A09 in SD369, which lead to a premature stop codon, thus causing a loss of function of the BrCER60.A09 enzyme. Moreover, comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the ‘cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis’ pathway was significantly enriched, and genes involved in this pathway were almost upregulated in glossy plants. Further, two functional markers, BrWAX3-InDel and BrWAX3-KASP1, were developed and validated. Overall, these results provide a new information for the cuticular wax biosynthesis and provide applicable markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS)-based breeding of Brassica rapa.
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang Y, Shi J, Chen L, Xiao W, Yu J. ZmEREB46, a maize ortholog of Arabidopsis WAX INDUCER1/SHINE1, is involved in the biosynthesis of leaf epicuticular very-long-chain waxes and drought tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111256. [PMID: 35696901 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a layer of cuticular wax that is composed of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds for protection against adverse environmental conditions. The current study identified a maize (Zea mays L.) APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element-binding protein (AP2/EREBP)-type transcription factor, ZmEREB46. Ectopic expression of ZmEREB46 in Arabidopsis increased the accumulation of epicuticular wax on the leaves and enhanced the drought tolerance of plants. The amounts of C24/C32 fatty acids, C32/C34 aldehydes, C32/C34 1-alcohols and C31 alkanes in zmereb46 (ZmEREB46 knockout mutant) leaves were reduced. The amount of leaf total epicuticular wax decreased approximately 50% in zmereb46. Compared to wild-type LH244 leaves, the cuticle permeability of zmereb46 leaves was increased, which resulted from decreased epicuticular wax load and a thinner cuticle layer. ZmEREB46 had transcriptional activation activity and directly bound to promoter regions of ZmCER2, ZmCER3.2 and ZmKCS1. The zmereb46 seedlings also exhibited reduced drought tolerance. These results, and the observations in ZmEREB46-overexpressing lines, suggest that ZmEREB46 is involved in cuticular metabolism by influencing the biosynthesis of very-long-chain waxes and participates in the cutin biosynthesis pathway. These results are helpful to further analyze the regulatory network of wax accumulation in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; China Tobacco Jiangsu Industry CO., Ltd, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Limei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Chengdu Shishi High School, Sichuan 610052, China
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kong Q, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhang J, Ren Y, Jin X, Chen J. Effects of periodic drought with severe exhaust exposure on particle retention capacity and physiological responses of Photinia × fraseri Dress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113807. [PMID: 35772361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban plants are regarded as an effective agent to control particulate matter (PM) pollution by absorbing PM. Repeated PM and drought stress in urban areas often cause morphological and physiological damage to plants, resulting in lower ecological benefits. Nevertheless, knowledge in PM retention capability, morphology and physiology of plants under repeated stress and cross stress has been barely available. In order to investigate changes in these aspects under repeated stress, we applied periodic drought with severe exhaust exposure on Photinia × fraseri Dress (a common urban tree species with strong PM retention ability). The study was carried out in a six-period scenario, with a duration of 10 days for each period: initial value (R0), initial stress period (S1), initial recovery period (R1) second stress period (S2), second recovery period (R2) and final stress period (S3). The results are as follows: In terms of periodic factor, PM retention of tail gas stress group (P) and cross stress group (PD) in S2 decreased by 10.00 μg/cm2 and 12.60 μg/cm2 respectively compared with those during S1 (p > 0.05). During S3, the total amount of PM on leaf surface in both P and PD demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05). The retention capacity of P. fraseri may be dramatically limited under multi-period stress. In this experiment, we attribute the decrease of PM retention to the morphological changes (shedding of mature leaves, smaller leaf area and thinner wax layer) and physiological responses (an increase in gas exchange) under multi-period stress. In terms of cross-stress factor, the total retained PM on leaf surface in PD was higher than that in P, especially during S3, and the interaction between drought and PM reached a significant level (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.808), which indicated that drought reduced the loss of dust under PM stress. Changes in morphology and gas exchange indicated that the mechanisms for the high dust retention rate on the leaf surface of PD group varied in the three stress periods. In addition, except the chlorophyll relative value, the alleviated accumulation of MDA and intense production of soluble sugar with PD showed favorable responses to disturbance compared with those in P under the repeated stress. Therefore, we infer that, under multi-period stress of drought and tail gas, P. fraseri may better maintain PM retention ability and resistance than under single stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Kong
- Jixian Honors College, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Shengwei Chen
- School of Humanities and Law, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Xinjie Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wei H, Movahedi A, Zhang Y, Aghaei-Dargiri S, Liu G, Zhu S, Yu C, Chen Y, Zhong F, Zhang J. Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases Promote Poplar Resistance to Abiotic Stress by Regulating Long-Chain Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158401. [PMID: 35955540 PMCID: PMC9369374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs) catalyze fatty acids (FAs) to form fatty acyl-CoA thioesters, which play essential roles in FA and lipid metabolisms and cuticle wax biosynthesis. Although LACSs from Arabidopsis have been intensively studied, the characterization and function of LACSs from poplar are unexplored. Here, 10 poplar PtLACS genes were identified from the poplar genome and distributed to eight chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree indicated that PtLACSs are sorted into six clades. Collinearity analysis and duplication events demonstrated that PtLACSs expand through segmental replication events and experience purifying selective pressure during the evolutionary process. Expression patterns revealed that PtLACSs have divergent expression changes in response to abiotic stress. Interaction proteins and GO analysis could enhance the understanding of putative interactions among protein and gene regulatory networks related to FA and lipid metabolisms. Cluster networks and long-chain FA (LCFA) and very long-chain FA (VLCFA) content analysis revealed the possible regulatory mechanism in response to drought and salt stresses in poplar. The present study provides valuable information for the functional identification of PtLACSs in response to abiotic stress metabolism in poplar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (H.W.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.)
- College of Arts and Sciences, Arlington International University, Wilmington, DE 19804, USA
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Soheila Aghaei-Dargiri
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 47916193145, Iran;
| | - Guoyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (H.W.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chunmei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (H.W.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (H.W.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (H.W.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (H.W.); (G.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan D, Liu Y, Ren X, Li R, Wang C, Qi Y, Xu J, Liu Z, Ding Y, Liu C. Integration of morphological, physiological and multi-omics analysis reveals a comprehensive mechanism for cuticular wax during development of greasiness in postharvest apples. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111429. [PMID: 35761672 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Skin greasiness is a common postharvest disorder of apple (Malus × domestica). However, the molecular mechanism of skin greasiness is unclear. In this study, fruits of 'Golden Delicious' (GD), 'Granny Smith', and 'Fuji' with distinct characteristics of greasiness were used for greasiness scoring, wax morphology, wax metabolite, and RNA-seq analyses. Additionally, GD fruit were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which repressed greasiness. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that wax esters were the critical wax fraction for skin greasiness. Among these wax esters, liquid linoleate esters of short-chain alcohols (C4-C6) and farnesol showed increased contents with increasing greasiness. Their concentrations were significantly correlated with greasiness score. To identify the genes encoding key enzymes for the synthesis of liquid linoleate esters, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted. MdDCR1, encoding an acyltransferase (defective in cuticular ridges, DCR), was selected as a candidate gene. MdDCR1 was significantly upregulated in greasy skin, and significantly suppressed by 1-MCP treatment. MdDCR1 silencing suppressed the accumulation of liquid linoleate esters of short-chain alcohols, including butyl linoleate, pentyl linoleate, and hexyl linoleate, in GD skin. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of cuticular wax metabolism related to skin greasiness in apple. Our results show that transcriptional regulation of MdDCR1, encoding an acyltransferase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of liquid linoleate esters of short-chain alcohols (C4-C6) via an independent side branch of the C18:2 CoA pathway, regulates the formation of greasiness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Rui Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yingwei Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuduan Ding
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rizwan HM, Waheed A, Ma S, Li J, Arshad MB, Irshad M, Li B, Yang X, Ali A, Ahmed MAA, Shaheen N, Scholz SS, Oelmüller R, Lin Z, Chen F. Comprehensive Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Eceriferum ( CER) Gene Family in Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898307. [PMID: 35832215 PMCID: PMC9272567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and are the first barrier between a plant and environmental stresses. Eceriferum (CER) is an important gene family involved in wax biosynthesis and stress resistance. In this study, for the first time, 34 CER genes were identified in the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) genome, and PeCER proteins varied in physicochemical properties. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and divided into seven clades to identify the evolutionary relationship with other plant species. Gene structure analyses revealed that conserved motifs ranged from 1 to 24, and that exons ranged from 1 to 29. The cis-element analysis provides insight into possible roles of PeCER genes in plant growth, development and stress responses. The syntenic analysis revealed that segmental (six gene pairs) and tandem (six gene pairs) gene duplication played an important role in the expansion of PeCER genes and underwent a strong purifying selection. In addition, 12 putative ped-miRNAs were identified to be targeting 16 PeCER genes, and PeCER6 was the most targeted by four miRNAs including ped-miR157a-5p, ped-miR164b-5p, ped-miR319b, and ped-miR319l. Potential transcription factors (TFs) such as ERF, AP2, MYB, and bZIP were predicted and visualized in a TF regulatory network interacting with PeCER genes. GO and KEGG annotation analysis revealed that PeCER genes were highly related to fatty acid, cutin, and wax biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, and stress response pathways. The hypothesis that most PeCER proteins were predicted to localize to the plasma membrane was validated by transient expression assays of PeCER32 protein in onion epidermal cells. qRT-PCR expression results showed that most of the PeCER genes including PeCER1, PeCER11, PeCER15, PeCER17, and PeCER32 were upregulated under drought and Fusarium kyushuense stress conditions compared to controls. These findings provide a foundation for further studies on functions of PeCER genes to further facilitate the genetic modification of passion fruit wax biosynthesis and stress resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Laboratory for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songfeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiankun Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Arshad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- College of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Binqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nusrat Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sandra S. Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhimin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Transcriptomic Characterization of Miscanthus sacchariflorus × M. lutarioriparius and Its Implications for Energy Crop Development in the Semiarid Mine Area. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121568. [PMID: 35736719 PMCID: PMC9227993 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Miscanthus interspecific hybrids have been proved to have better adaptability in marginal lands than their parents. Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus lutarioriparius were used as the parents to develop hybrids. We performed the transcriptome for 110 F1 hybrids of Miscanthus sacchariflorus × Miscanthus lutarioriparius and their parents that had been established on the Loess Plateau mine area, to estimate the population’s genetic expression variation, and illuminate the adaptive mechanism of the F1 population. The result speculated that the F1 population has mainly inherited the stress response metabolic pathway of its female parent (M. sacchariflorus), which may be responsible for its higher environmental adaptability and biomass yield compared with male parents. Based on PopART, we assembled a leaf reference transcriptome for M. sacchariflorus (LRTMS) and obtained 8116 high-quality transcripts. When we analyze the differential expression of genes between F1 population and parent, 39 and 56 differentially expressed genes were screened out in the female parent and male parent, respectively. The enrichment analysis showed that pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and circadian rhythm-plant played a key role in resisting the harsh environment. The carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were also significantly enriched, and the synthesis of these substances facilitated the yield. The results provided an insight into breeding Miscanthus hybrids more suited to the harsh environment of the Loess Plateau.
Collapse
|
47
|
Bres C, Petit J, Reynoud N, Brocard L, Marion D, Lahaye M, Bakan B, Rothan C. The SlSHN2 transcription factor contributes to cuticle formation and epidermal patterning in tomato fruit. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:14. [PMID: 37789465 PMCID: PMC10515250 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an established model for studying plant cuticle because of its thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of the fruit. In this study, we screened an EMS mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for fruit cracking mutants and found a mutant displaying a glossy fruit phenotype. By using an established mapping-by-sequencing strategy, we identified the causal mutation in the SlSHN2 transcription factor that is specifically expressed in outer epidermis of growing fruit. The point mutation in the shn2 mutant introduces a K to N amino acid change in the highly conserved 'mm' domain of SHN proteins. The cuticle from shn2 fruit showed a ~ fivefold reduction in cutin while abundance and composition of waxes were barely affected. In addition to alterations in cuticle thickness and properties, epidermal patterning and polysaccharide composition of the cuticle were changed. RNAseq analysis further highlighted the altered expression of hundreds of genes in the fruit exocarp of shn2, including genes associated with cuticle and cell wall formation, hormone signaling and response, and transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, we showed that a point mutation in the transcriptional regulator SlSHN2 causes major changes in fruit cuticle formation and its coordination with epidermal patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bres
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit Et Pathologie, 71 Av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Transcriptome and Physiological Analyses of a Navel Orange Mutant with Improved Drought Tolerance and Water Use Efficiency Caused by Increases of Cuticular Wax Accumulation and ROS Scavenging Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105660. [PMID: 35628469 PMCID: PMC9145189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting the quality and yield of citrus. Cuticular waxes play an important role in regulating plant drought tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE). However, the contribution of cuticular waxes to drought tolerance, WUE and the underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown in citrus. 'Longhuihong' (MT) is a bud mutant of 'Newhall' navel orange with curly and bright leaves. In this study, significant increases in the amounts of total waxes and aliphatic wax compounds, including n-alkanes, n-primary alcohols and n-aldehydes, were overserved in MT leaves, which led to the decrease in cuticular permeability and finally resulted in the improvements in drought tolerance and WUE. Compared to WT leaves, MT leaves possessed much lower contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), significantly higher levels of proline and soluble sugar, and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities under drought stress, which might reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage, improve osmotic regulation and cell membrane stability, and finally, enhance MT tolerance to drought stress. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that seven structural genes were involved in wax biosynthesis and export, MAPK cascade, and ROS scavenging, and seven genes encoding transcription factors might play an important role in promoting cuticular wax accumulation, improving drought tolerance and WUE in MT plants. Our results not only confirmed the important role of cuticular waxes in regulating citrus drought resistance and WUE but also provided various candidate genes for improving citrus drought tolerance and WUE.
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhang T, Zhang F, Zhang S, Li Y, Gao W, You C, Wang X, Yu K. Cellulose Nanofibers Extracted From Natural Wood Improve the Postharvest Appearance Quality of Apples. Front Nutr 2022; 9:881783. [PMID: 35634411 PMCID: PMC9136226 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.881783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To prolong the shelf life of perishable food with a simple and environmentally friendly postharvest preservation technology is one of the global concerns. This study aimed to explore the application value of biological macromolecule natural cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in extending the postharvest fruit shelf life. In this study, 0.5% (wt%) CNFs were prepared from natural wood and coated on the surface of early-ripening apple fruits. After 10 days of storage at room temperature, the results revealed that the shelf life of apple fruits with CNF coating was significantly prolonged, and the fruit appearance quality improved. The invisible network structure of CNFs in the fruit epidermis was observed under an atomic force microscope (AFM). The gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that CNFs significantly promoted the formation of epidermal wax, especially fatty alcohols, during storage. In addition, the CNFs remarkably promoted the upregulation of genes related to the synthesis of cuticular wax of apple. In conclusion, this study provides an environmentally sustainable nanomaterial for post-harvest preservation of horticultural products, and also provides a new insight into the effect of CNFs on postharvest storage of apple fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxu Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wensheng Gao
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, MOA Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofei Wang
| | - Kun Yu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Kun Yu
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang X, Cui L, Li S, Ma C, Kosma DK, Zhao H, Lü S. Fatty alcohol oxidase 3 (FAO3) and FAO4b connect the alcohol- and alkane-forming pathways in Arabidopsis stem wax biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3018-3029. [PMID: 35560209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The alcohol- and alkane-forming pathways in cuticular wax biosynthesis are well characterized in Arabidopsis. However, potential interactions between the two pathways remain unclear. Here, we reveal that mutation of CER4, the key gene in the alcohol-forming pathway, also led to a deficiency in the alkane-forming pathway in distal stems. To trace the connection between the two pathways, we characterized two homologs of fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO), FAO3 and FAO4b, which were highly expressed in distal stems and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The amounts of waxes from the alkane-forming pathway were significantly decreased in stems of fao4b and much lower in fao3 fao4b plants, indicative of an overlapping function for the two proteins in wax synthesis. Additionally, overexpression of FAO3 and FAO4b in Arabidopsis resulted in a dramatic reduction of primary alcohols and significant increases of aldehydes and related waxes. Moreover, expressing FAO3 or FAO4b led to significantly decreased amounts of C18-C26 alcohols in yeast co-expressing CER4 and FAR1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that FAO3 and FAO4b are functionally redundant in suppressing accumulation of primary alcohols and contributing to aldehyde production, which provides a missing and long-sought-after link between these two pathways in wax biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Changle Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|