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Verdugo P, Santiago D, De la Flor S, Serra À. A Biobased Epoxy Vitrimer with Dual Relaxation Mechanism: A Promising Material for Renewable, Reusable, and Recyclable Adhesives and Composites. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:5965-5978. [PMID: 38638547 PMCID: PMC11022369 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of a novel biobased epoxy monomer derived from vanillin and cystamine, incorporating imine and disulfide exchangeable groups within its structure. A series of epoxy-based vitrimers with two simultaneous exchange relaxation processes have been produced using this monomer. These exchange mechanisms operate without the need for any catalyst. Four different amine curing agents have been employed to achieve vitrimers with glass transition temperatures around 100 °C and excellent thermal stability. Through dynamic-mechanical analyses, thermomechanical properties and vitrimeric characteristics have been investigated, revealing remarkably fast stress relaxation at relatively low temperatures without significant creep below the glass transition temperature. Leveraging the dual exchange mechanism, the chemical degradability of these vitrimers has been explored through two accessible methodologies, and the material's reformation after degradation has been demonstrated in both cases. Furthermore, the material has been mechanically recycled, maintaining almost the same properties. Finally, these materials have been used to fabricate and recycle carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material and reversible adhesives, showcasing their promising potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Verdugo
- Technology
Center of Catalonia - Chemical Technologies Unit, Eurecat, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí
Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - David Santiago
- Technology
Center of Catalonia - Chemical Technologies Unit, Eurecat, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí
Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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2
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Cortés A, Sánchez-Romate XF, Martinez-Diaz D, Prolongo SG, Jiménez-Suárez A. Recyclable Multifunctional Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Vitrimers with Shape Memory and Joule Heating Capabilities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:388. [PMID: 38337277 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the multifunctional capabilities of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced vitrimers. More specifically, the thermomechanical properties, the Joule effect heating capabilities, the electrical conductivity, the shape memory, and the chemical recycling capacity are explored as a function of the CNT content and the NH2/epoxy ratio. It is observed that the electrical conductivity increases with the CNT content due to a higher number of electrical pathways, while the effect of the NH2/epoxy ratio is not as prevalent. Moreover, the Tg of the material decreases when increasing the NH2/epoxy ratio due to the lower cross-link density, whereas the effect of the CNTs is more complex, in some cases promoting a steric hindrance. The results of Joule heating tests prove the suitability of the proposed materials for resistive heating, reaching average temperatures above 200 °C when applying 100 V for the most electrically conductive samples. Shape memory behavior shows an outstanding shape fixity ratio in every case (around 100%) and a higher shape recovery ratio (95% for the best-tested condition) when decreasing the NH2/epoxy ratio and increasing the CNT content, as both hinder the rearrangement of the dynamic bonds. Finally, the results of the recyclability tests show the ability to regain the nanoreinforcement for their further use. Therefore, from a multifunctional analysis, it can be stated that the proposed materials present promising properties for a wide range of applications, such as Anti-icing and De-icing Systems (ADIS), Joule heating devices for comfort or thermotherapy, or self-deployable structures, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cortés
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xoan F Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martinez-Diaz
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia G Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Technologies for Sustainability, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, University Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Gómez-Sánchez J, Sánchez-Romate XF, Espadas FJ, Prolongo SG, Jiménez-Suárez A. Electromechanical Properties of Smart Vitrimers Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes for SHM Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:806. [PMID: 38339523 PMCID: PMC10857168 DOI: 10.3390/s24030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) capabilities of a well-studied self-healing epoxy resin based on disulfide bonds, through the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are studied. Since these materials demonstrated, in recent works, a high dependency of the dynamic hardener content on the repair performance, this study aimed to analyze the effect of the vitrimeric chemistry on the electromechanical properties by studying different 2-aminophenyl disulfide (2-AFD) hardener and CNT contents. The electrical conductivity increases with both the CNT and AFD contents, in general. Moreover, an excess of AFD close to the stoichiometric ratio with a low CNT content improved the tensile strength by 45%, while higher AFD contents promoted its detriment by 41% due to a reduced crosslinking density. However, no significant difference in the mechanical properties was observed at a higher CNT content, regardless of the AFD ratio. The developed materials demonstrate a robust electromechanical response at quasi-static conditions. The sensitivity significantly increases at higher AFD ratios, from 0.69 to 2.22 for the 0.2 wt.%. CNT system, which is advantageous due to the enhanced repair performance of these vitrimeric materials with a higher hardener content. These results reveal the potential use of self-healing vitrimers as integrated SHM systems capable of detecting damages and self-repairing autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gómez-Sánchez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Xoan F. Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Francisco Javier Espadas
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías para la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
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4
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Azcune I, Elorza E, Ruiz de Luzuriaga A, Huegun A, Rekondo A, Grande HJ. Analysis of the Effect of Network Structure and Disulfide Concentration on Vitrimer Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4123. [PMID: 37896367 PMCID: PMC10610872 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of five vitrimers with glass transition temperatures in the range of 80-90 °C were designed to assess the effect of the network structure and disulfide concentration on their dynamic and mechanical properties, and to find the best performing system overall compared to the commercial Araldite LY1564/Aradur 3486 commercial thermoset system. Vitrimer networks were prepared by incorporating mono- and bifunctional epoxy reactive diluents and an amine chain extender into the Araldite LY1564/4-aminophenyldisulfide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itxaso Azcune
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Edurne Elorza
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Arrate Huegun
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Alaitz Rekondo
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Grande
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (A.R.d.L.)
- Advanced Polymers and Materials—Physics, Chemistry and Technology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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5
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Guggari S, Magliozzi F, Malburet S, Graillot A, Destarac M, Guerre M. Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimers: Looking at the Cystamine Hardener from a Different Perspective. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:6021-6031. [PMID: 37091125 PMCID: PMC10114092 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy vitrimers encompass many advantages compared to traditional epoxy materials such as recyclability, repairability, and reprocessability. These properties are induced by the incorporation of dynamic reversible covalent bonds. Recently, the incorporation of aromatic disulfide bridges that are dynamic has expanded the development of new eco-friendly epoxy materials. Herein, we studied a bio-based aliphatic disulfide based on cystamine as a hardener with a vanillin-derived bio-sourced epoxy to prepare fully bio-based epoxy vitrimers. This article provides a comparative study between cystamine and an aromatic disulfide benchmark hardener issued from petrol resources. This work demonstrated that the presence of this aliphatic hardener has a significant influence not only on the reactivity, but most importantly on the resulting dynamic properties. An interesting yet counterintuitive accelerating effect of the dynamic exchanges was clearly demonstrated with only 2 to 20% of molar fraction of cystamine added to the aromatic disulfide formulation. A similar glass transition was obtained compared to the purely aromatic analogue, but relaxation times were decreased by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Guggari
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université
Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- SPECIFIC
POLYMERS, Zac Via Domita,
150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Fiona Magliozzi
- SPECIFIC
POLYMERS, Zac Via Domita,
150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Samuel Malburet
- SPECIFIC
POLYMERS, Zac Via Domita,
150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Alain Graillot
- SPECIFIC
POLYMERS, Zac Via Domita,
150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - Mathias Destarac
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université
Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Marc Guerre
- Laboratoire
des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, Université
Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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6
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Li B, Cao PF, Saito T, Sokolov AP. Intrinsically Self-Healing Polymers: From Mechanistic Insight to Current Challenges. Chem Rev 2023; 123:701-735. [PMID: 36577085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing materials open new prospects for more sustainable technologies with improved material performance and devices' longevity. We present an overview of the recent developments in the field of intrinsically self-healing polymers, the broad class of materials based mostly on polymers with dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds. We describe the current models of self-healing mechanisms and discuss several examples of systems with different types of dynamic bonds, from various hydrogen bonds to dynamic covalent bonds. The recent advances indicate that the most intriguing results are obtained on the systems that have combined different types of dynamic bonds. These materials demonstrate high toughness along with a relatively fast self-healing rate. There is a clear trade-off relationship between the rate of self-healing and mechanical modulus of the materials, and we propose design principles of polymers toward surpassing this trade-off. We also discuss various applications of intrinsically self-healing polymers in different technologies and summarize the current challenges in the field. This review intends to provide guidance for the design of intrinsic self-healing polymers with required properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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7
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Boronic ester-based vitrimeric methylvinyl silicone elastomer with “solid-liquid” feature and rate-dependent mechanical performance. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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8
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Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Halogen-Free Coatings for Wood Fire-Retardant Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224959. [PMID: 36433089 PMCID: PMC9693554 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood and wood-based products are extensively used in the building sector due to their interesting combination of properties. Fire safety and fire spread, however, are of utmost concern for the protection of buildings. Therefore, in timber structures, wood must be treated with fire-retardant materials in order to improve its reaction to fire. This article highlights the flame retardancy of novel hybrid organic-inorganic halogen-free coatings applied on plywood substrates. For this purpose, either a huntite-rich mineral (H5) or its modified nano-Mg (OH)2 type form (H5-m), acting as an inorganic (nano) filler, was functionalized with reactive oligomers (ROs) and incorporated into a waterborne polymeric matrix. A water-soluble polymer (P (SSNa-co-GMAx)), combining its hydrophilic nature with functional epoxide groups, was used as the reactive oligomer in order to enhance the compatibility between the filler and the matrix. Among various coating compositions, the system composed of 13% polymeric matrix, 73% H5 and 14% ROs, which provided the best coating quality and flame retardancy, was selected for the coating of plywood on a larger scale in one or two layers. The results indicated that the novel plywood coating systems with the addition of ecological coating formulations (WF-13, WF-14 and WF-15), prepared at two layers, reached Euroclass B according to EN13501-1, which is the best possible for fire systems applied to wood.
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Aero Grade Epoxy Vitrimer towards Commercialization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153180. [PMID: 35956694 PMCID: PMC9371194 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional crosslinked aero grade epoxy resins have excellent thermal-mechanical properties and solvent resistance, but they cannot be remolded, recycled, or repaired. Vitrimers can be topologically rearranged via an associative exchange mechanism, endowing them with thermoplasticity. Introducing dynamic bonds into crosslinked networks to obtain more sustainable thermosets is currently an interesting research topic. While recent research into vitrimers has indicated many advantages over traditional thermosets, an important shortcoming has been identified: susceptibility to creep at service temperature due to the dynamic bonds present in the network. In addition, designing aero grade epoxy vitrimers (similar to RTM6 resin) still remains a challenge. Herein, low creep aero grade epoxy vitrimer with thermal and mechanical properties similar to those of aero grade epoxy resins and with the ability to be recyclable, repairable, and reprocessable, has been prepared. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that aero grade epoxy vitrimer with reduced creep can be easily designed by the introduction of a certain fraction of permanent crosslinks, without having a negative effect on the stress relaxation of the material. Subsequently, the mechanical and relaxation properties were investigated and compared with those of classical aero grade epoxy resin. A high Tg (175 °C) epoxy vitrimer was obtained which fulfilled all mechanical and thermal specifications of the aero sector. This work provides a simple network design to obtain aero grade epoxy resins with excellent creep resistance at elevated temperatures while being sustainable.
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10
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3R Composites: Knockdown Effect Assessment and Repair Efficiency via Mechanical and NDE Testing. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical properties of purposefully synthesized vitrimer repairable epoxy composites were investigated and compared to conventional, commercial systems. The purpose was to assess the knockdown effect, or the relative property deterioration, from the use of the vitrimer in several testing configurations. Mechanical tests were performed using ILSS, low-velocity impact, and compression after impact configurations. At modeled structure level, the lap strap geometry that can simulate the stiffening of a composite panel was tested. Several non-destructive evaluation techniques were utilized simultaneously with the mechanical testing in order to evaluate (i) the production quality, (ii) the damage during or after mechanical testing, and (iii) the repair efficiency. Results indicated that the new repairable composites had the same mechanical properties as the conventional aerospace-grade RTM6 composites. The electrical resistance change method proved to be a valuable technique for monitoring deformations before the initiation of the debonding and the progress of the damage with consistency and high sensitivity in real time. In terms of repair efficiency, the values ranged from 70% to 100%.
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11
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
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12
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Kong W, Yang Y, Ning J, Fu X, Wang Y, Yuan A, Huang L, Cao J, Lei J. A highly stable covalent adaptable network through π-π conjugated confinement effect. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Porath L, Soman B, Jing BB, Evans CM. Vitrimers: Using Dynamic Associative Bonds to Control Viscoelasticity, Assembly, and Functionality in Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:475-483. [PMID: 35575320 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers have been investigated in the past decade for their promise as recyclable, reprocessable, and self-healing materials. In this Viewpoint, we focus on some of the key open questions that remain regarding how the molecular-scale chemistry impacts macroscopic physical chemistry. The ability to design temperature-dependent complex viscoelastic spectra with independent control of viscosity and modulus based on knowledge of the dynamic bond and polymer chemistry is first discussed. Next, the role of dynamic covalent chemistry on self-assembly is highlighted in the context of crystallization and nanophase separation. Finally, the ability of dynamic bond exchange to manipulate molecular transport and viscoelasticity is discussed in the context of various applications. Future directions leveraging dynamic covalent chemistry to provide insights regarding fundamental polymer physics as well as imparting functionality into polymers are discussed in all three of these highlighted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Brian B. Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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