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Bao TD, Van Cuong N, Mai NN, Ha LTT, Phu DH, Kiet BT, Carrique-Mas J, Rushton J. Economic assessment of an intervention strategy to reduce antimicrobial usage in small-scale chicken farms in Vietnam. One Health 2024; 18:100699. [PMID: 38496339 PMCID: PMC10943031 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are a core aspect of most livestock production systems, especially in low-and middle-income countries. They underpin the efficient use of scarce feed resources and stabilize returns on capital and labor inputs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) contributes to the production of healthy animals, yet AMU in livestock is linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, humans and the environment. The Vietnamese Platform for Antimicrobial Reduction in Chicken Production was implemented during 2016-2019 and was one of Southeast Asia's first interventions focused on AMU reductions in livestock production. The project targeted small-scale commercial poultry farms in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam using a "randomized before-and-after controlled" study design. It provided farmers with a locally adapted support service (farmer training plan, advisory visits, biosecurity, and antimicrobial replacement products) to help them reduce their reliance on antimicrobials. A partial budget analysis was performed comparing the control group (status-quo) and intervention group (alternative). The median net farm-level benefit of the intervention strategies with the project's support was VND 6.78 million (interquartile range (IR) VND -71.9-89 million) per farm. Without project support the benefit was reduced to VND 5.1 million (IR VND -69.1-87.2 million) to VND 5.3 million (IR -VND 68.9-87.5 million) depending on the antimicrobial alternative product used. At the project level with a focus on AMU and its reduction, subsequently influence on the resistance reduction, our results showed that achieving resistance reduction benefits with the current knowledge and technologies required investment of at least VND 9.1 million (US$ 395.10) per farm during the project's lifetime. The results highlight the positive net profit for the majority of enrolled farms and a reasonable investments from the project. The recommendation focuses on the implementation of policies on financial support, legislation, and information as potential solutions to facilitate the application of intervention strategies to reduce AMU in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Dinh Bao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Nguyen Nhu Mai
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, Viet Nam
| | | | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lanh, Viet Nam
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Millar N, Dufour S, Lardé H, Massé J, De Lagarde M, Archambault M, Fairbrother JM, Roy JP, Belloc C, Francoz D, Aenishaenslin C. Redefining On-Farm Practices: The Perceived Impact of a Responsible Antimicrobial Use Regulation on Dairy Farmers. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00804-X. [PMID: 38762113 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The global food animal industry faces a growing concern regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR), primarily driven by the use of antimicrobials (AMs) for the treatment, control, and prevention of diseases. Addressing this challenge requires promoting responsible antimicrobial use (AMU) practices. In 2019, the province of Québec, Canada, took a significant step by implementing a regulation that limits the use of AMs of very high importance for human medicine (category I AMs as defined by Health Canada) in the food animal industry. However, the implementation of such regulation can significantly influence behavioral shifts among producers, contributing to the wider effort against AMR. Therefore, the objective of this observational study was to describe the perceived changes in knowledge of dairy producers and on-farm practices following the implementation of this regulation, using a cohort design. Data collection involved administering questionnaires to 87 dairy producers from 3 regions of the province of Québec (Estrie, Montérégie, Centre-Du-Québec) before (2017-2018) and after (2020-2021) the implementation of the regulation. The questionnaires explored the descriptive characteristics of farms, the knowledge of producers about the categorization of AMs, their on-farm treatment practices, and the perceived impacts of the regulation. Statistical analysis included t-tests and McNemar tests to compare the paired data obtained using the 2 questionnaires. The results indicated an increase in the knowledge score (the number of AMs correctly categorized by the producers by their importance for human medicine) after the implementation of the regulation, suggesting an improved understanding of the categorization of AMs based on their importance for human medicine. Trends in AMU practices for treating clinical mastitis and reproductive diseases suggested that category I AMs were less likely to be reported as the primary treatment after the regulation, while category II AMs were more often reported as primary treatment. Adoption of the selective dry cow therapy method significantly increased, while the use of teat sealants remained unchanged. Moreover, producers had divergent perceptions regarding the effect of the regulation on the cure rates and disease frequencies. This disparity emphasizes the need for comprehensive data collection to discern the risks associated with such regulatory shifts. The study acknowledges several limitations, including the potential for recall bias, confirmation bias, and desirability bias. Despite these limitations, this study shows that implementing regulations to encourage responsible AMU drives positive transformations in producers' knowledge and on-farm practices. This underscores the pivotal impact of proactive interventions in combating the escalating threat of AMR within the global food animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikky Millar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux du Québec du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Jonathan Massé
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Maud De Lagarde
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; WOAH Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2·; Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Marie Archambault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; WOAH Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2·; Swine and Poultry Infectious Research Center (CRIPA-FQRNT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Belloc
- Biologie, Épidémiologie et Analyses de risque en santé animale (BIOEPAR), ONIRIS-INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - David Francoz
- Regroupement FRQNT Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Aenishaenslin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux du Québec du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Guenin MJ, Studnitz M, Molia S. Interventions to change antimicrobial use in livestock: A scoping review and an impact pathway analysis of what works, how, for whom and why. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106025. [PMID: 37776605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health threat responsible for 700,000 deaths per year worldwide. Antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock contributes to AMR in animal and public health. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective interventions towards better AMU in livestock. However, there is a lack of evidence to inform decision-makers of what works, how, for whom and why and how effective interventions can be adapted to different contexts. We conducted a scoping review and an impact pathway analysis to systematically map the research done in this area and to inform evidence-based and context-appropriate policies. We followed the PRISMA-ScR requirements and searched Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases to identify studies in English or French languages, in open access and published between 2000 and 2022. We selected thirty references addressing twenty-eight different interventions that were successful in changing AMU in livestock. We used an impact pathway logic model as an analytic framework to guide the technical aspects of the scoping review process and to identify the complex relationships between outputs, outcomes, impacts and contextual factors. A majority of interventions managed to improve AMU by changing herd and health management practices (ni=18). We identified intermediate outcomes including change in the veterinarian-farmer relationship (ni=7), in knowledge and perception (ni=6), and in motivation and confidence (ni=1). Twenty-two studies recorded positive impacts on animal health and welfare (ni=11), technical performances (ni=9), economic performances (ni=4) and AMR reduction (ni=4). Interventions implemented different strategies including herd and health management support (ni=20), norms and standards (ni=11), informational and educational measures (ni=10), economic support (ni=5). Studies were mainly in European countries and in pig and large ruminants farming. Most interventions targeted farmers or veterinarians but we identified other major and influential actors including authority and governmental organizations, academics and research, organization of producers or veterinarians, herd advisors and technicians, laboratories, and public opinion. Key success factors were knowledge and perception (ni=14), social factors (ni=13), intervention characteristics (ni=11), trajectory and ecosystem of change (ni=11), economic factors (ni=9), herd and health status (ni=8), data access and monitoring (ni=4). This review describes a paucity of impact assessment of interventions towards better AMU in livestock. There is no one-size-fits-all transition pathway but we inform decision-makers about the most successful interventions that work, how, for whom and why. The impact pathway analysis provided a holistic view of the successful change processes and the complex relationships between outputs, outcomes, impacts and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merete Studnitz
- International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sophie Molia
- UMR ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Teixeira Costa C, Berton P, Boulbria G, Normand V, Brissonnier M, Lebret A. PRRSV-1 Stabilization Programs in French Farrow-to-Finish Farms: A Way to Reduce Antibiotic Usage. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2270. [PMID: 37508048 PMCID: PMC10376732 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) has serious economic consequences for the pig industry. Swine practitioners and other agricultural advisors often describe an increase in antibiotic use when PRRSV-1 is circulating. Our objective was to assess the impact of PRRSV-1 stabilization programs on reducing antibiotic use in 19 French farrow-to-finish farms that successfully implemented such a protocol between 2007 and 2019. For each farm, we compared the global antibiotic consumption, including all physiological stages (expressed in mg/PCU and ALEA) one year before (P1) and one year after (P2) the implementation of the protocol, and the change between P1 and P2 was calculated in percentages. The data were also analyzed by level of consumption. We showed that antibiotic use decreased significantly between P1 and P2 if expressed in mg/PCU and showed a decreased tendency in terms of exposure (ALEA) after PRRSV-1 stabilization. Concerning the change from P1 to P2, depending on the level of consumption in P1, our results showed that the higher the consumption levels were in P1, the greater the antibiotic reduction in P2. This study highlights the ability of a stabilization protocol against PRRSV-1 to reduce antibiotic use, especially on farms that have high consumption rates. These hopeful results show that further investigations about the relationship between PRRSV-1 and antibiotic usage could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Berton
- Porc.Spective, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Gwenaël Boulbria
- Rezoolution, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Porc.Spective, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Rezoolution, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Porc.Spective, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | | | - Arnaud Lebret
- Rezoolution, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
- Porc.Spective, ZA de Gohélève, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France
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Craig J, Sriram A, Sadoff R, Bennett S, Bahati F, Beauvais W. Behavior-change interventions to improve antimicrobial stewardship in human health, animal health, and livestock agriculture: A systematic review. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001526. [PMID: 37155592 PMCID: PMC10166487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an economic, food security, and global health threat accelerated by a multitude of factors including the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in the human health, animal health, and agriculture sectors. Given the rapid emergence and spread of AMR and the relative lack of development of new antimicrobials or alternative therapies, there is a need to develop and implement non-pharmaceutical AMR mitigation policies and interventions that improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices across all sectors where antimicrobials are used. We conducted a systematic literature review per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify peer-reviewed studies that described behavior-change interventions that aimed to improve AMS and/or reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) among human health, animal health, and livestock agriculture stakeholders. We identified 301 total publications- 11 in the animal health sector and 290 in the human health sector-and assessed described interventions using metrics across five thematic areas- (1) AMU, (2) adherence to clinical guidelines, (3) AMS, (4) AMR, and (5) clinical outcomes. The lack of studies describing the animal health sector precluded a meta-analysis. Variation across intervention type, study type, and outcome precluded a meta-analysis for studies describing the human health sector; however, a summary descriptive analysis was conducted. Among studies in the human health sector, 35.7% reported significant (p<0.05) pre- to post-intervention decreases in AMU, 73.7% reported significant improvements in adherence of antimicrobial therapies to clinical guidelines, 45% demonstrated significant improvements in AMS practices, 45.5% reported significant decreases in the proportion of isolates that were resistant to antibiotics or the proportion of patients with drug-resistant infections across 17 antimicrobial-organism combinations. Few studies reported significant changes in clinical outcomes. We did not identify any overarching intervention type nor characteristics associated with successful improvement in AMS, AMR, AMU, adherence, nor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Craig
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Rachel Sadoff
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Felix Bahati
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Health Services Research Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wendy Beauvais
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Pinto Jimenez CE, Keestra S, Tandon P, Cumming O, Pickering AJ, Moodley A, Chandler CIR. Biosecurity and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in animal agricultural settings for reducing infection burden, antibiotic use, and antibiotic resistance: a One Health systematic review. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e418-e434. [PMID: 37164518 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prevention and control of infections across the One Health spectrum is essential for improving antibiotic use and addressing the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Evidence for how best to manage these risks in agricultural communities-45% of households globally-has not been systematically assembled. This systematic review identifies and summarises evidence from on-farm biosecurity and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions with the potential to directly or indirectly reduce infections and antibiotic resistance in animal agricultural settings. We searched 17 scientific databases (including Web of Science, PubMed, and regional databases) and grey literature from database inception to Dec 31, 2019 for articles that assessed biosecurity or WASH interventions measuring our outcomes of interest; namely, infection burden, microbial loads, antibiotic use, and antibiotic resistance in animals, humans, or the environment. Risk of bias was assessed with the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool, Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions, and the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies, although no studies were excluded as a result. Due to the heterogeneity of interventions found, we conducted a narrative synthesis. The protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020162345). Of the 20 672 publications screened, 104 were included in this systematic review. 64 studies were conducted in high-income countries, 24 studies in upper-middle-income countries, 13 studies in lower-middle-income countries, two in low-income countries, and one included both upper-middle-income countries and lower-middle-income countries. 48 interventions focused on livestock (mainly pigs), 43 poultry (mainly chickens), one on livestock and poultry, and 12 on aquaculture farms. 68 of 104 interventions took place on intensive farms, 22 in experimental settings, and ten in smallholder or subsistence farms. Positive outcomes were reported for ten of 23 water studies, 17 of 35 hygiene studies, 15 of 24 sanitation studies, all three air-quality studies, and 11 of 17 other biosecurity-related interventions. In total, 18 of 26 studies reported reduced infection or diseases, 37 of 71 studies reported reduced microbial loads, four of five studies reported reduced antibiotic use, and seven of 20 studies reported reduced antibiotic resistance. Overall, risk of bias was high in 28 of 57 studies with positive interventions and 17 of 30 studies with negative or neutral interventions. Farm-management interventions successfully reduced antibiotic use by up to 57%. Manure-oriented interventions reduced antibiotic resistance genes or antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal waste by up to 99%. This systematic review highlights the challenges of preventing and controlling infections and antimicrobial resistance, even in well resourced agricultural settings. Most of the evidence emerges from studies that focus on the farm itself, rather than targeting agricultural communities or the broader social, economic, and policy environment that could affect their outcomes. WASH and biosecurity interventions could complement each other when addressing antimicrobial resistance in the human, animal, and environmental interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Pinto Jimenez
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Agriculture and Infectious Disease Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Sarai Keestra
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Agriculture and Infectious Disease Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pranav Tandon
- Global Health Office, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Clare I R Chandler
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Bernaerdt E, Díaz I, Piñeiro C, Collell M, Dewulf J, Maes D. Optimizing internal biosecurity on pig farms by assessing movements of farm staff. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:11. [PMID: 37060028 PMCID: PMC10105464 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For internal biosecurity, it is important to separate different age groups in a pig farm and to stick to specific working lines when visiting the barns. Currently, there is no research on the movements of farm staff on pig farms. The objectives of this observational study were to assess movements of farm staff on pig farms, to assess risky movements and to investigate whether movements differ according to time (week of the batch farrowing system (BFS) and weekday vs. weekend) and unit (farrowing, gestation/insemination, nursery, and fattening unit). Five commercial sow farms participated and on each farm, an internal movement monitoring system was installed. Detection points were installed throughout the farm and workers had to wear a personal beacon. Movement data were collected from 1 December 2019 until 30 November 2020. The following sequence of movements was considered as safe: (1) dressing room, (2) farrowing, (3) gestation/insemination, (4) nursery, (5) fattening, (6) quarantine, and (7) cadaver storage. Movements in the opposite direction were considered as risk, unless a dressing room was visited in between. The total number of movements differed according to week of the BFS, and was highest in insemination and farrowing week. The percentage of risky movements was influenced by week of the BFS for two farms, and was highest around weaning. The percentage of risky movements varied between farms and ranged from 9 to 38%. There were more movements on a weekday compared to a weekend day. There were more movements towards the farrowing and gestation/insemination unit in insemination and farrowing week compared to other weeks of the BFS, but week of the BFS had no impact on movements towards nursery and fattening unit. This study showed that there were a lot of (risky) movements on pig farms and that these movements varied according to week of the BFS, day of the week, and unit. This study creates awareness, which could be a first step in optimizing working lines. Future research should focus on why certain risky movements occur and how these can be avoided to achieve better biosecurity and higher health status on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bernaerdt
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Inmaculada Díaz
- PigCHAMP Pro Europa, C. Dámaso Alonso 14, 40006, Segovia, Spain
| | - Carlos Piñeiro
- PigCHAMP Pro Europa, C. Dámaso Alonso 14, 40006, Segovia, Spain
| | - Miquel Collell
- MSD Animal Health, C. de Josefa Valcárel 38, 28027, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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8
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Gross S, Roosen J, Hennessy DA. Determinants of farms' antibiotic consumption - A longitudinal study of pig fattening farms in Germany. Prev Vet Med 2023; 215:105907. [PMID: 37062142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
As high consumption of antibiotics in livestock production poses risks to public health, Germany has implemented a monitoring system to decrease their administration to farm animals. Data from 1,984 German pig farms are used to describe prescription trends for different antibiotic subclasses between Autumn 2017 and Autumn 2019. A panel Tobit model with control function approach is implemented to identify determinants of antibiotic consumption, where variables studied include farm, farmer, and county characteristics as well as weather variables. The overall quantity of prescribed antibiotics has been stable but with seasonal fluctuations and a shift away from critically important antibiotics used. Biosecurity factors such as livestock farm density in a county and pigs per farm are shown to be important drivers of antibiotic consumption. In addition, the number of cold days within a season increases antibiotic consumption but precipitation and the number of hot days have no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gross
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Management, Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research; Technical University of Munich, HEF World Agricultural Systems Center.
| | - Jutta Roosen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Management, Chair of Marketing and Consumer Research; Technical University of Munich, HEF World Agricultural Systems Center
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Lhermie G, Ndiaye Y, Rushton J, Raboisson D. Economic evaluation of antimicrobial use practices in animal agriculture: a case of poultry farming. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac119. [PMID: 36570685 PMCID: PMC9772876 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growing evidence of the contribution of antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture to the public health threat of antimicrobial resistance has highlighted to policymakers the importance of the need for prudent AMU in animal production. Livestock farming is an economic process, where farmers are using inputs such as antimicrobials to minimize their losses. Objectives Using a large and unique dataset combining time-series data on economic performance and health records in conventional broiler production in France, we identify how improved healthcare management and disease prevention impact economic performance, AMU reduction and health outcomes. Methods We analyse the main characteristics of the economic performance of farms measured by the profit per m2, by performing advanced regression models investigating the relative importance of medication and veterinary procedures. Results In our study, 50% of the treatments (expressed as number of new treatments) are attributable to only 30% of all flocks. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between AMU and economic performance. This finding implies that the marginal profit of antimicrobials is decreasing, meaning that using antimicrobials is only profitable up to a certain threshold. Results also show that the profit increases as the number of preventive treatments increase. Conclusions Our findings suggest that policies encouraging farmers to work upstream from the occurrence of disease have the potential to perform better than regulations, as they would maintain a profitable activity while diminishing AMU. Encouraging adequate infection control practices by subsidizing or providing other incentives would benefit farmers and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youba Ndiaye
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Didier Raboisson
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France, ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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10
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Guenin MJ, Belloc C, Ducrot C, de Romémont A, Peyre M, Molia S. A participatory approach for building ex ante impact pathways towards a prudent use of antimicrobials in pig and poultry sectors in France. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277487. [PMID: 36378661 PMCID: PMC9665392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat responsible for 700,000 deaths per year worldwide. There is scientific evidence of the causal relationship between antimicrobial use (AMU) along the food chain and AMR. Improving AMU in livestock is therefore a key component in the fight against AMR. To improve AMU in livestock, there is no one-size-fits-all solution and strategies must be context-adapted and socially acceptable for actors in order to increase AMU sustainability. AMU decision-making is based on an interdependent set of economic, behavioral, ethical, and cultural factors that need to be assessed to advise on the potential impacts of measures. We hypothesized that a participatory strategic planning approach may increase the plausibility and the efficacy of the strategies formulated by facilitating the dialogue between actors of diverse backgrounds, stimulating innovative thinking and constant considerations of contextual factors, actors and impacts. We adapted and applied the ImpresS ex ante approach (IMPact in reSearch in the South, https://impress-impact-recherche.cirad.fr/) within a Living Lab engaging actors from the French pig and poultry sectors in co-creation of innovative strategies towards improved AMU. We conducted semi-structured interviews and participatory workshops between April 2021 and March 2022. The results describe 1) an initial diagnosis of the current AMU situation in the pig and poultry sectors in France; 2) a common vision of the future to which participants would like to contribute through the intervention; 3) an identification of the current problems opposed to this vision of the future; 4) a defined scope of the intervention; 5) a typology of actors protagonist or impacted by those issues and 6) outcome maps to solve a priority problem related to indicators and monitoring. This study provides recommendations for decision-makers on plausible and innovative strategies to sustainably improve AMU in pig and poultry sectors in France and evidence of the benefits of participatory strategic planning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Guenin
- UMR ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Christian Ducrot
- UMR ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marisa Peyre
- UMR ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Molia
- UMR ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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11
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Dewulf J, Joosten P, Chantziaras I, Bernaerdt E, Vanderhaeghen W, Postma M, Maes D. Antibiotic Use in European Pig Production: Less Is More. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1493. [PMID: 36358148 PMCID: PMC9686698 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to describe the current use of antibiotics in the European pig industry based on an extensive literature review. To achieve this, an overview of results from national (n = 15) and multi-country (n = 2) cross-sectional and longitudinal (n = 2) surveys, which describe antimicrobial use in pigs, is presented. Results are further linked to the outcome of the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) project. Overall, it was found that weaned piglets received the most antibiotics, followed by suckling piglets resulting in over 80% of the treatments being administered to animals before 10 weeks of age. Furthermore, it was observed that antibiotic use (ABU) was significantly associated across age categories, indicating that farms with a high use in piglets also used more antibiotics in their finishers. This may, among other things, be explained by farmers' habits and behavior. However, above all, the studies showed surprisingly large differences in ABU between the countries. These differences may be related to the differences in disease prevalence and/or differences in the level of biosecurity. However, they may also reflect variations in rules and regulations between countries and/or a difference in attitude towards ABU of farmers and veterinarians that are not necessarily linked to the true animal health situation. Furthermore, it was observed that already a substantial proportion of the European pig production is able to successfully raise pigs without any group treatments, indicating that it is possible to rear pigs without systematic use of antibiotics. Based on the ESVAC data, a decline of 43.2% was observed in sales of antibiotics for animals in Europe between 2011 and 2020. To enable efficient antimicrobial quantification and stewardship, 15 European countries have already established systems for herd level monitoring ABU in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Philip Joosten
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elise Bernaerdt
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Centre of Expertise on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals (AMCRA), Galileolaan 5/02, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Merel Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Scollo A, Levallois P, Fourichon C, Motta A, Mannelli A, Lombardo F, Ferrari P. Monitoring Means and Results of Biosecurity in Pig Fattening Farms: Systematic Assessment of Measures in Place and Exploration of Biomarkers of Interest. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192655. [PMID: 36230396 PMCID: PMC9558513 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available regarding animal-based biomarkers over time as outcomes of biosecurity in pig farms. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the biosecurity implementation in a convenience sample of 15 swine herds, and to describe potential biomarkers of interest; inputs from a systematic evaluation of biosecurity implementation were used to develop tailor-made biosecurity protocols monitored over a 12-month period. The farms' implementation was then described, and animal-based biomarkers were explored as output parameters. A significative biosecurity improvement was observed at the end of the study (p = 0.047), in particular in the professional zone (p = 0.012). Four clusters of farms were identified for their progress on biosecurity implementation by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA): 4/15 farms improved their biosecurity only in the professional zone, 8/15 showed scarce/null improvement of total biosecurity, 2/15 worsened their biosecurity, and 1/15 greatly improved biosecurity. The farm biosecurity profiles showing an improvement included farms with a reduction in lung lesions and scars at slaughter at the end of the study. The results suggest that a systematic evaluation of biosecurity is a useful approach to formulate tailor-made biosecurity plans and monitor their implementation; biomarkers might bring insight into the outcomes of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Ambra Motta
- CRPA Research Centre for Animal Production, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- CRPA Research Centre for Animal Production, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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13
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Stygar AH, Chantziaras I, Maes D, Aarestrup Moustsen V, De Meyer D, Quesnel H, Kyriazakis I, Niemi JK. Economic feasibility of interventions targeted at decreasing piglet perinatal and pre-weaning mortality across European countries. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:22. [PMID: 35650652 PMCID: PMC9158370 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piglet perinatal and pre-weaning mortality is a welfare problem causing economic losses in pig production. In this study, the effects of housing and management interventions on the economic result of sow enterprises representing six European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands and Spain) were tested. Interventions concerned: (1) installing mechanical ventilation, (2) re-designing of the gestation unit, (3) drying and warming newborn piglets, (4) providing enrichment for gestating sows, including high-fiber dietary supplementation and point-source objects, and (5) music provision and backscratching of sows in the farrowing unit. A bio-economic model was used to determine the effects of interventions on economic outcomes during the nursery phase and to calculate a maximum cost of 1%-point reduction in perinatal and pre-weaning mortality, irrespective of the intervention type. Biological parameters were set according to previous observational and experimental studies. Interventions 1-4 were expected to decrease perinatal mortality, defined as stillbirths and deaths occurring within the first 48 h of postnatal life. Intervention 5 was expected to decrease pre-weaning mortality. Interventions increased fixed (1-3) and variable costs (3-5). We hypothesized that housing and management interventions would have a positive economic effect. RESULTS Piglet mortality can be decreased in various ways. Interventions concerning ventilation and re-designing of the gestation unit (1 and 2) were the most beneficial in countries with low housing costs and high perinatal mortality. Drying and warming newborn piglets (3) resulted in varying economic results, with the highest increase in profits obtained in a country with low labor costs and high litter size. Interventions providing sows with enrichment and human-animal interaction (4 and 5) were effective across varying conditions. Regardless of intervention type, policies aiming at 1%-point reduction in perinatal and pre-weaning mortality could cost from €0.2 to €0.5 (average €0.4) and from €0.4 to €0.5 (average €0.5) per piglet, respectively, depending on productions conditions. CONCLUSIONS To decrease piglet mortality, farmers should consider low input interventions, such as those targeting appropriate behavior. Our results suggest that providing enrichment or increasing human-animal interaction pays off and brings positive economic result even when piglet mortality is marginally reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Stygar
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Bioeconomy and Environment, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hélène Quesnel
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Jarkko K Niemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Bioeconomy and Environment, Kampusranta 9, 60320, Seinäjoki, Finland
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14
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Toya R, Sasaki Y, Uemura R, Sueyoshi M. Optimizing antimicrobial use by improving medication adherence among pig producers. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13713. [PMID: 35417067 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, many pig producers buy antimicrobials using veterinarians' prescriptions. Even if veterinarians prescribe antimicrobials for treatments and metaphylaxis, producers may be using them for prophylaxis on farms with a high incidence of chronic diseases. To reduce the frequency of antimicrobial use, we applied the concept of medication adherence and launched an intervention in eight farrow-to-finish farms. For the intervention farms, we attempted to implement measures for preventing the repeated onset of chronic infections that interfered with adherence, confirmed the need to continue medications, and discontinued medications if possible. For each farm, these interventions began at different time points after 2017 and continued until 2020. We evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention based on the amount of active ingredients/population correction unit and the total number of defined daily doses for the weight group/slaughter pig. The ratio of antimicrobial use for both indicators in the year 2020 compared with the start of the intervention decreased on all farms. Among the eight non-intervention farms, six showed an increase in both indicators. These results suggest that interventions for chronic diseases administered by producers and veterinarians lead to high adherence to prescriptions and responsible and prudent use of antimicrobials on pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Toya
- Production Medicine Center, Agricultural Mutual Aid Association in Miyazaki Prefecture, Miyazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masuo Sueyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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15
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Blake LJ, Häsler B, Bennani H, Mateus ALP, Eastmure E, Mays N, Stärk KDC. The UK Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013–18: A Qualitative Study of International and Domestic Policy and Action Related to Livestock and the Food Chain. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.819158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly important challenge within global health, and growing action is being taken by countries across the world. The UK Government established a national AMR Strategy in 2013, encompassing human and animal health. An evaluation of the implementation of the Strategy was commissioned, to feed into a refresh of the Strategy in 2018. This article addresses the implementation of the parts of the Strategy related to food sourced from animals. It is based on 15 semi-structured interviews with policy officials and professionals from UK and international agencies. Four themes comprise the findings from thematic analysis. (1) The UK's advocacy and leadership at the global level to encourage international action, which was praised. However, the UK's actions were limited in permeating complex international food supply chains. (2) Integrating a One Health approach, adopted in the Strategy, which had successfully facilitated bringing together human and animal health sectors, but still lacked input from environmental agencies and integration of the role of environmental factors in understanding and tackling AMR. (3) Changes in antimicrobial use and attempts to reduce AMR brought about by the Strategy, including the disparity in variations of actions and progress between livestock sectors, the pros and cons of antimicrobial usage reduction targets—felt to be best when adapted for each livestock species sector, the preference for voluntary sector-led approaches to reduction in antimicrobial use, and the need for changes in production systems and animal husbandry. (4) The challenges relating to costs, drivers and incentives identified to reduce antimicrobial use, and how research, data and surveillance systems support continued action. In particular, the need for adequate investment and financial incentives to enable changes in production and husbandry to take a more preventative approach, the importance of working with different actors throughout the food chain in each livestock sector, and the need for adequate and consistent surveillance data to measure antimicrobial use and continued research to understand AMR. The findings have implications for how to implement further changes at both farm and policy level, how to implement harmonized surveillance whilst maintaining sectoral autonomy, the need for a whole food chain approach, and greater integration of research, actions and actors working on environmental factors of AMR.
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16
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Menegon F, Capello K, Tarakdjian J, Pasqualin D, Cunial G, Andreatta S, Dellamaria D, Manca G, Farina G, Di Martino G. Antibiotic Use in Alpine Dairy Farms and Its Relation to Biosecurity and Animal Welfare. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020231. [PMID: 35203833 PMCID: PMC8868112 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of antimicrobial usage (AMU) in food-producing animals can help identify AMU risk factors, thereby enhancing appropriate stewardship policies and strategies for a more rational use. AMU in a sample of 34 farms in the Province of Trento (north-eastern Italy) from 2018 to 2020 was expressed as defined daily doses for animals per population correction unit according to European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption guidelines (DDDvet) and according to Italian guidelines (DDDAit). A retrospective analysis was carried out to test the effects of several husbandry practices on AMU. Overall, the average AMU ranged between 6.5 DDDAit in 2018 and 5.2 DDDAit in 2020 (corresponding to 9 and 7 DDDvet, respectively), showing a significant trend of decrement (−21.3%). Usage of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA) was reduced by 83% from 2018 to 2020. Quarantine management, available space, water supply, animals’ cleanliness and somatic cell count had no significant association with AMU. Rather, farms with straw-bedded cubicles had lower AMU levels than those with mattresses and concrete floors (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study evidenced a decrement in AMU, particularly regarding HPCIA, but only a few risk factors due to farm management.
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17
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Albernaz-Gonçalves R, Olmos Antillón G, Hötzel MJ. Linking Animal Welfare and Antibiotic Use in Pig Farming-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:216. [PMID: 35049838 PMCID: PMC8773261 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventative measures, such as biosecurity and vaccinations, are essential but not sufficient to ensure high standards of health in pig production systems. Restrictive, barren housing and many widely used management practices that cause pain and stress predispose high-performance pigs reared in intensive systems to disease. In this context, antibiotics are used as part of the infrastructure that sustains health and high levels of production in pig farms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global emergency affecting human and animal health, and the use of antibiotics (AMU) in intensive livestock farming is considered an important risk factor for the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria from animals to humans. Tackling the issue of AMR demands profound changes in AMU, e.g., reducing their use for prophylaxis and ending it for growth promotion. In support of such recommendations, we revise the link between animal welfare and AMU and argue that it is crucial to sustainably reduce AMU while ensuring that pigs can live happy lives. In support of such recommendations, we aimed to revise the link between animal welfare and AMU in pigs by analysing stress factors related to housing and management and their impact on pig welfare. In particular, we reviewed critical management practices that increase stress and, therefore, pigs' susceptibility to disease and reduce the quality of life of pigs. We also reviewed some alternatives that can be adopted in pig farms to improve animal welfare and that go beyond the reduction in stress. By minimising environmental and management stressors, pigs can become more immunocompetent and prepared to overcome pathogenic challenges. This outcome can contribute to reducing AMU and the risk of AMR while simultaneously improving the quality of life of pigs and, ultimately, maintaining the pig industry's social license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Albernaz-Gonçalves
- Campus Santa Rosa do Sul, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Santa Rosa do Sul 88965-000, SC, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Olmos Antillón
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Maria José Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Itacorubi, Florianópolis 88034-001, SC, Brazil
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18
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Caudell MA, Kiambi S, Afakye K, Koka E, Kabali E, Kimani T, Dorado-Garcia A. OUP accepted manuscript. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlab193. [PMID: 35156026 PMCID: PMC8826779 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Caudell
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Stella Kiambi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kofi Afakye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Koka
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kabali
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Tabitha Kimani
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
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19
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David JC, Buchet A, Sialelli JN, Delouvée S. Antibiotic Use in Relation with Psychological Profiles of Farmers of a French Pig Cooperative. Vet Sci 2021; 9:vetsci9010014. [PMID: 35051098 PMCID: PMC8781677 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We focus on the psychological factors that influence pig farmers’ antibiotic use, which is not exclusively determined by the technical, health and structural factors of livestock farming. (2) Methods: We visited farming sites and asked 91 pig farmers about various psychosocial dimensions that could be considered relevant in explaining antibiotic use. (3) Results: The results indicate the existence of three livestock-farmer sub-profiles, each of which is associated with distinct psychological characteristics and antibiotic use levels. (4) Conclusions: We discuss the implications of antibiotic use for livestock in terms of communication and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles David
- LP3C (Laboratoire de Psychologie: Cognition, Comportement, Communication), Department of Psychology, University Rennes, EA 1285, 35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Arnaud Buchet
- Cooperl Innovation, Pôle Sciences Animales, Rue de la Jeannaie, 22403 Lamballe, France;
| | | | - Sylvain Delouvée
- LP3C (Laboratoire de Psychologie: Cognition, Comportement, Communication), Department of Psychology, University Rennes, EA 1285, 35000 Rennes, France;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Use on Irish Pig Farms. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102828. [PMID: 34679849 PMCID: PMC8532697 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health. There are concerns that antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture has a role in the development of AMR. Pigs are one of the main consumers of veterinary antimicrobials and a better understanding of the drivers for AMU in this sector will help in efforts to reduce use. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between antimicrobial use, farm characteristics, biosecurity, the presence of respiratory disease on the farm and health management practices on Irish pig farms. Farms that manufactured their feed on-site had lower total AMU than farms that purchased their feed from a feed mill. Higher levels of lung abscesses and pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart), both indicators of respiratory disease, were associated with increased AMU. Higher levels of pericarditis were also associated with increased use of critically important antimicrobials. Farms vaccinating against swine influenza also had higher AMU. Farms that administered prophylactic antimicrobial treatments to piglets had higher use of individual treatments and critically important antimicrobials. The results from this study show that prophylaxis and respiratory disease are the main drivers of AMU on Irish pig farms. These findings highlight areas of farm management where interventions may aid in reducing AMU on Irish pig farms. Abstract The threat to public health posed by antimicrobial resistance in livestock production means that the pig sector is a particular focus for efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). This study sought to investigate the risk factors for AMU in Irish pig production. Antimicrobial use data were collected from 52 farrow-to-finish farms. The risk factors investigated were farm characteristics and performance, biosecurity practices, prevalence of pluck lesions at slaughter and serological status for four common respiratory pathogens and vaccination and prophylactic AMU practices. Linear regression models were used for quantitative AMU analysis and risk factors for specific AMU practices were investigated using logistic regression. Farms that milled their own feed had lower total AMU (p < 0.001), whereas higher finisher mortality (p = 0.043) and vaccinating for swine influenza (p < 0.001) increased AMU. Farms with higher prevalence of pericarditis (p = 0.037) and lung abscesses (p = 0.046) used more group treatments. Farms with higher prevalence of liver milk spot lesions (p = 0.018) and farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.03) had higher numbers of individual treatments. Farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.002) or sows (p = 0.062) had higher use of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. This study identified prophylactic use and respiratory disease as the main drivers for AMU in Irish pig production. These findings highlight areas of farm management where interventions may aid in reducing AMU on Irish pig farms.
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Coaching Belgian and Dutch Broiler Farmers Aimed at Antimicrobial Stewardship and Disease Prevention. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050590. [PMID: 34067541 PMCID: PMC8156534 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in antimicrobial use (AMU) is needed to curb the increase in antimicrobial resistance in broiler production. Improvements in biosecurity can contribute to a lower incidence of disease and thereby lower the need for AMU. However, veterinary advice related to AMU reduction or biosecurity is often not complied with, and this has been linked to the attitudes of farmers. Behavior change promoted by coaching may facilitate uptake and compliance regarding veterinary advice. Thirty broiler farms in Belgium and the Netherlands with high AMU were included in this study for 13 months. For each farmer, the attitude towards AMU reduction was quantified using an adjusted Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement (ADKAR®) change management model, and farm biosecurity was assessed with the Biocheck.UGent™ tool. Subsequently, farmers were coached to improve disease prevention and antimicrobial stewardship. After the individual coaching of farmers, there was a change in their attitudes regarding AMU, reflected by an increase in ADKAR® scores. Biosecurity levels improved by around 6% on average, and AMU was reduced by 7% on average without negative effects on performance parameters. Despite these improvements, no significant association could be found between higher ADKAR® scores and lower AMU. Further investigation into sociological models is needed as a tool to reduce AMU in livestock production.
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22
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The Use of Colistin in Food-Producing Animals in Estonia-Vaccination as an Effective Alternative to Consumption of Critically Important Antimicrobials in Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050499. [PMID: 33924741 PMCID: PMC8144971 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the use of critically important antimicrobials in veterinary medicine is increasingly important to avoid the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to analyse ten-year trends of colistin consumption in Estonia and to ascertain the possible association between Escherichia (E.) coli vaccination and colistin consumption in pig production. Colistin sales data (2010-2019) were collected from the wholesalers, allowing differentiation of target species. In Estonia, the amount of sold colistin increased constantly and almost doubled from 2010 to 2013, and decreased from 2013 to 2019 by 92.5% in total. On average across a ten-year study period, 89.7% of colistin was used in pig production. The number of sold doses of E. coli vaccines for pigs was very low before 2014 (<2000) and increased drastically to 2019 (362,000). According to linear time-series model with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) the consumption of colistin in pigs decreased on average by 0.23 mg/PCU for every 10,000 E. coli vaccine doses (95% CI -0.39, -0.06; p = 0.006) over ten years. This study revealed that in pig production, vaccination against E. coli strains contributes to the expected downward trend in colistin consumption.
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23
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Albernaz-Gonçalves R, Olmos G, Hötzel MJ. Exploring Farmers' Reasons for Antibiotic Use and Misuse in Pig Farms in Brazil. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:331. [PMID: 33809885 PMCID: PMC8004152 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful management that makes farmed pigs susceptible to infections is associated with high antibiotic use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). Pig farmers are key stakeholders to support the international agenda pushing AMU restrictions. We interviewed 58 pig farmers on AMU/AMR, biosecurity, veterinary assistance, disease prevention and treatment, aiming to understand practices and attitudes towards the AMU/AMR problem. Farmers described a reliance on antibiotics to prevent and treat disease while neglecting biosecurity measures. We identified inappropriate AMU practices (high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, incorrect dosage or treatment length) and unrestricted access to antibiotics, which encouraged imprudent AMU. Nevertheless, most farmers considered this AMU legitimate to guarantee herd productivity and showed unpreparedness and resistance to changing AMU practices, perceiving limitations (economic, sanitary and inspection) more easily than alternatives to reduce AMU. Agro-industries and foreign markets were mentioned, and internal consumers dismissed as potential motivators for behavioral changes. Importantly, farmers' economic, technical and social factors may limit their autonomy to change practices. We conclude that the observed distancing of pig farmers from the AMU/AMR problem limits the efficiency of policies aiming for a prudent AMU. Our study indicates a need for education, training and behavior change nudging that should include other stakeholders beyond farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Albernaz-Gonçalves
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Santa Rosa do Sul, Santa Rosa do Sul, SC 88965-000, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Olmos
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Maria José Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001, Brazil
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Toya R, Sasaki Y, Uemura R, Sueyoshi M. Indications and patterns of antimicrobial use in pig farms in the southern Kyushu, Japan: large amounts of tetracyclines used to treat respiratory disease in post-weaning and fattening pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:322-328. [PMID: 33342965 PMCID: PMC7972880 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, reducing the use of antimicrobials in pig production is a significant issue.
However, there are no published reports concerning porcine disease treatment, as related
to the age of the pigs and the indications (e.g., organ system) in Japan. In this study,
we analyzed the prescription records of 17 farrow-to-finish farms from 2014 to 2018 in
southern Kyushu, Japan. The farms’ antimicrobial usage was calculated as the active
ingredient per population correction unit (PCU) or the number of treated pigs per PCU
using the defined daily dose. All data were analyzed according to the indications and
production stages (sows, suckling pigs, post-weaning pigs, and fattening pigs). In terms
of active ingredients/PCU, tetracyclines were the most commonly used (43.2–59.3%), and the
largest amounts of antimicrobials administered through feeds were for treating the
respiratory organs of fattening pigs. In terms of the number of treated pigs/PCU,
tetracyclines were most frequently used (16.3–31.1%), and a high frequency of
antimicrobials administered through feeds was used for the treatment of respiratory organs
in post-weaning pigs. In this study, it was confirmed that tetracyclines were used
frequently as a herd treatment for respiratory diseases in post-weaning and fattening pigs
in southern Kyushu, Japan. The findings suggest that it is necessary to improve the
treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases in post-weaning and fattening pigs in
order to reduce the frequencies of antimicrobial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Toya
- Production Medicine Center, Agricultural Mutual Aid Association in Miyazaki Prefecture, 18802-3 Nyuta, Koyugun-Shintomicho, Miyazaki 889-1406, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotakecho-Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sasaki
- Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masuo Sueyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotakecho-Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Caekebeke N, Jonquiere FJ, Ringenier M, Tobias TJ, Postma M, van den Hoogen A, Houben MAM, Velkers FC, Sleeckx N, Stegeman JA, Dewulf J. Comparing Farm Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use in High-Antimicrobial-Consuming Broiler and Pig Farms in the Belgian-Dutch Border Region. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:558455. [PMID: 33330687 PMCID: PMC7673451 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.558455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem, threatening both livestock and public health, understanding the drivers for resistance in different settings and countries is essential. Therefore, 30 pig and 30 poultry farms with country-specific high antimicrobial use (AMU) were recruited in the Belgian-Dutch border region. Information regarding production parameters, farm characteristics, biosecurity, and AMU was collected. On average, more biosecurity measures were implemented on Dutch farms, compared to Belgian farms in both animal species. In addition, more opportunities were found to increase the level of internal biosecurity compared to external biosecurity in both countries. AMU, quantified as treatment incidence (TI), differed marginally significant between broiler farms in Belgium and the Netherlands (median BE: 8; NL: 3), whereas in weaned piglets (median BE: 45 and NL: 14) and finishing pigs (median BE: 5 and NL: 1), there was a substantial difference in AMU between farms from both countries. Overall, Dutch farms showed less between-farm variation in TI than did Belgian farms. In both poultry and pig production, the majority of antimicrobials used were extended-spectrum penicillins (BE: 32 and 40%; NL: 40 and 24% for poultry and pigs, respectively). Compared to Belgian farms, Dutch poultry farms used high amounts of (fluoro)quinolones (1 and 15% of total AMU, respectively). None of the production parameters between broiler farms differed significantly, but in pig production, weaning age in Belgian farms (median: 23) was lower than in Dutch farms (median: 27). These results indicate considerable room for improvement in both countries and animal species. Farm-specific preventive strategies can contribute to lowering the risk for animal disease and hence the need for AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Caekebeke
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Franca J Jonquiere
- Farm Animal Health Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Moniek Ringenier
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tijs J Tobias
- Farm Animal Health Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Merel Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Angelique van den Hoogen
- Farm Animal Health Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Francisca C Velkers
- Farm Animal Health Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - J Arjan Stegeman
- Farm Animal Health Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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26
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Caucci C, Di Martino G, Dalla Costa A, Santagiuliana M, Lorenzetto M, Capello K, Mughini-Gras L, Gavazzi L, Bonfanti L. Trends and correlates of antimicrobial use in broiler and turkey farms: a poultry company registry-based study in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2784-2787. [PMID: 31102520 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock plays a key role in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Analysis of AMU data in livestock is therefore relevant for both animal and public health. OBJECTIVES To assess AMU in 470 broiler and 252 turkey farms of one of Italy's largest poultry companies, accounting for around 30% of national poultry production, to identify trends and risk factors for AMU. METHODS Antimicrobial treatments administered to 5827 broiler and 1264 turkey grow-out cycles in 2015-17 were expressed as DDDs for animals per population correction unit (DDDvet/PCU). A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the effect of geographical area, season and prescribing veterinarian on AMU. Management and structural interventions implemented by the company were also assessed. RESULTS AMU showed a 71% reduction in broilers (from 14 to 4 DDDvet/PCU) and a 56% reduction in turkeys (from 41 to 18 DDDvet/PCU) during the study period. Quinolones, macrolides and polymyxins decreased from 33% to 6% of total AMU in broilers, and from 56% to 32% in turkeys. Broiler cycles during spring and winter showed significantly higher AMU, as well as those in densely populated poultry areas. Different antimicrobial prescribing behaviour was identified among veterinarians. CONCLUSIONS This study evidenced a decreasing trend in AMU and identified several correlates of AMU in broilers and turkeys. These factors will inform the design of interventions to further reduce AMU and therefore counteract antimicrobial resistance in these poultry sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Guido Di Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalla Costa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Manuel Santagiuliana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lebana Bonfanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Sarrazin S, Joosten P, Van Gompel L, Luiken REC, Mevius DJ, Wagenaar JA, Heederik DJJ, Dewulf J. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage patterns in 180 selected farrow-to-finish pig farms from nine European countries based on single batch and purchase data. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:807-816. [PMID: 30544242 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Farm-level quantification of antimicrobial usage (AMU) in pig farms. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, AMU data on group treatments administered to a single batch of fattening pigs from birth to slaughter (group treatment data) and antimicrobials purchased during 1 year (purchase data) were collected at 180 pig farms in nine European countries. AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI) based on defined (DDDvet) and used (UDDvet) daily doses and defined (DCDvet) and used (UCDvet) course doses. RESULTS The majority of antimicrobial group treatments were administered to weaners (69.5% of total TIDDDvet) followed by sucklers (22.5% of total TIDDDvet). AMU varied considerably between farms with a median TIDDDvet of 9.2 and 7.1 for a standardized rearing period of 200 days based on group treatment and purchase data, respectively. In general, UDDvet and UCDvet were higher than DDDvet and DCDvet, respectively, suggesting that either the defined doses were set too low or that group treatments were often dosed too high and/or administered for too long. Extended-spectrum penicillins (31.2%) and polymyxins (24.7%) were the active substances most often used in group treatments, with the majority administered through feed or water (82%). Higher AMU at a young age was associated with higher use in older pigs. CONCLUSIONS Collecting farm-level AMU data of good quality is challenging and results differ based on how data are collected (group treatment data versus purchase data) and reported (defined versus used daily and course doses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Philip Joosten
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houribweg 39, RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houribweg 39, RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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van Asseldonk M, de Lauwere C, Bonestroo J, Bondt N, Bergevoet R. Antibiotics use versus profitability on sow farms in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med 2020; 178:104981. [PMID: 32279001 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the Dutch government provided policy objectives (i.e., targets) for a reduction in veterinary antibiotics use of -20 % in 2011, -50 % in 2013 and -70 % in 2015 relative to the use in 2009. The relationship between antibiotics use and performance of Dutch sow farms during this policy reform was analysed using the Farm Accountancy Data Network database comprising cross-sectional farm data from 2004 to 2016. The results show that there is a significant downward trend in antibiotics use of 57 %. Panel data analysis (n = 74 sow farms) revealed that the reduction in antibiotic use did not lead to negative effects on technical or economic farm results. A follow-up survey was conducted on measures taken to improve animal health, which made the reduction in antibiotic use feasible. Of the 79 sow farmers approached, 55 participated in this survey. Sow farmers used a variety of relatively easy and affordable measures, such as more attention to hygiene, use of pain killers and anti-inflammatory agents, or applied more preventive vaccinations. Multivariable linear regression models showed that the intention, perceived risk and uncertainty, and perceived capability (to keep or get the use of antibiotics under the target value) were the most important predictors for antibiotics use from 2014 to 2016. Sow farmers who used more antibiotics were more concerned that low antibiotics use compromises their farm results, perceived more risk and uncertainty, and thought to a lesser extent that they have enough knowledge and time. These results indicate that providing these farmers with knowledge and information on management practices to reduce the use of antibiotics may be helpful. Thereby, it would be useful to focus on continuous involvement of the veterinarian and possibly the feed supplier, preferably by means of individual advice, as the results showed that individual advice was the preferred way to gather knowledge for the interviewed sow farmers and the veterinarian appeared to be the most important source of information to the interviewed sow farmers, followed by the feed supplier. In summary, the study shows that decrease in antibiotics use can be quite successful without compromising on the economic or technical performance, and moreover taking into account farmers' attitudes, perceptions and preferences can be helpful to get a better understanding of farmers' decision making and is useful for the design of tailor-made interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van Asseldonk
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carolien de Lauwere
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Bonestroo
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Bondt
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Bergevoet
- Wageningen Economic Research, P.O. Box 35, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Tarakdjian J, Capello K, Pasqualin D, Santini A, Cunial G, Scollo A, Mannelli A, Tomao P, Vonesch N, Di Martino G. Antimicrobial use on Italian Pig Farms and its Relationship with Husbandry Practices. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E417. [PMID: 32131557 PMCID: PMC7143824 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of antimicrobial use (AMU) data in livestock allows for the identification of risk factors for AMU, thereby favoring the application of responsible AMU policies on-farm. Herewith, AMU in 36 finishing pig farms in northern Italy from 2015-2017 was expressed as defined daily doses for Italian pigs (DDDita) per population correction unit (DDDita/100kg). A retrospective analysis was then conducted to determine the effects of several husbandry practices on AMU. Overall, AMU ranged between 12 DDDita/100kg in 2015 and 8 DDDita/100kg in 2017, showing no significant trends, due to the large variability in AMU between farms. However, a 66% AMU reduction was observed in 19 farms during 2015-2017. Farm size, number of farm workers, air quality, average pig mortality, and presence of undocked pigs on the farm had no significant effects on AMU. Rather, welfare-friendly farms had 38% lower AMU levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, animal welfare management seems to be relatively more important than farm structure and other managerial characteristics as drivers of AMU in finishing pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tarakdjian
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (K.C.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Katia Capello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (K.C.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Dario Pasqualin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (K.C.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Andrea Santini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (K.C.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Giovanni Cunial
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (K.C.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (G.D.M.)
| | | | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Paola Tomao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (P.T.); (N.V.)
| | - Nicoletta Vonesch
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy; (P.T.); (N.V.)
| | - Guido Di Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (K.C.); (D.P.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (G.D.M.)
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Raasch S, Collineau L, Postma M, Backhans A, Sjölund M, Belloc C, Emanuelson U, Beilage EG, Stärk K, Dewulf J. Effectiveness of alternative measures to reduce antimicrobial usage in pig production in four European countries. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:6. [PMID: 32140242 PMCID: PMC7050127 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-0145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduction of antimicrobial usage (AMU) is in the focus in modern pig production. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of alternatives to reduce AMU at herd level. In a prospective study, 68 farrow-to-finish pig herds located in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden were recruited on a voluntary basis to implement tailor-made intervention plans to reduce their AMU. Alternative measures included improvement of biosecurity (n = 29 herds), vaccination (n = 30), changes of feeding schemes or drinking water quality (n = 45), improved pig health and welfare care (n = 21) as well as changes in stable climate and zootechnical measures (n = 14). Herds were followed for 1 year after implementation of measures. Annual antimicrobial expenditures or treatment records, as well as disease incidence scores were collected and compared to those of the year before intervention. AMU was measured as the treatment incidence and calculated by age category, antimicrobial class and administration route. RESULTS Compliance with the intervention plans was high (median 93%). AMU was significantly reduced following the implementation of alternative measures: in the median herd of the four countries, pigs were treated before intervention 25% of their expected lifespan (200 days from birth to slaughter) and after intervention 16%. AMU of suckling and weaned pigs were significantly reduced by 37 and 54%, respectively. The usage of polymyxins and tetracyclines was significantly reduced by 69 and 49%, respectively. AMU via feed and water, as well as parenteral AMU were significantly reduced by 46 and 36%, respectively. Herds with a higher AMU level before intervention achieved a bigger reduction. The majority of disease incidence were similar before and after intervention, with a few exceptions of disorders related to the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling pigs (decreased) and in breeding pigs (increased). CONCLUSION Following tailor-made implementation of alternative measures, a substantial reduction of AMU in pig production was achievable without jeopardizing animal health. The AMU reduction in the youngest age categories (suckling and weaned pigs) and the reduction of group treatments via feed and water was in line with the recent European Guidelines on the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Raasch
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Field Station for Epidemiology, Bakum, Germany
| | - Lucie Collineau
- SAFOSO, Waldeggstrasse 1, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, BP40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Merel Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annette Backhans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Sjölund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - on the behalf of the MINAPIG Consortium
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Field Station for Epidemiology, Bakum, Germany
- SAFOSO, Waldeggstrasse 1, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, BP40706, F-44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Joosten P, Ceccarelli D, Odent E, Sarrazin S, Graveland H, Van Gompel L, Battisti A, Caprioli A, Franco A, Wagenaar JA, Mevius D, Dewulf J. Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Companion Animals: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three European Countries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E87. [PMID: 32079072 PMCID: PMC7175148 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Companion animals have been described as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), however data remain scarce. Therefore, the objectives were to describe antimicrobial usage (AMU) in dogs and cats in three European countries (Belgium, Italy, and The Netherlands) and to investigate phenotypic AMR. A questionnaire and one fecal sample per animal (n = 303) were collected over one year and AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI). Phenotypic resistance profiles of 282 Escherichia coli isolates were determined. Nineteen percent of the animals received at least one antimicrobial treatment six months preceding sampling. On average, cats and dogs were treated with a standard daily dose of antimicrobials for 1.8 and 3.3 days over one year, respectively. The most frequently used antimicrobial was amoxicillin-clavulanate (27%). Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and critically important antimicrobials for human medicine represented 83% and 71% of the total number of treatments, respectively. Resistance of E. coli to at least one antimicrobial agent was found in 27% of the isolates. The most common resistance was to ampicillin (18%). Thirteen percent was identified as multidrug resistant isolates. No association between AMU and AMR was found in the investigated samples. The issue to address, regarding AMU in companion animal, lies within the quality of use, not the quantity. Especially from a One-Health perspective, companion animals might be a source of transmission of resistance genes and/or resistant bacteria to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Joosten
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (E.O.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Daniela Ceccarelli
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (D.C.); (J.A.W.); (D.M.)
| | - Evelien Odent
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (E.O.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (E.O.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Haitske Graveland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Liese Van Gompel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (D.C.); (J.A.W.); (D.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dik Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (D.C.); (J.A.W.); (D.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (E.O.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
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Caekebeke N, Ringenier M, De Meyer F, Ducatelle R, Ongena N, Van Immerseel F, Dewulf J. A study on risk factors for macroscopic gut abnormalities in intensively reared broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:193-201. [PMID: 31899945 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1711019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of broiler production has coincided with an increase in enteric disorders. Enteric syndromes of unknown aetiology are often associated with an increased feed conversion ratio and are given the general term "dysbiosis". Despite the importance of dysbiosis, information on factors contributing to this condition are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe dysbiosis in broilers (Ross 308) during one production round and to identify risk factors. Fifteen farms in Flanders (Belgium) were followed up, with visits at days 10, 17, 20, 24 and 28 of production. At every visit, 10 random birds were inspected for footpad lesions, hock burns and breast blisters. Also, coccidiosis and enteric abnormalities were scored after necropsy. A gut appearance score (GAS) was given based on 10 macroscopically visible parameters, where a higher GAS equalled more enteric abnormalities. Footpad lesions were seen in 14 farms and increased in prevalence with the age of the birds. Hock burns were seen less frequently, and no breast blisters were detected. Eimeria acervulina lesions were most frequently observed, followed by E. maxima and E. tenella lesions. The average GAS increased from day 10 until day 20. The strong correlations between the GAS at days 10, 17 and 20 indicate that prevalence of gut abnormalities at day 10 can be predictive for scores later on. A higher amount of intestinal defects was seen in older female birds, in the presence of a conceivable E. tenella infection and at farms with a higher productivity and sanitary status.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSGut lesions found in young broilers can predict further development of defects.Caecal lesions showed the strongest correlation with GAS in a multivariate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Caekebeke
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Moniek Ringenier
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fien De Meyer
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Costa-Hurtado M, Barba-Vidal E, Maldonado J, Aragon V. Update on Glässer's disease: How to control the disease under restrictive use of antimicrobials. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108595. [PMID: 32122599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials have been commonly used to control bacterial diseases in farm animals. The efficacy of these drugs deterred the development of other control measures, such as vaccines, which are currently getting more attention due to the increased concern about antimicrobial resistance. Glässer's disease is caused by Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis and affects pork production around the world. Balance between colonization and immunity seems to be essential in disease control. Reduction in antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine requires the implementation of preventive measures, based on alternative tools such as vaccination and other strategies to guarantee a beneficial microbial colonization of the animals. The present review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge on diagnosis and control of Glässer's disease, including prospects on alternatives to antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Costa-Hurtado
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.
| | | | | | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wah Yun Low
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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35
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Diana A, Boyle LA, Leonard FC, Carroll C, Sheehan E, Murphy D, Manzanilla EG. Removing prophylactic antibiotics from pig feed: how does it affect their performance and health? BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:67. [PMID: 30808361 PMCID: PMC6390319 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics (AB) are an important tool to tackle infectious disease in pig farms; however some research indicates that their frequent mis/over-use may contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance and the WHO has declared that this issue should be addressed. Little is known about the long term consequences of withdrawing prophylactic AB from pig feed; hence we aimed to assess its effects on performance and health of pigs from weaning to slaughter. Six batches of 140 pigs each were monitored on a commercial farm through the weaner and finisher stages to slaughter. In-feed antibiotics were not added to the feed for half of the pigs (NOI) and were added in the other half (ABI) within each batch for the whole weaner stage. Individual pigs in both treatments were treated with parenteral administrations if and when detected as ill or lame. Productive performance, parenteral treatments and mortality were recorded on farm and the presence of respiratory disease was recorded at slaughter. Pen was considered the experimental unit. RESULTS ABI pigs showed higher growth (P = 0.018) and feed intake (P = 0.048) than NOI pigs in the first weaner stage but feed efficiency was not affected (NOI = 1.48 vs. ABI = 1.52). Despite an initial reduction in performance, NOI pigs had similar performance in finisher stage (ADG: NOI = 865.4 vs. ABI = 882.2) and minimal effects on health compared to ABI pigs. No difference between treatments was found at the abattoir for the percentage of pigs affected by pneumonia, pleurisy, pleuropneumonia and abscesses (P > 0.05). Mortality rate was not affected by treatment during the weaner stage (P = 0.806) although it tended to be slightly higher in NOI than ABI pigs during the finisher stage (P = 0.099). Parenteral treatments were more frequent in NOI pigs during the weaner stage (P < 0.001) while no difference was recorded during the finisher stage (P = 0.406). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the removal of prophylactic in-feed antibiotics is possible with only minor reductions in productive performance and health which can be addressed by improved husbandry and use of parenteral antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Diana
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laura A. Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Ciaran Carroll
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Declan Murphy
- Makeway Limited Riverstown Business Park, Riverstown, Tramore, Co. Waterford, Ireland
| | - Edgar G. Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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36
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Burow E, Rostalski A, Harlizius J, Gangl A, Simoneit C, Grobbel M, Kollas C, Tenhagen BA, Käsbohrer A. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs from birth to slaughter and its association with antibiotic treatment. Prev Vet Med 2019; 165:52-62. [PMID: 30851928 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this longitudinal study was to describe the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in faecal Escherichia coli isolated from pigs between birth and slaughter and its association with antibiotic treatment. Four objectives were addressed: comparison of antibiotic resistance in isolates from a) treated vs. non-treated pigs, b) follow-up vs. initial samples of treated and non-treated pigs, c) pigs receiving treatments via different administration routes and d) sows and their piglets. Each comparison addressed the following antibiotic groups used for treatment: beta-lactams, tetracyclines, polymyxins and macrolides, and the susceptibility of E. coli isolates to the respective agents: ampicillin, tetracycline, colistin and azithromycin. Between 2014 and 2016, 406 focal animals from 29 commercial breeding herds were followed from birth to the end of the relevant fattening periods. All antibiotic treatments in these pigs were documented. Faecal samples were collected from the focal pigs once while suckling, once after weaning and three times during fattening, and from their dams once around farrowing. Escherichia coli isolated from these samples was tested for antibiotic susceptibility. In total, 264 animals from 19 breeding herds were treated with an antibiotic at least once during their lifetime. Beta-lactams, tetracyclines and colistin were used most frequently. Piglets were treated individually by injection (n = 108 treatments) or via drench (9); weaners via feed (192) or water (56) and fatteners via feed (30) or injection (15). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline in E. coli was already common prior to antibiotic treatment. Resistance proportions were higher for beta-lactam-, tetracycline-, colistin- and macrolide-treated pigs compared to untreated pigs at different sampling periods (p < 0.05; Fisher's exact test). In the logistic analysis, the difference was confirmed for beta-lactam-treated vs. untreated pigs. In E. coli from macrolide-untreated pigs, resistance to azithromycin was more frequent compared to pre-treatment values. Route of application did not affect rates of antibiotic resistance in the logistic analysis even though Fisher's exact test indicated associations for beta-lactams (feed/water vs. injection), tetracyclines (feed/water vs. non-treatment) and macrolides (tulathromycin-injection vs. tylosin in feed). Piglets were more likely to carry an E. coli resistant to ampicillin or azithromycin if their dams did so as well. Our results suggest further research on resistance effects by administration routes is required. Reducing antibiotic resistance in sows might lead to a lower level of beta-lactam or macrolide-resistant E. coli among their progeny. To preserve treatment options for bacterial infections, antibiotic use should be restricted to necessary cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Rostalski
- Bavarian Animal Health Services, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586, Poing, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harlizius
- Animal Health Services, Chamber of Agriculture of North Rhine-Westphalia, Haus Düsse, Ostinghausen, 59505, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | - Armin Gangl
- Bavarian Animal Health Services, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586, Poing, Germany
| | - Céline Simoneit
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris Kollas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Sørensen AIV, Rosendal T, Widgren S, Halasa T. Mechanistic modelling of interventions against spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) within a Danish farrow-to-finish pig herd. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200563. [PMID: 30001405 PMCID: PMC6042764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on successful interventions against livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) within pig herds is sparse. In situations like this, a mechanistic simulation model can be a valuable tool for assessing the effect of potential intervention strategies, and prioritising which should be tested in the field. We have simulated on-farm interventions in a farrow-to-finish pig herd, with a previously published LA-MRSA spread model, within four different areas: 1) Reduced antimicrobial consumption, 2) Reduced number of pigs within each section, 3) Reduced mixing of pigs, and 4) Improved internal biosecurity. To model a decrease in the selective pressure, the transmission rates were reduced after LA-MRSA had become fully established within a herd, which resulted in a marked decrease in the prevalence within all stable units. However, LA-MRSA rarely disappeared completely from the herd; this was only observed in scenarios where the transmission rates were reduced to ≤ 30% of the original level. While changes in antimicrobial consumption patterns might be a very important step towards reducing the spread of LA-MRSA, the simulation results indicate that it may need to be paired with other preventive or intervention measures. Reducing the number of pigs within each section, reducing mixing of pigs, or improving internal biosecurity after LA-MRSA had become established within the herd only resulted in marginal changes in the median prevalence within the herd. However, these factors might be important in relation to being able to achieve or maintain a low level of antimicrobial consumption, and thus still indirectly influence the LA-MRSA prevalence within the herd. The results of a sensitivity analysis indicated the assumptions regarding the existence of pigs persistently shedding MRSA have a noticeable influence on the model results. The assumptions regarding transmission from sow to offspring at the day of birth also had a considerable influence on the MRSA prevalence within the farrowing unit but did not cause any marked changes in the simulated effect of interventions. Effects might differ between different farm types contaminated in different levels and this simulation study highlights a strong need for more knowledge from on-farm trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Irene Vedel Sørensen
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Rosendal
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Widgren
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Assessment of Factors Influencing the Implementation of Biosecurity Measures on Pig Farms in the Western Highlands of Cameroon (Central Africa). Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:9173646. [PMID: 29977495 PMCID: PMC5994303 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9173646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity plays an irreplaceable role in preventing diseases and increasing productivity on farm. The main objective of this study was to characterize pig farming and investigate factors influencing biosecurity on pig farms in the western highlands of Cameroon. Data were collected from May to July 2017 using a questionnaire and observations. A technical scoring system was developed from the biosecurity measures. The results revealed that most farmers are males (76.29%), on average 47.82 ± 10.34 years old, with secondary school level (53.61%). The most common husbandry system is extensive (73.22%). Over a total score of 93, measures with higher scores (>80) included "employees do not rear pigs at home," "animals of different age not in the same room," "unsold animals from market quarantined prior to reintroduction into the herd," "production materials not exchanged among farms," "piggeries clean every day," "disinfectants used," "pigs vaccinated," and "vaccination calendar respected." Those with the lowest score (<6) were "sanitary lock present," "use of herd specific clean coveralls and boots on farm," and "entry restriction sign post present." The biosecurity level was associated with production system, with the score 6.57 and 3.66 points lower for extensive and semi-intensive farms, respectively, than for intensive system. Farmer's age, gender, education level, and herd size did not affect the level of biosecurity. The results can be used to improve the general biosecurity status in pig herds in the country which in turn will lead, as observed elsewhere, to improved technical performance and economic gain.
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Moran D. Antimicrobial resistance in animal agriculture: understanding user attitudes and behaviours. Vet Rec 2018; 181:508-509. [PMID: 29127173 DOI: 10.1136/vr.j5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Moran
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, UK
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40
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Pinto Ferreira J. Why Antibiotic Use Data in Animals Needs to Be Collected and How This Can Be Facilitated. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:213. [PMID: 29312963 PMCID: PMC5732972 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently recognized as one of the most significant threats to public health worldwide. It is a phenomenon that highlights the interconnectivity between human and animal health since any use of antibiotics in humans can eventually lead to resistance in the microbial populations colonizing animals and vice versa. In recent years, our understanding of the relationship between the use of antibiotics and the consequent development of resistance in microbial populations to these (or similar) antibiotics has increased. Having accurate data, ideally in a digital format, on the use of antibiotics are therefore of paramount importance. Current obstacles to having such data include, among others, the lack of consensual and harmonized technical methods and units that represent antimicrobial use (AMU), the insufficient incentives to motivate primary producers to report their use of antibiotics, and the inexistence of user-friendly technologies for the collection of such data, despite the generalized use of Internet and electronic devices. Further development and adoption of the units proposed by the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption will contribute to the long-desired harmonization. Rewarding the animal producers (via tax incentives, for example) that use less antibiotics and the development of an app, to which producers could orally report the used antibiotics are among the solutions that could help to overcome the current challenges. I here also argue that having mandatory electronic veterinary prescriptions and awareness campaings, funded via public-private partnerships, should also be considered as methods that could help for the control of societal problems like AMR.
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