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Liu J, Chen S, Huang G, Wen P, Zhou X, Wu Y. Trisomy 21-driven metabolite alterations are linked to cellular injuries in Down syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:112. [PMID: 38433139 PMCID: PMC10909777 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) arises from a genetic anomaly characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (exCh21). Despite high incidence of congenital diseases among DS patients, direct impacts of exCh21 remain elusive. Here, we established a robust DS model harnessing human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from mosaic DS patient. These hiPSC lines encompassed both those with standard karyotype and those carrying an extra copy of exCh21, allowing to generate isogenic cell lines with a consistent genetic background. We unraveled that exCh21 inflicted disruption upon the cellular transcriptome, ushering in alterations in metabolic processes and triggering DNA damage. The impact of exCh21 was also manifested in profound modifications in chromatin accessibility patterns. Moreover, we identified two signature metabolites, 5-oxo-ETE and Calcitriol, whose biosynthesis is affected by exCh21. Notably, supplementation with 5-oxo-ETE promoted DNA damage, in stark contrast to the protective effect elicited by Calcitriol against such damage. We also found that exCh21 disrupted cardiogenesis, and that this impairment could be mitigated through supplementation with Calcitriol. Specifically, the deleterious effects of 5-oxo-ETE unfolded in the form of DNA damage induction and the repression of cardiogenesis. On the other hand, Calcitriol emerged as a potent activator of its nuclear receptor VDR, fostering amplified binding to chromatin and subsequent facilitation of gene transcription. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of exCh21's metabolic implications within the context of Down syndrome, offering potential avenues for therapeutic interventions for Down syndrome treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Liu
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shaoxian Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiping Huang
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengju Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianwu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Yueheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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Tian Y, Zhang R, Li G, Zeng T, Chen L, Xu W, Gu T, Tao Z, Du X, Lu L. Microbial fermented feed affects flavor amino acids and yolk trimethylamine of duck eggs via cecal microbiota-yolk metabolites crosstalk. Food Chem 2024; 430:137008. [PMID: 37586289 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fermented feed (MFF) has been demonstrated to improve nutritional status as well as promote animal health. However, only a few studies have focused on its effect on the flavor of animal products, and the potential underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, egg amino acids and yolk trimethylamine (TMA), small intestine histomorphology, cecal microbiota and yolk metabolites were analyzed in MFF-treated ducks. The results showed that MFF significantly increased the flavor amino acids in duck eggs, along with reducing the yolk TMA. MFF caused an increase in beneficial cecal microflora, and regulated the bacteria involved in the metabolism of glucolipid, TMA and its N-oxide. Moreover, MFF regulated 34 annotated metabolites markedly enriched in four metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis showed that cecal microbiota and yolk metabolites were closely related to flavor-related indicators of duck eggs. Our study therefore provides a theoretical basis for improving avian egg flavor starting from the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ruikun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guoqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tiantian Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhengrong Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321017, China.
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Kalyvianaki K, Salampasi EM, Katsoulieris EN, Boukla E, Vogiatzoglou AP, Notas G, Castanas E, Kampa M. 5-Oxo-ETE/OXER1: A Link between Tumor Cells and Macrophages Leading to Regulation of Migration. Molecules 2023; 29:224. [PMID: 38202807 PMCID: PMC10780139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of cancer. Macrophages found in tumors, known as tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), are key players in this process, promoting tumor growth through humoral and cellular mechanisms. 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), an arachidonic acid metabolite, has been described to possess a potent chemoattractant activity for human white blood cells (WBCs). The biological actions of 5-oxo-ETE are mediated through the GPCR 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid receptor (OXER1). In addition, we have previously reported OXER1 as one of the membrane androgen receptors with testosterone antagonizing 5-oxo-ETE's actions. OXER1 is highly expressed in inflammatory cells and many normal and cancer tissues and cells, including prostate and breast cancer, promoting cancer cell survival. In the present study we investigate the expression and role of OXER1 in WBCs, THP-1 monocytes, and THP-1 derived macrophages, as well as its possible role in the interaction between macrophages and cancer cells (DU-145 and T47D). We report that OXER1 is differentially expressed between WBCs and macrophages and that receptor expression is modified by LPS treatment. Our results show that testosterone and 5-oxo-ETE can act in an antagonistic way affecting Ca2+ movements, migration, and cytokines' expression in immune-related cells, in a differentiation-dependent manner. Finally, we report that 5-oxo-ETE, through OXER1, can attract macrophages to the tumor site while tumor cells' OXER1 activation in DU-145 prostate and T47D breast cancer cells, by macrophages, induces actin cytoskeletal changes and increases their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (K.K.); (E.M.S.); (E.N.K.); (E.B.); (A.P.V.); (G.N.)
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (K.K.); (E.M.S.); (E.N.K.); (E.B.); (A.P.V.); (G.N.)
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Szczuko M, Komisarska P, Kikut J, Drozd A, Sochaczewska D. Calprotectin Is Associated with HETE and HODE Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7584. [PMID: 38137653 PMCID: PMC10744317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal diseases are identified as autoimmune phenomena attributed to a specific virus that binds to the mucosal epithelium. The importance of precise diagnostic processes and identification is emphasized, but the multifaceted and complex etiological factors pose challenges for effective treatment. A recent supplementary study suggested a linkage between the secretion of calprotectin, a protein associated with inflammatory processes, and increased levels of hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) compounds. METHODS Sixty-two patients (average age: 14.06 ± 2.93 years) suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases were included in this study. Comparative analyses were performed to assess the concentrations of calprotectin against the levels of arachidonic acid derivatives. The calprotectin concentration was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The derivatives of HETE and HODE were identified through liquid chromatography. RESULTS Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) displayed higher average concentrations of fatty acid metabolites; however, no correlation with calprotectin was observed. A dependency of 12S HETE concentration relative to age was noted in the CD group, and a similar trend was also identified in ulcerative colitis (UC), with the significant metabolites being 15 HETE and 5 oxoETE. In UC patients, a positive correlation was established between the calprotectin concentration and the acids 5-HETE and 12-HETE. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be instrumental for monitoring the inflammatory states of patients and indicating a pathway for intervention. The metabolite 16RS HETE is associated with UC activity, and 15-HETE is related to the disease's duration. A relatively more significant role of HETE acids in the progression of the disease was observed in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-009 Police, Poland (A.D.)
| | - Paulina Komisarska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-009 Police, Poland (A.D.)
| | - Justyna Kikut
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-009 Police, Poland (A.D.)
| | - Arleta Drozd
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-009 Police, Poland (A.D.)
| | - Diana Sochaczewska
- Department of Neonatology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-009 Police, Poland;
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Ma Y, Hui KL, Gelashvili Z, Niethammer P. Oxoeicosanoid signaling mediates early antimicrobial defense in zebrafish. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111974. [PMID: 36640321 PMCID: PMC9973399 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
5-oxoETE is a bioactive lipid derived from arachidonic acid generated when phospholipase A2 activation coincides with oxidative stress. Through its G protein-coupled receptor OXER1, pure 5-oxoETE is a potent leukocyte chemoattractant. Yet, its physiological function has remained elusive owing to the unusual OXER1 conservation pattern. OXER1 is conserved from fish to primates but not in rodents, precluding genetic loss-of-function studies in mouse. To determine its physiological role, we combine transcriptomic, lipidomic, and intravital imaging assays with genetic perturbations of the OXER1 ortholog hcar1-4 in zebrafish. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection induces the synthesis of 5-oxoETE and its receptor, along with other inflammatory pathways. Hcar1-4 deletion attenuates neutrophil recruitment and decreases post-infection survival, which could be rescued by ectopic expression of hcar1-4 or human OXER1. By revealing 5-oxoETE as dominant lipid regulator of the early antimicrobial response in a non-rodent vertebrate, our work expands the current, rodent-centric view of early inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Ma
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - King Lam Hui
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zaza Gelashvili
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Atluri K, Manne S, Nalamothu V, Mantel A, Sharma PK, Babu RJ. Advances in Current Drugs and Formulations for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:1-87. [PMID: 37585309 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023042979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology. Treatment of AD remains challenging owing to the presence of a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes and limited response to existing therapies. However, recent genetic, immunological, and pathophysiological insights into the disease mechanism resulted in the invention of novel therapeutic drug candidates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapies and assesses various novel drug delivery strategies currently under clinical investigation. Further, this review majorly emphasizes on various topical treatments including emollient therapies, barrier repair agents, topical corticosteroids (TCS), phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitors. It also discusses biological and systemic therapies, upcoming treatments based on ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, this review scrutinized the use of pharmaceutical inactive ingredients in the approved topical dosage forms for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Gao J, Zhao M, Cheng X, Yue X, Hao F, Wang H, Duan L, Han C, Zhu L. Metabolomic analysis of human plasma sample after exposed to high altitude and return to sea level. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282301. [PMID: 36989280 PMCID: PMC10058093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
When ascending to high altitude, it is a rigorous challenge to people who living in the low altitude area to acclimatize to hypoxic environment. Hypoxia exposure can cause dramatic disturbances of metabolism. This longitudinal cohort study was conducted to delineate the plasma metabolomics profile following exposure to altitude environments and explore potential metabolic changes after return to low altitude area. 25 healthy volunteers living in the low altitude area (Nor; 40m) were transported to high altitude (HA; 3,650m) for a 7-day sojourn before transported back to the low altitude area (HAP; 40m). Plasma samples were collected on the day before ascending to HA, the third day on HA(day 3) and the fourteenth day after returning to low altitude(14 day) and analyzed using UHPLC-MS/MS tools and then the data were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses. There were 737 metabolites were obtained in plasma samples with 133 significantly changed metabolites. We screened 13 differential metabolites that were significantly changed under hypoxia exposure; enriched metabolic pathways under hypoxia exposure including tryptophan metabolism, purine metabolism, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes; We verified and relatively quantified eight targeted candidate metabolites including adenosine, guanosine, inosine, xanthurenic acid, 5-oxo-ETE, raffinose, indole-3-acetic acid and biotin for the Nor and HA group. Most of the metabolites recovered when returning to the low altitude area, however, there were still 6 metabolites that were affected by hypoxia exposure. It is apparent that high-altitude exposure alters the metabolic characteristics and two weeks after returning to the low altitude area a small portion of metabolites was still affected by high-altitude exposure, which indicated that high-altitude exposure had a long-term impact on metabolism. This present longitudinal cohort study demonstrated that metabolomics can be a useful tool to monitor metabolic changes exposed to high altitude, providing new insight in the attendant health problem that occur in response to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Gao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangpei Yue
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangbin Hao
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Han
- The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Eccles JA, Baldwin WS. Detoxification Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in Families 1-3 Produce Functional Oxylipins from Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Cells 2022; 12:82. [PMID: 36611876 PMCID: PMC9818454 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the CYP-mediated production of oxylipins and the current known function of these diverse set of oxylipins with emphasis on the detoxification CYPs in families 1-3. Our knowledge of oxylipin function has greatly increased over the past 3-7 years with new theories on stability and function. This includes a significant amount of new information on oxylipins produced from linoleic acid (LA) and the omega-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins such as α-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the primary CYP responsible for producing specific oxylipins, and a lack of mechanistic insight for some clinical associations between outcomes and oxylipin levels. In addition, the role of CYPs in the production of oxylipins as signaling molecules for obesity, energy utilization, and development have increased greatly with potential interactions between diet, endocrinology, and pharmacology/toxicology due to nuclear receptor mediated CYP induction, CYP inhibition, and receptor interactions/crosstalk. The potential for diet-diet and diet-drug/chemical interactions is high given that these promiscuous CYPs metabolize a plethora of different endogenous and exogenous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William S. Baldwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Calderin EP, Zheng JJ, Boyd NL, McNally L, Audam TN, Lorkiewicz P, Hill BG, Hellmann J. Exercise-induced specialized proresolving mediators stimulate AMPK phosphorylation to promote mitochondrial respiration in macrophages. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101637. [PMID: 36400404 PMCID: PMC9719872 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of CVD mortality in large-cohort longitudinal studies; however, the mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of exercise remain incompletely understood. Emerging data suggest that the risk reducing effect of exercise extends beyond changes in traditional CVD risk factors alone and involves alterations in immunity and reductions in inflammatory mediator production. Our study aimed to determine whether exercise-enhanced production of proresolving lipid mediators contribute to alterations in macrophage intermediary metabolism, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. METHODS Changes in lipid mediators and macrophage metabolism were assessed in C57Bl/6 mice following 4 weeks of voluntary exercise training. To investigate whether exercise-stimulated upregulation of specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) was sufficient to enhance mitochondrial respiration, both macrophages from control mice and human donors were incubated in vitro with SPMs and mitochondrial respiratory parameters were measured using extracellular flux analysis. Compound-C, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK kinase activity, was used to investigate the role of AMPK activity in SPM-induced mitochondrial metabolism. To assess the in vivo contribution of 5-lipoxygenase in AMPK activation and exercise-induced mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages, Alox5-/- mice were also subjected to exercise training. RESULTS Four weeks of exercise training enhanced proresolving lipid mediator production, while also stimulating the catabolism of inflammatory lipid mediators (e.g., leukotrienes and prostaglandins). This shift in lipid mediator balance following exercise was associated with increased macrophage mitochondrial metabolism. We also find that treating human and murine macrophages in vitro with proresolving lipid mediators enhances mitochondrial respiratory parameters. The proresolving lipid mediators RvD1, RvE1, and MaR1, but not RvD2, stimulated mitochondrial respiration through an AMPK-dependent signaling mechanism. Additionally, in a subset of macrophages, exercise-induced mitochondrial activity in vivo was dependent upon 5-lipoxygenase activity. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that exercise stimulates proresolving lipid mediator biosynthesis and mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages via AMPK, which might contribute to the anti-inflammatory and CVD risk reducing effect of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pena Calderin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jing-Juan Zheng
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nolan L. Boyd
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lindsey McNally
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Timothy N. Audam
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jason Hellmann
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Corresponding author. 580 S. Preston St. Rm 204F, Delia Baxter II Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Xie S, Chen M, Fang W, Liu S, Wu Q, Liu C, Xing Y, Shi W, Xu M, Zhang M, Chen S, Zeng X, Wang S, Deng W, Tang Q. Diminished arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase perturbs phase separation and transcriptional response of Runx2 to reverse pathological ventricular remodeling. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104359. [PMID: 36395739 PMCID: PMC9672960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5) belongs to a class of nonheme iron-containing dioxygenases involved in the catalysis of leukotriene biosynthesis. However, the effects of Alox5 itself on pathological cardiac remodeling and heart failure remain elusive. METHODS The role of Alox5 in pathological cardiac remodeling was investigated by Alox5 genetic depletion, AAV9-mediated overexpression in cardiomyocytes, and a bone marrow (BM) transplantation approach. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were used to explore the effects of Alox5 in vitro. Molecular and signaling pathways were revealed by CUT &Tag, IP-MS, RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. FINDINGS Untargeted metabolomics showed that serum 5-HETE (a primary product of Alox5) levels were little changed in patients with cardiac hypertrophy, while Alox5 expression was significantly upregulated in murine hypertensive cardiac samples and human cardiac samples of hypertrophy, which prompted us to test whether high Alox5 levels under hypertensive stimuli were directly associated with pathologic myocardium in an enzymatic activity-independent manner. Herein, we revealed that Alox5 deficiency significantly ameliorated transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced hypertrophy. Cardiomyocyte-specific Alox5 depletion attenuated hypertensive ventricular remodeling. Conversely, cardiac-specifical Alox5 overexpression showed a pro-hypertrophic cardiac phenotype. Ablation of Alox5 in bone marrow-derived cells did not affect pathological cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Mechanically, Runx2 was identified as a target of Alox5. In this regard, Alox5 PEST domain could directly bind to Runx2 PTS domain, promoting nuclear localization of Runx2 in an enzymatic activity-independent manner, simultaneously contributed to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Runx2 at specific domain in the nucleus and increased transcription of EGFR in cardiomyocytes. Runx2 depletion alleviated hypertrophy in Ang II-pretreated Alox5-overexpressing cardiomyocytes. INTERPRETATION Overall, our study demonstrated that targeting Alox5 exerted a protective effect against cardiac remodeling and heart failure under hypertensive stimuli by disturbing LLPS of Runx2 and substantial reduction of EGFR transcription activation in cardiomyocytes. Our findings suggest that negative modulation of Alox5-Runx2 may provide a therapeutic approach against pathological cardiac remodeling and heart failure. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiyang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengya Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxi Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenke Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China,Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Corresponding author. Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Qizhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, China,Corresponding author. Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China.
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11
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Involvement of Proinflammatory Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Derivatives in Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071861. [PMID: 35407469 PMCID: PMC8999554 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been observed, especially among children and adolescents. Currently, few studies focus on the differentiation of inflammation in IBD subunits, i.e., Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of proinflammatory mediators of arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid (LA) in patients with CD (n = 34) and UC (n = 30), in order to identify differences in inflammation in both diseases and within the same entity, according to disease activity. Sixty-four adolescents with a mean age of 13.76 ± 2.69 and 14.15 ± 3.31, for CD and UC, respectively, were enrolled in the study. Biochemical analysis of ARA and LA derivatives was performed using a liquid chromatography. A trend was observed in the concentration of 15S-HETE (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids) in CD relative to UC. The active phase of both diseases showed a higher 15S-HETE concentration in active CD relative to active UC. Comparing patients with CD with active and inactive disease showed a trend of increased levels of thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4 and 9S-HODE (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) in the active versus the inactive disease. We also observed statistically significantly higher levels of 12S-HETE in inactive CD relative to active CD. In the UC group, on the other hand, statistically significantly higher levels of prostaglandin E2 and 16RS-HETE were observed in active UC relative to inactive UC. Moreover, significantly higher concentrations of LTX A4 5S, 6R were observed in inactive UC relative to the active phase. In conclusion, the present study indicated the activity of the 15-LOX pathway in CD. Further studies involving lipid mediators in patients with IBD may contribute to the development of new therapies for the treatment of IBD. The identification of differences in the course of inflammation may help to target therapy in CD and UC, and perhaps allow the introduction of an additional diagnostic marker between the two main IBD subtypes.
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12
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Panagiotopoulos AA, Kalyvianaki K, Serifoglou B, Konstantinou E, Notas G, Castanas E, Kampa M. OXER1 mediates testosterone-induced calcium responses in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111487. [PMID: 34634385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, calcium homeostasis plays a significant role in the disease's development and progression. Intracellular calcium changes are an important secondary signal, triggered by a variety of extracellular stimuli, that controls many cellular functions. One of the main events affecting calcium is androgen signaling. Indeed, via calcium changes, androgens regulate cell processes like cell growth, differentiation and motility. In the present work we explored the nature of the receptor involved in calcium response induced by membrane-acting testosterone in prostate cancer cells. We report that testosterone, independently of the presence of the classical androgen receptor, can rapidly increase intracellular calcium from calcium stores, through the oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) and a specific signaling cascade that triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings reveal for the first time the receptor involved in the rapid calcium changes induced by androgens. Moreover, they further support the notion that androgens, even in the absence of AR, can still exert specific effects that regulate cancer cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Bourcin Serifoglou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Konstantinou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
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13
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Liu T, Sun Y, Li H, Xu H, Xiao N, Wang X, Song L, Bai C, Wen H, Ge J, Zhang Y, Song W, Chen J. Metabolomic Characterization of Fatty Acids in Patients With Coronary Artery Ectasias. Front Physiol 2021; 12:770223. [PMID: 34867478 PMCID: PMC8640203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.770223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We used a targeted metabolomics approach to identify fatty acid (FA) metabolites that distinguished patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) from healthy Controls and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and methods: Two hundred fifty-two human subjects were enrolled in our study, such as patients with CAE, patients with CAD, and Controls. All the subjects were diagnosed by coronary angiography. Plasma metabolomic profiles of FAs were determined by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Results: Ninety-nine plasma metabolites were profiled in the discovery sets (n = 72), such as 35 metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 10 FAs, and 54 phospholipids. Among these metabolites, 36 metabolites of AA, EPA, and DHA showed the largest difference between CAE and Controls or CAD. 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), 17(S)-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDoHE), EPA, AA, and 5-HETE were defined as a biomarker panel in peripheral blood to distinguish CAE from CAD and Controls in a discovery set (n = 72) and a validation set (n = 180). This biomarker panel had a better diagnostic performance than metabolite alone in differentiating CAE from Controls and CAD. The areas under the ROC curve of the biomarker panel were 0.991 and 0.836 for CAE versus Controls and 1.00 and 0.904 for CAE versus CAD in the discovery and validation sets, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the metabolic profiles of FAs in the plasma from patients with CAE can be distinguished from those of Controls and CAD. Differences in FAs metabolites may help to interpret pathological mechanisms of CAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haochen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congxia Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Metabolomics Reveals Process of Allergic Rhinitis Patients with Single- and Double-Species Mite Subcutaneous Immunotherapy. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090613. [PMID: 34564431 PMCID: PMC8471092 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can change the course of allergic diseases. However, there has not been any research on metabolic reactions in relation to AIT with single or mixed allergens. In this study, patients with allergic rhinitis caused by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) were treated with single-mite (Der p) and double-mite (Der p:Der f = 1:1) subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), respectively. To compare the efficacy and the dynamic changes of inflammation-related single- and double-species mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SM-SCIT and DM-SCIT), we performed visual analogue scale (VAS) score, rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) score and serum metabolomics in allergic rhinitis patients during SCIT. VAS and RQLQ score showed no significant difference in efficacy between the two treatments. A total of 57 metabolites were identified, among which downstream metabolites (5(S)-HETE (Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), 8(S)-HETE, 11(S)-HETE, 15(S)-HETE and 11-hydro TXB2) in the ω-6-related arachidonic acid and linoleic acid pathway showed significant differences after approximately one year of treatment in SM-SCIT or DM-SCIT, and the changes of the above serum metabolic components were correlated with the magnitude of RQLQ improvement, respectively. Notably, 11(S)-HETE decreased more with SM-SCIT, and thus it could be used as a potential biomarker to distinguish the two treatment schemes. Both SM-SCIT and DM-SCIT have therapeutic effects on patients with allergic rhinitis, but there is no significant difference in efficacy between them. The reduction of inflammation-related metabolites proved the therapeutic effect, and potential biomarkers (arachidonic acid and its downstream metabolites) may distinguish the options of SCIT.
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15
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Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1945-1980. [PMID: 34401905 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids comprise a group of oxidation products of arachidonic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids formed by oxygenases and downstream enzymes. The two major pathways for eicosanoid formation are initiated by the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), leading to leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), and cyclooxygenase (COX), leading to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX). A third group (specialized pro-resolving mediators; SPMs), including lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvins (Rvs), are formed by the combined actions of different oxygenases. The actions of the above eicosanoids are mediated by approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors, resulting in a variety of both detrimental and beneficial effects on airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells that are strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Drugs targeting proinflammatory eicosanoid receptors, including CysLT1, the receptor for LTD4 (montelukast) and TP, the receptor for TXA2 (seratrodast) are currently in use, whereas antagonists of a number of other receptors, including DP2 (PGD2), BLT1 (LTB4), and OXE (5-oxo-ETE) are under investigation. Agonists targeting anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving eicosanoid receptors such as EP2/4 (PGE2), IP (PGI2), ALX/FPR2 (LXA4), and Chemerin1 (RvE1/2) are also being examined. This review summarizes the contributions of eicosanoid receptors to the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs that target these receptors. Because of the multifactorial nature of asthma and the diverse pathways affected by eicosanoid receptors, it will be important to identify subgroups of asthmatics that are likely to respond to any given therapy.
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16
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Emerging Evidence for Pleiotropism of Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137075. [PMID: 34209213 PMCID: PMC8269185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are complex granulocytes with the capacity to react upon diverse stimuli due to their numerous and variable surface receptors, which allows them to respond in very different manners. Traditionally believed to be only part of parasitic and allergic/asthmatic immune responses, as scientific studies arise, the paradigm about these cells is continuously changing, adding layers of complexity to their roles in homeostasis and disease. Developing principally in the bone marrow by the action of IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, eosinophils migrate from the blood to very different organs, performing multiple functions in tissue homeostasis as in the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, uterus, mammary glands, liver, and skeletal muscle. In organs such as the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, eosinophils are able to act as immune regulatory cells and also to perform direct actions against parasites, and bacteria, where novel mechanisms of immune defense as extracellular DNA traps are key factors. Besides, eosinophils, are of importance in an effective response against viral pathogens by their nuclease enzymatic activity and have been lately described as involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 immunity. The pleiotropic role of eosinophils is sustained because eosinophils can be also detrimental to human physiology, for example, in diseases like allergies, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, where exosomes can be significant pathophysiologic units. These eosinophilic pathologies, require specific treatments by eosinophils control, such as new monoclonal antibodies like mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab. In this review, we describe the roles of eosinophils as effectors and regulatory cells and their involvement in pathological disorders and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
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17
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Biringer RG. A review of non-prostanoid, eicosanoid receptors: expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:5-46. [PMID: 34173964 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoid signaling controls a wide range of biological processes from blood pressure homeostasis to inflammation and resolution thereof to the perception of pain and to cell survival itself. Disruption of normal eicosanoid signaling is implicated in numerous disease states. Eicosanoid signaling is facilitated by G-protein-coupled, eicosanoid-specific receptors and the array of associated G-proteins. This review focuses on the expression, characterization, regulation, and mechanism of action of non-prostanoid, eicosanoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Blvd, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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18
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Wiley MB, Bobardt SD, Nordgren TM, Nair MG, DiPatrizio NV. Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype-1 Regulates Allergic Airway Eosinophilia During Lung Helminth Infection. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:242-252. [PMID: 33998896 PMCID: PMC8217601 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Over 1 billion humans carry infectious helminth parasites that can lead to chronic comorbidities such as anemia and growth retardation in children. Helminths induce a T-helper type 2 (Th2) immune response in the host and can cause severe tissue damage and fibrosis if chronic. We recently reported that mice infected with the soil-transmitted helminth, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, displayed elevated levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) in the lung and intestine. eCBs are lipid-signaling molecules that control inflammation; however, their function in infection is not well defined. Materials and Methods: A combination of pharmacological approaches and genetic mouse models was used to investigate roles for the eCB system in inflammatory responses and lung injury in mice during parasitic infection with N. brasiliensis. Results: Hemorrhaging of lung tissue in mice infected with N. brasiliensis was exacerbated by inhibiting peripheral cannabinoid receptor subtype-1 (CB1Rs) with the peripherally restricted CB1R antagonist, AM6545. In addition, these mice exhibited an increase in nonfunctional alveolar space and prolonged airway eosinophilia compared to vehicle-treated infected mice. In contrast to mice treated with AM6545, infected cannabinoid receptor subtype-2-null mice (Cnr2-/-) did not display any changes in these parameters compared to wild-type mice. Conclusions: Roles for the eCB system in Th2 immune responses are not well understood; however, increases in its activity in response to infection suggest an immunomodulatory role. Moreover, these findings suggest a role for eCB signaling at CB1Rs but not cannabinoid receptor subtypes-2 in the resolution of Th2 inflammatory responses, which become host destructive over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Wiley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Sarah D. Bobardt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Tara M. Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nicholas V. DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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19
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Chen M, Li G, Zhang L, Ning K, Yang B, Jiang JX, Wang DE, Xu H. Primary Osteocyte Supernatants Metabolomic Profiling of Two Transgenic Mice With Connexin43 Dominant Negative Mutants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:649994. [PMID: 34093433 PMCID: PMC8169970 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.649994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes could release some small molecules (≤ 1 kDa) through gap junctions and hemichannels to extracellular environment, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which play key roles in transferring signals between bone cells and other tissue cells. Connexin (Cx) 43 is the most abundant connexin in osteocytes. To further discover molecules released by osteocytes through Cx43 channels and better understand the regulatory function of Cx43 channels in osteocytes, we performed non-targeted global metabolomics analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on conditioned medium collected from osteocytes isolated from two transgenic mouse models with Cx43 dominant negative mutants driven by a 10 kb-DMP1 promoter: R76W (gap junctions are blocked, whereas hemichannels are promoted) and Δ130-136 (both gap junctions and hemichannels are blocked). The results revealed that several new categories of molecules, such as "fatty acyls" and "carboxylic acids and derivatives", could be released through osteocytic Cx43 channels. In addition, alteration of Cx43 channel function affected the release of metabolites related to inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress. Pathway analysis further showed that citric acid cycle was the most differential metabolic pathway regulated by Cx43 channels. In sum, these results isolated new potential metabolites released by osteocytes through Cx43 channels, and offered a novel perspective to understand the regulatory mechanisms of osteocytes on themselves and other cells as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guobin Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kaiting Ning
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Baoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Dong-En Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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20
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Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Apolipoproteins in the Regulation of Eosinophilia-Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094377. [PMID: 33922158 PMCID: PMC8122716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are key components of our host defense and potent effectors in allergic and inflammatory diseases. Once recruited to the inflammatory site, eosinophils release their cytotoxic granule proteins as well as cytokines and lipid mediators, contributing to parasite clearance but also to exacerbation of inflammation and tissue damage. However, eosinophils have recently been shown to play an important homeostatic role in different tissues under steady state. Despite the tremendous progress in the treatment of eosinophilic disorders with the implementation of biologics, there is an unmet need for novel therapies that specifically target the cytotoxic effector functions of eosinophils without completely depleting this multifunctional immune cell type. Recent studies have uncovered several endogenous molecules that decrease eosinophil migration and activation. These include short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, which are produced in large quantities in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal bacteria and enter the systemic circulation. In addition, high-density lipoprotein-associated anti-inflammatory apolipoproteins have recently been shown to attenuate eosinophil migration and activation. Here, we focus on the anti-pathogenic properties of SCFAs and apolipoproteins on eosinophil effector function and provide insights into the potential use of SCFAs and apolipoproteins (and their mimetics) as effective agents to combat eosinophilic inflammation.
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21
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Knuplez E, Sturm EM, Marsche G. Emerging Role of Phospholipase-Derived Cleavage Products in Regulating Eosinophil Activity: Focus on Lysophospholipids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4356. [PMID: 33919453 PMCID: PMC8122506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. When stimulated, eosinophils release a variety of mediators initiating, propagating, and maintaining local inflammation. Both, the activity and concentration of secreted and cytosolic phospholipases (PLAs) are increased in allergic inflammation, promoting the cleavage of phospholipids and thus the production of reactive lipid mediators. Eosinophils express high levels of secreted phospholipase A2 compared to other leukocytes, indicating their direct involvement in the production of lipid mediators during allergic inflammation. On the other side, eosinophils have also been recognized as crucial mediators with regulatory and homeostatic roles in local immunity and repair. Thus, targeting the complex network of lipid mediators offer a unique opportunity to target the over-activation and 'pro-inflammatory' phenotype of eosinophils without compromising the survival and functions of tissue-resident and homeostatic eosinophils. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the critical role of phospholipase-derived lipid mediators in modulating eosinophil activity in health and disease. We focus on lysophospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids with exciting new perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.K.); (E.M.S.)
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22
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Lai Q, Yuan G, Shen L, Zhang L, Fu F, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Kou J, Liu S, Yu B, Li F. Oxoeicosanoid receptor inhibition alleviates acute myocardial infarction through activation of BCAT1. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:3. [PMID: 33484341 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is an arachidonic acid metabolite produced along with leukotrienes via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Metabolomics studies have shown that 5-oxo-ETE level is elevated in the serum in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The actions of 5-oxo-ETE are mediated by the highly selective oxoeicosanoid receptor (OXE-R). Moreover, increased OXE-R content was verified in AMI patients and mice. However, the precise role of OXE-R in AMI is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that 5-oxo-ETE triggered myocardial injury in mice. Pathway enrichment analysis identified branched chain amino acid transaminase 1/2 (BCAT1/2) as potential mediators of this effect. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that BCAT1/BCAT2 expression was significantly reduced by AMI in vitro and in vivo, while pharmacologic inhibition of BCAT1/BCAT2 accelerated myocardial injury. Conversely, heart-specific overexpression of BCAT1/BCAT2 in mice protected against ischemic myocardial injury. Treatment with the selective OXE-R inhibitor Gue1654 alleviated coronary artery ligation-induced ischemic myocardial injury in mice and oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced injury in cardiomyocytes through activation of BCAT1, while inhibiting OXE-R suppressed protein kinase C-ε (PKC-ε)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Overall, our study confirmed a novel target OXE-R for the treatment of AMI based on metabolomics, and targeting OXE-R may represent unrecognized therapeutic intervention for cardiovascular diseases through activation of BCAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guangying Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Le Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zeliang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Trostchansky A, Wood I, Rubbo H. Regulation of arachidonic acid oxidation and metabolism by lipid electrophiles. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106482. [PMID: 33007446 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a precursor of enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidized products such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and isoprostanes. These products may exert signaling or damaging roles during physiological and pathological conditions, some of them being markers of oxidative stress linked to inflammation. Recent data support the concept that cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) followed by cytosolic and microsomal dehydrogenases can convert AA to lipid-derived electrophiles (LDE). Lipid-derived electrophiles are fatty acid derivatives bearing an electron-withdrawing group that can react with nucleophiles at proteins, DNA, and small antioxidant molecules exerting potent signaling properties. This review aims to describe the formation, sources, and electrophilic anti-inflammatory actions of key mammalian LDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Irene Wood
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Li Y, Su X, Feng C, Liu S, Guan H, Sun Y, He N, Ji M, Hou P. CYP2S1 is a synthetic lethal target in BRAF V600E-driven thyroid cancers. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:191. [PMID: 32913191 PMCID: PMC7483764 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAFV600E is the most common genetic alteration and has become a major therapeutic target in thyroid cancers; however, intrinsic feedback mechanism limited clinical use of BRAFV600E specific inhibitors. Synthetic lethal is a kind of interaction between two genes, where only simultaneously perturbing both of the genes can lead to lethality. Here, we identified CYP2S1 as a synthetic lethal partner of BRAFV600E in thyroid cancers. First, we found that CYP2S1 was highly expressed in papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) compared to normal thyroid tissues, particularly in conventional PTCs (CPTCs) and tall-cell PTCs (TCPTCs), and its expression was positively associated with BRAFV600E mutation. CYP2S1 knockdown selectively inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumorigenic potential in nude mice, and promoted cell apoptosis in BRAFV600E mutated thyroid cancer cells, but not in BRAF wild-type ones. Mechanistically, BRAFV600E-mediated MAPK/ERK cascade upregulated CYP2S1 expression by an AHR-dependent pathway, while CYP2S1 in turn enhanced transcriptional activity of AHR through its metabolites. This AHR/CYP2S1 feedback loop strongly amplified oncogenic role of BRAFV600E in thyroid cancer cells, thereby causing synthetic lethal interaction between CYP2S1 and BRAFV600E. Finally, we demonstrated CYP2S1 as a potential therapeutic target in both BRAFV600E-drived xenograft and transgenic mouse models by targetedly delivering CYP2S1-specific siRNA. Altogether, our data demonstrate CYP2S1 as a synthetic lethal partner of BRAFV600E in thyroid cancers, and indicate that targeting CYP2S1 will provide a new therapeutic strategy for BRAFV600E mutated thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xi Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R. China.
| | - Meiju Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China.
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P.R. China.
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25
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Pellefigues C. IgE Autoreactivity in Atopic Dermatitis: Paving the Road for Autoimmune Diseases? Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E47. [PMID: 32911788 PMCID: PMC7551081 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease affecting 20% of the population beginning usually before one year of age. It is associated with the emergence of allergen-specific IgE, but also with autoreactive IgE, whose function remain elusive. This review discusses current knowledge relevant to the mechanisms, which leads to the secretion of autoreactive IgE and to the potential function of these antibodies in AD. Multiple autoantigens have been described to elicit an IgE-dependent response in this context. This IgE autoimmunity starts in infancy and is associated with disease severity. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of autoreactive IgE to multiple auto-antigens is high in AD patients. IgE-antigen complexes can promote a facilitated antigen presentation, a skewing of the adaptive response toward type 2 immunity, and a chronic skin barrier dysfunction and inflammation in patients or AD models. In AD, skin barrier defects and the atopic immune environment facilitate allergen sensitization and the development of other IgE-mediated allergic diseases in a process called the atopic march. AD is also associated epidemiologically with several autoimmune diseases showing autoreactive IgE secretion. Thus, a potential outcome of IgE autoreactivity in AD could be the development of further autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pellefigues
- INSERM UMRS1149-CNRS ERL8252, Team «Basophils and Mast cells in Immunopathology», Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation (CRI), Inflamex, DHU Fire, Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
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26
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Dawson HD, Chen C, Li RW, Bell LN, Shea-Donohue T, Kringel H, Beshah E, Hill DE, Urban JF. Molecular and metabolomic changes in the proximal colon of pigs infected with Trichuris suis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12853. [PMID: 32732949 PMCID: PMC7393168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig whipworm Trichuris suis is important in swine production because of its negative effects on pig performance and, notably, to some humans with inflammatory bowel disease as a therapeutic agent that modulates inflammation. The proximal colon of T. suis-infected pigs exhibited general inflammation around day 21 after inoculation with infective eggs that is transcriptionally characterized by markers of type-2 immune activation, inflammation, cellular infiltration, tissue repair enzymes, pathways of oxidative stress, and altered intestinal barrier function. Prominent gene pathways involved the Th2-response, de novo cholesterol synthesis, fructose and glucose metabolism, basic amino acid metabolism, and bile acid transport. Upstream regulatory factor analysis implicated the bile acid/farnesoid X receptor in some of these processes. Metabolic analysis indicated changes in fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, biochemicals related to methylation, protein glycosylation, extracellular matrix structure, sugars, Krebs cycle intermediates, microbe-derived metabolites and altered metabolite transport. Close to 1,200 differentially expressed genes were modulated in the proximal colon of pigs with a persistent adult worm infection that was nearly 90% lower in pigs that had expelled worms. The results support a model to test diets that favorably alter the microbiome and improve host intestinal health in both pigs and humans exposed to Trichuris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Helene Kringel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ethiopia Beshah
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, USA. .,Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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27
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Maner-Smith KM, Goll JB, Khadka M, Jensen TL, Colucci JK, Gelber CE, Albert CJ, Bosinger SE, Franke JD, Natrajan M, Rouphael N, Johnson RA, Sanz P, Anderson EJ, Hoft DF, Mulligan MJ, Ford DA, Ortlund EA. Alterations in the Human Plasma Lipidome in Response to Tularemia Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030414. [PMID: 32722213 PMCID: PMC7564507 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a highly infectious and contagious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. To better understand human response to a live-attenuated tularemia vaccine and the biological pathways altered post-vaccination, healthy adults were vaccinated, and plasma was collected pre- and post-vaccination for longitudinal lipidomics studies. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we fully characterized individual lipid species within predominant lipid classes to identify changes in the plasma lipidome during the vaccine response. Separately, we targeted oxylipins, a subset of lipid mediators involved in inflammatory pathways. We identified 14 differentially abundant lipid species from eight lipid classes. These included 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) which is indicative of lipoxygenase activity and, subsequently, inflammation. Results suggest that 5-HETE was metabolized to a dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) by day 7 post-vaccination, shedding light on the kinetics of the 5-HETE-mediated inflammatory response. In addition to 5-HETE and DHET, we observed pronounced changes in 34:1 phosphatidylinositol, anandamide, oleamide, ceramides, 16:1 cholesteryl ester, and other glycerophospholipids; several of these changes in abundance were correlated with serum cytokines and T cell activation. These data provide new insights into alterations in plasma lipidome post-tularemia vaccination, potentially identifying key mediators and pathways involved in vaccine response and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal M. Maner-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.M.-S.); (M.K.); (J.K.C.)
| | - Johannes B. Goll
- The Emmes Company, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (J.B.G.); (T.L.J.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Manoj Khadka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.M.-S.); (M.K.); (J.K.C.)
| | - Travis L. Jensen
- The Emmes Company, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (J.B.G.); (T.L.J.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Jennifer K. Colucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.M.-S.); (M.K.); (J.K.C.)
| | - Casey E. Gelber
- The Emmes Company, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (J.B.G.); (T.L.J.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Carolyn J. Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.J.A.); (J.D.F.)
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.N.); (N.R.); (E.J.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Jacob D. Franke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.J.A.); (J.D.F.)
| | - Muktha Natrajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.N.); (N.R.); (E.J.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.N.); (N.R.); (E.J.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert A. Johnson
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC 20201, USA;
| | - Patrick Sanz
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.N.); (N.R.); (E.J.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.N.); (N.R.); (E.J.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, and New York University (NYU) Langone Vaccine Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David A. Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (C.J.A.); (J.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.F.); (E.A.O.); Tel.: +314-977-9264 (D.A.F.); +404-727-5014 (E.A.O.)
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.M.-S.); (M.K.); (J.K.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.F.); (E.A.O.); Tel.: +314-977-9264 (D.A.F.); +404-727-5014 (E.A.O.)
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28
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Stevens WW, Staudacher AG, Hulse KE, Carter RG, Winter DR, Abdala-Valencia H, Kato A, Suh L, Norton JE, Huang JH, Peters AT, Grammer LC, Price CPE, Conley DB, Shintani-Smith S, Tan BK, Welch KC, Kern RC, Schleimer RP. Activation of the 15-lipoxygenase pathway in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:600-612. [PMID: 32371071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and an intolerance of medications that inhibit cyclooxygenase-1. Patients with AERD have more severe upper and lower respiratory tract disease than do aspirin-tolerant patients with CRSwNP. A dysregulation in arachidonic acid metabolism is thought to contribute to the enhanced sinonasal inflammation in AERD. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to utilize an unbiased approach investigating arachidonic acid metabolic pathways in AERD. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing (10× Genomics, Pleasanton, Calif) was utilized to compare the transcriptional profile of nasal polyp (NP) cells from patients with AERD and patients with CRSwNP and map differences in the expression of select genes among identified cell types. Findings were confirmed by traditional real-time PCR. Lipid mediators in sinonasal tissue were measured by mass spectrometry. Localization of various proteins within NPs was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The gene encoding for 15-lipooxygenase (15-LO), ALOX15, was significantly elevated in NPs of patients with AERD compared to NPs of patients with CRSwNP (P < .05) or controls (P < .001). ALOX15 was predominantly expressed by epithelial cells. Expression levels significantly correlated with radiographic sinus disease severity (r = 0.56; P < .001) and were associated with asthma. The level of 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-Oxo-ETE), a downstream product of 15-LO, was significantly elevated in NPs from patients with CRSwNP (27.93 pg/mg of tissue) and NPs from patients with AERD (61.03 pg/mg of tissue) compared to inferior turbinate tissue from controls (7.17 pg/mg of tissue [P < .001]). Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for 15-Oxo-ETE synthesis, was predominantly expressed in mast cells and localized near 15-LO+ epithelium in NPs from patients with AERD. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial and mast cell interactions, leading to the synthesis of 15-Oxo-ETE, may contribute to the dysregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism via the 15-LO pathway and to the enhanced sinonasal disease severity observed in AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney W Stevens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Anna G Staudacher
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kathryn E Hulse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Roderick G Carter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Deborah R Winter
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Lydia Suh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - James E Norton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Julia H Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Anju T Peters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Leslie C Grammer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Caroline P E Price
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - David B Conley
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | | | - Bruce K Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kevin C Welch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert C Kern
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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29
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Poon WL, Lee JCY, Leung KS, Alenius H, El-Nezami H, Karisola P. Nanosized silver, but not titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, enhances oxidative stress and inflammatory response by inducing 5-HETE activation in THP-1 cells. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:453-467. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1687776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Lam Poon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI RP), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Nutrition and Health, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome Research Program (HUMI RP), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Kalyvianaki K, Panagiotopoulos AA, Malamos P, Moustou E, Tzardi M, Stathopoulos EN, Ioannidis GS, Marias K, Notas G, Theodoropoulos PA, Castanas E, Kampa M. Membrane androgen receptors (OXER1, GPRC6A AND ZIP9) in prostate and breast cancer: A comparative study of their expression. Steroids 2019; 142:100-108. [PMID: 30707908 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence during the last decades revealed that androgens exert membrane-initiated actions leading to the modulation of significant cellular processes, important for cancer cell growth and metastasis (including prostate and breast), that involve signaling via specific kinases. Collectively, many nonclassical, cell surface-initiated androgen actions are mediated by novel membrane androgen receptors (mARs), unrelated to nuclear androgen receptors. Recently, our group identified the G protein coupled oxo-eicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) (a receptor of the arachidonic acid metabolite, 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-oxoETE) as a novel mAR involved in the rapid effects of androgens. However, two other membrane proteins, G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) and zinc transporter member 9 (ZIP9) have also been portrayed as mARs, related to the extranuclear action of androgens. In the present work, we present a comparative study of in silico pharmacology, gene expression and immunocytochemical data of the three receptors in various prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of these receptors in human tumor and non-tumoral specimens and provide a pattern of expression and intracellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Malamos
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | - Eleni Moustou
- Laboratory of Pathology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Laboratory of Pathology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | | | - Georgios S Ioannidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory (CBML), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kostas Marias
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory (CBML), Heraklion, Greece; Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Department of Informatics Engineering, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | | | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece.
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece.
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31
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Chourey S, Ye Q, Reddy CN, Wang R, Cossette C, Gravel S, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. Novel Highly Potent and Metabolically Resistant Oxoeicosanoid (OXE) Receptor Antagonists That Block the Actions of the Granulocyte Chemoattractant 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid (5-oxo-ETE). J Med Chem 2018; 61:5934-5948. [PMID: 29972644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is a potent lipid mediator that induces tissue eosinophilia via the selective OXE receptor (OXE-R), which is an attractive therapeutic target in eosinophilic diseases. We previously identified indole OXE-R antagonists that block 5-oxo-ETE-induced primate eosinophil activation. Although these compounds possess good oral absorption, their plasma levels decline rapidly due to extensive oxidation of their hexyl side chain. We have now succeeded in dramatically increasing antagonist potency and resistance to metabolism by replacing the hexyl group with phenylpentyl or phenylhexyl side chains. Compared with our previous lead compound S-230, our most potent antagonist, S-C025, has an IC50 (120 pM) over 80 times lower and a substantially longer plasma half-life. A single major metabolite, which retains antagonist activity (IC50, 690 pM) and has a prolonged lifetime in plasma was observed. These new highly potent OXE-R antagonists may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of eosinophilic disorders like asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6982 , United States
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6982 , United States
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6982 , United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6982 , United States
| | - Chantal Cossette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology , McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Decarie Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology , McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Decarie Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
| | - Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre , Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West , Montréal , Quebec H4B 1R6 , Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre , Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West , Montréal , Quebec H4B 1R6 , Canada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6982 , United States
| | - William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology , McGill University Health Centre , 1001 Decarie Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec H4A 3J1 , Canada
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Stepniewski TM, Torrens-Fontanals M, Rodríguez-Espigares I, Giorgino T, Primdahl KG, Vik A, Stenstrøm Y, Selent J, Hansen TV. Synthesis, molecular modelling studies and biological evaluation of new oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3580-3587. [PMID: 29866479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) is a member of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) family, and is involved in inflammatory processes and oncogenesis. As such it is an attractive target for pharmacological intervention. The present study aimed to shed light on the molecular fundaments of OXER1 modulation using chemical probes structurally related to the natural agonist 5-oxo-ETE. In a first step, 5-oxo-ETE and its closely related derivatives (5-oxo-EPE and 4-oxo-DHA) were obtained by conducting concise and high-yielding syntheses. The biological activity of obtained compounds was assessed in terms of potency (EC50) and efficacy (Emax) for arrestin recruitment. Finally, molecular modelling and simulation were used to explore binding characteristics of 5-oxo-ETE and derivatives with the aim to rationalize biological activity. Our data suggest that the tested 5-oxo-ETE derivatives (i) insert quickly into the membrane, (ii) access the receptor via transmembrane helices (TMs) 5 and 6 from the membrane side and (iii) drive potency and efficacy by differential interaction with TM5 and 7. Most importantly, we found that the methyl ester of 5-oxo-ETE (1a) showed even a higher maximum response than the natural agonist (1). In contrast, shifting the 5-oxo group into position 4 results in inactive compounds (4-oxo DHA compounds (3) and (3a)). All in all, our study provides relevant structural data that help understanding better OXER1 functionality and its modulation. The structural information presented herein will be useful for designing new lead compounds with desired signalling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciej Stepniewski
- GPCR Drug Discovery Lab, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) - Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Torrens-Fontanals
- GPCR Drug Discovery Lab, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) - Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodríguez-Espigares
- GPCR Drug Discovery Lab, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) - Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Giorgino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Karoline G Primdahl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Vik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jana Selent
- GPCR Drug Discovery Lab, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) - Department of Experimental and Health Sciences of Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Reddy CN, Alhamza H, Chourey S, Ye Q, Gore V, Cossette C, Gravel S, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a potent N-acylindole antagonist of the OXE receptor for the eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) in rats and monkeys. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:88-99. [PMID: 29339225 PMCID: PMC10625806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified the indole 264 as a potent in vitro antagonist of the human OXE receptor that mediates the actions of the powerful eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-ETE. No antagonists of this receptor are currently commercially available or are being tested in clinical studies. The lack of a rodent ortholog of the OXE receptor has hampered progress in this area because of the unavailability of commonly used mouse or rat animal models. In the present study, we examined the feasibility of using the cynomolgus monkey as an animal model to investigate the efficacy of orally administered 264 in future in vivo studies. We first confirmed that 264 is active in monkeys by showing that it is a potent inhibitor of 5-oxo-ETE-induced actin polymerization and chemotaxis in granulocytes. The major microsomal metabolites of 264 were identified by cochromatography with authentic chemically synthesized standards and LC-MS/MS as its ω2-hydroxy and ω2-oxo derivatives, formed by ω2-oxidation of its hexyl side chain. Small amounts of ω1-oxidation products were also identified. None of these metabolites have substantial antagonist potency. High levels of 264 appeared rapidly in the blood following oral administration to both rats and monkeys, and declined to low levels by 24 h. As with microsomes, its major plasma metabolites in monkeys were ω2-oxidation products. We conclude that the monkey is a suitable animal model to investigate potential therapeutic effects of 264. This, or a related compound with diminished susceptibility to ω2-oxidation, could be a useful therapeutic agent in eosinophilic disorders such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Hussam Alhamza
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Vivek Gore
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Chantal Cossette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Cooper A, Singh S, Hook S, Tyndall JDA, Vernall AJ. Chemical Tools for Studying Lipid-Binding Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:316-353. [PMID: 28655732 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid, free fatty acid, lysophosphatidic acid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostanoid, leukotriene, bile acid, and platelet-activating factor receptor families are class A G protein-coupled receptors with endogenous lipid ligands. Pharmacological tools are crucial for studying these receptors and addressing the many unanswered questions surrounding expression of these receptors in normal and diseased tissues. An inherent challenge for developing tools for these lipid receptors is balancing the often lipophilic requirements of the receptor-binding pharmacophore with favorable physicochemical properties to optimize highly specific binding. In this study, we review the radioligands, fluorescent ligands, covalent ligands, and antibodies that have been used to study these lipid-binding receptors. For each tool type, the characteristics and design rationale along with in vitro and in vivo applications are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cooper
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sameek Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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35
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Kowal K, Gielicz A, Sanak M. The effect of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction on concentration of 5-oxo-ETE in exhaled breath condensate of house dust mite-allergic patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1253-1262. [PMID: 28763131 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidonic acid metabolites regulate several aspects of airway function including inflammation, muscle contraction and mucous secretion. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate concentration of selected 5-lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-derived eicosanoids in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) during allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. METHODS The study was performed on 24 allergic rhinitis/asthma patients sensitized to a house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and 13 healthy controls (HCs). Bronchial challenge with Dp extract was performed only in the allergic patients. EBC samples were collected before (T0 ) and during Dp-induced bronchoconstriction (TEAR ). Eicosanoid concentration was measured using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Significant bronchoconstriction after Dp challenge was demonstrated in 15 patients (Rs), while in 9 patients (NRs) no asthmatic response could be detected. At T0 the most abundant eicosanoids in EBC of HDM-allergic patients were LTB4 and 5-oxo-ETE, while in HCs EBC concentration of LTB4 was significantly greater than that of 5-oxo-ETE. Allergen challenge resulted in significant increase in EBC concentration of 5-oxo-ETE, LTD4 and 8-iso-PGE2 only in Rs. At TEAR , the relative change of 5-oxo-ETE concentration in EBC correlated with decrease of peripheral blood eosinophilia (R = -0.774; P = .0012). Moreover, the relative increase of 5-oxo-ETE in EBC at TEAR significantly correlated with the severity of the subsequent late asthmatic response (R = 0.683, P = .007). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates significant up-regulation of 5-oxo-ETE synthesis in HDM-allergic patients and indicates possible involvement of that mediator in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kowal
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Experimental Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - A Gielicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Structure-activity relationship study of β-oxidation resistant indole-based 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4770-4776. [PMID: 28943042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is formed from 5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway under conditions associated with oxidative stress. 5-Oxo-ETE is an important pro-inflammatory mediator, which stimulates the migration of eosinophils via a selective G-protein coupled receptor, known as the OXE receptor (OXE-R). Previously, we designed and synthesized structural mimics of 5-oxo-ETE such as 1 using an indole scaffold. In the present work, we added various substituents at C-3 of this moiety to block potential β-oxidation of the 5-oxo-valerate side chain, and investigated the structure-activity relationships of the resulting novel β-oxidation-resistant antagonists. Cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl substituents were well tolerated in this position, but were less potent as the highly active 3S-methyl compound. It seems likely that 3-alkyl substituents can affect the conformation of the 5-oxovalerate side chain containing the critical keto and carboxyl groups, thereby affecting interaction with the OXE-receptor.
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Larose MC, Archambault AS, Provost V, Laviolette M, Flamand N. Regulation of Eosinophil and Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Trafficking in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:136. [PMID: 28848734 PMCID: PMC5554517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease usually characterized by increased Type 2 cytokines and by an infiltration of eosinophils to the airways. While the production of Type 2 cytokines has been associated with TH2 lymphocytes, increasing evidence indicates that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) play an important role in the production of the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, which likely amplifies the recruitment of eosinophils from the blood to the airways. In that regard, recent asthma treatments have been focusing on blocking Type 2 cytokines, notably IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. These treatments mainly result in decreased blood or sputum eosinophil counts as well as decreased asthma symptoms. This supports that therapies blocking eosinophil recruitment and activation are valuable tools in the management of asthma and its severity. Herein, we review the mechanisms involved in eosinophil and ILC2 recruitment to the airways, with an emphasis on eotaxins, other chemokines as well as their receptors. We also discuss the involvement of other chemoattractants, notably the bioactive lipids 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin D2, and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. Given that eosinophil biology differs between human and mice, we also highlight and discuss their responsiveness toward the different eosinophil chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chantal Larose
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Provost
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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38
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Wound redox gradients revisited. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:13-16. [PMID: 28751250 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence emerges that redox gradients regulate morphogenesis, inflammation, regeneration, and healing of tissues. At the example of redox signaling during the zebrafish wound response, I briefly discuss current ideas on how such patterns might be sensed and spatially regulated to guide physiological processes over distances in animals.
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Cui L, Fang J, Ooi EE, Lee YH. Serial Metabolome Changes in a Prospective Cohort of Subjects with Influenza Viral Infection and Comparison with Dengue Fever. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2614-2622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Translational
‘Omics and Biomarkers Group, KK Research Centre, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899
- Infectious
Diseases Interdisciplinary Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602
| | - Jinling Fang
- Infectious
Diseases Interdisciplinary Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Infectious
Diseases Interdisciplinary Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602
- Emerging
Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Translational
‘Omics and Biomarkers Group, KK Research Centre, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899
- Infectious
Diseases Interdisciplinary Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602
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40
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Chourey S, Ye Q, Reddy CN, Cossette C, Gravel S, Zeller M, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. In vivo α-hydroxylation of a 2-alkylindole antagonist of the OXE receptor for the eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid in monkeys. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 138:107-118. [PMID: 28476332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a selective indole antagonist (230) targeting the OXE receptor for the potent eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-ETE (5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid), that may be useful for the treatment of eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. In previous studies we identified ω2-oxidation of the hexyl side chain of racemic 230 as a major metabolic route in monkeys, but also obtained evidence for another pathway that appeared to involve hydroxylation of the hexyl side chain close to the indole. The present study was designed to investigate the metabolism of the active S-enantiomer of 230 (S230) and to identify the novel hydroxy metabolite and its chirality. Following oral administration, S230 rapidly appeared in the blood along with metabolites formed by a novel and highly stereospecific α-hydroxylation pathway, resulting in the formation of αS-hydroxy-S230. The chirality of α-hydroxy-S230 was determined by the total synthesis of the relevant diastereomers. Of the four possible diastereomers of α-hydroxy-230 only αS-hydroxy-S230 has significant OXE receptor antagonist activity and only this diastereomer was found in significant amounts in blood following oral administration of S230. Other novel metabolites of S230 identified in plasma by LC-MS/MS were αS,ω2-dihydroxy-S230 and glucuronides of S230 and ω2-hydroxy-S230. Thus the alkyl side chain of S230, which is essential for its antagonist activity, is also the major target of the metabolic enzymes that terminate its antagonist activity. Modification of this side chain might result in the development of related antagonists with improved metabolic stability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Chantal Cossette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Kalyvianaki K, Gebhart V, Peroulis N, Panagiotopoulou C, Kiagiadaki F, Pediaditakis I, Aivaliotis M, Moustou E, Tzardi M, Notas G, Castanas E, Kampa M. Antagonizing effects of membrane-acting androgens on the eicosanoid receptor OXER1 in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44418. [PMID: 28290516 PMCID: PMC5349529 DOI: 10.1038/srep44418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence during the last decades revealed that androgen can exert membrane initiated actions that involve signaling via specific kinases and the modulation of significant cellular processes, important for prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis. Results of the present work clearly show that androgens can specifically act at the membrane level via the GPCR oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) in prostate cancer cells. In fact, OXER1 expression parallels that of membrane androgen binding in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor specimens, while in silico docking simulation of OXER1 showed that testosterone could bind to OXER1 within the same grove as 5-OxoETE, the natural ligand of OXER1. Interestingly, testosterone antagonizes the effects of 5-oxoETE on specific signaling pathways and rapid effects such as actin cytoskeleton reorganization that ultimately can modulate cell migration and metastasis. These findings verify that membrane-acting androgens exert specific effects through an antagonistic interaction with OXER1. Additionally, this interaction between androgen and OXER1, which is an arachidonic acid metabolite receptor expressed in prostate cancer, provides a novel link between steroid and lipid actions and renders OXER1 as new player in the disease. These findings should be taken into account in the design of novel therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Peroulis
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Christina Panagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Fotini Kiagiadaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Iosif Pediaditakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology &Biotechnology, Foundation of Research &Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Michalis Aivaliotis
- Proteomics Facility at Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete
| | - Eleni Moustou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
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Patent Highlights October-November 2016. Pharm Pat Anal 2017; 6:53-60. [PMID: 28248128 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2017-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Cossette C, Chourey S, Ye Q, Nagendra Reddy C, Gore V, Gravel S, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Selective Oxoeicosanoid (OXE) Receptor Antagonists and Their Effects on 5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid (5-Oxo-ETE)-Induced Granulocyte Activation in Monkeys. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10127-10146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Cossette
- Meakins-Christie
Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shishir Chourey
- Claude
Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6982, United States
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude
Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6982, United States
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude
Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6982, United States
| | - Vivek Gore
- Claude
Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6982, United States
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins-Christie
Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Irina Slobodchikova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude
Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901-6982, United States
| | - William S. Powell
- Meakins-Christie
Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Yun B, Leslie CC. Cellular Assays for Evaluating Calcium-Dependent Translocation of cPLA 2α to Membrane. Methods Enzymol 2016; 583:71-99. [PMID: 28063500 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The group IVA phospholipase A2, commonly called cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), is a widely expressed enzyme that hydrolyzes membrane phospholipid to produce arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids, which are precursors for a number of bioactive lipid mediators. Arachidonic acid is metabolized through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways for production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes that regulate normal physiological processes and contribute to disease pathogenesis. cPLA2α is composed of an N-terminal C2 domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain that contains the Ser-Asp catalytic dyad. The catalytic domain contains phosphorylation sites and basic residues that regulate the catalytic activity of cPLA2α. In response to cell stimulation, cPLA2α is rapidly activated by posttranslational mechanisms including increases in intracellular calcium and phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases. In resting cells, cPLA2α is localized in the cytosol but translocates to membrane including the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and the peri-nuclear membrane in response to increases in intracellular calcium. Calcium binds to the C2 domain, which promotes the interaction of cPLA2α with membrane through hydrophobic interactions. In this chapter, we describe assays used to study the calcium-dependent translocation of cPLA2α to membrane, a regulatory step necessary for access to phospholipid and release of arachidonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yun
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - C C Leslie
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Sanak M. Eicosanoid Mediators in the Airway Inflammation of Asthmatic Patients: What is New? ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:481-90. [PMID: 27582398 PMCID: PMC5011047 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.6.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators contribute to inflammation providing both pro-inflammatory signals and terminating the inflammatory process by activation of macrophages. Among the most significant biologically lipid mediators, these are produced by free-radical or enzymatic oxygenation of arachidonic acid named "eicosanoids". There were some novel eicosanoids identified within the last decade, and many of them are measurable in clinical samples by affordable chromatography-mass spectrometry equipment or sensitive immunoassays. In this review, we present some recent advances in understanding of the signaling by eicosanoid mediators during asthmatic airway inflammation. Eicosanoid profiling in the exhaled breath condensate, induced sputum, or their metabolites measurements in urine is complementary to the cellular phenotyping of asthmatic inflammation. Special attention is paid to aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, a phenotype of asthma manifested by the most profound changes in the profile of eicosanoids produced. A hallmark of this type of asthma with hypersensitivity to non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is to increase biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes on the systemic level. It depends on transcellular biosynthesis of leukotriene C4 by platelets that adhere to granulocytes releasing leukotriene A4. However, other abnormalities are also reported in this type of asthma as a resistance to anti-inflammatory activity of prostaglandin E2 or a robust eosinophil interferon-γ response resulting in cysteinyl leukotrienes production. A novel mechanism is also discussed in which an isoprostane structurally related to prostaglandin E2 is released into exhaled breath condensate during a provoked asthmatic attack. However, it is concluded that any single eicosanoid or even their complex profile can hardly provide a thorough explanation for the mechanism of asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sanak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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46
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Zschaler J, Arnhold J. Impact of simultaneous stimulation of 5-lipoxygenase and myeloperoxidase in human neutrophils. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 107:12-21. [PMID: 27033421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) oxidizes arachidonic acid (AA) to 5S-hydro(pero)xy-6E,8Z,11Z, 14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-H(p)ETE) and leukotriene (LT)A4, which is further converted to the chemoattractant LTB4. These cells contain also the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) producing several potent oxidants such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Previously, it was shown that MPO-metabolites influence 5-LOX product formation. Here, we addressed the question, whether a simultaneous activation of MPO and 5-LOX in neutrophils results in comparable changes of 5-LOX activity. Human neutrophils were stimulated with H2O2 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for MPO activation and subsequently treated with calcium ionophore A23187 inducing 5-LOX product formation on endogenous AA. Special attention was drawn to neutrophil vitality, formation of MPO-derived metabolites and redox status. The pre-stimulation with H2O2 resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the ratio of 5-HETE to the sum of LTB4+6-trans-LTB4 in consequence of MPO activation. Thereby no impairment of cell vitality and only a slightly reduction of total glutathione level was observed. An influence of MPO on 5-LOX product formation could be suggested using an MPO inhibitor. In contrast, the pre-stimulation with PMA resulted in different changes of 5-LOX product formation leading to a reduced amount of 5-HETE unaffected by MPO inhibition. Furthermore, impaired cell vitality and diminished redox status was detected after PMA stimulation. Nevertheless, a MPO-induced diminution of LTB4 was obvious. Further work is necessary to define the type of 5-LOX modification and investigate the effect of physiological MPO activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Zschaler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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47
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Magtanong L, Ko PJ, Dixon SJ. Emerging roles for lipids in non-apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1099-109. [PMID: 26967968 PMCID: PMC5399169 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) is essential to maintain organismal homeostasis and may be aberrantly activated during certain pathological states. Lipids are emerging as key components of several non-apoptotic RCD pathways. For example, a direct interaction between membrane phospholipids and the pore-forming protein mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is needed for the execution of necroptosis, while the oxidative destruction of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), following the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), is a requisite gateway to ferroptosis. Here, we review the roles of lipids in the initiation and execution of these and other forms of non-apoptotic cell death. We also consider new technologies that are allowing for the roles of lipids and lipid metabolism in RCD to be probed in increasingly sophisticated ways. In certain cases, this new knowledge may enable the development of therapies that target lipids and lipid metabolic processes to enhance or suppress specific non-apoptotic RCD pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Magtanong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Ko
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, USA
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48
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Balgoma D, Yang M, Sjödin M, Snowden S, Karimi R, Levänen B, Merikallio H, Kaarteenaho R, Palmberg L, Larsson K, Erle DJ, Dahlén SE, Dahlén B, Sköld CM, Wheelock ÅM, Wheelock CE. Linoleic acid-derived lipid mediators increase in a female-dominated subphenotype of COPD. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1645-56. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01080-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality; however, the role of inflammatory mediators in its pathobiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gender in COPD on lipid mediator levels.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were obtained from healthy never-smokers, smokers and COPD patients (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage I–II/A–B) (n=114). 94 lipid mediators derived from the cytochrome-P450, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase pathways were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Multivariate modelling identified a 9-lipid panel in BALF that classified female smokers with COPD from healthy female smokers (p=6×10−6). No differences were observed for the corresponding male population (p=1.0). These findings were replicated in an independent cohort with 92% accuracy (p=0.005). The strongest drivers were the cytochrome P450-derived epoxide products of linoleic acid (leukotoxins) and their corresponding soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)-derived products (leukotoxin-diols). These species correlated with lung function (r=0.87; p=0.0009) and mRNA levels of enzymes putatively involved in their biosynthesis (r=0.96; p=0.003). Leukotoxin levels correlated with goblet cell abundance (r=0.72; p=0.028).These findings suggest a mechanism by which goblet cell-associated cytochrome-P450 and sEH activity produce elevated leukotoxin-diol levels, which play a putative role in the clinical manifestations of COPD in a female-dominated disease sub-phenotype.
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49
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Primdahl KG, Stenstrøm Y, Hansen TV, Vik A. Synthesis of 5-(S)-HETE, 5-(S)-HEPE and (+)-zooxanthellactone: Three hydroxylated polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 196:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Harrison A, Dubois LG, St John-Williams L, Moseley MA, Hardison RL, Heimlich DR, Stoddard A, Kerschner JE, Justice SS, Thompson JW, Mason KM. Comprehensive Proteomic and Metabolomic Signatures of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-Induced Acute Otitis Media Reveal Bacterial Aerobic Respiration in an Immunosuppressed Environment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:1117-38. [PMID: 26711468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.052498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the molecular details of the interactions between bacteria and host are critical to ultimately prevent disease. Recent technological advances allow simultaneous analysis of host and bacterial protein and metabolic profiles from a single small tissue sample to provide insight into pathogenesis. We used the chinchilla model of human otitis media to determine, for the first time, the most expansive delineation of global changes in protein and metabolite profiles during an experimentally induced disease. After 48 h of infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, middle ear tissue lysates were analyzed by high-resolution quantitative two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Dynamic changes in 105 chinchilla proteins and 66 metabolites define the early proteomic and metabolomic signature of otitis media. Our studies indicate that establishment of disease coincides with actin morphogenesis, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and bacterial aerobic respiration. We validated the observed increase in the actin-remodeling complex, Arp2/3, and experimentally showed a role for Arp2/3 in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae invasion. Direct inhibition of actin branch morphology altered bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells, and is supportive of our efforts to use the information gathered to modify outcomes of disease. The twenty-eight nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae proteins identified participate in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, redox homeostasis, and include cell wall-associated metabolic proteins. Quantitative characterization of the molecular signatures of infection will redefine our understanding of host response driven developmental changes during pathogenesis. These data represent the first comprehensive study of host protein and metabolite profiles in vivo in response to infection and show the feasibility of extensive characterization of host protein profiles during disease. Identification of novel protein targets and metabolic biomarkers will advance development of therapeutic and diagnostic options for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Harrison
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Laura G Dubois
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lisa St John-Williams
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Rachael L Hardison
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | - Derek R Heimlich
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205
| | | | - Joseph E Kerschner
- ‖Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; **Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Sheryl S Justice
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205; §The Center for Microbial Interface Biology and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - J Will Thompson
- ‡‡Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Kevin M Mason
- From the ‡The Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205; §The Center for Microbial Interface Biology and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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