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Zeng X, Han X, Zheng D, Jiang P, Yuan Z. Similarity and difference in large-scale functional network alternations between behavioral addictions and substance use disorder: a comparative meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2024; 54:473-487. [PMID: 38047402 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral addiction (BA) and substance use disorder (SUD) share similarities and differences in clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and behavioral attributes. However, little is known about whether and how functional networks in the human brain manifest commonalities and differences between BA and SUD. Voxel-wise meta-analyses of resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) were conducted in BA and SUD separately, followed by quantitative conjunction analyses to identify the common and distinct alterations across both the BA and SUD groups. A total of 92 datasets with 2444 addicted patients and 2712 healthy controls (HCs) were eligible for the meta-analysis. Our findings demonstrated that BA and SUD exhibited common alterations in rs-FC between frontoparietal network (FPN) and other high-level neurocognitive networks (i.e. default mode network (DMN), affective network (AN), and salience network (SN)) as well as hyperconnectivity between SN seeds and the Rolandic operculum in SSN. In addition, compared with BA, SUD exhibited several distinct within- and between-network rs-FC alterations mainly involved in the DMN and FPN. Further, altered within- and between-network rs-FC showed significant association with clinical characteristics such as the severity of addiction in BA and duration of substance usage in SUD. The common rs-FC alterations in BA and SUD exhibited the relationship with consistent aberrant behaviors in both addiction groups, such as impaired inhibition control and salience attribution. By contrast, the distinct rs-FC alterations might suggest specific substance effects on the brain neural transmitter systems in SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Zeng
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Xinyang Han
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- West China Medical Publishers, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Truckenbrod LM, Cooper EM, Wheeler AR, Orsini CA. Cocaine intake correlates with risk-taking behavior and affects estrous cycling in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1293226. [PMID: 37965568 PMCID: PMC10641408 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1293226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Navigating complex decisions and considering their relative risks and rewards is an important cognitive ability necessary for survival. However, use of and dependence on illicit drugs can result in long-lasting changes to this risk/reward calculus in individuals with substance use disorder. Recent work has shown that chronic exposure to cocaine causes long-lasting increases in risk taking in male and female rats, but there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the relationship between cocaine use and changes in risk taking. For example, it is unclear whether the magnitude of cocaine intake dictates the extent to which risk taking is altered. To address this, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cocaine (or sucrose) self-administration and, following a period of abstinence, were trained and tested in a rodent model of risky decision making. In this behavioral task, rats made discrete-trial choices between a lever associated with a small food reward (i.e., "safe" option) and a lever associated with a larger food reward accompanied by a variable risk of footshock delivery (i.e., "risky" option). Surprisingly, and in contrast to prior work in Long-Evans rats, there were no effects of cocaine self-administration on choice of the large, risky reward (i.e., risk taking) during abstinence in males or females. There was, however, a significant relationship between cocaine intake and risk taking in female rats, with greater intake associated with greater preference for the large, risky reward. Relative to their sucrose counterparts, female rats in the cocaine group also exhibited irregular estrous cycles, characterized by prolonged estrus and/or diestrus phases. Collectively, these data suggest that there may be strain differences in the effects of cocaine on risk taking and highlight the impact that chronic cocaine exposure has on hormonal cyclicity in females. Future work will focus on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying cocaine's intake-dependent effects on risk taking in females, and whether this is directly related to cocaine-induced alterations in neuroendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Truckenbrod
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Emily M. Cooper
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alexa-Rae Wheeler
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Caitlin A. Orsini
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Wesley MJ, Lile JA. Combining noninvasive brain stimulation with behavioral pharmacology methods to study mechanisms of substance use disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1150109. [PMID: 37554294 PMCID: PMC10405288 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are effective for treating certain psychiatric conditions. Drugs and TMS have also been used as tools to explore the relationship between brain function and behavior in humans. Combining centrally acting drugs and TMS has proven useful for characterizing the neural basis of movement. This combined intervention approach also holds promise for improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disordered behavior associated with psychiatric conditions, including addiction, though challenges exist. For example, altered neocortical function has been implicated in substance use disorder, but the relationship between acute neuromodulation of neocortex with TMS and direct effects on addiction-related behaviors is not well established. We propose that the combination of human behavioral pharmacology methods with TMS can be leveraged to help establish these links. This perspective article describes an ongoing study that combines the administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, with neuroimaging-guided TMS in individuals with problematic cannabis use. The study examines the impact of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation on cognitive outcomes impacted by THC intoxication, including the subjective response to THC and the impairing effects of THC on behavioral performance. A framework for integrating TMS with human behavioral pharmacology methods, along with key details of the study design, are presented. We also discuss challenges, alternatives, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Ferland JMN, Ellis RJ, Betts G, Silveira MM, de Firmino JB, Winstanley CA, Hurd YL. Long-Term Outcomes of Adolescent THC Exposure on Translational Cognitive Measures in Adulthood in an Animal Model and Computational Assessment of Human Data. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80:66-76. [PMID: 36416863 PMCID: PMC9685552 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Importance Although perceived as relatively harmless and nonaddictive, adolescent cannabis use significantly increases the likelihood of developing cannabis use disorder in adulthood, especially for high-potency cannabis. Risky decision-making is associated with chronic cannabis use, but given confounds of human studies, it remains unclear whether adolescent cannabis exposure and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency specifically predicts risky decision-making or influences cognitive response to the drug later in life. Objective To leverage a human data set of cannabis users and a rat model to evaluate the long-term outcomes of adolescent THC exposure on adult decision-making and impulse control. Design, Setting, and Participants This translational rat study tested the link between adolescent THC exposure and adulthood decision-making. A reanalysis of a previously published dataset of human chronic cannabis users was conducted to evaluate decision-making phenotypes. Computational modeling assessed the human and animal results in a single framework. Data were collected from 2017 to 2020 and analyzed from 2020 to 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Decision-making was measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Rat Gambling Task (rGT). Impulse control was assessed in the rat model. Computational modeling was used to determine reward and punishment learning rates and learning strategy used by cannabis users and THC-exposed rats. Cell-specific molecular measures were conducted in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Results Of 37 participants, 24 (65%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 33.0 (8.3) years. Chronic cannabis users (n = 22; mean [SE] IGT score, -5.182 [1.262]) showed disadvantageous decision-making compared with controls (n = 15; mean [SE] IGT score, 7.133 [2.687]; Cohen d = 1.436). Risky choice was associated with increased reward learning (mean [SE] IGT score: cannabis user, 0.170 [0.018]; control, 0.046 [0.008]; Cohen d = 1.895) and a strategy favoring exploration vs long-term gains (mean [SE] IGT score: cannabis user, 0.088 [0.012]; control, 0.020 [0.002]; Cohen d = 2.218). Rats exposed to high-dose THC but not low-dose THC during adolescence also showed increased risky decision-making (mean [SE] rGT score: vehicle, 46.17 [7.02]; low-dose THC, 69.45 [6.01]; high-dose THC, 21.97 [11.98]; Cohen d = 0.433) and elevated reward learning rates (mean [SE] rGT score: vehicle, 0.17 [0.01]; low-dose THC, 0.10 [0.01]; high-dose THC, 0.24 [0.06]; Cohen d = 1.541) during task acquisition. These animals were also uniquely susceptible to increased cognitive impairments after reexposure to THC in adulthood, which was correlated with even greater reward learning (r = -0.525; P < .001) and a shift in strategy (r = 0.502; P < .001), similar to results seen in human cannabis users. Molecular studies revealed that adolescent THC dose differentially affected cannabinoid-1 receptor messenger RNA expression in the prelimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala in a layer- and cell-specific manner. Further, astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein messenger RNA expression associated with cognitive deficits apparent with adult THC reexposure. Conclusions and Relevance In this translational study, high-dose adolescent THC exposure was associated with cognitive vulnerability in adulthood, especially with THC re-exposure. These data also suggest a link between astrocytes and cognition that altogether provides important insights regarding the neurobiological genesis of risky cannabis use that may help promote prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline-Marie N. Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Randall J. Ellis
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Graeme Betts
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mason M. Silveira
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joao Bronze de Firmino
- The Collaborative Advanced Microscopy Laboratories of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catharine A. Winstanley
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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5
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Olashore AA, Paruk S, Brooks M, Chiliza B. Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder in HIV-Infected Adolescents in Botswana: A Comparison Between the Congenitally Infected and Behaviorally Infected Adolescents. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231152818. [PMID: 36875743 PMCID: PMC9974603 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231152818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Substance use is a major obstacle to preventing and managing HIV among adolescents, who account for 30% of new infections in many parts of the world, including Botswana. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of data on adolescent substance use, especially in the region. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pattern of psychoactive substance use in adolescents living with HIV (ALWHIV). It also aimed to compare and explore the pattern of substance use disorders and associated factors between congenitally infected adolescents (CIAs) and behaviorally infected adolescents (BIAs). Six hundred and thirty-four ALWHIV were interviewed using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the WHO drug questionnaire, and DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder. The participants' mean age (SD) was 17.69 (1.6) years, with a male predominance (n = 336, 53%), and the majority (n = 411, 64.8%) were CIAs. Alcohol was the most used substance among the participants, with 15.8% admitting to its current use. The BIAs were more likely to have SUD (χ2 = 17.2, P < .01), use more than one substance (χ2 = 20.3, P < .01), and more likely to use all psychoactive substances except for inhalants. In the CIAs, regular participation in religious activities was negatively associated with SUD (AOR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.17-0.77), while struggling with HIV status acceptance was positively associated with SUD (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI: 1.15-5.61) in the BIAs. This study showed a huge burden and similar pattern of substance use disorders among the ALWHIV in Botswana, as reported elsewhere. It also identified the dissimilarities between the BIAs and CIAs regarding substance-related issues and suggested the need for differentiated care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Olashore
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Saeeda Paruk
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Merrian Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bonginkosi Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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6
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Baldock M. Characteristics of crash-involved drink and drug car drivers and motorcyclists. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 24:7-13. [PMID: 36512333 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2152283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug driving is an issue of growing concern among Australian jurisdictions, including South Australia. In order to have an appropriate response to drug driving in regard to policy and enforcement, it is important to have sound knowledge about the patterns of drug use among motorists and the associated risks of this behavior. METHOD To this end, this study examined the characteristics of 1,277 hospitalized road users in South Australia in the years 2014 to 2017, with reference to whether or not they tested positive for alcohol or other drugs (the three drugs tested for according to the South Australian Road Traffic Act (1961): THC, methamphetamine, MDMA). This examination used a database combining hospital data, police-reported crash data, licensing information, and the result of alcohol and drug tests conducted by Forensic Science SA. RESULTS It was found that more motorists were positive for one or more of the three illicit drugs than for alcohol, reversing long established trends. Comparisons were made between alcohol and drug free motorists, alcohol positive motorists, drug positive motorists, and motorists positive for both drugs and alcohol, with drivers of cars and motorcyclists analyzed separately where possible. Findings include: that those combining drugs and alcohol only comprise a small proportion of hospitalized motorists; that drug drivers tend to be younger than other hospitalized motorists; that drivers are more likely to test positive to alcohol or methamphetamine, while motorcyclists are more likely to test positive to THC; motorists testing positive to drugs and/or alcohol tend to exhibit a range of other risky behaviors; and motorists testing positive to drugs and/or alcohol tend to sustain more severe injuries in the event of a crash. CONCLUSIONS Preventing drink and drug driving is important not only for reducing crash numbers but also injury severity in the event of a crash. Substance use differs by road user type and age, which has potential implications for enforcement practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Baldock
- Centre for Automotive Safety Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Athamneh LN, Brown J, Stein JS, Gatchalian KM, LaConte SM, Bickel WK. Future thinking to decrease real-world drinking in alcohol use disorder: Repairing reinforcer pathology in a randomized proof-of-concept trial. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:326-337. [PMID: 35041442 PMCID: PMC9450688 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcer Pathology theory proposes that expanding the temporal window of reinforcement (i.e., reducing delay discounting) using episodic future thinking (EFT) would decrease alcohol consumption. However, evidence of effectiveness in real-world settings is lacking. Using a randomized proof-of-concept field trial, the current study examined the effect of expanding the temporal window of reinforcement, using remotely delivered EFT, on decreasing real-world alcohol consumption among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Fifty-two individuals (9 females) aged 18-65 years who met the DSM-5 criteria for moderate or severe AUD and aimed to drink in moderation or abstain from drinking completed the study and were included in analysis. EFT significantly (p = .031) reduced alcohol consumption (mean change of consumption pre-post intervention = -2.18 drinks/day) compared to control episodic recent thinking (ERT; mean change of -0.52 drinks/day). Changes in discounting rates pre-post intervention significantly predicted changes in alcohol consumption (coef. = .424, 95% CI [.043-.813], p = .030) even after controlling for age, gender, race, income, education, marital status, and family history of addiction. Overall satisfaction across groups was rated as 3.92 on a 1 to 5-point scale, suggesting that the current remote approach is feasible and acceptable. The current findings were congruent with the theory, Reinforcer Pathology, that EFT expands the temporal window and decreases alcohol consumption, and the remote approach was considered feasible and acceptable. We believe the present study contributes new knowledge with tangible benefits for scientifically understanding and better defining novel interventions that may be clinically deployed to improve treatment outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqa N. Athamneh
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA
| | - Jeremiah Brown
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA
| | - Kirstin M. Gatchalian
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA
| | | | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA,Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, VA, USA
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Pacheco-Colón I, Lopez-Quintero C, Coxe S, Limia JM, Pulido W, Granja K, Paula DC, Gonzalez I, Ross JM, Duperrouzel JC, Hawes SW, Gonzalez R. Risky decision-making as an antecedent or consequence of adolescent cannabis use: findings from a 2-year longitudinal study. Addiction 2022; 117:392-410. [PMID: 34184776 PMCID: PMC8714869 DOI: 10.1111/add.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although poor decision-making (DM) has been correlated with problematic cannabis use (CU), cross-sectional designs make it difficult to determine whether poor DM represents an antecedent and/or consequence of CU. The current study measured bidirectional associations between CU and DM among adolescents over 2 years and compared these findings to those observed with episodic memory, which is consistently reported as a consequence of CU. We also measured the role of DM as a risk factor for cannabis use disorder (CUD) onset. DESIGN Two-year longitudinal study with five bi-annual assessments. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 401 adolescents aged 14-17 years at baseline. SETTING Miami, Florida, USA. MEASUREMENTS CU frequency and CUDs were assessed at each time-point through the Drug Use History Questionnaire and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, respectively. Neurocognition was assessed at odd time-points throughout the Iowa Gambling Task, Game of Dice Task and Cups Task [decision-making (DM)] and the Wechsler Memory Scale IV and California Verbal Learning Test II (episodic memory). We used latent growth curve modeling to examine bidirectional influences between CU and neurocognition over time. We applied discrete time survival analyses to determine whether baseline DM predicted CUD onset. FINDINGS Greater lifetime CU frequency was associated with poorer episodic memory at baseline (bs = -14.84, -16.44, Ps = 0.038, 0.021). Greater CU escalation predicted lesser gains in immediate episodic memory (b = -0.05, P = 0.020). Baseline DM did not predict CU escalation (b = 0.07, P = 0.421), nor did escalation in CU predict changes in DM (b = 0.02, P = 0.352). Baseline DM also did not predict CUD onset (adjusted OR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval = 0.98-1.06). CONCLUSIONS This study replicates findings that poorer episodic memory in adolescents appears to be a consequence of cannabis use, even among adolescents at earlier stages of use. Poor decision-making does not appear to be either a consequence of or a risk factor for escalating cannabis use or onset of cannabis use disorder among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Pacheco-Colón
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catalina Lopez-Quintero
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefany Coxe
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jorge M. Limia
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William Pulido
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Karen Granja
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dayana C. Paula
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ingrid Gonzalez
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Division of Addiction Sciences, Prevention and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Samuel W. Hawes
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Conrad SE, Davis D, Vilcek N, Thompson JB, Guarino S, Papini S, Papini MR. Frustrative nonreward and cannabinoid receptors: Chronic (but not acute) WIN 55,212-2 treatment increased resistance to change in two reward downshift tasks. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173320. [PMID: 34990705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the role of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in behavior is relevant given the trend toward the legalization of medicinal and recreational marijuana. The present research aims at bridging a gap in our understanding of CB-receptor function in animal models of frustrative nonreward. These experiments were designed to (1) determine the effects of chronic administration of the nonselective CB1-receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) on reward downshift in rats and (2) determine whether the effects of chronic WIN were reducible to acute effects. In Experiment 1, chronic WIN (7 daily injections, 10 mg/kg, ip) accelerated the recovery of consummatory behavior after a 32-to-4% sucrose downshift relative to vehicle controls. In addition, chronic WIN eliminated the preference for an unshifted lever when the other lever was subject to a 12-to-2 pellet downshift in free-choice trials, but only in animals with previous experience with a sucrose downshift. In Experiment 2, acute WIN (1 mg/kg, ip) reduced consummatory behavior, but did not affect recovery from a 32-to-4% sucrose downshift. The antagonist SR 141716A (3 mg/kg, ip) also failed to interfere with recovery after the sucrose downshift. In Experiment 3, acute WIN administration (1 mg/kg, ip) did not affect free-choice behavior after a pellet downshift, although it reduced lever pressing and increased magazine entries relative to vehicle controls. The effects of chronic WIN on frustrative nonreward were not reducible to acute effects of the drug. Chronic WIN treatment in rats, like chronic marijuana use in humans, seems to increase resistance to the effects of frustrative nonreward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Delaney Davis
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Natalia Vilcek
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Joanna B Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Sara Guarino
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Santiago Papini
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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10
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The neurobiology of drug addiction: cross-species insights into the dysfunction and recovery of the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:276-291. [PMID: 34408275 PMCID: PMC8617203 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing preclinical and clinical body of work on the effects of chronic drug use and drug addiction has extended the scope of inquiry from the putative reward-related subcortical mechanisms to higher-order executive functions as regulated by the prefrontal cortex. Here we review the neuroimaging evidence in humans and non-human primates to demonstrate the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in emotional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations in drug addiction, with particular attention to the impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) framework. In support of iRISA, functional and structural neuroimaging studies document a role for the prefrontal cortex in assigning excessive salience to drug over non-drug-related processes with concomitant lapses in self-control, and deficits in reward-related decision-making and insight into illness. Importantly, converging insights from human and non-human primate studies suggest a causal relationship between drug addiction and prefrontal insult, indicating that chronic drug use causes the prefrontal cortex damage that underlies iRISA while changes with abstinence and recovery with treatment suggest plasticity of these same brain regions and functions. We further dissect the overlapping and distinct characteristics of drug classes, potential biomarkers that inform vulnerability and resilience, and advancements in cutting-edge psychological and neuromodulatory treatment strategies, providing a comprehensive landscape of the human and non-human primate drug addiction literature as it relates to the prefrontal cortex.
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11
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Ramaekers JG, Theunissen EL, van Ruitenbeek P, Mason NL. Cannabis Use and Neuroadaptation: A Call for Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol Challenge Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:870750. [PMID: 35492732 PMCID: PMC9046729 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.870750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the assessment of the neurobehavioral consequences of repeated cannabis use is restricted to studies in which brain function of chronic cannabis users is compared to that of non-cannabis using controls. The assumption of such studies is that changes in brain function of chronic users are caused by repeated and prolonged exposure to acute cannabis intoxication. However, differences in brain function between chronic cannabis users and non-users might also arise from confounding factors such as polydrug use, alcohol use, withdrawal, economic status, or lifestyle conditions. We propose a methodology that highlights the relevance of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) dosing studies for a direct assessment of neuroadaptations in chronic cannabis users. The approach includes quantification of neurochemical, receptor, and functional brain network changes in response to an acute cannabis challenge, as well as stratification of cannabis using groups ranging from occasional to cannabis-dependent individuals. The methodology allows for an evaluation of THC induced neuroadaptive and neurocognitive changes across cannabis use history, that can inform neurobiological models on reward driven, compulsive cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Eef L Theunissen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter van Ruitenbeek
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Natasha L Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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12
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Chan G, Chiu V, Sun T, Connor JP, Hall WD, Leung J. Age-related trends in cannabis use in Australia. Findings from a series of large nationally representative surveys. Addict Behav 2021; 123:107059. [PMID: 34365087 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM We examine age-related trends in past-year cannabis use in a series of nationally representative surveys in Australia. METHODS We analysed data from the largest nationally representative survey in Australia collected between 2001 and 2019 (National Drug Strategy Household Survey [NDSHS]; N = 157,151). Prevalence of past-year daily/occasional (non-daily)/non-use of cannabis use were estimated using weighted multinomial logistic regression and predicted marginal probabilities. Difference-in-difference analysis was used to examine if trends of cannabis use across age groups were different. RESULTS The youngest age group (14-17 s) witnessed the largest increase in past-year abstinence rate from 79% to 92% from 2001 to 2019 (p < .003); the increase in abstinent rate among the 18-24 and 25-39 were relatively moderate (from 68 to 76% and from 81% to 84% respectively; p < .003). The abstinent rate among the 40-54 s and 55-74 s decreased significantly from 93% to 90% and from 99% to 95% respectively (p < .003). There were similar diverging trends in occasional and daily cannabis use, with decreases in both patterns of use observed among the younger age group (14-17 s and 18-25 s) but increases among the older age group (40-54 s and 55-74 s). CONCLUSION There is a diverging trend in cannabis use among younger and older age groups in Australia between 2001 and 2019. Cannabis use substantially decreased among the youngest age group (14-17 s) but modestly increased among older people (55-74 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Vivian Chiu
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tianze Sun
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P Connor
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wayne D Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Aloi J, McCusker MC, Lew BJ, Schantell M, Eastman JA, Frenzel MR, Wilson TW. Altered amygdala-cortical connectivity in individuals with Cannabis use disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:1365-1374. [PMID: 34730052 PMCID: PMC9659472 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211054163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances in the United States. Prior literature using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has identified that individuals with Cannabis use disorder (CUD) show impairments in emotion processing circuitry. However, whether the functional networks involving these regions are also altered in CUD remains poorly understood. AIMS Investigate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in regions related to emotional processing in CUD. METHODS Sixty-two participants completed resting-state fMRI, including 21 with CUD, 20 with histories of illicit substance use but no current CUD diagnosis, and 21 with no history of illicit substance use. Whole-brain seed-based connectivity analyses were performed and one-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were conducted to detect group differences in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. RESULTS The CUD group exhibited significant reductions in rsFC between the amygdala and the cuneus, paracentral lobule, and supplementary motor area, and between the cingulate cortices and the occipital and temporal lobes. There were no significant group differences in hippocampal functional connectivity. In addition, CUD symptom counts based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID) and the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) significantly correlated with multiple connectivity metrics. CONCLUSION These data expand on emerging literature indicating that CUD is associated with dysfunction in the neural circuits underlying emotion processing. Dysfunction in emotion processing circuits may play a role in the behavioral impairments seen in emotion processing tasks in individuals with CUD, and the severity of CUD symptoms appears to be directly related to the degree of dysfunction in these circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aloi
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marie C. McCusker
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Brandon J. Lew
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Jacob A. Eastman
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Michaela R. Frenzel
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Tony W. Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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14
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Aloi J, Blair KS, Meffert H, White SF, Hwang S, Tyler PM, Crum KI, Thornton LC, Mobley A, Killanin AD, Filbey FM, Pope K, Blair RJ. Alcohol use disorder and cannabis use disorder symptomatology in adolescents is associated with dysfunction in neural processing of future events. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12885. [PMID: 32135572 PMCID: PMC7483381 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most commonly used substances by adolescents in the United States are cannabis and alcohol. Cannabis use disorder (CUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are associated with impairments in decision-making processes. One mechanism for impaired decision-making in these individuals is thought to be an inability to adequately represent future events during decision-making. In the current study involving 112 adolescents, we used a comparative optimism task to examine the relationship between relative severity of CUD/AUD (as indexed by the CUD/AUD Identification Tests [CUDIT/AUDIT]) and atypical function within neural systems underlying affect-based neural represenation future events. Greater CUDIT scores were negatively related to responses within subgenual anterior and posterior cingulate cortex when processing high-intensity potential future positive and negative events. There was also a particularly marked negative relationship between CUD symptoms and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses within visual and premotor cortices to high-intensity, negatively valenced potential future events. However, AUD symptom severity was not associated with dysfunction within these brain regions. These data indicate that relative risk/severity of CUD is associated with reduced responsiveness to future high-intensity events. This may impair decision-making where future significant consequences should guide response choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aloi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Karina S. Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Harma Meffert
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Stuart F. White
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Patrick M. Tyler
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Kathleen I. Crum
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Alita Mobley
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Abraham D. Killanin
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
| | - Francesca M. Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Kayla Pope
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Department of Psychiatry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
| | - R. James Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE
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15
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Sorkhou M, Bedder RH, George TP. The Behavioral Sequelae of Cannabis Use in Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:630247. [PMID: 33664685 PMCID: PMC7920961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis is known to have a broad range of effects on behavior, including experiencing a "high" and tranquility/relaxation. However, there are several adverse behavioral sequalae that can arise from cannabis use, depending on frequency of use, potency (e.g., THC content), age of onset, and cumulative exposure. This systematic review examined evidence for cannabis-related adverse behavioral sequalae in otherwise healthy human subjects. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies from 1990 to 2020 that identified cannabis-related adverse behavioral outcomes in subjects without psychiatric and medical co-morbidities from PubMed and PsychInfo searches. Key search terms included "cannabis" OR "tetrahydrocannabinol" OR "cannabidiol" OR "marijuana" AND "anxiety" OR "depression" OR "psychosis" OR "schizophrenia" "OR "IQ" OR "memory" OR "attention" OR "impulsivity" OR "cognition" OR "education" OR "occupation". Results: Our search detected a total of 2,870 studies, from which we extracted 124 relevant studies from the literature on cannabis effects in the non-clinical population. Effects of cannabis on several behavioral sequelae including cognition, motivation, impulsivity, mood, anxiety, psychosis intelligence, and psychosocial functioning were identified. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that frequency of cannabis use, THC (but not CBD) content, age of onset, and cumulative cannabis exposure can all contribute to these adverse outcomes in individuals without a pre-existing medical condition or psychiatric disorder. The strongest evidence for the negative effects of cannabis are for psychosis and psychosocial functioning. Conclusions: Although more research is needed to determine risk factors for development of adverse behavioral sequelae of cannabis use, these findings underline the importance of understanding vulnerability to the adverse effects of cannabis, which has implications for prevention and treatment of problematic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sorkhou
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel H Bedder
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Soriano D, Brusco A, Caltana L. Further evidence of anxiety- and depression-like behavior for total genetic ablation of cannabinoid receptor type 1. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113007. [PMID: 33171148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is the most abundant cannabinoid receptor in central nervous system. Clinical studies and animal models have shown that the attenuation of endocannabinoid system signaling correlates with the development of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. In the present work, multiple behavioral tests were performed to evaluate behaviors related to anxiety and depression in CB1R+/- and CB1R-/-. CB1R+/- mice had anxiety-related behavior similar to wild type (CB1R+/+) mice, whereas CB1R-/- mice displayed an anxious-like phenotype, which indicates that lower expression of CB1R is sufficient to maintain the neural circuits modulating anxiety. In addition, CB1R-/- mice exhibited alterations in risk assessment and less exploration, locomotion, grooming, body weight and appetite. These phenotypic characteristics observed in CB1R-/- mice could be associated with symptoms observed in human psychiatric disorders such as depression. A better knowledge of the neuromodulatory role of CB1R may contribute to understand scope and limitations of the development of medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Soriano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Unidad Académica del Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. de Robertis (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Unidad Académica del Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. de Robertis (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Caltana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Unidad Académica del Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. de Robertis (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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17
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Klugah-Brown B, Di X, Zweerings J, Mathiak K, Becker B, Biswal B. Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: A coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4459-4477. [PMID: 32964613 PMCID: PMC7555084 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delineating common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders (SUD) is imperative to understand the neurobiological basis of the addictive process and to inform substance‐specific treatment strategies. Given numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in different SUDs, a meta‐analysis could provide an opportunity to determine robust shared and substance‐specific alterations. The present study employed a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis covering fMRI studies in individuals with addictive cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use. The primary meta‐analysis demonstrated common alterations in primary dorsal striatal, and frontal circuits engaged in reward/salience processing, habit formation, and executive control across different substances and task‐paradigms. Subsequent sub‐analyses revealed substance‐specific alterations in frontal and limbic regions, with marked frontal and insula‐thalamic alterations in alcohol and nicotine use disorders respectively. Examining task‐specific alterations across substances revealed pronounced frontal alterations during cognitive processes yet stronger striatal alterations during reward‐related processes. Finally, an exploratory meta‐analysis revealed that neurofunctional alterations in striatal and frontal reward processing regions can already be determined with a high probability in studies with subjects with comparably short durations of use. Together the findings emphasize the role of dysregulations in frontostriatal circuits and dissociable contributions of these systems in the domains of reward‐related and cognitive processes which may contribute to substance‐specific behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jana Zweerings
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Kroon E, Kuhns L, Cousijn J. The short-term and long-term effects of cannabis on cognition: recent advances in the field. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 38:49-55. [PMID: 32823178 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent evidence for the short-term and long-term effects of cannabis on cognition. The evidence that cannabis intoxication is associated with short-term impairment across several basal cognitive domains, including learning and (episodic) memory, attentional control, and motor inhibition is increasing. However, evidence regarding the effects of long-term heavy cannabis use on cognition remains equivocal. Cannabis research suffers from difficulties in measuring cannabis exposure history, poor control over potential subacute effects, and heterogeneity in cognitive measures and sample composition. Multidisciplinary collaborations and investment in studies that help overcome these difficulties should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Kantak KM. Adolescent-onset vs. adult-onset cocaine use: Impact on cognitive functioning in animal models and opportunities for translation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172994. [PMID: 32659242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are poised to make key contributions to the study of cognitive deficits associated with chronic cocaine use in people. Advantages of animal models include use of a longitudinal experimental design that can control for drug use history and onset-age, sex, drug consumption, and abstinence duration. Twenty-two studies were reviewed (13 in adult male rats, 5 in adolescent vs. adult male rats, 3 in adult male monkeys, and 1 in adult female monkeys), and it was demonstrated repeatedly that male animals with adult-onset cocaine self-administration exposure had impairments in sustained attention, decision making, stimulus-reward learning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, but not habit learning and spatial learning and memory. These findings have translational relevance because adult cocaine users exhibit a similar range of cognitive deficits. In the limited number of studies available, male rats self-administering cocaine during adolescence were less susceptible than adults to impairment in cognitive flexibility, stimulus-reward learning, and decision making, but were more susceptible than adults to impairment in working memory, a finding also reported in the few studies performed in early-onset cocaine users. These findings suggest that animal models can help fill an unmet need for investigating important but yet-to-be-fully-addressed research questions in people. Research priorities include further investigation of differences between adolescents and adults as well as between males and females following chronic cocaine self-administration. A comprehensive understanding of the broad range of cognitive consequences of chronic cocaine use and the role of developmental plasticity can be of value for improving neuropsychological recovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kantak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
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20
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Risky decision-making in individuals with substance use disorder: A meta-analysis and meta-regression review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1893-1908. [PMID: 32363438 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review aims to identify whether risky decision-making is increased in substance users, and the impact of substance type, polysubstance use status, abstinence period, and treatment status on risky decision-making. METHODS A literature search with no date restrictions was conducted to identify case-control studies or cross-sectional studies that used behavioral tasks to measure risky decision-making in substance users. A random-effects model was performed. GRADE criteria was used to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS 52 studies were enrolled. The result showed that the difference in risky decision-making performance between user groups and control groups was significant (SMD = - 0.590; 95%CI = - 0.849 to - 0.330; p < 0.001; I2 = 93.4%; Pheterogeneity < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that users in the subgroups of alcohol (p < 0.001), tobacco (p < 0.01), cocaine (p < 0.001), opioid (p < 0.001), mixed group (p < 0.01), adult users (p < 0.001), small sample size (p < 0.001), large sample size (p < 0.01), low education (p < 0.001), high education (p < 0.001), short-abstinence period (p < 0.001), long-abstinence period (p < 0.001), without current polysubstance dependence (p < 0.001), and with treatment (p < 0.001) had increased risky decision-making when compared to the controls. On the other hand, elderly substance users with short-abstinence period showed increased risky decision-making. Moreover, current treatment status and polysubstance use may not influence the level of decision-making in substance users. CONCLUSIONS The results show that substance use is associated with impaired risky decision-making, indicating that interventions targeting risky decision-making in substance users should be developed for relapse prevention and rehabilitation.
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21
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Lau CI, Liu MN, Chen WH, Walsh V, Wang SJ. Clinical and biobehavioral perspectives: Is medication overuse headache a behavior of dependence? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 255:371-402. [PMID: 33008514 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medication overuse headache (MOH), previously known as analgesic abuse headache or medication misuse headaches, is a common form of chronic headache disorder that has a detrimental impact on health and society. Although it has been widely accepted that overusing abortive medications is paradoxically the cause of MOH and drug discontinuation is the treatment of choice, ongoing debates exist as to whether drug consumption per se is the cause or consequence of headache chronification. Certain features in MOH such as their compulsive drug-seeking behavior, withdrawal headaches and high relapse rates share similarities with drug dependence, suggesting that there might be common underlying biological and psychobehavioral mechanisms. In this regard, this article will discuss the updated evidence and current debates on the possible biobehavioral overlap between MOH and drug dependence. To begin with, we will discuss whether MOH has characteristics of substance dependence based on standard psychiatry diagnostic criteria and other widely used dependence scales. Recent epidemiological studies underscoring common psychiatric comorbidities between the two disorders will also be presented. Although both demonstrate seemingly distinct personality traits, recent studies revealed similar decision-making impairment from a cognitive perspective, indicating the presence of a maladaptive reward system in both disorders. In addition, emerging imaging studies also support this notion by showing reversible morphological and functional brain changes related to the mesocorticolimbic reward circuitry in MOH, with a strong resemblance to those in addiction. Finally, an increased familial risk for drug dependence and genetic association with dopaminergic and drug dependence molecular pathways in MOH also support a possible link between MOH and addiction. Understanding the role of dependence in MOH will have a great impact on disease management as this will provide the missing piece of the puzzle in current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ieong Lau
- Dementia Center, Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; University Hospital, Taipa, Macau
| | - Mu-N Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Centre, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Walsh
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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Baldock M, Lindsay T. Illicit drugs are now more common than alcohol among South Australian crash-involved drivers and riders. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2020; 21:1-6. [PMID: 31999482 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1712715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: For a jurisdiction to apply appropriate countermeasures for impaired driving, it is necessary to track drug and alcohol involvement in road crashes. In South Australia, it is mandated that all injured road users aged over 10 who attend a hospital for treatment must have a blood sample taken, which is tested for alcohol and drugs. The drug testing covers the three drugs included in South Australia's roadside drug testing program: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC or cannabis), methamphetamine ('ice') and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'ecstasy').Methods: The present study involved analysis of the results of drug tests from 2014 to 2017 for road users over the age of 16 at the major trauma hospital in Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. Comparisons were made to the results of blood tests from an earlier study using data from 2008 to 2010.Results: It was found in the most recent dataset that just over 11 per cent of drivers and just under 5 per cent of motorcyclists had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) above the legal limit of 0.05 g/100 ml. In regard to the three proscribed drugs, the rates for both drivers and motorcyclists were over 15 per cent. Among drivers, methamphetamine was most common (9.7%), followed by THC (6.3%). Among motorcyclists, THC was most common (9.4%), followed by methamphetamine (6.2%). Inspection of data from 2008 to 2010 reveals that rates of having an illegal BAC when involved in a crash have declined over the past decade (from 20.2% down to 9.3%), while rates of drug use among crash involved drivers and riders have increased (from 10.5% to 15.2%).Conclusions: Although the apparent decline in alcohol involvement in road crashes in recent years in South Australia is to be welcomed, the increasing proportion of road crashes involving drug impaired drivers, particularly those affected by methamphetamine, is cause for concern. A National Drug Driving Working Group has been set up by Austroads to examine improvements in drug driving enforcement practices. The recommendations arising from their work need to be considered for implementation to prevent rising drug driving crashes from replacing the reduction in road crashes attributable to drink driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Baldock
- Centre for Automotive Safety Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tori Lindsay
- Centre for Automotive Safety Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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23
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Casey JL, Cservenka A. Effects of frequent marijuana use on risky decision-making in young adult college students. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 11:100253. [PMID: 32467842 PMCID: PMC7244905 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent marijuana users (MJ+) and controls completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). MJ+ made significantly less advantageous decisions on the IGT relative to controls. Findings suggest frequent marijuana use may impair adaptive decision-making skills.
Marijuana (MJ) is the most widely used illicit substance among adolescents and young adults. Frequent MJ use has been associated with impairments in cognitive flexibility and inhibition, both of which play important roles in decision-making. However, the impact of frequent MJ use on decision-making performance is mixed and not well understood. The current study examined the influence of frequent MJ use on risky decision-making in college students, 18–22 years old. Methods: From 2017 to 2019, data was collected from young adult college students (n = 65) consisting of 32 healthy controls (HC) and 33 frequent marijuana users (MJ+). Participants completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a measure of risky decision-making, and net IGT scores (advantageous-disadvantageous decisions) were used as a measure of optimal decision-making. Results: The main finding indicated there was a significant effect of group on net IGT scores (p = 0.018), which remained significant when sex was included in the model (p = 0.006), such that MJ+ had lower net IGT scores than HC. Conclusions: These findings highlight potential differences in risky decision-making between MJ+ and HC, but it is uncertain whether these differences are pre-existing and increase vulnerability for frequent MJ use or if they are related to the effects of frequent MJ use on decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorie L Casey
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anita Cservenka
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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24
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Raymond DR, Paneto A, Yoder KK, O'Donnell BF, Brown JW, Hetrick WP, Newman SD. Does Chronic Cannabis Use Impact Risky Decision-Making: An Examination of fMRI Activation and Effective Connectivity? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:599256. [PMID: 33329150 PMCID: PMC7728610 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in use of cannabis and its shifting legal status in the United States, cannabis use has become an important research focus. While studies of other drug populations have shown marked increases in risky decision-making, the literature on cannabis users is not as clear. The current study examined the performance of 17 cannabis users and 14 non-users on the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) using behavioral, fMRI and effective connectivity methods. Significant attenuation was found in a functional pathway projecting from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in cannabis users compared to non-using controls as well as decreases in risk-taking behaviors. These findings suggest that cannabis users may process and evaluate risks and rewards differently than non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raymond
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Adrian Paneto
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karmen K Yoder
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Joshua W Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychology, Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
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25
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Abstract
Eleven US States and the District of Columbia legally allow personal (i.e., recreational) cannabis use by adults, and an additional 22 states allow use of cannabis for medicinal purposes. Of these jurisdictions, only two do not have some form of legalized gambling available (https://www.casino.org/local/guide/). In contrast to this rapid increase in legally available marijuana is the limited knowledge about the intersection of cannabis use and gambling. This paper strives to define the current status of the relevant literatures and consider the implication for future gambling research. We describe the research literature on the prevalence of cannabis use and co-existing gambling problems and the effects of cannabis use on gambling-related cognitive functions and decision-making. We also discuss clinical considerations with treating problem gamblers with a cannabis use disorder. Finally, the potential implications for responsible gambling practices and policies and the most pressing gaps in the research literature are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken C Winters
- Oregon Research Institute (MN location), 1575 Northrop St., Falcon Heights, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - James P Whelan
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 400 Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, 38152-3032, USA
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26
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Blithikioti C, Miquel L, Batalla A, Rubio B, Maffei G, Herreros I, Gual A, Verschure P, Balcells‐Oliveró M. Cerebellar alterations in cannabis users: A systematic review. Addict Biol 2019; 24:1121-1137. [PMID: 30811097 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used illicit substance in the world. As many countries are moving towards decriminalization, it is crucial to determine whether and how cannabis use affects human brain and behavior. The role of the cerebellum in cognition, emotion, learning, and addiction is increasingly recognized. Because of its high density in CB1 receptors, it is expected to be highly affected by cannabis use. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate how cannabis use affects cerebellar structure and function, as well as cerebellar-dependent behavioral tasks. Three databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published until March 2018. We included studies that focused on cannabis effects on cerebellar structure, function, or cerebellar-dependent behavioral tasks. A total of 348 unique records were screened, and 40 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most consistent findings include (1) increases in cerebellar gray matter volume after chronic cannabis use, (2) alteration of cerebellar resting state activity after acute or chronic use, and (3) deficits in memory, decision making, and associative learning. Age of onset and higher exposure to cannabis use were frequently associated with increased cannabis-induced alterations. Chronic cannabis use is associated with alterations in cerebellar structure and function, as well as with deficits in behavioral paradigms that involve the cerebellum (eg, eyeblink conditioning, memory, and decision making). Future studies should consider tobacco as confounding factor and use standardized methods for assessing cannabis use. Paradigms exploring the functional activity of the cerebellum may prove useful as monitoring tools of cannabis-induced impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Albert Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist‐Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA)Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Belen Rubio
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Giovanni Maffei
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Ivan Herreros
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul Verschure
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive SystemsInstitute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain
- ICREAInstitucio Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluis Companys Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Balcells‐Oliveró
- Grup de Recerca en Addiccions Clínic (GRAC)Institut Clínic de Neurociències Barcelona Spain
- IDIBAPSInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Spain
- Hospital ClínicUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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27
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Shollenbarger S, Thomas AM, Wade NE, Gruber SA, Tapert SF, Filbey FM, Lisdahl KM. Intrinsic Frontolimbic Connectivity and Mood Symptoms in Young Adult Cannabis Users. Front Public Health 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31737591 PMCID: PMC6838025 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The endocannbinoid system and cannabis exposure has been implicated in emotional processing. The current study examined whether regular cannabis users demonstrated abnormal intrinsic (a.k.a. resting state) frontolimbic connectivity compared to non-users. A secondary aim examined the relationship between cannabis group connectivity differences and self-reported mood and affect symptoms. Method: Participants included 79 cannabis-using and 80 non-using control emerging adults (ages of 18–30), balanced for gender, reading ability, and age. Standard multiple regressions were used to predict if cannabis group status was associated with frontolimbic connectivity after controlling for site, past month alcohol and nicotine use, and days of abstinence from cannabis. Results: After controlling for research site, past month alcohol and nicotine use, and days of abstinence from cannabis, cannabis users demonstrated significantly greater connectivity between left rACC and the following: right rACC (p = 0.001; corrected p = 0.05; f2 = 0.55), left amygdala (p = 0.03; corrected p = 0.47; f2 = 0.17), and left insula (p = 0.03; corrected p = 0.47; f2 = 0.16). Among cannabis users, greater bilateral rACC connectivity was significantly associated with greater subthreshold depressive symptoms (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Cannabis using young adults demonstrated greater connectivity within frontolimbic regions compared to controls. In cannabis users, greater bilateral rACC intrinsic connectivity was associated with greater levels of subthreshold depression symptoms. Current findings suggest that regular cannabis use during adolescence is associated with abnormal frontolimbic connectivity, especially in cognitive control and emotion regulation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler Shollenbarger
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Alicia M Thomas
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Natasha E Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Staci A Gruber
- Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Bert Moore Chair in BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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28
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Evans M, Ogeil RP, Phillips JG. Cannabis, Decision-Making, and Online Assistance Seeking. Am J Addict 2019; 28:473-479. [PMID: 31532567 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maladaptive decision-making strategies could contribute to cannabis-related problems, as some individuals may neither select safe patterns of cannabis use, nor seek treatment. METHODS To explore decision-making styles and their relationship to cannabis-related harm, 153 respondents completed the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R), the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ), and answered questions about their willingness to seek online: (1) further information or (2) treatment for cannabis-related issues. RESULTS Multiple regression considered relationships between problematic cannabis use, decision-making style, and cannabis use within the past month. Subscales of the CUDIT-R revealed that: (1) hazardous use was associated with higher hypervigilance and higher decisional self-esteem; (2) dependence symptoms were associated with lower vigilance and higher procrastination; and (3) harmful use was associated with higher procrastination. People with symptoms of CUD were less likely to seek further help or support online if prone to procrastination or buckpasssing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Decisional style influenced cannabis use and symptoms. Those people with cannabis-related problems that did not seek online assistance were defensively avoidant. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Procrastination is a feature of problematic cannabis use. Online offers of assistance may be ignored by defensively avoidant CUD clients. (Am J Addict 2019;00:1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Evans
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Akoranga Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rowan P Ogeil
- Population Health, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University and Turning Point, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Akoranga Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Fatima H, Howlett AC, Whitlow CT. Reward, Control & Decision-Making in Cannabis Use Disorder: Insights from Functional MRI. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190165. [PMID: 31364398 PMCID: PMC6732906 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The recreational consumption of cannabis has increased significantly across the world with an estimated 180 million people currently using. In the United States, 4.1 million are currently diagnosed with cannabis use disorder. Cannabis dependence and abuse was combined into a single entity as a behavioral disorder with a problematic pattern of cannabis use and termed cannabis use disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Chronic use of cannabis has been linked with region-specific effects across the brain mediating reward processing, cognitive control and decision-making that are central to understanding addictive behaviors. This review presents a snapshot of the current literature assessing the effects of chronic cannabis use on human brain function via functional MRI. Studies employing various paradigms and contrasting cognitive activation amongst cannabis users and non-users were incorporated. The effects of trans-del-ta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in marijuana and other preparations of cannabis are mediated by the endocannabinoid system, which is also briefly introduced.Much variation exists in the current literature regarding the functional changes associated with chronic cannabis use. One possible explanation for this variation is the heterogeneity in study designs, with little implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria when selecting chronic users, distinct time points of participant assessment, differing cognitive paradigms and imaging protocols. As such, there is an urgent requirement for future investigations that further characterize functional changes associated with chronic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudaisa Fatima
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Section of Neuroradiology, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
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30
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Zilverstand A, Huang AS, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ. Neuroimaging Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution in Human Drug Addiction: A Systematic Review. Neuron 2019; 98:886-903. [PMID: 29879391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) model proposes that impaired response inhibition and salience attribution underlie drug seeking and taking. To update this model, we systematically reviewed 105 task-related neuroimaging studies (n > 15/group) published since 2010. Results demonstrate specific impairments within six large-scale brain networks (reward, habit, salience, executive, memory, and self-directed networks) during drug cue exposure, decision making, inhibitory control, and social-emotional processing. Addicted individuals demonstrated increased recruitment of these networks during drug-related processing but a blunted response during non-drug-related processing, with the same networks also being implicated during resting state. Associations with real-life drug use, relapse, therapeutic interventions, and the relevance to initiation of drug use during adolescence support the clinical relevance of the results. Whereas the salience and executive networks showed impairments throughout the addiction cycle, the reward network was dysregulated at later stages of abuse. Effects were similar in alcohol, cannabis, and stimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna S Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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31
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Burggren AC, Shirazi A, Ginder N, London ED. Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2019; 45:563-579. [PMID: 31365275 PMCID: PMC7027431 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance worldwide, and legalization for recreational and medical purposes has substantially increased its availability and use in the United States.Objectives: Decades of research have suggested that recreational cannabis use confers risk for cognitive impairment across various domains, and structural and functional differences in the brain have been linked to early and heavy cannabis use.Methods: With substantial evidence for the role of the endocannabinoid system in neural development and understanding that brain development continues into early adulthood, the rising use of cannabis in adolescents and young adults raises major concerns. Yet some formulations of cannabinoid compounds are FDA-approved for medical uses, including applications in children.Results: Potential effects on the trajectory of brain morphology and cognition, therefore, should be considered. The goal of this review is to update and consolidate relevant findings in order to inform attitudes and public policy regarding the recreational and medical use of cannabis and cannabinoid compounds.Conclusions: The findings point to considerations for age limits and guidelines for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Burggren
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Anaheed Shirazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ginder
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and the Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Cyr M, Tau GZ, Fontaine M, Levin FR, Marsh R. Deficient Functioning of Frontostriatal Circuits During the Resolution of Cognitive Conflict in Cannabis-Using Youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 58:702-711. [PMID: 30768406 PMCID: PMC6506393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbances in self-regulatory control are involved in the initiation and maintenance of addiction, including cannabis use disorder. In adults, long-term cannabis use is associated with disturbances in frontostriatal circuits during tasks that require the engagement of self-regulatory control, including the resolution of cognitive conflict. Understudied are the behavioral and neural correlates of these processes earlier in the course of cannabis use disentangled from effects of long-term use. The present study investigated the functioning of frontostriatal circuits during the resolution of cognitive conflict in cannabis-using youth. METHOD Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 28 cannabis-using youth and 32 age-matched healthy participants during the performance of a Simon task. General linear modeling was used to compare patterns of brain activation during correct responses to conflict stimuli across groups. Psychophysiologic interaction analyses were used to examine conflict-related frontostriatal connectivity across groups. Associations of frontostriatal activation and connectivity with cannabis use measures were explored. RESULTS Decreased conflict-related activity was detected in cannabis-using versus healthy control youth in frontostriatal regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, striatum, pallidum, and thalamus. Frontostriatal connectivity did not differ across groups, but negative connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and striatum was detected in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with previous reports of cannabis-associated disturbances in frontostriatal circuits in adults and point to the specific influence of cannabis on neurodevelopmental changes in youth. Future studies should examine whether frontostriatal functioning is a reliable marker of cannabis use disorder severity and a potential target for circuit-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Cyr
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and the Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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33
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Differential dysfunctions related to alcohol and cannabis use disorder symptoms in reward and error-processing neuro-circuitries in adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100618. [PMID: 30710868 PMCID: PMC6613939 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and cannabis are two of the most commonly used substances by adolescents and are associated with adverse medical and psychiatric outcomes. These adverse psychiatric outcomes may reflect the negative impact of alcohol and/or cannabis abuse on neural systems mediating reward and/or error detection. However, work indicative of this has mostly been conducted in adults with Alcohol and/or Cannabis Use Disorder (i.e., AUD and CUD), with relatively little work in adolescent patients. Furthermore, of the work that has been conducted in adolescents, groups were based on categorical diagnoses of AUD and/or CUD, so the relationship between AUD and/or CUD symptom severity in adolescents and neural dysfunction is unclear. We used a Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task to examine the relationship between AUDIT and/or CUDIT scores and functional integrity of neuro-circuitries mediating reward processing and error detection within 150 adolescents. Our findings indicate that AUDIT score is negatively related to activity in reward processing neuro-circuitry in adolescents. However, CUDIT score is negatively related to activity in brain regions involved in error detection. Each of these relationships reflected a medium effect size (Partial-η2 0.09-0.14). These data suggest differential impacts of AUD and CUD on reward versus error detection neuro-circuitries within the adolescent brain.
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34
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Moreno-Rius J. The Cerebellum, THC, and Cannabis Addiction: Findings from Animal and Human Studies. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:593-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Camchong J, Collins PF, Becker MP, Lim KO, Luciana M. Longitudinal Alterations in Prefrontal Resting Brain Connectivity in Non-Treatment-Seeking Young Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:514. [PMID: 31404267 PMCID: PMC6670783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis is increasingly perceived as a harmless drug by recreational users, yet chronic use may impact brain changes into adulthood. Repeated cannabis exposure has been associated with enduring synaptic changes in executive control and reward networks. It is important to determine whether there are brain functional alterations within these networks in individuals that do not seek treatment for chronic cannabis abuse. Methods: This longitudinal study compared resting-state functional connectivity changes in executive control and reward networks between 23 non-treatment-seeking young adults with cannabis use disorder (6 females; baseline age M = 19.3 ± 1.18) and 21 age-matched controls (10 females; baseline age M = 19.4 ± 0.65) to determine group differences in the temporal trajectories of resting-state functional connectivity across a 2-year span. Results: Results showed i) significant increases in resting-state functional connectivity between the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and precentral and parietal regions over time in the control group, but not in the cannabis use disorder group, and ii) sustained lower resting-state functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex seeds with frontal and thalamic regions in the cannabis use disorder group vs. the age-matched controls. Resting-state functional connectivity strength was correlated with cannabis use patterns in the cannabis use disorder sample. Conclusion: Longitudinal alterations in intrinsic functional organization of executive control networks found in non-treatment-seeking young adults with cannabis use disorder (when compared to age-matched controls) may impact regulatory control over substance use behavior. Current findings were limited to examining executive control and reward networks seeded in ACC and NAcc, respectively. Future studies with larger sample sizes and enough power are needed to conduct exploratory analyses examining rsFC of other networks beyond those within the scope of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Camchong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mary P Becker
- Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin Healthcare, Richfield, MN, United States
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Delibaş DH, Akseki HS, Erdoğan E, Zorlu N, Gülseren Ş. Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Decision-Making in Long-Term Abstinent Cannabis Dependent Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 55:315-319. [PMID: 30622386 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In contrast to several studies that examined different domains of neurocognitive functions in long-term abstinent cannabis users, there are few studies examined impulsivity in cannabis users with prolonged abstinence. The aim of this study was to test whether impulsivity and sensation seeking traits and impulsive decision-making are transient or enduring in patients with cannabis dependence who were abstinent for at least 1 month. Methods The study included 30 patients with cannabis dependence (CDP) who had been abstinent for at least 1 month and 30 healthy controls. All the participants were male and the two groups were matched for age and duration of education. Results As a result of Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) evaluation, there was no significant group (CDP vs. control) by block interaction in IGT performance (p=0.680). CDP showed significantly higher Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) total (p=0.006), BIS-11 non-planning (p=0.006) and Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale experience seeking subscale (p=0.001) scores compared with controls. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate decision-making, self-report impulsivity and sensation seeking in long-term abstinent CDP. Our findings suggest that both self-report impulsivity and experience seeking may reflect a stable trait in CDP but not deficits on decision-making. This suggestion is consistent with the hypothesis that elevated impulsivity and sensation seeking traits may lead to addiction when they occur together rather than alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Hakan Delibaş
- Department of Psychiatry, İzmir Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Esin Erdoğan
- Department of Psychiatry, İzmir Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nabi Zorlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Research and Training Hospital, Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şeref Gülseren
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Research and Training Hospital, Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Sagar KA, Gruber SA. Interactions between recreational cannabis use and cognitive function: lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1451:42-70. [PMID: 30426517 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use is becoming increasingly popular as a growing number of states pass legislation to legalize cannabis and cannabis-derived products for recreational and/or medical purposes. Given the widespread use of cannabis, it is critical to understand the neural consequences related to cannabis use. In this review, we focus on evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that document acute and residual alterations in brain function during tasks spanning a variety of cognitive domains: executive function, attention and working memory, memory, motor skills, error monitoring, and reward and affective processing. Although it is clear that cannabis affects brain function, the findings are somewhat inconsistent; variables that potentially affect study outcomes are outlined, including a discussion of the impact of chronological age and age of cannabis onset as well as length of abstinence at the time of assessment, which are important considerations when measuring cannabis use patterns. Inherent differences between recreational/adult cannabis use versus use for medical purposes are also discussed, given their importance to public policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Sagar
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Staci A Gruber
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang W, Worhunsky PD, Zhang S, Le TM, Potenza MN, Li CSR. Response inhibition and fronto-striatal-thalamic circuit dysfunction in cocaine addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:137-145. [PMID: 30248560 PMCID: PMC6200592 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated how cognitive control may be compromised in cocaine addiction. Here, we extend this literature by employing spatial Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to describe circuit dysfunction in relation to impairment in response inhibition in cocaine addiction. METHODS Fifty-five cocaine-dependent (CD) and 55 age- and sex-matched non-drug-using healthy control individuals (HC) participated in the study. Task-relatedness of 40 independent components (ICs) was assessed using multiple regression analyses of component time courses with the modeled time courses of hemodynamic activity convolved with go success (GS), stop success (SS) and stop error (SE). This procedure produced beta-weights that represented the degree to which each IC was temporally associated with, or 'engaged', by each task event. RESULTS Behaviorally, CD participants showed prolonged stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) as compared to HC participants (p < 0.01). ICA identified two networks that showed differences in engagement related to SS between CD and HC (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). The activity of the fronto-striatal-thalamic network was negatively correlated with SSRTs in HC but not in CD, suggesting a specific role of this network in mediating deficits of response inhibition in CD individuals. In contrast, the engagement of the fronto-parietal-temporal network did not relate to SSRTs, was similarly less engaged for both SS and SE trials, and may reflect attentional dysfunction in cocaine addiction. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the utility of ICA in identifying neural circuitry engagement related to SST performance and suggests that specific networks may represent important targets in remedying executive-control impairment in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, #901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Patrick D. Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, #901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, #901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Thang M. Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, #901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, #901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 200 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM L-200, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven CT 06520-8074, USA,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, 100 Great Meadow Rd, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, #901, New Haven, CT 06511, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06519, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 200 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06510, USA,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM L-200, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven CT 06520-8074, USA
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Prashad S, Dedrick ES, To WT, Vanneste S, Filbey FM. Testing the role of the posterior cingulate cortex in processing salient stimuli in cannabis users: an rTMS study. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2357-2369. [PMID: 30290037 PMCID: PMC6767056 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus are hubs in the default mode network and play a role in processing external salient stimuli. Accordingly, activation in these regions has been associated with response to salient stimuli using drug cue‐reactivity paradigms in substance using populations. These studies suggest that the PCC and precuneus may underlie deficits in processing salient stimuli that contribute toward the development of substance use disorders. The goal of this study was to directly test this hypothesis using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Using a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design, we used rTMS to target the PCC and precuneus with a double‐cone coil at 10 Hz (high frequency) and 1 Hz (low frequency) in 10 adult cannabis users and 10 age‐ and sex‐matched non‐using controls. Electroencephalography data were collected before and after rTMS during a modified oddball paradigm with neutral, oddball, self‐relevant, and cannabis‐related stimuli. Cannabis users exhibited increased amplitude in P3 and faster latencies in the P3, N2, and P2 components in response to self‐relevant stimuli compared to controls during baseline that normalized after rTMS. These results suggest that cannabis users exhibited heightened salience to external self‐relevant stimuli that were modulated after rTMS. PCC dysfunction in cannabis users may be related to abnormalities in processing salient stimuli, such those during cue‐reactivity, and provides a potential target for cannabis use disorder intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Prashad
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Dedrick
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Wing Ting To
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Sven Vanneste
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
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40
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Blest-Hopley G, Giampietro V, Bhattacharyya S. Residual effects of cannabis use in adolescent and adult brains - A meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018. [PMID: 29535069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have investigated the residual effects of cannabis use on human brain function, results of these studies have been inconsistent. Using meta-analytic approaches we summarize the effects of prolonged cannabis exposure on human brain function as measured using task-based functional MRI (fMRI) across studies employing a range of cognitive activation tasks comparing regular cannabis users with non-users. Separate meta-analyses were carried out for studies investigating adult and adolescent cannabis users. Systematic literature search identified 20 manuscripts (13 adult and 7 adolescent studies) meeting study inclusion criteria. Adult analyses compared 530 cannabis users to 580 healthy controls while adolescent analyses compared 219 cannabis users to 224 healthy controls. In adult cannabis users brain activation was increased in the superior and posterior transverse temporal and inferior frontal gyri and decreased in the striate area, insula and middle temporal gyrus. In adolescent cannabis users, activation was increased in the inferior parietal gyrus and putamen compared to healthy controls. Functional alteration in these areas may reflect compensatory neuroadaptive changes in cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Blest-Hopley
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, PO Box 089, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, London, UK.
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41
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Yanes JA, Riedel MC, Ray KL, Kirkland AE, Bird RT, Boeving ER, Reid MA, Gonzalez R, Robinson JL, Laird AR, Sutherland MT. Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:283-295. [PMID: 29338547 PMCID: PMC5858977 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117744995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lagging behind rapid changes to state laws, societal views, and medical practice is the scientific investigation of cannabis's impact on the human brain. While several brain imaging studies have contributed important insight into neurobiological alterations linked with cannabis use, our understanding remains limited. Here, we sought to delineate those brain regions that consistently demonstrate functional alterations among cannabis users versus non-users across neuroimaging studies using the activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis framework. In ancillary analyses, we characterized task-related brain networks that co-activate with cannabis-affected regions using data archived in a large neuroimaging repository, and then determined which psychological processes may be disrupted via functional decoding techniques. When considering convergent alterations among users, decreased activation was observed in the anterior cingulate cortex, which co-activated with frontal, parietal, and limbic areas and was linked with cognitive control processes. Similarly, decreased activation was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which co-activated with frontal and occipital areas and linked with attention-related processes. Conversely, increased activation among users was observed in the striatum, which co-activated with frontal, parietal, and other limbic areas and linked with reward processing. These meta-analytic outcomes indicate that cannabis use is linked with differential, region-specific effects across the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Yanes
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Advanced Alabama Imaging Consortium, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael C Riedel
- Center for Imaging Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly L Ray
- Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anna E Kirkland
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Advanced Alabama Imaging Consortium, Alabama, USA
| | - Ryan T Bird
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Advanced Alabama Imaging Consortium, Alabama, USA
| | - Emily R Boeving
- Center for Imaging Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Meredith A Reid
- Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Advanced Alabama Imaging Consortium, Alabama, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA,Advanced Alabama Imaging Consortium, Alabama, USA
| | - Angela R Laird
- Center for Imaging Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA,Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew T Sutherland
- Center for Imaging Science, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA,Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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42
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Guttman Z, Moeller SJ, London ED. Neural underpinnings of maladaptive decision-making in addictions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 164:84-98. [PMID: 28666893 PMCID: PMC5745312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Guttman
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Blanco-Hinojo L, Pujol J, Harrison BJ, Macià D, Batalla A, Nogué S, Torrens M, Farré M, Deus J, Martín-Santos R. Attenuated frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia in cannabis users. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1036-1047. [PMID: 26934839 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heavy cannabis use is associated with reduced motivation. The basal ganglia, central in the motivation system, have the brain's highest cannabinoid receptor density. The frontal lobe is functionally coupled to the basal ganglia via segregated frontal-subcortical circuits conveying information from internal, self-generated activity. The basal ganglia, however, receive additional influence from the sensory system to further modulate purposeful behaviors according to the context. We postulated that cannabis use would impact functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and both internal (frontal cortex) and external (sensory cortices) sources of influence. Resting-state functional connectivity was measured in 28 chronic cannabis users and 29 controls. Selected behavioral tests included reaction time, verbal fluency and exposition to affective pictures. Assessments were repeated after one month of abstinence. Cannabis exposure was associated with (1) attenuation of the positive correlation between the striatum and areas pertaining to the 'limbic' frontal-basal ganglia circuit, and (2) attenuation of the negative correlation between the striatum and the fusiform gyrus, which is critical in recognizing significant visual features. Connectivity alterations were associated with lower arousal in response to affective pictures. Functional connectivity changes had a tendency to normalize after abstinence. The results overall indicate that frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia are attenuated after chronic exposure to cannabis. This effect is consistent with the common behavioral consequences of chronic cannabis use concerning diminished responsiveness to both internal and external motivation signals. Such an impairment of the fine-tuning in the motivation system notably reverts after abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; CIBERSAM G21; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Dídac Macià
- MRI Research Unit; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Albert Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM G25; Barcelona Spain
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction; Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Santiago Nogué
- Section of Clinical Toxicology, Emergency Service, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences; Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences; Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Deus
- MRI Research Unit; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rocío Martín-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM G25; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Wesley MJ, Lile JA, Fillmore MT, Porrino LJ. Neurophysiological capacity in a working memory task differentiates dependent from nondependent heavy drinkers and controls. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:24-35. [PMID: 28376413 PMCID: PMC5425311 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the neurobehavioral profiles that differentiate heavy drinkers who are and are not alcohol dependent will inform treatment efforts. Working memory is linked to substance use disorders and can serve as a representation of the demand placed on the neurophysiology associated with cognitive control. METHODS Behavior and brain activity (via fMRI) were recorded during an N-Back working memory task in controls (CTRL), nondependent heavy drinkers (A-ND) and dependent heavy drinkers (A-D). Typical and novel step-wise analyses examined profiles of working memory load and increasing task demand, respectively. RESULTS Performance was significantly decreased in A-D during high working memory load (2-Back), compared to CTRL and A-ND. Analysis of brain activity during high load (0-Back vs. 2- Back) showed greater responses in the dorsal lateral and medial prefrontal cortices of A-D than CTRL, suggesting increased but failed compensation. The step-wise analysis revealed that the transition to Low Demand (0-Back to 1-Back) was associated with robust increases and decreases in cognitive control and default-mode brain regions, respectively, in A-D and A-ND but not CTRL. The transition to High Demand (1-Back to 2-Back) resulted in additional engagement of these networks in A-ND and CTRL, but not A-D. CONCLUSION Heavy drinkers engaged working memory neural networks at lower demand than controls. As demand increased, nondependent heavy drinkers maintained control performance but relied on additional neurophysiological resources, and dependent heavy drinkers did not display further resource engagement and had poorer performance. These results support targeting these brain areas for treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington Kentucky, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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45
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Macchi R, MacKew L, Davis C. Is decision-making ability related to food choice and facets of eating behaviour in adolescents? Appetite 2017; 116:442-455. [PMID: 28536057 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the prediction that poor decision-making would predict poor eating-related behaviours, which in turn would relate to elevated body mass index (BMI) percentile. METHODS Associations among decision-making ability, eating behaviours, and BMI percentile were examined in a sample of 311 healthy male and female adolescents, aged 14-18 years. Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed relationships. RESULTS The predicted model was a good fit to the data and all paths between latent and indicator variables were significant. Impulsive responding significantly predicted poor food choice and overeating. No significant relationships emerged between eating-related variables and BMI percentile. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study extend the existing research in adults and offer a more comprehensive understanding of factors that may contribute to eating behaviours and weight status in teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Macchi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Laura MacKew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Davis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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46
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Nader DA, Sanchez ZM. Effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition, brain structure, and function: a systematic review of findings in adults. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:4-18. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1306746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A. Nader
- Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zila M. Sanchez
- Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Camchong J, Lim KO, Kumra S. Adverse Effects of Cannabis on Adolescent Brain Development: A Longitudinal Study. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1922-1930. [PMID: 26912785 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is widely perceived as a safe recreational drug and its use is increasing in youth. It is important to understand the implications of cannabis use during childhood and adolescence on brain development. This is the first longitudinal study that compared resting functional connectivity of frontally mediated networks between 43 healthy controls (HCs; 20 females; age M = 16.5 ± 2.7) and 22 treatment-seeking adolescents with cannabis use disorder (CUD; 8 females; age M = 17.6 ± 2.4). Increases in resting functional connectivity between caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and superior frontal gyrus across time were found in HC, but not in CUD. CUD showed a decrease in functional connectivity between caudal ACC and dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices across time. Lower functional connectivity between caudal ACC cortex and orbitofrontal cortex at baseline predicted higher amounts of cannabis use during the following 18 months. Finally, high amounts of cannabis use during the 18-month interval predicted lower intelligence quotient and slower cognitive function measured at follow-up. These data provide compelling longitudinal evidence suggesting that repeated exposure to cannabis during adolescence may have detrimental effects on brain resting functional connectivity, intelligence, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Camchong
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sanjiv Kumra
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Silveira MM, Arnold JC, Laviolette SR, Hillard CJ, Celorrio M, Aymerich MS, Adams WK. Seeing through the smoke: Human and animal studies of cannabis use and endocannabinoid signalling in corticolimbic networks. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:380-395. [PMID: 27639448 PMCID: PMC5350061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Public opinion surrounding the recreational use and therapeutic potential of cannabis is shifting. This review describes new work examining the behavioural and neural effects of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system, highlighting key regions within corticolimbic brain circuits. First, we consider the role of human genetic factors and cannabis strain chemotypic differences in contributing to interindividual variation in the response to cannabinoids, such as THC, and review studies demonstrating that THC-induced impairments in decision-making processes are mediated by actions at prefrontal CB1 receptors. We further describe evidence that signalling through prefrontal or ventral hippocampal CB1 receptors modulates mesolimbic dopamine activity, aberrations of which may contribute to emotional processing deficits in schizophrenia. Lastly, we review studies suggesting that endocannabinoid tone in the amygdala is a critical regulator of anxiety, and report new data showing that FAAH activity is integral to this response. Together, these findings underscore the importance of cannabinoid signalling in the regulation of cognitive and affective behaviours, and encourage further research given their social, political, and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason M Silveira
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- The Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Addiction Research Group and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Marta Celorrio
- Program of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María S Aymerich
- Program of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Wendy K Adams
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
Maladaptive decision-making is a cardinal feature of drug use, contributing to ongoing use, and reflecting alterations in how drug users assess uncertain reward value. Accumulating evidence indicates the consequences of heavy marijuana use are worse for female versus male animals and humans, but research assessing sex differences in reward-related decision-making among marijuana users remains scarce. We examined sex differences in the subjective valuation of certain and uncertain rewards among heavy marijuana users (52; 26 male and 26 female) and controls (52; 26 male and 26 female). We offered male and female heavy marijuana users and controls monetary rewards of certain and uncertain (probabilistic) values. We measured how preferences for uncertain rewards varied by the objective value of those rewards, moderators of reward uncertainty, Marijuana Group and Sex. Men were more sensitive to changes in the objective value of uncertain rewards than women. However, this effect of Sex differed by Marijuana Group. Female heavy marijuana users were more sensitive to changes in uncertain reward value, particularly when the "stakes" were high (i.e., greater difference between potential uncertain rewards), than female controls. Female heavy marijuana users' sensitivity to changes in the value of high stakes uncertain rewards was comparable to male marijuana users and controls. In contrast, male marijuana users' sensitivity to changes in the value of high stakes uncertain rewards did not differ from male controls. These results suggest sex differences in sensitivity to high risk rewards may be one pathway contributing to severer consequences of heavy marijuana use among women. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R. Hefner
- Mental Illness Research, Education & Clinical Centers, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53076, USA
| | - Mark. J. Starr
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53076, USA
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Phillips JG, Ogeil RP. Cannabis, alcohol use, psychological distress, and decision-making style. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:670-681. [PMID: 27876440 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1255311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been suggestions of hypofrontality in cannabis users. To understand cannabis-related differences in decisional processes, Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making was applied to recreational cannabis smokers who varied in their alcohol use and level of psychological distress. METHOD An online sample of recreational substance users (114 male, 119 female) completed the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for cannabis. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of variance examined self-reported decision-making styles as a function of gender, recent cannabis use, risky alcohol consumption, and levels of psychological distress. Psychological distress was associated with lower decisional self-esteem and higher levels of procrastination and buck-passing. There were gender differences associated with cannabis use. Female cannabis users reported higher levels of hypervigilance, while male cannabis users reported lower levels of buck-passing. CONCLUSIONS Although there was little indication of an avoidant decisional style in cannabis users, the results suggest that cannabis affects decisional processes, contributing to panic in females and impulsivity in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Phillips
- a Psychology Department , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Rowan P Ogeil
- b Eastern Health Clinical School , Monash University, and Turning Point, Eastern Health , Clayton , Australia
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