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Lin Y, Shull PB, Chossat JB. Design of a Wearable Real-Time Hand Motion Tracking System Using an Array of Soft Polymer Acoustic Waveguides. Soft Robot 2024; 11:282-295. [PMID: 37870761 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust hand motion tracking holds promise for improved human-machine interaction in diverse fields, including virtual reality, and automated sign language translation. However, current wearable hand motion tracking approaches are typically limited in detection performance, wearability, and durability. This article presents a hand motion tracking system using multiple soft polymer acoustic waveguides (SPAWs). The innovative use of SPAWs as strain sensors offers several advantages that address the limitations. SPAWs are easily manufactured by casting a soft polymer shaped as a soft acoustic waveguide and containing a commercially available small ceramic piezoelectric transducer. When used as strain sensors, SPAWs demonstrate high stretchability (up to 100%), high linearity (R2 > 0.996 in all quasi-static, dynamic, and durability tensile tests), negligible hysteresis (<0.7410% under strain of up to 100%), excellent repeatability, and outstanding durability (up to 100,000 cycles). SPAWs also show high accuracy for continuous finger angle estimation (average root-mean-square errors [RMSE] <2.00°) at various flexion-extension speeds. Finally, a hand-tracking system is designed based on a SPAW array. An example application is developed to demonstrate the performance of SPAWs in real-time hand motion tracking in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment. To our knowledge, the system detailed in this article is the first to use soft acoustic waveguides to capture human motion. This work is part of an ongoing effort to develop soft sensors using both time and frequency domains, with the goal of extracting decoupled signals from simple sensing structures. As such, it represents a novel and promising path toward soft, simple, and wearable multimodal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter B Shull
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean-Baptiste Chossat
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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2
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Li C, Duan Y, Wang S, Wang S, Yu D, Wang L, Wang Y, Wu M. Hierarchical Porous Fibers for Intrinsically Thermally Insulated and Self-Sensing Integrated Smart Textile. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:14124-14132. [PMID: 38450639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Here, stretchable hierarchical porous polyurethane fibers were designed, fabricated, and employed as a three-dimensional hierarchical interconnected framework for conductive networks interwoven with silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. The fiber possessed favorable thermal insulation, strain sensing, and electric heating properties. The core-shell layered porous structure of fiber made the fiber have high heat insulation performance (the difference value of temperature |ΔT| = 3.54, 8.9, and 12.7 °C at heating stage temperatures of 35, 50, and 65 °C) and ultrahigh elongation at break (813%). Importantly, after conductive filler decoration, the fiber could exhibit real-time strain-sensing capacities with a high gauge factor. In addition, the fibers could be heated at low voltage, like an electrical heater. The development of flexible, stretchable, and multifunctional porous fibers had great potential applications in intelligent wearable devices for integrated thermal management, strain sensing, and intrinsic self-warming capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinhe Duan
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanli Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deyou Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-Carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
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Kaplan M, Alp E, Krause B, Pötschke P. Improvement of the Piezoresistive Behavior of Poly (vinylidene fluoride)/Carbon Nanotube Composites by the Addition of Inorganic Semiconductor Nanoparticles. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:774. [PMID: 38399025 PMCID: PMC10890062 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Conductive polymer composites (CPCs), obtained by incorporating conductive fillers into a polymer matrix, are suitable for producing strain sensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) in infrastructure. Here, the effect of the addition of inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles (INPs) to a poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the piezoresistive behavior is investigated. INPs with different morphologies and sizes are synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The added inorganic oxide semiconductors showed two distinct morphologies, including different phases. While particles with flower-like plate morphology contain phases of orth-ZnSnO3 and SnO, the cauliflower-like nanoparticles contain these metal oxides and ZnO. The nanoparticles are characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the nanocomposites by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cyclic tensile testing is applied to determine the strain-sensing behavior of PVDF/1 wt% MWCNT nanocomposites with 0-10 wt% inorganic nanoparticles. Compared to the PVDF/1 wt% MWCNT nanocomposite, the piezoresistive sensitivity is higher after the addition of both types of nanoparticles and increases with their amount. Thereby, nanoparticles with flower-like plate structures improve strain sensing behavior slightly more than nanoparticles with cauliflower-like structures. The thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the morphology of the semiconductor nanoparticles added to the PVDF/MWCNT matrix influences the changes in thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müslüm Kaplan
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74110, Turkey; (M.K.); (E.A.)
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Emre Alp
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74110, Turkey; (M.K.); (E.A.)
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
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Gómez-Sánchez J, Sánchez-Romate XF, Espadas FJ, Prolongo SG, Jiménez-Suárez A. Electromechanical Properties of Smart Vitrimers Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes for SHM Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:806. [PMID: 38339523 PMCID: PMC10857168 DOI: 10.3390/s24030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) capabilities of a well-studied self-healing epoxy resin based on disulfide bonds, through the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are studied. Since these materials demonstrated, in recent works, a high dependency of the dynamic hardener content on the repair performance, this study aimed to analyze the effect of the vitrimeric chemistry on the electromechanical properties by studying different 2-aminophenyl disulfide (2-AFD) hardener and CNT contents. The electrical conductivity increases with both the CNT and AFD contents, in general. Moreover, an excess of AFD close to the stoichiometric ratio with a low CNT content improved the tensile strength by 45%, while higher AFD contents promoted its detriment by 41% due to a reduced crosslinking density. However, no significant difference in the mechanical properties was observed at a higher CNT content, regardless of the AFD ratio. The developed materials demonstrate a robust electromechanical response at quasi-static conditions. The sensitivity significantly increases at higher AFD ratios, from 0.69 to 2.22 for the 0.2 wt.%. CNT system, which is advantageous due to the enhanced repair performance of these vitrimeric materials with a higher hardener content. These results reveal the potential use of self-healing vitrimers as integrated SHM systems capable of detecting damages and self-repairing autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gómez-Sánchez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Xoan F. Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Francisco Javier Espadas
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías para la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (X.F.S.-R.); (F.J.E.); (S.G.P.)
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Pereira JMB, Gouvea PMP, Braga AMB, Carvalho ICS, Bruno AC. Fabry-Perot Cavity Optimization for Absolute Strain Sensing Using Finite Element Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8785. [PMID: 37960484 PMCID: PMC10650297 DOI: 10.3390/s23218785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The finite element method (FEM) was used to investigate the optical-mechanical behavior of a Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) composed of a capillary segment spliced between two sections of standard optical fiber. The developed FEM model was validated by comparing it with theory and with previously published experimental data. The model was then used to show that the absolute strain on the host substrate is usually smaller than the strain measurement obtained with the sensor. Finally, the FEM model was used to propose a cavity geometry that can be produced with repeatability and that yields the correct absolute strain experienced by the host substrate, without requiring previous strain calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M. B. Pereira
- Department of Physics, PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil; (I.C.S.C.); (A.C.B.)
- Research Institute of Sweden (RISE), Fiber Optics, Isafjordsgatan 22, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Paula M. P. Gouvea
- Optical Fiber Sensors Lab (LSFO), PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil; (P.M.P.G.); (A.M.B.B.)
| | - Arthur M. B. Braga
- Optical Fiber Sensors Lab (LSFO), PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil; (P.M.P.G.); (A.M.B.B.)
| | - Isabel C. S. Carvalho
- Department of Physics, PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil; (I.C.S.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Antonio C. Bruno
- Department of Physics, PUC-Rio, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, Gavea, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil; (I.C.S.C.); (A.C.B.)
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Yan Y, Shi Y, Liu C, Shao J, Sun N, Ma B, Li Y, Huang J, Ge S. Cartilage-Inspired Inhomogeneous Salt-Hydrogel for Hydrated Drag-Reducing and Strain Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:48632-48644. [PMID: 37788004 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilages exhibit load-bearing capacity and durability due to their inhomogeneous structure. Inspired by this unique structure, a tough and inhomogeneous salt-hydrogel was developed by trapping sodium acetate (NaAc) crystals in polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer networks and then partially redissolving the NaAc crystals. The compressive and tensile stresses of the salt-hydrogel increase significantly by more than 20 times when oversaturated Ac- and Na+ are introduced into the gel network. Such an enhancement in mechanical strength is primarily attributed to the formation of NaAc crystals within the gel network. Further investigations reveal that the mechanical strength of the salt-hydrogel is temperature-dependent as the NaAc crystals gradually redissolve in the gel network with increasing temperature. Furthermore, redissolving NaAc crystals in an aqueous solution can yield an inhomogeneous salt-hydrogel. The topmost soft surface of the salt-hydrogel offers hydration lubrication, while the inhomogeneous network confers load-bearing capacity and durability. Compared to regular hydrogels, the inhomogeneous salt-hydrogel surface can realize drag reduction and remain smooth without damage after the friction tests. Moreover, a salt-hydrogel coating is also fabricated to visually demonstrate its drag-reducing property. In addition, this salt-hydrogel possesses conductivity and can be utilized in the development of inhomogeneous salt-hydrogel fibers (diameter = 438 ± 7 μm) for strain detection. The produced salt-hydrogel fiber exhibits excellent durability and reproducibility as a strain sensor, capable of detecting both small strains (e.g., 1%) and large strains (e.g., 40%). This work provides fundamental insights into developing hydrogels with an inhomogeneous network and explores their potential applications (e.g., hydrated drag-reducing, strain sensing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggan Yan
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yanping Shi
- Shandong Institute of Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Packaging Inspection, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chenghu Liu
- Shandong Institute of Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Packaging Inspection, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Nengzhe Sun
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Baojin Ma
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Fracturing & Acidizing and Natural Gas Production Research Institute, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Yan J, Zhao K, Wu T, Liu X, Li Y, Li B. Optical Printing of Silicon Nanoparticles as Strain-Driven Nanopixels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:38682-38692. [PMID: 37539689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) supporting Mie resonances exhibit vivid structural colors on the subwavelength scale. For future wearable devices, next generation Si-based optical units need to be dynamic and stretchable for display, sensing, or signal processing required by human-computer interaction. Here, by utilizing the distance-sensitive electromagnetic coupling of Mie resonances, we maximize the active tuning effect of Si NP-based structures including dimers, oligomers, and NPs on WS2, which we called Si nanopixels. Through the optical tweezers-assisted printing of Si nanopixels, patterns can be formed on arbitrary flexible substrates. The strain-sensitive tuning of scattering spectra indicates their promising application on strain sensing of various stretchable substrates via a simple "spray and test" process. In the case of Si nanopixels on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), local strains around 1% can be detected by a scattering measurement. Moreover, we demonstrate that the scattering intensity variation of Si nanopixels printed on wrinkled tungsten disulfide (WS2) is pixel-dependent and wavelength-dependent. This property facilitates the application of information encryption, and we demonstrate that three barcodes can be independently encoded into the R, G, and B scattering channels through ternary logic represented by the strain-tuning effects of scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Kaiqing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tianli Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Cao C, Boutilier MSH, Kim S, Taheri-Mousavi SM, Nayakanti N, Roberts R, Owens C, Hart AJ. Low-Profile, Large-Range Compressive Strain Sensing Using Micromanufactured CNT Micropillar Arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:38665-38673. [PMID: 37549356 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors, or sensors that collect measurements through touch, have versatile applications in a wide range of fields including robotic gripping, intelligent manufacturing, and biomedical technology. Hoping to match the ability of human hands to sense physical changes in objects through touch, engineers have experimented with a variety of materials from soft polymers to hard ceramics, but so far, all have fallen short. A grand challenge for developers of "human-like" bionic tactile sensors is to be able to sense a wide range of strains while maintaining the low profile necessary for compact integration. Here, we developed a low-profile tactile sensor (∼300 μm in height) based on patterned, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (PVACNT) that can repetitively sense compressive strains of up to 75%. Upon compression, reversible changes occur in the points of contact between CNTs, producing measurable changes in electrical admittance. By patterning VACNT pillars with different aspect ratios and pitch sizes, we engineered the range and resolution of strain sensing, suggesting that CNT-based tactile sensors can be integrated according to device specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Michael S H Boutilier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - S Mohadeseh Taheri-Mousavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nigamaa Nayakanti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ricardo Roberts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, 64849 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Crystal Owens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Liu G, Wang QA, Jiao G, Dang P, Nie G, Liu Z, Sun J. Review of Wireless RFID Strain Sensing Technology in Structural Health Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6925. [PMID: 37571708 PMCID: PMC10422295 DOI: 10.3390/s23156925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Strain-based condition evaluation has garnered as a crucial method for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of large-scale engineering structures. The use of traditional wired strain sensors becomes tedious and time-consuming due to their complex wiring operation, more workload, and instrumentation cost to collect sufficient data for condition state evaluation, especially for large-scale engineering structures. The advent of wireless and passive RFID technologies with high efficiency and inexpensive hardware equipment has brought a new era of next-generation intelligent strain monitoring systems for engineering structures. Thus, this study systematically summarizes the recent research progress of cutting-edge RFID strain sensing technologies. Firstly, this study introduces the importance of structural health monitoring and strain sensing. Then, RFID technology is demonstrated including RFID technology's basic working principle and system component composition. Further, the design and application of various kinds of RFID strain sensors in SHM are presented including passive RFID strain sensing technology, active RFID strain sensing technology, semi-passive RFID strain sensing technology, Ultra High-frequency RFID strain sensing technology, chipless RFID strain sensing technology, and wireless strain sensing based on multi-sensory RFID system, etc., expounding their advantages, disadvantages, and application status. To the authors' knowledge, the study initially provides a systematic comprehensive review of a suite of RFID strain sensing technology that has been developed in recent years within the context of structural health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics & Deep Underground Engineering, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Qi-Ang Wang
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics & Deep Underground Engineering, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guiyue Jiao
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Pengyuan Dang
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guohao Nie
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zichen Liu
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Junyu Sun
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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10
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Sánchez-Romate XF, Gómez É, Sánchez M, Ureña A. Carbon nanoparticle reinforced adhesive films as surface sensors for strain detection. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:26LT01. [PMID: 36963104 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanoparticle-reinforced adhesive films have been explored as surface sensors for the detection of small strains. It has been observed that graphene nanoplatelets, GNPs, promote a significant increase of the gauge factor when compared to carbon nanotubes, CNTs (5.6 to 0.6, respectively, at low strains), due to their intrinsic 2D nature. The application as surface sensors for the monitoring of the strain field in an aluminum plate has been proven to be successful, with a repeatable signal under consecutive cycles despite some irreversibility in the first one for GNPs. Furthermore, the electrical response given by the sensors under plastic deformation of the aluminum plate was in total agreement with the mechanical response validated by numerical analysis, proving the high potential of the proposed adhesive film for sensing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoan F Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Édgar Gómez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
| | - Alejandro Ureña
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain
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11
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Dai Y, Qi K, Ou K, Song Y, Zhou Y, Zhou M, Song H, He J, Wang H, Wang R. Ag NW-Embedded Coaxial Nanofiber-Coated Yarns with High Stretchability and Sensitivity for Wearable Multi-Sensing Textiles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:11244-11258. [PMID: 36791272 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emerging intelligent piezoresistive yarn/textile-based sensors are of paramount importance for skin-interface electronics, owing to their unparalleled features including softness, breathability, and easy integration with functional devices. However, employing a facile way to fabricate 1D sensing yarns with mechanical robustness, multi-functional integration, and comfortability is still demanded for satisfying the practical applications. Herein, a facile one-step synchronous conjugated electrospinning and electrospraying technique is innovatively employed to continuously construct an Ag NW-embedded polyurethane (PU) nanofiber sensing yarn (AENSY) with hierarchical architecture. This 1D AENSY with weavability and stretchability can be woven into AENSY textile-based sensors integrated with functions of strain and pressure sensing. In this embedded multi-scale architecture, Ag NWs are evenly embedded and locked in the oriented and twisted PU nanofiber (PUNF) scaffold, forming the hierarchical mechanical sensing layer on the surface of the AENSY with favorable stability. Meanwhile, the presence of the elastic PUNFs enhances porosity, elasticity, and considerable deformation space, which in turn endow the AENSY textile-based sensor with a gauge factor (GF) up to 1010, a pressure sensitivity up to 16.7 N-1, high stretchability up to 160%, and high stability under long-term cycles. In addition, the AENSY textile-based sensor exhibits light weight and the unique advantage of skin-friendliness with the human body, which can be directly and conformally attached to the curved human skin to monitor the various human movements. Furthermore, the weavable AENSYs can be integrated into smart textiles with sensing arrays, which are capable for spatial pressure and strain mapping. Thus, the continuous one-step developing process and the stable embedded-twisted fiber structure provide a promising strategy to develop innovative smart yarns and textiles for personalized healthcare and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Dai
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qi
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Kangkang Ou
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Yutang Song
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Yuman Zhou
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Song
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin He
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Rongwu Wang
- Research Institute of Textile and Clothing Industries, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Textiles, Zhengzhou 450007, P. R. China
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12
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Xu W, Wu Q, Gwon J, Choi JW. Ice-Crystal-Templated "Accordion-Like" Cellulose Nanofiber/MXene Composite Aerogels for Sensitive Wearable Pressure Sensors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:3208-3218. [PMID: 36874192 PMCID: PMC9976353 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exfoliated MXene nanosheets are integrated with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to form composite aerogels with high electric conductivity. The combination of CNFs and MXene nanosheets forms a unique "accordion-like" hierarchical architecture with MXene-CNF pillared layers through ice-crystal templating. Benefiting from the special "layer-strut" structure, the MXene/CNF composite aerogels have low density (50 mg/cm3), excellent compressibility and recoverability, as well as superior fatigue resistance (up to 1000 cycles). When being used as a piezoresistive sensor, the composite aerogel exhibits high sensitivity upon different strains, stable sensing performance with various compressive frequencies, broad detection range, and quick responsiveness (0.48 s). Moreover, the piezoresistive sensors are shown to have an excellent real-time sensing ability for human motions such as swallowing, arm bending, walking, and running. The composite aerogels also have a low environmental impact with the natural biodegradability of CNFs. The designed composite aerogels can serve as a promising sensing material for developing next-generation sustainable and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Xu
- School
of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana
State University AgCenter, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School
of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana
State University AgCenter, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jaegyoung Gwon
- Forest
Products Department, National Institute
of Forest Science, 57
Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Choi
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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13
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Zhang S, Sun X, Guo X, Zhang J, Li H, Chen L, Wu J, Shi Y, Pan L. A Wide-Range-Response Piezoresistive-Capacitive Dual-Sensing Breathable Sensor with Spherical-Shell Network of MWCNTs for Motion Detection and Language Assistance. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13050843. [PMID: 36903721 PMCID: PMC10005261 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge for flexible electronic materials to realize integrated strain sensors with a large linear working range, high sensitivity, good response durability, good skin affinity and good air permeability. In this paper, we present a simple and scalable porous piezoresistive/capacitive dual-mode sensor with a porous structure in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded on its internal surface to form a three-dimensional spherical-shell-structured conductive network. Thanks to the unique spherical-shell conductive network of MWCNTs and the uniform elastic deformation of the cross-linked PDMS porous structure under compression, our sensor offers a dual piezoresistive/capacitive strain-sensing capability, a wide pressure response range (1-520 kPa), a very large linear response region (95%), excellent response stability and durability (98% of initial performance after 1000 compression cycles). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were coated on the surface of refined sugar particles by continuous agitation. Ultrasonic PDMS solidified with crystals was attached to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. After the crystals were dissolved, the multi-walled carbon nanotubes were attached to the porous surface of the PDMS, forming a three-dimensional spherical-shell-structure network. The porosity of the porous PDMS was 53.9%. The large linear induction range was mainly related to the good conductive network of the MWCNTs in the porous structure of the crosslinked PDMS and the elasticity of the material, which ensured the uniform deformation of the porous structure under compression. The porous conductive polymer flexible sensor prepared by us can be assembled into a wearable sensor with good human motion detection ability. For example, human movement can be detected by responding to stress in the joints of the fingers, elbows, knees, plantar, etc., during movement. Finally, our sensors can also be used for simple gesture and sign language recognition, as well as speech recognition by monitoring facial muscle activity. This can play a role in improving communication and the transfer of information between people, especially in facilitating the lives of people with disabilities.
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14
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Luo Y, Chen X, Li X, Tian H, Li S, Wang L, He J, Yang Z, Shao J. Heterogeneous Strain Distribution Based Programmable Gated Microchannel for Ultrasensitive and Stable Strain Sensing. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207141. [PMID: 36281804 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly sensitive strain sensors requires conduction pathways capable of rapidly switching between disconnection and reconnection in response to strain. Ion channels in living organisms exactly control the channel switch through protein-composed gates, achieving changeable ion currents. Herein, inspired by the gating characteristics of the ion channels, a programmable fluidic strain sensor enhanced by gating ion pathways through heterogeneous strain distribution of discrete micropillars is proposed. During stretching, the contraction and closure of the widthwise gaps between discrete micropillars greatly weaken or even nearly cut off the conduction pathway, resulting in orders of magnitude increase in resistance and thus ultrahigh sensitivity. By adjusting the combination form and structural parameters of the discrete micropillars in the fluidic channel, the sensitivity and strain range can be customized. Thus, a gauge factor of up to 45 300 and a stretch range of 590% are obtained. Benefiting from the fluidic gating mechanism, no mechanical mismatch can be observed at the interface, breaking through the sensing stability issue of flexible sensors. The proposed sensor can be used to detect the full range of human motion, and integrated into a data glove to achieve human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Luo
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoliang Chen
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zhengbing Yang
- Strength Transmission Test Laboratory, AECC Sichuan Gas Turbine Establishment, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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15
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Yi S, Xie L, Wu Z, Ning W, Du J, Zhang M. Effects of Hygrothermal Aging and Cyclic Compressive Loading on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Conductive Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501484 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive polymers and their composites have been widely applied in different applications, including sensing applications. Herein, we constructed a conductive composite of polypropylene, carbon black, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PP/CB/MWCNTs) to experimentally study its sensing behaviors in a humid thermal environment. The as-synthesized PP/CB/MWCNT composite polymer was immersed in simulated sweat in deionized water at 67 °C. Regarding their electrical and mechanical properties, different experimental parameters, such as cyclic loading and hygrothermal aging, were investigated by recording the mass changes, carrying out strain sensing experiments, and performing dynamic mechanical analyses before and after the immersion test. The results reveal that the filler content improved the rate of water absorption but decreased at higher concentrations of the solution. The sensitivity of the material decreased by up to 53% after the hygrothermal ageing and cyclic loading. Moreover, the sensitivity under cyclic compression loading decreased with an increasing immersion time, qualitatively illustrated by an effective quantum tunneling effect and conducting path model. Finally, hygrothermal aging reduced the composite's glass transition temperature. This reduction was the most significant for specimens immersed in deionized water, ascribed to the moisture absorption, reducing the molecular chain activity.
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16
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Lu X, Zhang L, Zhang J, Wang C, Zhang A. Facile Preparation of Dual Functional Wearable Devices Based on Hindered Urea Bond-Integrated Reprocessable Polyurea and AgNWs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41421-41432. [PMID: 36049051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of material science and electronic technology, wearable devices have been integrated into daily lives, no longer just a stirring idea in science fiction. In the future, robust multifunctionalized wearable devices with low cost and long-term service life are urgently required. However, preparing multifunctional wearable devices robust enough to resist harsh conditions using a commercially available raw material through a simple process still remains challenging. In this work, reprocessable polyurea (HUBTPU) with a hard segment of hindered urea bonds (HUBs) and a soft segment of polyether is synthesized via a facile one-pot method. The robust dual functional wearable devices were obtained by simply spray-coating silver nanowires (AgNWs) on HUBTPU elastomer substrates. Due to the dynamic combination and decomposition of the HUBs and hydrogen bonds at 130 °C, the robust elastomer demonstrates favorable adhesion to various substrates. Especially, the partially embedded AgNW structure is also achieved by using ethanol as a spray solvent. The adhesion of HUBTPU substrates and embedded structure leads to stronger interfacial adhesion and stability compared to non-adhesive substrates. The as-obtained HUBTPU electrodes are able to be heated to 115 °C by applying a low voltage and sensing the strain deformation caused by human movement, which means that the electrodes are endowed with both electrical heating capability and strain sensing functionality. Therefore, this strategy reveals a potential way to prepare multifunctional wearable devices using other conductive particles and adhesive functional polymer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chendu 610065, China
| | - Lun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chendu 610065, China
| | - Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chendu 610065, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Synthesis of Novel Rubber and Plastic Materials, SINOPEC, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Yanshan Branch, Beijing 102500, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chendu 610065, China
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17
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Liu L, Ni Y, Mao J, Li S, Ng KH, Chen Z, Huang J, Cai W, Lai Y. Flexible and Highly Conductive Textiles Induced by Click Chemistry for Sensitive Motion and Humidity Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:37878-37886. [PMID: 35948056 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, multifunctional sensors have aroused widespread concerns owing to their vital roles in the healthcare area. However, there are still significant challenges in the fabrication of functionalized integrated devices. In this work, hydrophobic-hydrophilic patterns are constructed on polyester-spandex-blended knitted fabric surface by the chemical click method, enabling accurate deposition of functionalized materials for sensitive and stable motion and humidity sensing. Representatively, a conductive silver nanowire (Ag NW) network was deliberately deposited on only the designated hydrophilic fabric surface to realize accurate, repeatable, and stable motion sensing. Such a Ag NWs sensor recorded a low electrical resistance (below 60 Ω), stable resistance cycling response (over 2000 cycles), and fast response time to humidity (0.46 s) during the sensing evaluation. In addition to experimental sensing, real human motions, such as mouth-opening and joint-flexing (wrist and neck), could also be detected using the same sensor. Similar promising outputs were also obtained over the humidity sensor fabricated over the same chemical click method, except the sensing material was replaced with polydopamine-modified carboxylated carbon nanotubes. The resultant sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity to not only experimentally adjusted environment humidity but also to the moisture content of breath and skin during daily activities. On top of all these, both sensors were fabricated over highly flexible fabric that offers high wearability, promising great application potential in the field of healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Ni
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Mao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Kim Hoong Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Weilong Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, P. R. China
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18
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del Bosque A, Calderón-Villajos R, Sánchez M, Ureña A. Multifunctional Carbon Nanotubes-Reinforced Surlyn Nanocomposites: A Study of Strain-Sensing and Self-Healing Capabilities. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:2878. [PMID: 36014743 PMCID: PMC9416561 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNT)-reinforced Surlyn, which is a commercial ionomeric polymer, are manufactured by micro-compounding and hot-press processes. Multifunctionality is studied in terms of electromechanical response and self-healing abilities. The strain sensing analysis under tensile conditions shows ultra-high gauge factor (GF) values from 10 to 20 at low strain levels up to 106 at high strain levels, and a decreasing sensitivity as CNT content increases because of the reduction in the tunneling distance between neighboring nanoparticles. The electromechanical response under consecutive tensile cycles demonstrated the robustness of the proposed materials due to the repeatability of both responses. With regard to mechanical properties, the addition of CNT induces a clear increase in Young's modulus because the nanoparticles enable uniform load distributions. Moreover, self-healing capabilities are improved when 4 and 5 wt.% CNT are introduced because of the synergistic effect of the high thermal conductivity of CNT and their homogeneous distribution, promoting an increase in the thermal conductivity of bulk nanocomposites. Thus, by comparing the measured functionalities, 4 and 5 wt.% CNT-reinforced Surlyn nanocomposites showed a high potential for various applications due to their high degree of multifunctionality.
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19
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Leong WXR, Al-Dhahebi AM, Ahmad MR, Saheed MSM. Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Polymeric Strain Sensor with Huge Gauge Factor for Body Movement Detection. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1302. [PMID: 36014224 PMCID: PMC9412294 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a composite strain sensor is fabricated by synthesizing MXene and deposition of polypyrrole on top of the flexible electrospun PVDF nanofibers. The fabricated sensor exhibits a conductive network constructed with MXene and polypyrrole of microcracks network structure, demonstrating its strain sensing properties. The presence of these microcracks serves as mechanical weak points, which leads to sensitivity enhancement, while the electrospun fiber substrate act as a cushion for strain loading under large deformations. The as-prepared MXene@Polypyrrole PVDF sensor has a gauge factor range of 78-355 with a sensing range between 0-100%. Besides strain deformations, the sensor can operate in torsional deformation and human motion, indicating the sensor's potential as a wearable health monitoring device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xian Rebecca Leong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructure & Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Adel Mohammed Al-Dhahebi
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructure & Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Radzi Ahmad
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructure & Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Shuaib Mohamed Saheed
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructure & Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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20
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Ning C, Cheng R, Jiang Y, Sheng F, Yi J, Shen S, Zhang Y, Peng X, Dong K, Wang ZL. Helical Fiber Strain Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Human Respiratory Monitoring. ACS Nano 2022; 16:2811-2821. [PMID: 35098711 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is a major vital sign, which can be used for early illness diagnosis and physiological monitoring. Wearable respiratory sensors present an exciting opportunity to monitor human respiratory behaviors in a real-time, noninvasive, and comfortable way. Among them, fiber-shaped triboelectric nanogenerators (FS-TENGs) are attractive for their comfort and high degree of freedom. However, the single-electrode FS-TENGs cannot respond to their own tensile strains, and the coaxial double-electrode FS-TENGs show low sensitivity to strain due to structural limitations. Here, a type of helical fiber strain sensor (HFSS) is developed, which can respond to tiny tensile strains. In addition, a smart wearable real-time respiratory monitoring system is developed based on the HFSSs, which can measure some key breathing parameters for disease prevention and medical diagnosis. An intelligent alarm can automatically call a preset mobile phone for help in response to respiratory behavior changes. This work provides an effective helical structure for fabricating highly sensitive strain sensors based on FS-TENGs and develops wearable self-powered real-time respiratory monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ning
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Renwei Cheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Sheng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Yi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Shen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Peng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Dong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- CUSTech Institute of Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325024, People's Republic of China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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21
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Boland CS, O'Driscoll DP, Kelly AG, Boland JB, Coleman JN. Highly Sensitive Composite Foam Bodily Sensors Based on the g-Putty Ink Soaking Procedure. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:60489-60497. [PMID: 34881569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive composite materials are highlighted as a potential tech path toward future flexible devices for wearable health technologies. To be commercially viable, these materials must not only be mechanically soft, highly sensitive to deformation, and report a sustainable signal but also utilize manufacturing methods that facilitate large-scale production. An ideal candidate for these envisioned technologies is the viscous, electromechanically sensitive composite material g-putty. Inks based on g-putty here are shown to transform a commercial polymer foam into a sensitive strain sensing material through a simple, scalable soaking procedure. Foam composites reported here have sensitives as high as ∼20 in terms of compressive strain and ∼0.4 kPa-1 with respect to applied compressive stress; both values being comparable to the parent g-putty material. Through g-putty's self-adhering nature, the foams used acted as an elastic scaffolding that aided in overcoming many of the hysteresis effects associated with g-putty without the need for further encapsulation methods. From this, these composite foams were demonstrated to have a sustainable signal that allowed for effective impact and vital sign sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor S Boland
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, U.K
| | - Daniel P O'Driscoll
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
- CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Adam G Kelly
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
- CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John B Boland
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
- CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
- CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Wu Z, Jin Y, Li G, Zhang M, Du J. Strain Sensing Behavior of 3D Printable and Wearable Conductive Polymer Composites Filled with Silane-Modified MWCNTs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100663. [PMID: 34822206 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of conductive polymers is an attractive technique for achieving high flexibility, wearability, and sensing characteristics without geometrical limitations. However, there is an urgent need to integrate printability, conductivity, and sensing capability. Herein, a conductive polymer ink for 3D printing that combines the desirable features of high electrical conductivity, flexible stretchability, and strain-sensing monitoring is prepared. The ink matrix is polydimethylsiloxane and synergistically enhanced by acetylene carbon black (ACB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (silane or un-silane-modified). The inks are screened step-by-step to explore their printability, rheology, mechanical properties, and electrical performance upon loading. The formation of an electrically conductive network, electrical properties upon tensile load, and strain sensing stability under cyclic stretching are investigated intensively. It is demonstrated that conductive polymers filled by ACB and silane-modified, MWCNTs (MWCNTs-MTES) possess superior printability, stretchability, conductivity, and strain sensing behaviors. Finally, a flexible wearable strain-sensing skin patch is printed, and it successfully records joint motion signals on human fingers, wrists, and elbows with good stability and repeatability. Those results show the extent of potential applications in healthcare and motion monitoring fields. This work provides an efficient and simple route to achieve comfortably wearable and high-performance strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wu
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianke Du
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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23
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Lo Presti D, Cimini S, Massaroni C, D’Amato R, Caponero MA, De Gara L, Schena E. Plant Wearable Sensors Based on FBG Technology for Growth and Microclimate Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21196327. [PMID: 34640649 PMCID: PMC8512323 DOI: 10.3390/s21196327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are primary resources for oxygen and foods whose production is fundamental for our life. However, diseases and pests may interfere with plant growth and cause a significant reduction of both the quality and quantity of agriculture products. Increasing agricultural productivity is crucial for poverty reduction and food security improvements. For this reason, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development gives a central role to agriculture by promoting a strong technological innovation for advancing sustainable practices at the plant level. To accomplish this aim, recently, wearable sensors and flexible electronics have been extended from humans to plants for measuring elongation, microclimate, and stressing factors that may affect the plant’s healthy growth. Unexpectedly, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), which are very popular in health monitoring applications ranging from civil infrastructures to the human body, are still overlooked for the agriculture sector. In this work, for the first time, plant wearables based on FBG technology are proposed for the continuous and simultaneous monitoring of plant growth and environmental parameters (i.e., temperature and humidity) in real settings. The promising results demonstrated the feasibility of FBG-based sensors to work in real situations by holding the promise to advance continuous and accurate plant health growth monitoring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentations, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06225419650
| | - Sara Cimini
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentations, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Rosaria D’Amato
- Photonics Micro and Nanostructures Laboratory, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, FSN-TECFIS-MNF, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy; (R.D.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Michele Arturo Caponero
- Photonics Micro and Nanostructures Laboratory, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, FSN-TECFIS-MNF, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi, 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy; (R.D.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentations, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (E.S.)
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24
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Tang X, Pionteck J, Krause B, Pötschke P, Voit B. Highly Tunable Piezoresistive Behavior of Carbon Nanotube-Containing Conductive Polymer Blend Composites Prepared from Two Polymers Exhibiting Crystallization-Induced Phase Separation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:43333-43347. [PMID: 34459584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) are suitable as piezoresistive-sensing materials. When using CPCs for strain sensing, it is still a big challenge to simultaneously improve the piezoresistive sensitivity and linearity along with the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Here, highly tunable piezoresistive behavior is reported for multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT)-filled CPCs based on blends of two semicrystalline polymers poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), which are miscible in the melt. When cooling the homogeneous mixture of the blend components, successive crystallization of PVDF and PBS occurs, creating complex crystalline structures in a mixed amorphous phase. The morphology of the blend matrix, the crystallinity of the blend components, and the dispersion and location of the CNTs in the blend depend on the CNT content and the blend composition. Compared with PVDF/CNT composites, the substitution of 10 to 50 wt % PVDF by PBS in the composites shifts the electrical percolation concentration Φc from 0.79 wt % to filler contents as low as 0.50 wt % while improving the stretchability. The piezoresistive behavior is highly tunable by changing the PVDF/PBS ratio. The ternary composites with matrix compositions of PVDF (90 wt %)/PBS (10 wt %) and PVDF (50 wt %)/PBS (50 wt %) show either higher piezoresistive sensitivity or linearity, respectively, caused by the differences in the microstructure of the CPCs. For example, the crystallinity of PBS in the ternary composites increased from 19.8% to 52.0% as the PBS content increased from 10 wt % to 50 wt %, which is connected with altered CNT distribution and conductive network structure and substantial improvement of the linearity of the electrical response to strains up to >20%. Our findings highly contribute to the understanding of the piezoresistive properties of CPCs based on two semicrystalline polymers and are important for future studies to tune the piezoresistive behavior to achieve simultaneously improved sensitivity and linearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Tang
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
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25
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Sánchez-Romate XF, Jiménez-Suárez A, Campo M, Ureña A, Prolongo SG. Electrical Properties and Strain Sensing Mechanisms in Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21165530. [PMID: 34450972 PMCID: PMC8402245 DOI: 10.3390/s21165530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrical and electromechanical properties of hybrid graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced composites were analyzed under two different sonication conditions. The electrical conductivity increases with increasing nanofiller content, while the optimum sonication time decreases in a low viscosity media. Therefore, for samples with a higher concentration of GNPs, an increase of sonication time of the hybrid GNP/CNT mixture generally leads to an enhancement of the electrical conductivity, up to values of 3 S/m. This means that the optimum sonication process to achieve the best performances is reached in the longest times. Strain sensing tests show a higher prevalence of GNPs at samples with a high GNP/CNT ratio, reaching gauge factors of around 10, with an exponential behavior of electrical resistance with applied strain, whereas samples with lower GNP/CNT ratio have a more linear response owing to a higher prevalence of CNT tunneling transport mechanisms, with gauge factors of around 3-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xoan F. Sánchez-Romate
- Correspondence: (X.F.S.-R.); alberto.jimenez.suarez.@urjc.es (A.J.-S.); Tel.: +34-914-884-771 (X.F.S.-R.); +34-914-887-141 (A.J.-S.)
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Suárez
- Correspondence: (X.F.S.-R.); alberto.jimenez.suarez.@urjc.es (A.J.-S.); Tel.: +34-914-884-771 (X.F.S.-R.); +34-914-887-141 (A.J.-S.)
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26
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Yang Y, Zhao G, Cheng X, Deng H, Fu Q. Stretchable and Healable Conductive Elastomer Based on PEDOT:PSS/Natural Rubber for Self-Powered Temperature and Strain Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:14599-14611. [PMID: 33751880 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-powered elastic Conductors based on thermoelectric materials with the ability to harvest energy from the living environment are considered as important for electronic devices under off-grid, maintenance-free, or unfeasible battery replacement circumstances. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is perhaps the most well-known organic conductor. However, the application of PEDOT:PSS in flexible devices is limited by its brittleness and various unrecoverable properties under strain. Various polymer blends based on water-soluble polymers and PEDOT:PSS have been prepared. Nevertheless, they fail to illustrate good balance between electrical conductivity and mechanical performance due to various issues, including the phase morphology with PEDOT:PSS as the dispersed phase; thus, the formation of a conductive network between PEDOT:PSS is prohibited. In this study, PEDOT:PSS is incorporated into natural rubber (NR), with NR as the dispersed phase. For 10 wt % PEDOT:PSS-NR composite films doped with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the conductivity was up to 87 S/cm and the elongation at break was maintained at 490%. More importantly, self-powered temperature- and tensile strain-sensing abilities were also realized. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that most of the unrecoverable strain and conductivity under cyclic tensile strain could be healed by water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) post-treatment. This work provides interesting insights for preparing healed and stretchable self-powered electronic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Guojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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27
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Gong M, Yue L, Kong J, Lin X, Zhang L, Wang J, Wang D. Knittable and Sewable Spandex Yarn with Nacre-Mimetic Composite Coating for Wearable Health Monitoring and Thermo- and Antibacterial Therapies. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:9053-9063. [PMID: 33583174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The emerging personal healthcare has significantly propelled the development of advanced wearable electronics with novel functions of providing diagnostic information and point-of-care therapies for specific diseases. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity for health biomonitoring and multifunction integration for point-of-care therapies in a one single flexible, lightweight yet robust fiber-based device. Here, a knittable and sewable spandex yarn with conductive nacre-mimetic composite coating has been developed through an alternant dip-coating method employing MXene nanosheets as the "brick" and polydopamine (PDA)/Ni2+ as the "mortar". The resultant spandex yarn coating with MXene/PDA/Ni2+ (MPNi@Spandex) can be assembled as a strain sensor with high sensitivity (up to 5.7 × 104 for the gauge factor), wide sensing range (∼61.2%), and low detection limit (0.11%) to monitor the biological activities of the human body. Furthermore, MPNi@Spandex displays great potential to give on-demand thermotherapy by virtue of the fast response to near-infrared irradiation, controllable surface temperature, and applicability even under sewing conditions. In addition, MPNi@Spandex knitted textiles demonstrate a strong antibacterial effect due to the sharp edges, anionic, and hydrophilic nature of MXene nanosheets. Remarkably, near-infrared irradiation further improves the bacteria-killing efficiency of an MPNi@Spandex knitted textile to more than 99.9%. This work paves the way for the design of multifunctional wearable electronics with an all-in-one theranostic platform for personal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liancong Yue
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingyi Kong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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28
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Birgin HB, D’Alessandro A, Laflamme S, Ubertini F. Hybrid Carbon Microfibers-Graphite Fillers for Piezoresistive Cementitious Composites. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21020518. [PMID: 33450912 PMCID: PMC7828384 DOI: 10.3390/s21020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional structural materials are very promising in the field of engineering. Particularly, their strain sensing ability draws much attention for structural health monitoring applications. Generally, strain sensing materials are produced by adding a certain amount of conductive fillers, around the so-called “percolation threshold”, to the cement or composite matrix. Recently, graphite has been found to be a suitable filler for strain sensing. However, graphite requires high amounts of doping to reach percolation threshold. In order to decrease the amount of inclusions, this paper proposes cementitious materials doped with new hybrid carbon inclusions, i.e., graphite and carbon microfibers. Carbon microfibers having higher aspect ratio than graphite accelerate the percolation threshold of the graphite particles without incurring into dispersion issues. The resistivity and strain sensitivity of different fibers’ compositions are investigated. The electromechanical tests reveal that, when combined, carbon microfibers and graphite hybrid fillers reach to percolation faster and exhibit higher gauge factors and enhanced linearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Borke Birgin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, via Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (H.B.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonella D’Alessandro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, via Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (H.B.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Simon Laflamme
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Filippo Ubertini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, via Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (H.B.B.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-585-3954
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29
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Sánchez-Romate XF, Sans A, Jiménez-Suárez A, Campo M, Ureña A, Prolongo SG. Highly Multifunctional GNP/Epoxy Nanocomposites: From Strain-Sensing to Joule Heating Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2431. [PMID: 33291391 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A performance mapping of GNP/epoxy composites was developed according to their electromechanical and electrothermal properties for applications as strain sensors and Joule heaters. To achieve this purpose, a deep theoretical and experimental study of the thermal and electrical conductivity of nanocomposites has been carried out, determining the influence of both nanofiller content and sonication time. Concerning dispersion procedure, at lower contents, higher sonication times induce a decrease of thermal and electrical conductivity due to a more prevalent GNP breakage effect. However, at higher GNP contents, sonication time implies an enhancement of both electrical and thermal properties due to a prevalence of exfoliating mechanisms. Strain monitoring tests indicate that electrical sensitivity increases in an opposite way than electrical conductivity, due to a higher prevalence of tunneling mechanisms, with the 5 wt.% specimens being those with the best results. Moreover, Joule heating tests showed the dominant role of electrical mechanisms on the effectiveness of resistive heating, with the 8 wt.% GNP samples being those with the best capabilities. By taking the different functionalities into account, it can be concluded that 5 wt.% samples with 1 h sonication time are the most balanced for electrothermal applications, as shown in a radar chart.
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30
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Tang X, Pötschke P, Pionteck J, Li Y, Formanek P, Voit B. Tuning the Piezoresistive Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Carbon Nanotube Composites Using Poly(Methyl Methacrylate). ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:43125-43137. [PMID: 32897046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In conductive polymer composites (CPCs), which can be used as both strain sensors and materials with self-diagnosis capabilities for structural health monitoring, the piezoresistive sensitivity can be tuned by changing the electrical filler network structure, mainly influenced by the conductive filler content. Typically, the electrical resistance increases exponentially with strain, and the piezoresistive sensitivity and linearity cannot be improved simultaneously. In this work, we report a facile method to tune the piezoresistive behavior of melt-mixed poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/carbon nanotube (CNT, 0.75-2.0 wt %) composites using blending with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, 5-30 wt %). PVDF and PMMA are completely miscible in the melt state regardless of the proportion. For PVDF-rich blends, the crystallization of PVDF induces separation of the PVDF crystal region from the miscible PVDF/PMMA amorphous blend part during the cooling process. Addition of PMMA tuned the piezoresistive strain behavior and improved the electrical conductivity and toughness at the same time. The PVDF/PMMA/CNT composites show higher sensitivity at low strains than their PVDF/CNT counterparts with comparable initial resistivity. For example, ΔR/R0 at 5% strain is 18.6% for the PVDF(80)/PMMA(20) blend containing 0.75 wt % CNT versus 11.0% for PVDF containing 1 wt % CNT, both having a volume resistivity of around 104 Ω·cm. The PVDF/PMMA/CNT blend composites also show a less steep exponential increase in the sensing response at higher strains, indicating better linearity. These differences are due to the altered microstructure of the composites and the more homogeneous distribution of CNTs between the smaller and less numerous PVDF crystallites when PMMA is added. The concept of modifying the composite microstructure by adding another commercially available miscible polymer offers a simple and effective way to tune the piezoresistive behavior and improve mechanical properties of CPC sensor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Tang
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Yilong Li
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petr Formanek
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden Germany
- Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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31
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Zhang J, Zeng L, Qiao Z, Wang J, Jiang X, Zhang YS, Yang H. Functionalizing Double-Network Hydrogels for Applications in Remote Actuation and in Low-Temperature Strain Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:30247-30258. [PMID: 32525651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional hydrogels have important applications in various fields such as artificial muscles, wearable devices, soft robotics, and tissue engineering, especially for those with favorable mechanical properties, good low-temperature resistance, and stimuli-responsive capabilities. In the current study, a type of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate/carbon nanotube (PAAm/SA/CNT) double-network (DN) hydrogel was fabricated, which exhibited a high tensile strength of 271.68 ± 6.04 kPa, a favorable conductivity of 1.38 ± 0.17 S·m-1, and a good self-healing ability under heating conditions. In addition, the composite hydrogel exhibited controllable photomechanical deformations under near-infrared irradiation, such as bending, swelling, swimming, and object grasping. To further broaden the applications of the hydrogel in low-temperature environments, calcium chloride (CaCl2) was introduced into such a PAAm/SA/CNT DN hydrogel as an additive. Interestingly, the tensile/compressive strengths as well as elasticity were well-maintained at a temperature as low as -20 °C. In addition, the PAAm/SA/CNT/CaCl2 hydrogel presented excellent conductivity, recoverability, and strain-sensing capability under such extreme conditions. Overall, the investigations conducted in this paper have provided potentially new methods and inspirations for the generation of multifunctional PAAm/SA/CNT/CaCl2 hybrid DN hydrogels toward extended applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Liangdan Zeng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Qiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xiancai Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
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Abstract
Tactile information is efficiently captured and processed through a complex sensory system combined with mechanoreceptors, neurons, and synapses in human skin. Synapses are essential for tactile signal transmission between pre/post-neurons. However, developing an electronic device that integrates the functions of tactile information sensation and transmission remains a challenge. Here, we present a piezotronic synapse based on a single GaN microwire that can simultaneously achieve the capabilities of strain sensing and synaptic functions. The piezotronic effect in the wurtzite GaN is introduced to strengthen synaptic weight updates (e.g., 330% enhancement at a compressive stress of -0.36%) with pulse trains. A high gauge factor for strain sensing (ranging from 0 to -0.81%) of about 736 is also obtained. Remarkably, the piezotronic synapse enables the neuromorphic hardware achievement of the perception and processing of tactile information in a single micro/nanowire system, demonstrating an advance in biorealistic artificial intelligence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Hua
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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33
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You X, Yang J, Wang M, Zhou H, Gao L, Hu J, Zhang X, Dong S. Novel Graphene Planar Architecture with Ultrahigh Stretchability and Sensitivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:18913-18923. [PMID: 32239910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted increasing attention for strain sensing due to its unique electrical and mechanical properties by tailoring and assembling functional macrostructures with a well-defined configuration. Here a novel graphene-based planar network (GPN) with highly stretchable strain sensing is developed by direct ink writing. The integrated and regulated structure of GPN indicates an excellent response sensitivity and cyclic stability to various strain modes compared with the traditional graphene-based woven fabric (GWF) structure. An equivalent resistance network is introduced to analyze the resistance change mechanism and fracture failure mode of the network structures, in which the difference can be mainly attributed to the interfacial resistance at the crosspoints of the crossed ribbons. The tunable and interconnected GPN shows a significant difference in the response sensitivity under stretching strain in different directions, and the relative resistance change is up to 20 and 3 in horizontal and vertical directions after 1000 cycles for a 20% stretching strain, respectively, which can be explained by the transformation of the stretching mode from macro-structural stretching to micromaterial stretching. The controllable fabrication of GPN can be utilized not only for the detection of full-range human activities but monitoring external stress distribution in real-time by integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao You
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Le Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jianbao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics & Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Structural Ceramics and Composites Engineering Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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Manie YC, Li JW, Peng PC, Shiu RK, Chen YY, Hsu YT. Using a Machine Learning Algorithm Integrated with Data De-Noising Techniques to Optimize the Multipoint Sensor Network. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20041070. [PMID: 32079102 PMCID: PMC7070718 DOI: 10.3390/s20041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, for an intensity wavelength division multiplexing (IWDM)-based multipoint fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor network, an effective strain sensing signal measurement method, called a long short-term memory (LSTM) machine learning algorithm, integrated with data de-noising techniques is proposed. These are considered extremely accurate for the prediction of very complex problems. Four ports of an optical coupler with distinct output power ratios of 70%, 60%, 40%, and 30% have been used in the proposed distributed IWDM-based FBG sensor network to connect a number of FBG sensors for strain sensing. In an IWDM-based FBG sensor network, distinct power ratios of coupler ports can contain distinct powers or intensities. However, unstable output power in the sensor system due to random noise, harsh environments, aging of the equipment, or other environmental factors can introduce fluctuations and noise to the spectra of the FBGs, which makes it hard to distinguish the sensing signals of FBGs from the noise signals. As a result, noise reduction and signal processing methods play a significant role in enhancing the capability of strain sensing. Thus, to reduce the noise, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and to accurately measure the sensing signal of FBGs, we proposed a long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning algorithm integrated with discrete waveform transform (DWT) data smoother (de-noising) techniques. The DWT data de-noising methods are important techniques for analyzing and de-noising the sensor signals, and it further improves the strain sensing signal measurement accuracy of the LSTM model. Thus, after de-noising the sensor data, these data are fed into the LSTM model to measure the sensing signal of each FBG. The experimental results prove that the integration of LSTM with the DWT data de-noising technique achieved better sensing signal measurement accuracy, even in noisy data or environments. Therefore, the proposed IWDM-based FBG sensor network can accurately sense the signal of strain, even in bad or noisy environments; can increase the number of FBG sensors multiplexed in the sensor system; and can enhance the capacity of the sensor system.
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35
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Chong H, Lou J, Bogie KM, Zorman CA, Majerus SJA. Vascular Pressure-Flow Measurement Using CB-PDMS Flexible Strain Sensor. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2019; 13:1451-1461. [PMID: 31603827 PMCID: PMC6944770 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2946519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Regular monitoring of blood flow and pressure in vascular reconstructions or grafts would provide early warning of graft failure and improve salvage procedures. Based on biocompatible materials, we have developed a new type of thin, flexible pulsation sensor (FPS) which is wrapped around a graft to monitor blood pressure and flow. The FPS uses carbon black (CB) nanoparticles dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a piezoresistive sensor layer, which was encapsulated within structural PDMS layers and connected to stainless steel interconnect leads. Because the FPS is more flexible than natural arteries, veins, and synthetic vascular grafts, it can be wrapped around target conduits at the time of surgery and remain implanted for long-term monitoring. In this study, we analyze strain transduction from a blood vessel and characterize the electrical and mechanical response of CB-PDMS from 0-50% strain. An optimum concentration of 14% CB-PDMS was used to fabricate 300-μm thick FPS devices with elastic modulus under 500 kPa, strain range of over 50%, and gauge factor greater than 5. Sensors were tested in vitro on vascular grafts with flows of 0-1,100 mL/min. In vitro testing showed linear output to pulsatile flows and pressures. Cyclic testing demonstrated robust operation over hundreds of cardiac cycles, with ±2.6 mmHg variation in pressure readout. CB-PDMS composite material showed excellent potential in biologic strain sensing applications where a flexible sensor with large maximum strain range is needed.
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36
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Hwang MY, Han DH, Kang LH. Piezoresistive Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Strain Sensor with Pattern Design. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3962. [PMID: 31795373 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube/polymer-based composites have led to studies that enable the realization of low-cost, high-sensitivity piezoresistive strain sensors. This study investigated the characteristics of piezoresistive multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/epoxy composite strain sensors subjected to tensile and compressive loads in one direction at relatively small amounts of strain. A patterned sensor was designed to overcome the disadvantage of the load direction sensitivity differences in the existing sensors. The dispersion state of the MWCNTs in the epoxy polymer matrix with the proposed dispersion process was verified by scanning electron microscopy. An MWCNT/epoxy patterned strain sensor and a patch-type strain sensor were directly attached to an acrylic cantilever beam on the opposite side of a commercial metallic strain gauge. The proposed patterned sensor had gauge factors of 2.52 in the tension direction and 2.47 in the compression direction. The measured gauge factor difference for the patterned sensor was less than that for the conventional patch-type sensor. Moreover, the free-vibration frequency response characteristics were compared with those of metal strain gauges to verify the proposed patch-type sensor. The designed drive circuit compensated for the disadvantages due to the high drive voltage, and it was confirmed that the proposed sensor had higher sensitivity than the metallic strain gauge. In addition, the hysteresis of the temperature characteristics of the proposed sensor is presented to show its temperature range. It was verified that the patterned sensor developed through various studies could be applied as a strain sensor for structural health monitoring.
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37
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Chu J, Marsden AJ, Young RJ, Bissett MA. Graphene-Based Materials as Strain Sensors in Glass Fiber/Epoxy Model Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:31338-31345. [PMID: 31381289 PMCID: PMC7007000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of graphene-based materials to act as strain sensors in glass fiber/epoxy model composites by using Raman spectroscopy has been investigated. The strain reporting performance of two types of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) was compared with that of graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The strain sensitivity of the thicker GNPs was impeded by their limited aspect ratio and weak interaction between flakes and fibers. The discontinuity of the GNP coating and inconsistency in properties among individual platelets led to scatter in the reported strains. In comparison, continuous and homogeneous CVD grown graphene was more accurate as a strain sensor and suitable for point-by-point strain reporting. The Raman mapping results of CVD graphene and its behavior under cyclic deformation show reversible and reliable strain sensing at low strain levels (up to 0.6% matrix strain), above which interfacial sliding of the CVD graphene layer was observed through an in situ Raman spectroscopic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Chu
- National
Graphene Institute and School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
- Dutch Polymer
Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J. Marsden
- National
Graphene Institute and School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Robert J. Young
- National
Graphene Institute and School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mark A. Bissett
- National
Graphene Institute and School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K.
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38
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Yao K, Lin Q, Jiang Z, Zhao N, Peng GD, Tian B, Jia W, Yang P. Design and Analysis of a Combined Strain-Vibration-Temperature Sensor with Two Fiber Bragg Gratings and a Trapezoidal Beam. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19163571. [PMID: 31426308 PMCID: PMC6720726 DOI: 10.3390/s19163571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A combined sensor to simultaneously measure strain, vibration, and temperature has been developed. The sensor is composed of two Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and a vibration gainer. One FBG is used to measure strain, while the other measures vibration and temperature. The gainer has a mass block which is used to increase its sensitivity to vibration. The main beam of the vibration gainer was designed as a trapezoid in order to reduce the strain gradient while sensing vibration. In addition, an interrogation method was used to eliminate interactions between measured parameters. Experiments were carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed sensor. For individual strain measurement in the range of 0-152 με, the sensitivity and nonlinearity error were 1.878 pm/με and 2.43% Full Scale (F.S.), respectively. For individual temperature measurement in the range of 50-210 °C, the sensitivity and nonlinearity error were 29.324 pm/°C and 1.88% F.S., respectively. The proposed sensor also demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.769 pm/m·s-2 and nonlinearity error of 1.83% F.S. for vibration measurement in the range of 10-55 m/s2. Finally, simultaneously measuring strain, temperature, and vibration resulted in nonlinearity errors of 4.23% F.S., 1.89% F.S., and 2.23% F.S., respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qijing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Manufacturing Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Gang-Ding Peng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenyun Jia
- Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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AlQattan B, Benton D, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Conformable Holographic Photonic Ink Sensors Based on Adhesive Tapes for Strain Measurements. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:29147-29157. [PMID: 31318192 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Buildings, bridges, and aircrafts are frequently exposed to fluctuation loads, which could start with a fine crack that instantly leads to unpredictable structure failures. The stationary strain sensors can be utilized, but they are costly and only detect limited deformation forms and sizes. Here, we fabricated photonic strain sensors on adhesive tapes, which can provide real-time monitoring of irregular surfaces. Holographic interference patterning was used to produce nonlinear curved nanostructures of one dimensional (1D) (900 nm × 880 nm) and two dimensional (2D) from a black dye film on a robust uniform adhesive layer and heat resistance tape. The patterned structure of the black dye was stable in broad pH environments. Diffracted light from the curved nanostructure detected the signal during structural damage, a shift or material tear of 5 με at less than 1.3 N cm-2. Additionally, the 2D nanostructure detected a surface change from x or y axis. Tilting the 1D structure within a range of 0.3° to 14.2° provided visible wavelength changes under broadband light to reveal early deflection signs. The curved nanopatterns could be also used for transferable holographic symbol design. Photonic nanopatterns on an adhesive tape could be used as a rapid response, conformable, lightweight, and low-cost dynamic strain sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader AlQattan
- School of Engineering , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - David Benton
- Aston Institute of Photonics Technologies , Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET , U.K
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Khalifa University, Masdar City Campus , Abu Dhabi 127788 , United Arab Emirates
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40
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Han T, Nag A, Simorangkir RBVB, Afsarimanesh N, Liu H, Mukhopadhyay SC, Xu Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R. Multifunctional Flexible Sensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E3477. [PMID: 31395810 DOI: 10.3390/s19163477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the design and fabrication of a low-cost and easy-to-fabricate laser-induced graphene sensor together with its implementation for multi-sensing applications. Laser-irradiation of commercial polymer film was applied for photo-thermal generation of graphene. The graphene patterned in an interdigitated shape was transferred onto Kapton sticky tape to form the electrodes of a capacitive sensor. The functionality of the sensor was validated by employing them in electrochemical and strain-sensing scenarios. Impedance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the response of the sensor. For the electrochemical sensing, different concentrations of sodium sulfate were prepared, and the fabricated sensor was used to detect the concentration differences. For the strain sensing, the sensor was deployed for monitoring of human joint movements and tactile sensing. The promising sensing results validating the applicability of the fabricated sensor for multiple sensing purposes are presented.
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41
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Raman V, Drissi-Habti M, Limje P, Khadour A. Finer SHM-Coverage of Inter-Plies and Bondings in Smart Composite by Dual Sinusoidal Placed Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19030742. [PMID: 30759828 PMCID: PMC6387091 DOI: 10.3390/s19030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Designing of new generation offshore wind turbine blades is a great challenge as size of blades are getting larger (typically larger than 100 m). Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), which uses embedded Fiber Optics Sensors (FOSs), is incorporated in critical stressed zones such as trailing edges and spar webs. When FOS are embedded within composites, a 'penny shape' region of resin concentration is formed around the section of FOS. The size of so-formed defects are depending on diameter of the FOS. Penny shape defects depend of FOS diameter. Consequently, care must be given to embed in composites reliable sensors that are as small as possible. The way of FOS placement within composite plies is the second critical issue. Previous research work done in this field (1) investigated multiple linear FOS and sinusoidal FOS placement, as well. The authors pointed out that better structural coverage of the critical zones needs some new concepts. Therefore, further advancement is proposed in the current article with novel FOS placement (anti-phasic sinusoidal FOS placement), so as to cover more critical area and sense multi-directional strains, when the wind blade is in-use. The efficiency of the new positioning is proven by numerical and experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkadesh Raman
- PRES LUNAM IFSTTAR CS4 Route de Bouaye, 44344 Bouguenais, France.
| | | | - Preshit Limje
- PRES LUNAM IFSTTAR CS4 Route de Bouaye, 44344 Bouguenais, France.
| | - Aghiad Khadour
- Components and Systems Department, Université Paris-Est, IFSTTAR, 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.
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42
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Xia Z, Alphonse VD, Trigg DB, Harrigan TP, Paulson JM, Luong QT, Lloyd EP, Barbee MH, Craig SL. 'Seeing' Strain in Soft Materials. Molecules 2019; 24:E542. [PMID: 30717294 PMCID: PMC6384768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several technologies can be used for measuring strains of soft materials under high rate impact conditions. These technologies include high speed tensile test, split Hopkinson pressure bar test, digital image correlation and high speed X-ray imaging. However, none of these existing technologies can produce a continuous 3D spatial strain distribution in the test specimen. Here we report a novel passive strain sensor based on poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) elastomer with covalently incorporated spiropyran (SP) mechanophore to measure impact induced strains. We have shown that the incorporation of SP into PDMS at 0.25 wt% level can adequately measure impact strains via color change under a high strain rate of 1500 s-1 within a fraction of a millisecond. Further, the color change is fully reversible and thus can be used repeatedly. This technology has a high potential to be used for quantifying brain strain for traumatic brain injury applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xia
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - Vanessa D Alphonse
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - Doug B Trigg
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - Tim P Harrigan
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - Jeff M Paulson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - Quang T Luong
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - Evan P Lloyd
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | | | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Gazda P, Nowicki M, Szewczyk R. Comparison of Stress-Impedance Effect in Amorphous Ribbons with Positive and Negative Magnetostriction. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12020275. [PMID: 30654466 PMCID: PMC6357023 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The SI (stress-impedance) effect in amorphous ribbons with varying magnetostriction was investigated. Iron- and cobalt-based ribbons with different magnetostriction coefficients were put under tensile stress in a dead weight tester and the impedance change was investigated in function of applied stresses. Significant differences of characteristics are presented. Stress-impedance analog of Villari reversal point was observed. The reversal point showed driving current frequency dependence, in which this point manifests for different stress values. Based on the obtained SI characteristics and magnetoelastic hysteresis, the most appropriate stress-sensing material was selected for development of precise small forces sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gazda
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Roman Szewczyk
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland.
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44
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Christ JF, Aliheidari N, Pötschke P, Ameli A. Bidirectional and Stretchable Piezoresistive Sensors Enabled by Multimaterial 3D Printing of Carbon Nanotube/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E11. [PMID: 30959995 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabricating complex sensor platforms is still a challenge because conventional sensors are discrete, directional, and often not integrated within the system at the material level. Here, we report a facile method to fabricate bidirectional strain sensors through the integration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and multimaterial additive manufacturing. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/MWCNT filaments were first made using a two-step extrusion process. TPU as the platform and TPU/MWCNT as the conducting traces were then 3D printed in tandem using multimaterial fused filament fabrication to generate uniaxial and biaxial sensors with several conductive pattern designs. The sensors were subjected to a series of cyclic strain loads. The results revealed excellent piezoresistive responses with cyclic repeatability in both the axial and transverse directions and in response to strains as high as 50%. It was shown that the directional sensitivity could be tailored by the type of pattern design. A wearable glove, with built-in sensors, capable of measuring finger flexure was also successfully demonstrated where the sensors are an integral part of the system. These sensors have potential applications in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and prosthetics, where complex design, multi-directionality, embedding, and customizability are demanded.
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45
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Li P, Sui L, Xing F, Huang X, Zhou Y, Yun Y. Effects of Aggregate Types on the Stress-Strain Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)-Confined Lightweight Concrete. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E3525. [PMID: 30340427 PMCID: PMC6209940 DOI: 10.3390/s18103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The realization of reducing concrete self-weight is mainly to replace ordinary aggregates with lightweight aggregates; such replacement usually comes with some intrinsic disadvantages in concrete, such as high brittleness and lower mechanical properties. However, these shortages can be effectively remedied by external confinement such as fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing. To accurately predict the stress-strain behavior of lightweight concrete with lateral confinement, it is necessary to properly understand the coupling effects that are caused by diverse aggregates types and confinement level. In this study, FRP-confined lightweight concrete cylinder with varying aggregate types were tested under axial compression. Strain gauges and linear variable displacement transducers were used for monitoring the lateral and axial deformation of specimens during the tests. By sensing the strain and deformation data for the specimens under the tri-axial loads, the results showed that the lateral to axial strain relation is highly related to the aggregate types and confinement level. In addition, when compared with FRP-confined normal weight aggregate concrete, the efficiency of FRP confinement for lightweight concrete is gradually reduced with the increase of external pressure. Replace ordinary fine aggregate by its lightweight counterparts can be significantly improved the deformation capacity of FRP-confined lightweight concrete, meanwhile does not lead to the reduction of compressive strength. Plus, this paper modified a well-established stress-strain model for an FRP-confined lightweight concrete column, involving the effect of aggregate types. More accurate expressions pertaining to the deformation capacity and the stress-strain relation were proposed with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengda Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lili Sui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Feng Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yingwu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yanchun Yun
- Baoye Group Company Limited, Shanghai 201109, China.
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46
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Huang J, Her SC, Yang X, Zhi M. Synthesis and Characterization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Nanoplatelet Hybrid Film for Flexible Strain Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E786. [PMID: 30287756 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) hybrid films were prepared with the aid of surfactant Triton X-100 and sonication through a vacuum filtration process. The influence of GNP content ranging from 0 to 50 wt.% on the mechanical and electrical properties was investigated using the tensile test and Hall effect measurement, respectively. It showed that the tensile strength of the hybrid film is decreasing with the increase of the GNP content while the electrical conductivity exhibits an opposite trend. The effectiveness of the MWCNT/GNP hybrid film as a strain sensor is presented. The specimen is subjected to a flexural loading, and the electrical resistance measured by a two-point probe method is found to be function of applied strain. Experimental results demonstrate that there are two different linear strain-sensing stages (0⁻0.2% and 0.2⁻1%) in the resistance of the hybrid film with applied strain. The strain sensitivity is increasing with the increase of the GNP content. In addition, the repeatability and stability of the strain sensitivity of the hybrid film were conformed through the cyclic loading⁻unloading tests. The MWCNT/GNP hybrid film shows promising application for strain sensing.
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47
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Zhou X, Zhu L, Fan L, Deng H, Fu Q. Fabrication of Highly Stretchable, Washable, Wearable, Water-Repellent Strain Sensors with Multi-Stimuli Sensing Ability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:31655-31663. [PMID: 30141328 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and wearable sensors with active response to various environmental stimuli possess numerous potential applications in stretchable electronics, motion sensors, environmental monitoring, and so on. Herein, we report a new method to realize control on the local conductive networks of strain sensors, thus, their sensing behavior. These multifunctional crack-based sensors were prepared via spray coating a mixture of carbon nanotube (CNT) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) with various ratios onto polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The conductive CNT/KH550 layer exhibits brittle mechanical behavior which triggers the formation of cracks upon stretching. This is thought to be responsible for the observed electromechanical behavior. These sensors exhibit adjustable gauge factors of 5-1000, stretchability (ε) of 2-250%, linearity (nonlinearity-linearity) and high durability over 1000 stretching-releasing cycles for mechanical deformation. Washable, wearable, and water-repellent sensors were prepared through such a method to successfully detect human physiological activities. Moreover, the variation in temperature or the presence of solvent can also be detected due to the thermal expansion and swelling of the PDMS layer. It is expected that such a concept could be used to prepare sensors for multiple applications, thanks to its multifunctionality, adjustable and robust performance, simple and low-cost fabrication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Li Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , P. R. China
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48
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Gupta S, Lee HJ, Loh KJ, Todd MD, Reed J, Barnett AD. Noncontact Strain Monitoring of Osseointegrated Prostheses. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E3015. [PMID: 30205608 PMCID: PMC6164507 DOI: 10.3390/s18093015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a noncontact, noninvasive, imaging system for monitoring the strain and deformation states of osseointegrated prostheses. The proposed sensing methodology comprised of two parts. First, a passive thin film was designed such that its electrical permittivity increases in tandem with applied tensile loading and decreases while unloading. It was found that patterning the thin films could enhance their dielectric property's sensitivity to strain. The film can be deposited onto prosthesis surfaces as an external coating prior to implant. Second, an electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) measurement technique and reconstruction algorithm were implemented to capture strain-induced changes in the dielectric property of nanocomposite-coated prosthesis phantoms when subjected to different loading scenarios. The preliminary results showed that ECT, when coupled with strain-sensitive nanocomposites, could quantify the strain-induced changes in the dielectric property of thin film-coated prosthesis phantoms. The results suggested that ECT coupled with embedded thin films could serve as a new noncontact strain sensing method for scenarios when tethered strain sensors cannot be used or instrumented, especially in the case of osseointegrated prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gupta
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
| | - Han-Joo Lee
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Loh
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
| | - Michael D Todd
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0085, USA.
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49
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Becker T, Ziemann O, Engelbrecht R, Schmauss B. Optical Strain Measurement with Step-Index Polymer Optical Fiber Based on the Phase Measurement of an Intensity-Modulated Signal. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18072319. [PMID: 30018260 PMCID: PMC6069075 DOI: 10.3390/s18072319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer optical fibers (POFs) have been proposed for optical strain sensors due to their large elastic strain range compared to glass optical fibers (GOFs). The phase response of a single-mode polymer optical fiber (SM-POF) is well-known in the literature, and depends on the physical deformation of the fiber as well as the impact on the refractive index of the core. In this paper, we investigate the impact of strain on a step-index polymer optical fiber (SI-POF). In particular, we discuss the responsivity of an optical strain sensor which is based on the phase measurement of an intensity-modulated signal. In comparison to the phase response of an SM-POF, we must take additional influences into account. Firstly, the SI-POF is a multi-mode fiber (MMF). Consequently, we not only consider the strain dependence of the refractive index, but also its dependency on the propagation angle θz. Second, we investigate the phase of an intensity-modulated signal. The development of this modulation phase along the fiber is influenced by modal dispersion, scattering, and attenuation. The modulation phase therefore has no linear dependency on the length of the fiber, even in the unstrained state. For the proper consideration of these effects, we rely on a novel model for step-index multi-mode fibers (SI-MMFs). We expand the model to consider the strain-induced effects, simulate the strain responsivity of the sensor, and compare it to experimental results. This led to the conclusion that the scattering behavior of a SI-POF is strain-dependent, which was further proven by measuring the far field at the end of a SI-POF under different strain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Polymer Optical Fiber Application Center, Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm, Wassertorstraße 10, 90489 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Olaf Ziemann
- Polymer Optical Fiber Application Center, Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm, Wassertorstraße 10, 90489 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Engelbrecht
- Polymer Optical Fiber Application Center, Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm, Wassertorstraße 10, 90489 Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schmauss
- Institute of Microwaves and Photonics (LHFT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wetterkreuz 15, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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50
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Yang M, Pan J, Xu A, Luo L, Cheng D, Cai G, Wang J, Tang B, Wang X. Conductive Cotton Fabrics for Motion Sensing and Heating Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E568. [PMID: 30966602 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive cotton fabric was prepared by coating single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a knitted cotton fabric surface through a “dip-and-dry” method. The combination of CNTs and cotton fabric was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The CNTs coating improved the mechanical properties of the fabric and imparted conductivity to the fabric. The electromechanical performance of the CNT-cotton fabric (CCF) was evaluated. Strain sensors made from the CCF exhibited a large workable strain range (0~100%), fast response and great stability. Furthermore, CCF-based strain sensors was used to monitor the real-time human motions, such as standing, walking, running, squatting and bending of finger and elbow. The CCF also exhibited strong electric heating effect. The flexible strain sensors and electric heaters made from CCF have potential applications in wearable electronic devices and cold weather conditions.
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