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Singh J, Vanlallawmzuali, Singh A, Biswal S, Zomuansangi R, Lalbiaktluangi C, Singh BP, Singh PK, Vellingiri B, Iyer M, Ram H, Udey B, Yadav MK. Microbiota-brain axis: Exploring the role of gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders - A comprehensive review. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 97:104068. [PMID: 38776563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mental illness is a hidden epidemic in modern science that has gradually spread worldwide. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 10% of the world's population suffers from various mental diseases each year. Worldwide, financial and health burdens on society are increasing annually. Therefore, understanding the different factors that can influence mental illness is required to formulate novel and effective treatments and interventions to combat mental illness. Gut microbiota, consisting of diverse microbial communities residing in the gastrointestinal tract, exert profound effects on the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis serves as a conduit for bidirectional communication between the two systems, enabling the gut microbiota to affect emotional and cognitive functions. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, is associated with an increased susceptibility to mental health disorders and psychiatric illnesses. Gut microbiota is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of microbes that have been found to interact with the central nervous system and play important physiological functions in the human gut, thus greatly affecting the development of mental illnesses. The interaction between gut microbiota and mental health-related illnesses is a multifaceted and promising field of study. This review explores the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences mental health, encompassing the modulation of neurotransmitter production, neuroinflammation, and integrity of the gut barrier. In addition, it emphasizes a thorough understanding of how the gut microbiome affects various psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vanlallawmzuali
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram Central University, Pachhunga University College Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Microbiology Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Suryanarayan Biswal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Ruth Zomuansangi
- Department of Microbiology Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - C Lalbiaktluangi
- Department of Microbiology Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (AES), National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pachhunga University College Campus, Mizoram University (A Central University), Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Heera Ram
- Department of Zoology, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342001, India
| | - Bharat Udey
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
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Yin X, Liu W, Feng H, Huang J, Wang Q, Zhang Q, He J, Wang R. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 attenuates hippocampal damage and memory impairments in an ADHD rat model. Food Funct 2024; 15:2668-2678. [PMID: 38374797 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04665f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly accompanied by learning and memory deficits. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 (BAA6) on behaviour and memory function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The results showed that BAA6 treatment ameliorated spatial working memory deficits and inhibited hippocampal neuron loss in SHRs. The levels of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, and the brain derived neurotrophic factor increased and that of glutamate decreased in the brain tissue of SHRs after BAA6 administration. Moreover, BAA6 reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and antioxidant glutathione in SHRs. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing showed that BAA6 treatment changed the gut microbiota composition. BAA6 promoted beneficial Lactobacillus, Romboutsia, Blautia, and Turicibacter, and decreased the enrichment of bacterial genera such as Dietzia, Sporosarcina, Brevibacterium, NK4A214_group, Atopostipes, and Facklamia negatively associated with neurotransmitter release and anti-inflammatory effects in SHRs. Together, these results suggested that BAA6 improved memory function by ameliorating hippocampal damage, abnormal neurotransmitter release and cerebral inflammation by reshaping the gut microbiota in SHRs. This study provides a scientific basis for the development and application of BAA6 as a promising dietary intervention to reduce the risk of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Weichen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010000, China
| | - Haihong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China.
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Langfang 065200, China
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Xinjiang Golden Camel Investment Co., Ltd., Wulumuqi 830039, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jingjing He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China.
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Liang SC, Sun CK, Chang CH, Cheng YS, Tzang RF, Chiu HJ, Wang MY, Cheng YC, Hung KC. Therapeutic efficacy of probiotics for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e36. [PMID: 38268113 PMCID: PMC10897698 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of probiotics as a therapeutic alternative for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain unclear. AIMS To investigate the effectiveness of probiotics for symptoms of ADHD and identify possible factors affecting their efficacy. METHOD Randomised placebo-controlled trials were identified through searching major databases from inception to April 2023, using the main keywords 'probiotics' and 'ADHD' without limitation on languages or geographic locations. The outcome of interest included improvement in total symptoms of ADHD, symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and drop-out rate. Continuous and categorical data were expressed as effect sizes based on standardised mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Meta-analysis of seven trials involving 379 participants (mean age 10.37 years, range 4-18 years) showed no significant improvement in total symptoms of ADHD (SMD = 0.25; P = 0.12), symptoms of inattention (SMD = 0.14; P = 0.3) or hyperactivity/impulsivity (SMD = 0.08; P = 0.54) between the probiotic and placebo groups. Despite non-significance on subgroup analyses, there was a large difference in effect size between studies using probiotics as an adjunct to methylphenidate and those using probiotics as supplementation (SMD = 0.84 v. 0.07; P = 0.16), and a moderate difference in effect size between studies using multiple strains of probiotics and those using single-strain regimens (SMD = 0.45 v. 0.03; P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS Current evidence shows no significant difference in therapeutic efficacy between probiotics and placebos for treatment of ADHD symptoms. However, albeit statistically non-significant, higher therapeutic efficacies associated with multiple-strain probiotics or combining probiotics with methylphenidate may provide direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chin Liang
- Department of Management Center, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry Of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; Department of Center for General Education, University of Kun Shan, Taiwan; and Department of Optometry, University of Chung Hwa of Medical Technology, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Taiwan; and School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Ruu-Fen Tzang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Jane Chiu
- Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; and Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Ming Yu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan; and Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; and Research Center of Big Data and Meta-analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Taiwan
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Elhossiny RM, Elshahawy HH, Mohamed HM, Abdelmageed RI. Assessment of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation as adjunctive management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:823. [PMID: 37946220 PMCID: PMC10636814 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to examine the possible efficacy of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LB (Lacteol Fort) on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology and evaluate its influence on cognition function. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 80 children and adolescents with ADHD diagnosis, aged 6-16 years, were included. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received probiotics plus atomoxetine, whereas the other group received atomoxetine only. ADHD symptomatology was assessed using the Conners Parent Rating Scale-Revised Long Version (CPRS-R-L) and Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL/6-18). The participants were evaluated for their vigilance and executive function using Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST). Both groups were assessed at the beginning of the study and the end of the twelve weeks. RESULTS The probiotic group comprised 36 patients, whereas the control group comprised 40 patients in the final analysis after four patients dropped out of the trial. After 3 months of probiotic supplementation, a significant improvement in the CPRS-R-L and CBCL total T scores was observed compared with those in the control group (p = 0.032, 0.024, respectively). Additionally, the probiotic group demonstrated improved focus attention (target accuracy rate and omission errors;p = 0.02, 0.043, respectively) compared with the control group. An analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) performance demonstrated that the probiotic group had significantly lower perseverative (p = 0.017) and non-perseverative errors (p = 0.044) but no significant differences compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation combined with atomoxetine for 3 months had a beneficial impact on ADHD symptomology and a favorable influence on cognitive performance. As a result, the efficacy of probiotics as an adjunctive treatment for managing ADHD may be promising. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04167995). Registration date: 19-11-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Elhossiny
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba H Elshahawy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Okasha Institue of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Mohamed
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham I Abdelmageed
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, Cairo, Egypt.
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Schneider A, Zeiler M, Kopp K, Wagner G, Karwautz A. [The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER- UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023; 51:441-450. [PMID: 37070434 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Abstract: This short review summarizes the literature available on therapeutic interventions with prebiotics and probiotics and their potential use in psychiatric disorders in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Most studies of children and adolescents are done on ADHD and autism spectrum disorders, whereas single reports exist largely on positive effects on cognitive symptoms and quality of life. Initial studies regarding anorexia nervosa point to a potential effect of weight gain and reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, the effects of prebiotics and probiotics in depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia have been mainly investigated in adults. The best reported evidence exists for depression, whereas the effects on depressive symptomatology are small. Positive effects are seen on gastrointestinal symptoms in these disorders. Given these positive effects, the mixed literature reports may result from very heterogeneous study designs. Nevertheless, the high potential of prebiotics and probiotics may be seen for minors with mental health problems. Further studies that include child and adolescent psychiatric populations and reflect the complexity of the gut-brain axis are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schneider
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Michael Zeiler
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Konstantin Kopp
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
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Wang Q, Yang Q, Liu X. The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders. Protein Cell 2023; 14:762-775. [PMID: 37166201 PMCID: PMC10599644 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been found to interact with the brain through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, regulating various physiological processes. In recent years, the impacts of the gut microbiota on neurodevelopment through this axis have been increasingly appreciated. The gut microbiota is commonly considered to regulate neurodevelopment through three pathways, the immune pathway, the neuronal pathway, and the endocrine/systemic pathway, with overlaps and crosstalks in between. Accumulating studies have identified the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Rett Syndrome. Numerous researchers have examined the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms influenced by the gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of advancements in research pertaining to the microbiota-gut-brain axis in NDDs. Furthermore, we analyzed both the current state of research progress and discuss future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qianyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xingyin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Microbiota Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Cickovski T, Mathee K, Aguirre G, Tatke G, Hermida A, Narasimhan G, Stollstorff M. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the gut microbiome: An ecological perspective. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0273890. [PMID: 37594987 PMCID: PMC10437823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Symptoms emerge from underlying deficiencies in neurocircuitry, and recent research has suggested a role played by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is an ecosystem of interdependent taxa involved in an exponentially complex web of interactions, plus host gene and reaction pathways, some of which involve neurotransmitters with roles in ADHD neurocircuitry. Studies have analyzed the ADHD gut microbiome using macroscale metrics such as diversity and differential abundance, and have proposed several taxa as elevated or reduced in ADHD compared to Control. Few studies have delved into the complex underlying dynamics ultimately responsible for the emergence of such metrics, leaving a largely incomplete, sometimes contradictory, and ultimately inconclusive picture. We aim to help complete this picture by venturing beyond taxa abundances and into taxa relationships (i.e. cooperation and competition), using a publicly available gut microbiome dataset (targeted 16S, v3-4 region, qPCR) from an observational, case-control study of 30 Control (15 female, 15 male) and 28 ADHD (15 female, 13 male) undergraduate students. We first perform the same macroscale analyses prevalent in ADHD gut microbiome literature (diversity, differential abundance, and composition) to observe the degree of correspondence, or any new trends. We then estimate two-way ecological relationships by producing Control and ADHD Microbial Co-occurrence Networks (MCNs), using SparCC correlations (p ≤ 0.01). We perform community detection to find clusters of taxa estimated to mutually cooperate along with their centroids, and centrality calculations to estimate taxa most vital to overall gut ecology. We finally summarize our results, providing conjectures on how they can guide future experiments, some methods for improving our experiments, and general implications for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Cickovski
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Kalai Mathee
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL United States of America
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Gloria Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences and Education, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Gorakh Tatke
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences and Education, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Hermida
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Giri Narasimhan
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Melanie Stollstorff
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Kwak MJ, Kim SH, Kim HH, Tanpure R, Kim JI, Jeon BH, Park HK. Psychobiotics and fecal microbial transplantation for autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: microbiome modulation and therapeutic mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1238005. [PMID: 37554355 PMCID: PMC10405178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1238005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is thought to be the developmental origins of the host's health and disease through the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis: such as immune-mediated, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neurodevelopmental diseases. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders, and growing evidence indicates the contribution of the gut microbiome changes and imbalances to these conditions, pointing to the importance of considering the MGB axis in their treatment. This review summarizes the general knowledge of gut microbial colonization and development in early life and its role in the pathogenesis of ASD/ADHD, highlighting a promising therapeutic approach for ASD/ADHD through modulation of the gut microbiome using psychobiotics (probiotics that positively affect neurological function and can be applied for the treatment of psychiatric diseases) and fecal microbial transplantation (FMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoo Hugo Kim
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Tanpure
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Institute of Developmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Institute of Developmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Taş E, Ülgen KO. Understanding the ADHD-Gut Axis by Metabolic Network Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050592. [PMID: 37233633 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and a lack of attention inconsistent with the patient's development level. The fact that people with ADHD frequently experience gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction highlights the possibility that the gut microbiome may play a role in this condition. The proposed research aims to determine a biomarker for ADHD by reconstructing a model of the gut-microbial community. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEM) considering the relationship between gene-protein-reaction associations are used to simulate metabolic activities in organisms of gut. The production rates of dopamine and serotonin precursors and the key short chain fatty acids which affect the health status are determined under three diets (Western, Atkins', Vegan) and compared with those of healthy people. Elasticities are calculated to understand the sensitivity of exchange fluxes to changes in diet and bacterial abundance at the species level. The presence of Bacillota (genus Coprococcus and Subdoligranulum), Actinobacteria (genus Collinsella), Bacteroidetes (genus Bacteroides), and Bacteroidota (genus Alistipes) may be possible gut microbiota indicators of ADHD. This type of modeling approach taking microbial genome-environment interactions into account helps us understand the gastrointestinal mechanisms behind ADHD, and establish a path to improve the quality of life of ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Taş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Kutlu O Ülgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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Kwon C, Ediriweera MK, Kim Cho S. Interplay between Phytochemicals and the Colonic Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081989. [PMID: 37111207 PMCID: PMC10145007 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are natural compounds found in food ingredients with a variety of health-promoting properties. Phytochemicals improve host health through their direct systematic absorption into the circulation and modulation of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota increases the bioactivity of phytochemicals and is a symbiotic partner whose composition and/or diversity is altered by phytochemicals and affects host health. In this review, the interactions of phytochemicals with the gut microbiota and their impact on human diseases are reviewed. We describe the role of intestinal microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, amino acid derivatives, and vitamins, from a therapeutic perspective. Next, phytochemical metabolites produced by the gut microbiota and the therapeutic effect of some selected metabolites are reviewed. Many phytochemicals are degraded by enzymes unique to the gut microbiota and act as signaling molecules in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and metabolic pathways. Phytochemicals can ameliorate diseases by altering the composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiota, and they increase the abundance of some gut microbiota that produce beneficial substances. We also discuss the importance of investigating the interactions between phytochemicals and gut microbiota in controlled human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chohee Kwon
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Industry, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 008, Sri Lanka
| | - Somi Kim Cho
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graduate School of Industry, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Zhao M, Meng Y, Cao B, Tong J, Liu X, Yan H, Yang H, Han H, Liang X, Chen H. A bibliometric analysis of studies on gut microbiota in attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder from 2012 to 2021. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1055804. [PMID: 37007507 PMCID: PMC10050751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1055804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAn increasing number of studies have focused on the role of gut microbiota in the treatment of ADHD, but its related molecular mechanisms are not yet clear, and there is still room for development of studies targeting this area. This study analyzes publications from 2012 to 2021 in a comprehensive and multi-faceted visualization, with the aim of grasping the existing research profile and guiding scholars to make more in-depth studies.MethodsThe 1,677 articles and 298 review articles on gut microbiota in ADHD were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Microsoft Excel 2019, Scimago Graphica, Bibliometrix and Pajek metrics software were used for visualization and analysis of the included literature.ResultsOn August 3, 2022, a total of 1975 English-language articles on gut microbiota in ADHD were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) from January 2012 to December 2021, with a steady upward trend in the number of articles published in this field over the decade. The top three countries in terms of the number of articles published are the United States, China, and Spain. Meanwhile, CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS CSIC, UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SYSTEM, and UDICE FRENCH RESEARCH UNIV have made significant contributions in this field. In the analysis of the published journals, PLoS One was not only the first in terms of number of articles published but also the most cited. Wang J was the most prolific author and CAPORASO JG ranked first in terms of co-cited authors. In addition, “Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome,” published by David LA et al., has the highest citation frequency in this field. The most frequently occurring keyword was “gut microbiota.”ConclusionThe results of this paper clarify the current status of research on gut microbiota in ADHD. Based on the research on the mechanism of gut microbiota in other diseases, there is reason to believe that the exploration of gut microbiota in ADHD must be increasingly mature. And the study speculates that future research may focus on “nutrition supplements,” “lipid metabolism,” and “gut brain axis.” It is imperative to promote a closer international cooperation among scholars in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Buzi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianbin Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Brain Homeostasis, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hanqi Yang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Houzhi Han
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobing Liang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Chen,
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Wang L, Xie Z, Li G, Li G, Liang J. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis investigates causal associations between gut microbiota and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1144851. [PMID: 37168108 PMCID: PMC10166206 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has suggested a link between gut microbiota and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but their causal relationship has not been elucidated. Aiming to comprehensively investigate their causal relationship and to identify specific causal microbe taxa for ADHD, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Instrumental variables of 211 gut microbiota taxa were obtained from gene wide association study (GWAS), and Mendelian randomization study was carried out to estimate their effects on ADHD risk from PGC GWAS (20,183 ADHD cases and 35,191 controls) and FinnGen GWAS (830 ADHD cases and 215,763 controls). Wald ratio (WR), inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median were the main methods to analyze causality, and MR results are verified by several sensitivity analysis analyses. At locus-wide significance level (p < 1 × 10-5), IVW results confirmed that genus Eubacteriumhalliigroup (p = 0.013) and genus RuminococcaceaeUCG013 (p = 0.049) were correlated with the risk of ADHD and genus Butyricicoccus (p = 0.009), genus Roseburia (p = 0.009), genus Desulfovibrio (p = 0.015), genus LachnospiraceaeNC2004group (p = 0.026), genus Romboutsia (p = 0.028) and family Oxalobacteraceae (p = 0.048) were protective factors of ADHD. Weighted median results indicated that genus Butyricicoccus (p = 0.018) was negatively correlated with the risk of ADHD. At genome-wide statistical significance level (p < 5 × 10-8), Wald ratio results demonstrated that genus Ruminococcustorquesgroup (p = 0.003) was a risk factor for ADHD, while genus Romboutsia (p = 0.006) and family Peptostreptococcaceae (p = 0.006) had a negative correlation with the risk of ADHD. In reverse MR analysis, IVW results showed that ADHD may lead to an increase in the abundance of genus Roseburia (p = 0.020). Analysis of heterogeneity (p > 0.05) and pleiotropy (p > 0.05) confirmed the robustness of MR results. We demonstrated that there was a potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and ADHD. Our research provides a foundation for understanding the causal relationship between gut microbiota and ADHD, and the several gut bacteria found in this study that may reduce the occurrence of ADHD may have potential in the prevention and treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihao Xie
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
| | - Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Liang,
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Breda V, Cerqueira RO, Ceolin G, Koning E, Fabe J, McDonald A, Gomes FA, Brietzke E. Is there a place for dietetic interventions in adult ADHD? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110613. [PMID: 35964708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults are limited by lack of response and side effects in about one third of the individuals. Changes towards a healthier lifestyle could have a positive impact beyond the relief of specific symptoms. However, it is not clear if nutritional interventions influence mental health and cognition. The objective of this study was to summarize the available literature addressing the impact of different diets in ADHD. The most promising dietetic approaches in ADHD are diets considered to be healthy (Mediterranean-type; DASH) and the Few-Foods Diet for children. Studies should take into account the presence of multiple confounders, biases associated with difficulties in blinding participants and researchers, and search for possible mechanisms of action, so we can have better evidence to guide clinical mental care of adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Breda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, Kingston, ON K7L 7X3, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Raphael O Cerqueira
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Major Maragliano 241, São Paulo, SP 04017-030, Brazil
| | - Gilciane Ceolin
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rua Delfino Conti, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Elena Koning
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, Kingston, ON K7L 7X3, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Fabe
- McMasters Children's Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | | | - Fabiano A Gomes
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, Kingston, ON K7L 7X3, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, 752 King Street West, Kingston, ON K7L 7X3, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121767. [PMID: 36551423 PMCID: PMC9774196 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop properly, the brain requires the intricate interconnection of genetic factors and pre-and postnatal environmental events. The gut-brain axis has recently raised considerable interest for its involvement in regulating the development and functioning of the brain. Consequently, alterations in the gut microbiota composition, due to antibiotic administration, could favor the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Literature data suggest that the modulation of gut microbiota is often altered in individuals affected by neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been shown in animal studies that metabolites released by an imbalanced gut-brain axis, leads to alterations in brain function and deficits in social behavior. Here, we report the potential effects of antibiotic administration, before and after birth, in relation to the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. We also review the potential role of probiotics in treating gastrointestinal disorders associated with gut dysbiosis after antibiotic administration, and their possible effect in ameliorating neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms.
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15
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Gkougka D, Mitropoulos K, Tzanakaki G, Panagouli E, Psaltopoulou T, Thomaidis L, Tsolia M, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Gut microbiome and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1507-1519. [PMID: 35354932 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKROUND This systematic review aims to examine the associations between features of gut microbiome and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) risk or severity in children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS Eligible studies were identified in PubMed and Google Scholar databases until December 31, 2020. RESULTS The search identified a total of 1197 items, of which 11 were included in this systematic review. The findings regarding alpha, beta diversity, bacterial phyla, orders and families were inconclusive. At the genus level an increased abundance of Odoribacter (two studies) and Eggerthella (two studies) was found in ADHD; on the contrary, decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium (three studies) was noted, whereas one study suggested its inverse association with ADHD severity and hyperactivity. One study indicated that Bacteroides species also correlated with levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity. At the species level, a lower abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, but higher of Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides uniformis was reported. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review highlights associations between gut microbiome features and ADHD. Potential mechanisms differ by microorganism and include effects on neurotransmitter production, dopamine metabolism, modulation of inflammation and neurodevelopment through the release of cytokines. IMPACT The existence of correlations between features of gut microbiome and ADHD manifestation or its severity in children, adolescents and young adults. Associations between gut microbiome features and ADHD are highlighted. Potential mechanisms seem to differ by microorganism and include effects on neurotransmitter production, dopamine metabolism, modulation of inflammation and neurodevelopment through the release of cytokines. As correlations between gut microbiome features and ADHD seem to exist, additional studies are needed for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia Gkougka
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mitropoulos
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Tzanakaki
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Loretta Thomaidis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N Sergentanis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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16
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Pinto S, Correia-de-Sá T, Sampaio-Maia B, Vasconcelos C, Moreira P, Ferreira-Gomes J. Eating Patterns and Dietary Interventions in ADHD: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204332. [PMID: 36297016 PMCID: PMC9608000 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood, affecting ~7% of children and adolescents. Given its adverse health outcomes and high healthcare and societal costs, other treatment options beyond pharmacotherapy have been explored. Case-control studies have shown that dietary patterns may influence the risk of ADHD, and specific dietary interventions have been proposed as coadjuvant treatments in this disorder. These include nutritional supplements, gut microbiome-targeted interventions with biotics, and elimination diets. The purpose of this review is to examine which dietary patterns are most associated with ADHD and to summarize the existing evidence for the clinical use of dietary interventions. The literature showed that non-healthy dietary patterns were positively associated with ADHD, whereas healthy patterns were negatively associated. As for nutritional supplements, only vitamin D and vitamin D + magnesium appeared to improve ADHD symptoms when baseline levels of vitamin D were insufficient/deficient. Regarding biotics, evidence was only found for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and for multi-species probiotic supplementation. Elimination diets have scarce evidence and lead to nutritional deficiencies, so caution is advised. Overall, more robust scientific evidence is required for these dietary interventions to be implemented as part of ADHD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pinto
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Correia-de-Sá
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- INEB—Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Vasconcelos
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Nutrition Service, University Hospital Center of São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-225-074-320
| | - Joana Ferreira-Gomes
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911245. [PMID: 36232548 PMCID: PMC9570195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating the gut microbiome and its influence on human health is the subject of intense research. The gut microbiota could be associated not only with gastroenterological diseases but also with psychiatric disorders. The importance of factors such as stress, mode of delivery, the role of probiotics, circadian clock system, diet, and occupational and environmental exposure in the relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function through bidirectional communication, described as “the microbiome–gut–brain axis”, is especially underlined. In this review, we discuss the link between the intestinal microbiome and the brain and host response involving different pathways between the intestinal microbiota and the nervous system (e.g., neurotransmitters, endocrine system, immunological mechanisms, or bacterial metabolites). We review the microbiota alterations and their results in the development of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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18
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Li Y, Sun H, Huang Y, Yin A, Zhang L, Han J, Lyu Y, Xu X, Zhai Y, Sun H, Wang P, Zhao J, Sun S, Dong H, Zhu F, Wang Q, Augusto Rohde L, Xie X, Sun X, Xiong L. Gut metagenomic characteristics of ADHD reveal low Bacteroides ovatus-associated host cognitive impairment. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2125747. [PMID: 36128620 PMCID: PMC9519028 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2125747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder that can have three phenotypical presentations: inattentive (I-ADHD), hyperactive-impulsive (HI-ADHD), and combined (C-ADHD). Environmental factors correlated with the gut microbiota community have been implicated in the development of ADHD. However, whether different ADHD symptomatic presentations are associated with distinct microbiota compositions and whether patients could benefit from the correction of aberrant bacterial colonization are still largely unclear. We carried out metagenomic shotgun analysis with 207 human fecal samples to characterize the gut microbial profiles of patients with ADHD grouped according to their phenotypical presentation. Then, we transplanted the candidate low-abundance bacteria identified in patient subgroups into ADHD rats and evaluated ADHD-associated behaviors and neuronal activation in these rats. Patients with C-ADHD had a different gut microbial composition from that of healthy controls (HCs) (p = .02), but not from that of I-ADHD patients. Eight species became progressively attenuated or enriched when comparing the compositions of HCs to those of I-ADHD and C-ADHD; in particular, the abundance of Bacteroides ovatus was depleted in patients with C-ADHD. In turn, Bacteroides ovatus supplementation ameliorated spatial working memory deficits and reversed θ electroencephalogram rhythm alterations in ADHD rats. In addition, Bacteroides ovatus induced enhanced neuronal activation in the hippocampal CA1 subregion. These findings indicate that gut microbial characteristics that are unique to patients with C-ADHD may be masked when considering a more heterogeneous group of patients. We link the gut microbiota to brain function in an ADHD animal model, suggesting the relevance of testing a potential bacteria-based intervention for some aspects of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,CONTACT Yan Li Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiting Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Linjuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yixuan Lyu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangzhao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yifang Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | | | | | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Xuefeng Xie
- BGI-Sanya, Sanya, China,Xuefeng Xie BGI-Sanya, Sanya, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,Xin Sun Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence & Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, China,Lize Xiong Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence & Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Shanghai, China
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The Influence of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 Supplementation on Performance in Attention (Go/No-Go) Tasks and Quinolinic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Levels in Thai Children—A Preliminary Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive development is defined as the capacity of a child to think, reason, and use language, which are all vital to their overall growth. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder. Though several factors are associated with the incidence of ADHD, gut microbiota and gut homeostasis play critical roles in it. Gut dysbiosis and altered gut homeostasis are linked to several physical and psychological complications that affect gut–brain communication (the gut–brain axis). Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host when administered in adequate amounts, are considered therapeutic supplements that can be used to manage mental and cognitive disorders. Intervention with probiotics can improve the gut microbial ecosystem and the gut–brain axis, thereby improving cognitive function. We hypothesized that the supplementation of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 might reduce the risk of the development of neuropsychiatric disorders; thus, we evaluated the efficacy of L. paracasei HII01 on the attention state of healthy children and the changes in representative neuroinflammatory markers. Ten healthy Thai children were supplemented with 109 CFU of L. paracasei HII01 for 12 weeks. Go/no-go tasks were undertaken to assess changes in attention state. Alterations in brain waves were measured by electroencephalographic (EEG)/event-related potential (ERP) recordings. The levels of quinolinic acid (QA, a metabolite of tryptophan) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA, a metabolite of serotonin) were determined in the urine at baseline and after 12 weeks of probiotic intervention. The levels of QA and 5-HIAA significantly decreased and increased, respectively. The QA/5-HIAA ratio also decreased significantly. Go/No-go tasks revealed that the percentages of go accuracy and go error increased and decreased significantly, respectively. EEG/ERP recordings showed that theta, alpha, and beta waves were substantially altered at the 12th week of study compared to baseline values. The results suggested that L. paracasei HII01 might improve the gut microbiota and oscillate the brain function, which sustained the attention state of the subjects. These preliminary findings require further detailed study to confirm the role of L. paracasei HII01 in the improvement in the attention of healthy children.
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Wang LJ, Yang CY, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Tsai CS, Lee SY. Effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum on Clinical Characteristics and Gut Microbiota in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020227. [PMID: 35207715 PMCID: PMC8877879 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether probiotics supplements using Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bf-688) can improve clinical characteristics and gut microbiomes among patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This open-label, single-arm trial consisted of 30 children aged 4–16 years who met the criteria for ADHD diagnosis. Each subject took Bf-688, with one sachet in the morning and one in the evening (daily bacteria count 5 × 109 CFUs), for 8 weeks. Patients’ clinical symptoms were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP-IV). We collected stool samples at the baseline, the 8th week, and the 12th week for gut microbiota examination. During the 8-week Bf-688 supplement period, patients’ inattention symptoms and hyperactivity/impulsive symptoms improved, and their weights and BMIs increased. For gut microbiota, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) decreased significantly. LEfSe analysis revealed that Firmicutes significantly decreased while Proteobacteria significantly increased during the 8-week treatment period. After Bf-688 was discontinued for 4 weeks (12 weeks from baseline), Bacteroidota significantly decreased and Shigella significantly increased. The probiotic Bf-688 supplement was associated with an improvement of clinical symptoms and with weight gain among ADHD children. Furthermore, gut microbiota composition was significantly altered by the Bf-688 supplement. A future randomized control trial is warranted to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8753); Fax: +886-7-7326817
| | - Chia-Yu Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan;
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33332, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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21
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Wang N, Gao X, Zhang Z, Yang L. Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:838941. [PMID: 35370947 PMCID: PMC8972063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.838941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latest research accumulates information to explore the correlation between gut microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders, which may lead to new approaches to treat diseases such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the conclusions of previous studies are not completely consistent. The objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify evidence on the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in ADHD and find potential distinctive traits compared to healthy controls. METHODS Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO, were searched up to August 24, 2021, using predetermined terms. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the comparison of microbiota profiles (alpha and beta diversity) and the relative abundance of gut microbiota in ADHD patients and healthy controls. RESULTS A total of eight studies were included in the meta-analysis, containing 316 ADHD patients and 359 healthy controls. There was a higher Shannon index in ADHD patients than in healthy controls (SMD = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.82; P = 0.02; I2 = 96%), but the significance vanished after sensitivity analysis because of high heterogeneity. No significant differences in other alpha diversity indexes were found. Regarding the relative abundance of gut microbiota, the genus Blautia was significantly elevated in ADHD patients compared with controls (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.63; P = 0.02; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with ADHD had gut microbiome alterations compared to healthy controls. Though more studies with strict methodology are warranted due to the high heterogeneity, further studies to translate the findings of gut microbiota dysbiosis to clinical application in ADHD patients are needed and may guide targeted therapies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=273993], identifier PROSPERO (CRD42021273993).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China
| | - Xuping Gao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yan’an Third People’s Hospital, Yan’an, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang, ; Zifeng Zhang,
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yan’an Third People’s Hospital, Yan’an, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang, ; Zifeng Zhang,
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22
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Payen A, Chen MJ, Carter TG, Kilmer RP, Bennett JM. Childhood ADHD, Going Beyond the Brain: A Meta-Analysis on Peripheral Physiological Markers of the Heart and the Gut. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:738065. [PMID: 35299964 PMCID: PMC8921263 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.738065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in children. Questions regarding its increased diagnostic rates and pharmacological treatments in developing children have led to a more holistic review of the multi-system pathophysiology observed in ADHD. The dopaminergic neurotransmitter system, known for its influence on reward-motivated behaviors and motor control, and the frontostriatal systems, that mediate motor, cognition, and behavior, are associated with ADHD's development. However, studies have shown that these neural systems do not wholly account for ADHD's multilayered and heterogeneous symptom presentation. For instance, the literature suggests that emotional dysregulation, the inability to regulate one's emotional responses to provoking stimuli, is associated with increased risk for social impairment in ADHD. A broader examination of physiological systems in children with ADHD has found potential markers in the heart-brain and gut-brain axes that correspond with certain behaviors associated with emotional dysregulation in recent studies. Hence, the purpose of this meta-analysis is to aggregate ten applicable published case studies and analyze task-related heart rate reactivity (HRR; n = 5 studies) and gut microbiota (n = 5 studies) data in children with and without ADHD. Data from a total of 531 youth with ADHD and 603 youth without ADHD revealed significant small and medium effect sizes for higher Chao1 levels and Actinobacteria levels in the ADHD group, respectively, but no evidence of altered task-related HRR. Thus, further research into multi-system psychophysiological measures of emotional dysregulation and ADHD is warranted. The clinical, empirical, and educational implications of these findings are discussed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier PROSPERO (CRD42021236819).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameanté Payen
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Michelle J. Chen
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - T. Grace Carter
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ryan P. Kilmer
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Jeanette M. Bennett
- Health Psychology PhD Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeanette M. Bennett,
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