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Ryznar R, Andrews N, Emery K, Snow M, Payton M, Towne F, Gubler D. Specific Salivary Neuropeptides Shift Synchronously during Acute Stress in Fire Recruits. Brain Sci 2024; 14:492. [PMID: 38790470 PMCID: PMC11119501 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Once thought of as an immune-privileged site, we now know that the nervous system communicates in a bidirectional manner with the immune system via the neuroimmune axis. Neuropeptides constitute a component of this axis, playing critical roles in the brain and periphery. The function of salivary neuropeptides in the acute stress response is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate salivary neuropeptide levels during acute stress. Salivary samples were collected from fire recruits engaged in a stress training exercise previously shown to induce acute stress, at three separate timepoints during the exercise and levels of oxytocin, neurotensin, Substance P, α-MSH, and β-Endorphin were measured using the Human Neuropeptide 5-Plex Custom Assay Eve Technologies. All neuropeptides increased throughout the acute stress simulation and during the recovery phase. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified one factor contributing to baseline values across five neuropeptides and Pairwise Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis showed positive correlations >0.9 for almost all neuropeptide combinations at the pre-stress timepoint. Further analysis identified negative and positive correlations between past-life trauma and self-assessed hardiness, respectively. Calculated neuropeptide scores showed an overall positive correlation to self-assessed hardiness. Altogether, our results suggest that salivary neuropeptides increase synchronously during acute stress and higher levels correlate with an increase in self-assessed hardiness. Further study is required to determine if interventions designed to enhance neuropeptide activity can increase stress resilience, especially in high-stress occupations such as firefighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ryznar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Centennial, CO 80112, USA; (M.P.)
| | - Nathan Andrews
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Centennial, CO 80112, USA; (N.A.); (K.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Kyle Emery
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Centennial, CO 80112, USA; (N.A.); (K.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Michaela Snow
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Centennial, CO 80112, USA; (N.A.); (K.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Mark Payton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Centennial, CO 80112, USA; (M.P.)
| | - Francina Towne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Centennial, CO 80112, USA; (M.P.)
| | - Dean Gubler
- Department of Military Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA;
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Sun W, Jin T, Yang H, Li J, Tian Q, Gao J, Peng R, Zhang G, Zhang X. Alterations of serum neuropeptide levels and their relationship to cognitive impairment and psychopathology in male patients with chronic schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:3. [PMID: 38172494 PMCID: PMC10851704 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Serum neuropeptide levels may be linked to schizophrenia (SCZ) pathogenesis. This study aims to examine the relation between five serum neuropeptide levels and the cognition of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), chronic stable schizophrenia (CSS), and in healthy controls (HC). Three groups were assessed: 29 TRS and 48 CSS patients who were hospitalized in regional psychiatric hospitals, and 53 HC. After the above participants were enrolled, we examined the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the blood serum levels of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), β-endorphin (BE), neurotensin (NT), oxytocin (OT) and substance.P (S.P). Psychiatric symptoms in patients with SCZ were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. SCZ patients performed worse than HC in total score and all subscales of the RBANS. The levels of the above five serum neuropeptides were significantly higher in SCZ than in HC. The levels of OT and S.P were significantly higher in CSS than in TRS patients. The α-MSH levels in TRS patients were significantly and negatively correlated with the language scores of RBANS. However, the BE and NT levels in CSS patients were significantly and positively correlated with the visuospatial/constructional scores of RBANS. Moreover, the interaction effect of NT and BE levels was positively associated with the visuospatial/constructional scores of RBANS. Therefore, abnormally increased serum neuropeptide levels may be associated with the physiology of SCZ, and may cause cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms, especially in patients with TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Sun
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu, China
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haidong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222003, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Gao
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijie Peng
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215031, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Psychiatry Department of Suzhou Guangji Hospital, Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, Jiangsu, China.
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Anton-Păduraru DT, Trofin F, Nastase EV, Miftode RS, Miftode IL, Trandafirescu MF, Cojocaru E, Țarcă E, Mindru DE, Dorneanu OS. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Anorexia Nervosa in Children and Adults-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:41. [PMID: 38203211 PMCID: PMC10779038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the factors incriminated in the appearance of eating disorders, intestinal microbiota has recently been implicated. Now there is evidence that the composition of gut microbiota is different in anorexia nervosa. We gathered many surveys on the changes in the profile of gut microbiota in patients with anorexia nervosa. This review comprehensively examines the contemporary experimental evidence concerning the bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain. Drawing from recent breakthroughs in this area of research, we propose that the gut microbiota significantly contributes to the intricate interplay between the body and the brain, thereby contributing to overall healthy homeostasis while concurrently impacting disease risk, including anxiety and mood disorders. Particular attention is devoted to elucidating the structure and functional relevance of the gut microbiota in the context of Anorexia Nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana-Teodora Anton-Păduraru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (D.E.M.)
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (E.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Eduard Vasile Nastase
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Infectious Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Stefan Miftode
- Department of Internal Medicine I—Cardiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- “Sf. Spiridon” Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionela-Larisa Miftode
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Infectious Diseases, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mioara Florentina Trandafirescu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I—Histology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (E.C.); (E.Ț.)
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I—Pathology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Țarcă
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (E.C.); (E.Ț.)
- Department of Surgery II—Pediatric Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mindru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (D.E.M.)
- “Sf. Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania; (E.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Olivia Simona Dorneanu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases “Sf. Parascheva”, 700116 Iasi, Romania;
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Syrmou V, Lioliopoulou ML, Gkiouras K, Simopoulou T, Katsiari CG, Vassilakou T, Bogdanos DP. Anorexia Nervosa in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Causality Dilemma. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:697. [PMID: 37189946 PMCID: PMC10137086 DOI: 10.3390/children10040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) is an autoimmune disorder with multifaceted clinical findings in different organ systems. Neuropsychiatric manifestations affect more than half of SLE patients, and there is increasing evidence that anorexia nervosa (AN), a feeding and eating disorder (FED) characterized by significantly reduced energy intake, is among them. Herein, a review of the literature on the potential association between jSLE and AN was performed. Reported clinical cases were identified, and putative pathophysiological mechanisms were sought that could potentially explain the observed relationship between these two pathological entities. Four reports of isolated cases and a case series including seven patients were identified. In this limited patient pool, the diagnosis of AN preceded that of SLE in the majority of cases, whereas in all cases both entities were diagnosed within a time span of two years. Many explanations for the observed relationships have been proposed. AN has been associated with the stress of chronic disease diagnosis; on the other hand, the chronic inflammation associated with AN may contribute to the development/appearance of SLE. Adverse childhood experiences, concentrations of leptin, shared autoantibodies, and genetic traits appear to be important factors in this well-established interplay. In essence, it seems important to increase clinician awareness of the concomitant development of AN and SLE and invite further research on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syrmou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria-Lydia Lioliopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodora Simopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina G. Katsiari
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
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Smitka K, Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Papezova H, Hill M, Pokorny J, Kittnar O, Bilej M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Current Aspects of the Role of Autoantibodies Directed Against Appetite-Regulating Hormones and the Gut Microbiome in Eating Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613983. [PMID: 33953692 PMCID: PMC8092392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka,
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Eating Disorder Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Pokorny
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Otomar Kittnar
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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6
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Carbone EA, D'Amato P, Vicchio G, De Fazio P, Segura-Garcia C. A systematic review on the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 64:e2. [PMID: 33416044 PMCID: PMC8057489 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing interest in new factors contributing to the genesis of eating disorders (EDs). Research recently focused on the study of microbiota. Dysbiosis, associated with a specific genetic susceptibility, may contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, and several putative mechanisms have already been identified. Diet seems to have an impact not only on modification of the gut microbiota, facilitating dysbiosis, but also on its recovery in patients with EDs. Methods This systematic review based on the PICO strategy searching into PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library examined the literature on the role of altered microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of EDs. Results Sixteen studies were included, mostly regarding AN. Alpha diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were lower in patients with AN, and affective symptoms and ED psychopathology seem related to changes in gut microbiota. Microbiota-derived proteins stimulated the autoimmune system, altering neuroendocrine control of mood and satiety in EDs. Microbial richness increased in AN after weight regain on fecal microbiota transplantation. Conclusions Microbiota homeostasis seems essential for a healthy communication network between gut and brain. Dysbiosis may promote intestinal inflammation, alter gut permeability, and trigger immune reactions in the hunger/satiety regulation center contributing to the pathophysiological development of EDs. A restored microbial balance may be a possible treatment target for EDs. A better and more in-depth characterization of gut microbiota and gut–brain crosstalk is required. Future studies may deepen the therapeutic and preventive role of microbiota in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Anna Carbone
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy.,Outpatient Service for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro88100, Italy
| | - Pasquale D'Amato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicchio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende87036, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Outpatient Service for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro88100, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy
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7
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Galmiche M, Lucas N, Déchelotte P, Deroissart C, Le Solliec MA, Rondeaux J, Azhar S, Grigioni S, Colange G, Delay J, Achamrah N, Folope V, Belmonte L, Lamarre A, Rimbert A, Saillard T, Petit A, Quillard M, Coeffier M, Gillibert A, Lambert G, Legrand R, Tavolacci MP. Plasma Peptide Concentrations and Peptide-Reactive Immunoglobulins in Patients with Eating Disorders at Inclusion in the French EDILS Cohort (Eating Disorders Inventory and Longitudinal Survey). Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020522. [PMID: 32085628 PMCID: PMC7071399 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly frequent. Their pathophysiology involves disturbance of peptide signaling and the microbiota–gut–brain axis. This study analyzed peptides and corresponding immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in groups of ED. In 120 patients with restrictive (R), bulimic (B), and compulsive (C) ED, the plasma concentrations of leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and insulin were analyzed by Milliplex and those of acyl ghrelin (AG), des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) by ELISA kits. Immunoglobulin G (in response to an antigen) concentrations were analyzed by ELISA, and their affinity for the respective peptide was measured by surface plasmon resonance. The concentrations of leptin, insulin, GLP-1, and PYY were higher in C patients than in R patients. On the contrary, α-MSH, DAG, and AG concentrations were higher in R than in C patients. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), differences among peptide concentrations were no longer different. No difference in the concentrations of the IgG was found, but the IgG concentrations were correlated with each other. Although differences of peptide concentrations exist among ED subtypes, they may be due to differences in BMI. Changes in the concentration and/or affinity of several anti-peptide IgG may contribute to the physiopathology of ED or may be related to fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Galmiche
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +06-08-49-66-26
| | - Camille Deroissart
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Marie-Anne Le Solliec
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Julie Rondeaux
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Saida Azhar
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Sébastien Grigioni
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Guillaume Colange
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Julie Delay
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Najate Achamrah
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Vanessa Folope
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Liliana Belmonte
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Adèle Lamarre
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Agnès Rimbert
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Tiphaine Saillard
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - André Petit
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Muriel Quillard
- CIC-CRB 1404 INSERM, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Moise Coeffier
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- Nutrition unit, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - André Gillibert
- Department of Biostatistics, Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Grégory Lambert
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Romain Legrand
- TargEDys SA, 91160 Longjumeau, France; (N.L.); (C.D.); (M.-A.L.S.); (J.R.); (S.A.); (G.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Tavolacci
- Inserm UMR1073, 76000 Rouen, France; (M.G.); (S.G.); (N.A.); (V.F.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (M.-P.T.)
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- CIC-CRB 1404 INSERM, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France;
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8
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Commensal Hafnia alvei strain reduces food intake and fat mass in obese mice-a new potential probiotic for appetite and body weight management. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1041-1051. [PMID: 31911661 PMCID: PMC7188665 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives Based on the recent identification of E.coli heat shock protein ClpB as a mimetic of the anorexigenic α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), the objective of this study was to preclinically validate Hafnia alvei, a ClpB-producing commensal bacterium as a potential probiotic for appetite and body weight management in overweight and obesity. Methods The involvement of enterobacterial ClpB in the putative anti-obesity effects was studied using ClpB-deficient E.coli. A food-grade H. alvei HA4597 strain synthetizing the ClpB protein with an α-MSH-like motif was selected as a candidate probiotic to be tested in ob/ob and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese and overweight mice. The relevance of the enterobacterial ClpB gene to human obesity was studied by in silico analysis of fecal metagenomes of 569 healthy individuals from the “MetaHIT” database. Results Chronic per os administration of native but not ClpB-deficient E.coli strain reduced body weight gain (p < 0.05) and daily meal frequency (p < 0.001) in ob/ob mice. Oral gavage of H.alvei for 18 and 46 days in ob/ob and HFD-fed obese mice, respectively, was well tolerated, reduced body weight gain and fat mass in both obesity models (p < 0.05) and decreased food intake in hyperphagic ob/ob mice (p < 0.001). Elevated fat tissue levels of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase were detected in H.alvei -treated ob/ob mice (p < 0.01). Enterobacterial ClpB gene richness was lower in obese vs. non-obese humans (p < 0.0001) and correlated negatively with BMI in genera of Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Hafnia. Conclusions H.alvei HA4597 strain reduces food intake, body weight and fat mass gain in hyperphagic and obese mice. These data combined with low enterobacterial ClpB gene abundance in the microbiota of obese humans provide the rationale for using H.alvei as a probiotic for appetite and body weight management in overweight and obesity.
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9
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Dominique M, Legrand R, Galmiche M, Azhar S, Deroissart C, Guérin C, do Rego JL, Leon F, Nobis S, Lambert G, Lucas N, Déchelotte P. Changes in Microbiota and Bacterial Protein Caseinolytic Peptidase B During Food Restriction in Mice: Relevance for the Onset and Perpetuation of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2514. [PMID: 31635300 PMCID: PMC6835841 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota contributes to the regulation of eating behavior and might be implicated in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. ClpB (Caseinolytic peptidase B) protein produced mainly by the Enterobacteriaceae family has been identified as a conformational mimetic of α-MSH, which could result in similar anorexigenic effects. The aim of this study was to highlight the role of the microbiome and the ClpB protein in deregulation and self-maintenance of anorexia pathology. Male C57Bl/6 mice were undergone to the ABA (Activity-Based Anorexia) protocol: after 5 days of acclimatization, both ABA and LFA (Limited Food Access) mice had progressively limited access to food until D17. At the end of protocol, the plasma ClpB concentration and Enterobacteriaceae DNA in colonic content were measured. As expected, dietary restriction induced lost weight in LFA and ABA mice. At D10, colonic permeability and plasma concentration of the ClpB protein were significantly increased in LFA and ABA mice vs. controls. At D17, plasma concentration of ClpB was increased in LFA and ABA mice and, it was correlated with proportion of Enterobacteriaceae in the faeces. These abnormally high ClpB concentrations and all associated factors, and therefore might contribute to the initiation and/or perpetuation of anorexia nervosa by interfering with satiety signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dominique
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Romain Legrand
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Marie Galmiche
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Saïda Azhar
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | | | - Charlène Guérin
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Luc do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Animal Behavior Platform, Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Fatima Leon
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Animal Behavior Platform, Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Séverine Nobis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Animal Behavior Platform, Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Grégory Lambert
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, 76183 Rouen, France.
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10
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On the origin of eating disorders: altered signaling between gut microbiota, adaptive immunity and the brain melanocortin system regulating feeding behavior. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 48:82-91. [PMID: 31430598 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in the field of gut microbiota - brain axis may contribute to clarifying the origin of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, the two principal forms of eating disorders (ED). The initial key findings in ED patients of plasma immunoglobulins (Ig) that react with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a neuropeptide in the brain signaling satiety, have initiated further studies leading to the discovery of the origin of such autoantibodies and to the understanding their possible functional role. An anorexigenic bacterial protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B was recently found to be responsible for the production of α-MSH-cross-reactive autoantibodies and this protein was also detected in human plasma. Another recent study revealed enhanced activation of appetite-regulating the melanocortin type 4 receptor by immune complexes withα-MSH. Taken together, these data serve to build a pathophysiological model of ED presented in this article.
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11
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Fetissov SO, Legrand R, Lucas N. Bacterial Protein Mimetic of Peptide Hormone as a New Class of Protein- based Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:546-553. [PMID: 28982315 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171005110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Specific peptide molecules classified as hormones, neuropeptides and cytokines are involved in intercellular signaling regulating various physiological processes in all organs and tissues. This justifies the peptidergic signaling as an attractive pharmacological target. Recently, a protein mimetic of a peptide hormone has been identified in Escherichia coli suggesting the potential use of specific bacterial proteins as a new type of peptide-like drugs. We review the scientific rational and technological approaches leading to the identification of the E. coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) homologue protein as a conformational mimetic of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a melanocortin peptide critically involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis in humans and animals. Theoretical and experimental backgrounds for the validation of bacterial ClpB as a potential drug are discussed based on the known E. coli ClpB amino acid sequence homology with α-MSH. Using in silico analysis, we show that other protein sources containing similar to E. coli ClpB α-MSH-like epitopes with potential biological activity may exist in Enterobacteriaceae and in some Brassicaceae. Thus, the original approach leading to the identification of E. coli ClpB as an α-MSH mimetic protein can be applied for the identification of mimetic proteins of other peptide hormones and development of a new type of peptide-like protein-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1239, 25 rue Lucien Tesniere, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, 76000, France
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12
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Joksimovic J, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Mitrovic S, Mihailovic V, Katanic J, Milovanovic D, Rosic G. Exercise Attenuates Anabolic Steroids-Induced Anxiety via Hippocampal NPY and MC4 Receptor in Rats. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:172. [PMID: 30863280 PMCID: PMC6399386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of nandrolone-decanoate (ND) or testosterone-enanthate (TE) in supraphysiological doses and a prolonged swimming protocol, alone and in combination with ND or TE, on anxiety-like behavior in rats. We investigated the immunohistochemical alterations of the hippocampal neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) neurons, as a possible underlying mechanism in a modulation of anxiety-like behavior in rats. Both applied anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) induced anxiogenic effect accompanied with decreased serum and hippocampal NPY. The exercise-induced anxiolytic effect was associated with increased hippocampal NPY expression. ND and TE increased the number of MC4R, while the swimming protocol was followed by the reduction of MC4R in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. However, NPY/MC4R ratio in hippocampus was lowered by AASs and elevated by exercise in all hippocampal regions. An augmentation of this ratio strongly and positively correlated to increased time in open arms of elevated plus maze, in the context that indicates anxiolytic effect. Our findings support the conclusion that alterations in both hippocampal NPY and MC4R expression are involved in anxiety level changes in rats, while their quantitative relationship (NPY/MC4R ratio) is even more valuable in the estimation of anxiety regulation than individual alterations for both NPY and MC4R expression in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Mihailovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Katanic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragan Milovanovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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13
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Vaeroy H, Schneider F, Fetissov SO. Neurobiology of Aggressive Behavior-Role of Autoantibodies Reactive With Stress-Related Peptide Hormones. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:872. [PMID: 31866881 PMCID: PMC6904880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone together with arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, the neuropeptides regulating the stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, are known to modulate aggressive behavior. The functional role of the adrenocorticotropic hormone immunoglobulin G autoantibodies in peptidergic signaling and motivated behavior, including aggression, has been shown in experimental and in vitro models. This review summarizes some experimental data implicating autoantibodies reactive with stress-related peptides in aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Vaeroy
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Frida Schneider
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
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14
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Temko JE, Bouhlal S, Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Cryan JF, Leggio L. The Microbiota, the Gut and the Brain in Eating and Alcohol Use Disorders: A 'Ménage à Trois'? Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 52:403-413. [PMID: 28482009 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Accumulating evidence for the influence of the gut microbiota on the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis suggests a role of the gut microbiota in eating disorders (EDs) and alcohol and substance use disorders. The potential influence of altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis) on behaviors associated with such disorders may have implications for developing therapeutic interventions. Methods A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the gut microbiota, EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases with the objective being to examine the role of the gut microbiota in behavioral correlates of these disorders. Original papers focused on the gut microbiota and potential behavioral implications were deemed eligible for consideration. Results The resulting 12 publications were limited to gut microbiota studies related to EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders. Some studies suggest that dysbiosis and gut microbial byproducts may influence the pathophysiology of EDs via direct and indirect interference with peptide hormone signaling. Additionally, dysbiosis was shown to be correlated with alcohol use disorder-related symptoms, i.e. craving, depression and anxiety. Finally, a mouse study suggests that manipulations in the gut microbiota may affect cocaine-related behaviors. Conclusions Promising, albeit preliminary, findings suggest a potential role of the gut microbiota in behavioral correlates of EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders. Short summary Preliminary evidence exists supporting the role of the gut microbiota in eating disorders and alcohol and substance use disorders, although additional investigation is needed to determine what is causative versus epiphenomenological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Temko
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - Sofia Bouhlal
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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15
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Glenny EM, Bulik-Sullivan EC, Tang Q, Bulik CM, Carroll IM. Eating Disorders and the Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms of Energy Homeostasis and Behavioral Influence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017; 19:51. [PMID: 28676966 PMCID: PMC5881382 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed and evaluated recently published scientific studies that explored the role of the intestinal microbiota in eating disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota is a contributing factor to both host energy homeostasis and behavior-two traits commonly disrupted in patients with eating disorders. To date, intestinal microbiota research in eating disorders has focused solely on anorexia nervosa (AN). Initial studies have reported an atypical intestinal microbial composition in patients with AN compared to healthy controls. However, the impact of these AN-associated microbial communities on host metabolism and behavior remains unknown. The intriguing pattern of findings in patients with AN encourages further investigation of the intestinal microbiota in eating disorders. Elucidating the specific role(s) of these microbial communities may yield novel ideas for augmenting current clinical therapies to promote weight gain, decrease gastrointestinal distress, and even reduce psychological symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Glenny
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Emily C. Bulik-Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Quyen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States,Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian M. Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States,Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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16
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Fetissov SO. Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:11-25. [PMID: 27616451 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety - the main involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host for providing the nutrients necessary for their growth. The intrinsic ability of bacteria to regulate their growth and to maintain their population within the gut suggests that gut bacteria can interfere with molecular pathways controlling energy balance in the host. The current model of appetite control is based mainly on gut-brain signalling and the animal's own needs to maintain energy homeostasis; an alternative model might also involve bacteria-host communications. Several bacterial components and metabolites have been shown to stimulate intestinal satiety pathways; at the same time, their production depends on bacterial growth cycles. This short-term bacterial growth-linked modulation of intestinal satiety can be coupled with long-term regulation of appetite, controlled by the neuropeptidergic circuitry in the hypothalamus. Indeed, several bacterial products are detected in the systemic circulation, which might act directly on hypothalamic neurons. This Review analyses the data relevant to possible involvement of the gut bacteria in the regulation of host appetite and proposes an integrative homeostatic model of appetite control that includes energy needs of both the host and its gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut &Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1073, University of Rouen Normandy, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France
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17
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A role for intestinal TLR4-driven inflammatory response during activity-based anorexia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35813. [PMID: 27779218 PMCID: PMC5078809 DOI: 10.1038/srep35813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation and altered gut microbiota. However, the molecular origin of the inflammation remains unknown. Toll-like receptors are key regulators of innate immune response and their activation seems also to be involved in the control of food intake. We used activity-based anorexia (ABA) model to investigate the role of TLR4 and its contribution in anorexia-associated low-grade inflammation. Here, we found that ABA affected early the intestinal inflammatory status and the hypothalamic response. Indeed, TLR4 was upregulated both on colonic epithelial cells and intestinal macrophages, leading to elevated downstream mucosal cytokine production. These mucosal changes occurred earlier than hypothalamic changes driving to increased levels of IL-1β and IL-1R1 as well as increased levels of plasma corticosterone. Paradoxically, TLR4-deficient mice exhibited greater vulnerability to ABA with increased mortality rate, suggesting a major contribution of TLR4-mediated responses during ABA-induced weight loss.
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18
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Gorwood P, Blanchet-Collet C, Chartrel N, Duclos J, Dechelotte P, Hanachi M, Fetissov S, Godart N, Melchior JC, Ramoz N, Rovere-Jovene C, Tolle V, Viltart O, Epelbaum J. New Insights in Anorexia Nervosa. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:256. [PMID: 27445651 PMCID: PMC4925664 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is classically defined as a condition in which an abnormally low body weight is associated with an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted cognitions regarding weight, shape, and drive for thinness. This article reviews recent evidences from physiology, genetics, epigenetics, and brain imaging which allow to consider AN as an abnormality of reward pathways or an attempt to preserve mental homeostasis. Special emphasis is put on ghrelino-resistance and the importance of orexigenic peptides of the lateral hypothalamus, the gut microbiota and a dysimmune disorder of neuropeptide signaling. Physiological processes, secondary to underlying, and premorbid vulnerability factors-the "pondero-nutritional-feeding basements"- are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gorwood
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne (CMME)Paris, France; UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chartrel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in BiomedicineRouen, France; Normandy UniversityCaen, France; University of RouenRouen, France
| | - Jeanne Duclos
- Adolescents and Young Adults Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste MontsourisParis, France; CESP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Descartes, USPCParis, France; University Reims, Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire Cognition, Santé, Socialisation (C2S)-EA 6291Reims, France
| | - Pierre Dechelotte
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1073 IRIB Normandy UniversityRouen, France; Faculté de Médecine-PharmacieRouen, France
| | - Mouna Hanachi
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1179, équipe Thérapeutiques Innovantes et Technologies Appliquées aux Troubles Neuromoteurs, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilMontigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Département de Médecine (Unité de Nutrition), Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisGarches, France
| | - Serguei Fetissov
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1073 IRIB Normandy University Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Godart
- Adolescents and Young Adults Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste MontsourisParis, France; CESP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Descartes, USPCParis, France
| | - Jean-Claude Melchior
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1179, équipe Thérapeutiques Innovantes et Technologies Appliquées aux Troubles Neuromoteurs, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone VeilMontigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Département de Médecine (Unité de Nutrition), Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisGarches, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Carole Rovere-Jovene
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR6097, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Valbonne, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer Lille, France
| | - Jacques Epelbaum
- UMR-S 894, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Psychiatrie et NeurosciencesParis, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
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Dopamine release in the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated by α-MSH in both the anticipatory and consummatory phases of feeding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:79-87. [PMID: 25805178 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), is a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling satiation, but it is not known if α-MSH may stimulate dopamine release in a feeding control brain region of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), during the anticipatory and consummatory phases of feeding behavior. To address these questions, dynamics of dopamine release were measured in 15 min microdialysis samples simultaneously from the LHA and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during consecutive exposure and provision of food and 1% sucrose in Wistar rats after overnight food deprivation. α-MSH was infused via the microdialysis probe either into the LHA or NAc starting before food exposure. Food, sucrose and water intakes were automatically monitored and analyzed concomitantly with microdialysis samples. We found that LHA-α-MSH-infused rats stopped eating earlier and consumed less food and sucrose as compared to control and NAc-α-MSH-infused rats. Exposure to food produced a peak of LHA dopamine in both LHA-α-MSH and NAc-α-MSH-infused rats but not in the controls. During food provision, LHA dopamine levels were strongly elevated in LHA-α-MSH infused rats, while delivery of α-MSH into the NAc induced a less intense increase of dopamine in both NAc and LHA. In all rats, LHA dopamine levels correlated inversely with sucrose intake. In conclusion, our study showed that α-MSH stimulates dopamine release in the LHA during both the anticipatory and consummatory phases of feeding, decreases food intake and inhibits sucrose intake. These data suggest that LHA dopamine release can be involved in α-MSH anorexigenic effects.
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McDonald D, Hornig M, Lozupone C, Debelius J, Gilbert JA, Knight R. Towards large-cohort comparative studies to define the factors influencing the gut microbial community structure of ASD patients. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:26555. [PMID: 25758371 PMCID: PMC4355505 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the gut microbiota have been reported between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurotypical controls, although direct evidence that changes in the microbiome contribute to causing ASD has been scarce to date. Here we summarize some considerations of experimental design that can help untangle causality in this complex system. In particular, large cross-sectional studies that can factor out important variables such as diet, prospective longitudinal studies that remove some of the influence of interpersonal variation in the microbiome (which is generally high, especially in children), and studies transferring microbial communities into germ-free mice may be especially useful. Controlling for the effects of technical variables, which have complicated efforts to combine existing studies, is critical when biological effect sizes are small. Large citizen-science studies with thousands of participants such as the American Gut Project have been effective at uncovering subtle microbiome effects in self-collected samples and with self-reported diet and behavior data, and may provide a useful complement to other types of traditionally funded and conducted studies in the case of ASD, especially in the hypothesis generation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McDonald
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.,College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
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Shpakov AO, Derkach KV, Zharova OA, Shpakova EA. The functional activity of the adenylate cyclase system in the brains of rats with metabolic syndrome induced by immunization with peptide 11–25 of the type 4 melanocortin receptor. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Tennoune N, Legrand R, Ouelaa W, Breton J, Lucas N, Bole-Feysot C, do Rego JC, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Sex-related effects of nutritional supplementation of Escherichia coli: relevance to eating disorders. Nutrition 2014; 31:498-507. [PMID: 25701341 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The biological background of sex-related differences in the development of eating disorders (EDs) is unknown. Recent data showed that gut bacteria Escherichia coli induce autoantibodies against anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) associated with psychopathology in ED. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of E. coli on feeding and autoantibodies against α-MSH and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), between female and male rats. METHODS Commensal E. coli K12 were given in a culture medium daily to adult Wistar rats by intragastric gavage over a 3-wk period; control rats received culture medium only. RESULTS Before gavage, E. coli K12 DNA was detected in feces of female but not male rats. E. coli provision was accompanied by an increase in body weight gain in females, but a decrease in body weight gain and food intake in males. Independent of E. coli treatment, plasma levels of anti-α-MSH and ACTH immunoglobulin (Ig)G were higher in female than male rats. Females responded to E. coli by increasing α-MSH IgG levels and affinity, but males by increasing α-MSH IgM levels. Affinity of IgG for ACTH was increased in both E. coli-treated females and males, although with different kinetics. IgG from females stimulated more efficiently α-MSH-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate production by melanocortin 4 receptor-expressing cells compared with IgG from males. DISCUSSION Sex-related response to how E. coli affects feeding and anti-melanocortin hormone antibody production may depend on the presence of these bacteria in the gut before E. coli supplementation. These data suggest that sex-related presence of certain gut bacteria may represent a risk factor for ED development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Tennoune
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Wassila Ouelaa
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France; Animal behavior platform (SCAC), Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen, France.
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23
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Lengweiler S, Kreim S, Barman-Aksözen J, Maurer M, Minder EI. Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of the Synthetic α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) Analogue Afamelanotide ([Nle4- D-Phe7]-α-MSH, Scenesse®) in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Patients by ELISA Detecting Both Anti-Afamelanotide and Anti-α-MSH Antibodies. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:103-13. [DOI: 10.1159/000362174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bacterial ClpB heat-shock protein, an antigen-mimetic of the anorexigenic peptide α-MSH, at the origin of eating disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e458. [PMID: 25290265 PMCID: PMC4350527 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms at the origin of eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia and binge-eating disorder (BED), are currently unknown. Previous data indicated that immunoglobulins (Igs) or autoantibodies (auto-Abs) reactive with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are involved in regulation of feeding and emotion; however, the origin of such auto-Abs is unknown. Here, using proteomics, we identified ClpB heat-shock disaggregation chaperone protein of commensal gut bacteria Escherichia coli as a conformational antigen mimetic of α-MSH. We show that ClpB-immunized mice produce anti-ClpB IgG crossreactive with α-MSH, influencing food intake, body weight, anxiety and melanocortin receptor 4 signaling. Furthermore, chronic intragastric delivery of E. coli in mice decreased food intake and stimulated formation of ClpB- and α-MSH-reactive antibodies, while ClpB-deficient E. coli did not affect food intake or antibody levels. Finally, we show that plasma levels of anti-ClpB IgG crossreactive with α-MSH are increased in patients with AN, bulimia and BED, and that the ED Inventory-2 scores in ED patients correlate with anti-ClpB IgG and IgM, which is similar to our previous findings for α-MSH auto-Abs. In conclusion, this work shows that the bacterial ClpB protein, which is present in several commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, can be responsible for the production of auto-Abs crossreactive with α-MSH, associated with altered feeding and emotion in humans with ED. Our data suggest that ClpB-expressing gut microorganisms might be involved in the etiology of EDs.
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25
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Lucas N, Legrand R, Ouelaa W, Breton J, Tennoune N, Bole-Feysot C, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Effects of rabbit anti-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) immunoglobulins on α-MSH signaling related to food intake control. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:21-7. [PMID: 24238616 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) polyclonal antibodies have been used for α-MSH neutralization in functional studies, but the results are sometime inconsistent with the antibody expected blocking properties. The present study aimed to determine if rabbit (Rb) anti-α-MSH immunoglobulins (Ig) may inhibit or enhance α-MSH signaling on melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) and α-MSH-induced anorexigenic effect if presented as immune complexes with α-MSH. Polyclonal Rb anti-α-MSH IgG were commercially available and their ability to bind α-MSH has been confirmed by the immunohistochemical detection of α-MSH neurons in the rat hypothalamus. In vitro assay of the cyclic-adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP) secreted by cells transfected with MC4R was performed to analyze effect of Rb IgG on α-MSH-induced cAMP production. We found that adding Rb IgG to α-MSH resulted in stimulation of cAMP detected at lower peptide concentrations as compared to α-MSH alone. To determine effects of Rb IgG on food intake, rats were injected into the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus with either α-MSH, Rb IgG alone or Rb IgG preincubated with α-MSH. During 2 days after injections, food intake was increased in both groups of rats receiving Rb IgG. However, during following 4 days when food was restricted to 1h/day, only the Rb IgG group displayed higher food intake. Furthermore, after the refeeding, 24h food intake was lower in rats receiving Rb IgG - α-MSH immune complexes. This group of rats was also characterized by higher number of immunopositive neurons in the arcuate nucleus expressing α-MSH and agouti-related protein but not tyrosine hydroxylase. Taken together, these results show that Rb anti-α-MSH antisera, although efficient for immunohistochemical detection of α-MSH, does not always display α-MSH blocking properties but, in contrast, may enhance α-MSH binding to MC4R and increase α-MSH anorexigenic effects when presented as immune complexes with the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lucas
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Romain Legrand
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Wassila Ouelaa
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Naouel Tennoune
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France; Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen 76183, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, Rouen 76183, France.
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Corticotropin (ACTH)-reactive immunoglobulins in adolescents in relation to antisocial behavior and stress-induced cortisol response. The TRAILS study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:3039-47. [PMID: 24103889 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of corticotropin (ACTH)-reactive immunoglobulins (ACTH IgG) were found in males with conduct disorder, suggesting their involvement in the biology of antisocial behavior. We first aimed to confirm these findings in a large general population sample of adolescents. Secondly, we studied the association between ACTH IgG levels and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress. Free and total ACTH IgG levels were measured in sera of 1230 adolescents (15-18 years). HPA axis activity was determined by measuring salivary cortisol before, during, and after a social stress test. Antisocial behavior was assessed using the Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire. ACTH peptide and IgG affinity kinetics for ACTH were assayed in a subsample of 90 adolescents selected for high or low ACTH IgG levels. In boys, higher total ACTH IgG levels were associated with higher antisocial behavior scores (β=1.05, p=0.04), especially at high levels of free ACTH IgG. In girls, antisocial behavior was associated with low free ACTH IgG levels (β=-0.20, p=0.04). Stress-induced cortisol release was associated with free ACTH IgG in boys (βareaunderthecurve=-0.67, p<0.01), and with total ACTH IgG in girls (βrecovery=0.84, p=0.05). The affinity kinetics assay showed that ACTH IgG association rates were lower in both boys and girls with high ACTH IgG levels. These data show that ACTH IgG levels are related to antisocial behavior and HPA axis response to stress in adolescents. The mechanisms behind these associations, including different ACTH binding properties of IgG in subjects with antisocial behavior, deserve further attention.
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27
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Garcia FD, Coquerel Q, do Rego JC, Cravezic A, Bole-Feysot C, Kiive E, Déchelotte P, Harro J, Fetissov SO. Anti-neuropeptide Y plasma immunoglobulins in relation to mood and appetite in depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1457-67. [PMID: 22365482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression and eating disorders are frequently associated, but the molecular pathways responsible for co-occurrence of altered mood, appetite and body weight are not yet fully understood. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has potent antidepressant and orexigenic properties and low central NPY levels have been reported in major depression. In the present study, we hypothesized that in patients with major depression alteration of mood, appetite and body weight may be related to NPY-reactive autoantibodies (autoAbs). To test this hypothesis, we compared plasma levels and affinities of NPY-reactive autoAbs between patients with major depression and healthy controls. Then, to evaluate if changes of NPY autoAb properties can be causally related to altered mood and appetite, we developed central and peripheral passive transfer models of human autoAbs in mice and studied depressive-like behavior in forced-swim test and food intake. We found that plasma levels of NPY IgG autoAbs were lower in patients with moderate but not with mild depression correlating negatively with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores and with immobility time of the forced-swim test in mice after peripheral injection of autoAbs. No significant differences in NPY IgG autoAb affinities between patients with depression and controls were found, but higher affinity of IgG autoAbs for NPY was associated with lower body mass index and prevented NPY-induced orexigenic response in mice after their central injection. These data suggest that changes of plasma levels of anti-NPY autoAbs are relevant to altered mood, while changes of their affinity may participate in altered appetite and body weight in patients with depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico D Garcia
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm U1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine-IRIB, Rouen University, Normandy 76183, France
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28
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Coquerel Q, Sinno MH, Boukhettala N, Coëffier M, Terashi M, Bole-Feysot C, Breuillé D, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Intestinal inflammation influences α-MSH reactive autoantibodies: relevance to food intake and body weight. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:94-106. [PMID: 21641724 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies reacting with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an anorexigenic neuropeptide, are involved in regulation of feeding. In this work we studied if intestinal inflammation (mucositis) may influence α-MSH autoantibodies production relevant to food intake and body weight. Mucositis and anorexia were produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by methotrexate (MTX, 2.5mg/kg/day, for three days, subcutaneously). Plasma levels of total IgG and of α-MSH autoantibodies were measured during and after MTX-induced mucositis and were compared with pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls. Effects of intraperitoneal injections of rabbit anti-α-MSH IgG (3 or 10 μg/day/rat) on MTX-induced anorexia and on plasma α-MSH peptide concentration were separately studied. Here we show that in MTX rats, intestinal mucositis and anorexia were accompanied by decreased plasma levels of both total IgG and of α-MSH autoantibodies while refeeding was characterized by their elevated levels. In spite of similar food intake in MTX and pair-fed rats, recovery of body weight was delayed by at least 1 week in the MTX group. During refeeding and body weight deficit in MTX rats, α-MSH IgG autoantibody levels correlated negatively with food to water intake ratios. Injections of anti-α-MSH IgG induced a dose-dependent attenuation of food intake and body weight regain in MTX-treated rats accompanied by increased concentrations of α-MSH peptide which correlated positively with plasma levels of α-MSH autoantibodies. These data show that intestinal inflammation, independently from food restriction, affects general humoral immune response which may influence food intake and body weight control via modulation of α-MSH plasma concentration by α-MSH reactive autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Coquerel
- Digestive System & Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA4311), Institute of Medical Research and Innovation, Rouen University, IFR23, Rouen 76183, France
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Costa A, Bini P, Hamze-Sinno M, Moglia A, Franciotta D, Sinforiani E, Ravaglia S, Bole-Feysot C, Hökfelt T, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO. Galanin and α-MSH autoantibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:114-20. [PMID: 22078238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides galanin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are involved in the regulation of memory and appetite. Increased galanin and decreased α-MSH levels were reported in postmortem brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Here we studied if autoantibodies (autoAbs) reacting with galanin and α-MSH are altered in AD. METHODS Levels of free and total IgG autoAbs reacting with galanin and α-MSH were measured in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 18 subjects with AD and in 15 age-matched non-demented controls. Values were correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, body mass index (BMI) and CSF levels of AD biomarkers. RESULTS CSF levels of total but not free IgG autoAbs against galanin were increased in AD, resulting in increased percentage of galanin autoAbs present as immune complexes. CSF levels of galanin total autoAbs and α-MSH free autoAbs correlated negatively with the severity of cognitive impairment as measured by MMSE. Both total and free autoAbs against galanin and α-MSH in CSF correlated negatively with age in AD patients but not in controls. CSF levels of galanin autoAbs and free α-MSH AutoAbs negatively correlated with CSF levels of t-Tau, p-Tau and ratios of t-Tau/Aβ42 or p-Tau/Aβ42 in AD patients but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS AutoAbs reacting with galanin and α-MSH are present in CSF and are associated with clinical characteristics of AD patients. The functional significance and therapeutic potential of these autoAbs should be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Costa
- National Institute of Neurology IRCCS C Mondino, University of Pavia, Italy.
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30
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Gallas S, Fetissov SO. Ghrelin, appetite and gastric electrical stimulation. Peptides 2011; 32:2283-9. [PMID: 21672567 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced mainly by the stomach and has widespread physiological functions including increase in appetite. The stimulation of the ghrelin system represents a potential therapeutic approach in various disorders characterized by deficient ghrelin signaling or by low appetite. This stimulation may be achieved via pharmacological targeting of the ghrelin receptor with synthetic ghrelin or ghrelin mimetics or via increased endogenous ghrelin production. Recently, it was demonstrated that gastric electrical stimulation (GES) with Enterra parameters results in increased ghrelin production in rats. Furthermore, recent data revealed putative role of ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins in the modulation of the ghrelin signaling which can be also stimulated by GES. Here, we review the links between GES and ghrelin in existing GES experimental and clinical applications for treatment of gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia or obesity and discuss if GES can be proposed as a non-pharmacological approach to improve ghrelin secretion in several pathological conditions characterized by low appetite, such as anorexia nervosa or anorexia-cachexia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Gallas
- Digestive System & Nutrition Laboratory, ADEN EA4311, Rouen University, IFR23, Rouen 76183, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although the cause of most neuropsychiatric disorders remains uncertain, new data offer alternative explanations warranting further validations. This review summarizes some recent findings that may localize the origin of eating disorders as well as some other neuropsychiatric disorders outside the brain and discuss their cause as a possible dysfunction of the gut-brain axis involving the humoral immune system. RECENT FINDINGS The gut microbiota has been identified as the main source of highest biological variability confined in an individual and also provides constant antigenic stimulation shaping up the physiological immune response. Furthermore, molecular mimicry has been shown among microbial proteins including gut microbiota and several key neuropeptides involved in the regulation of motivated behavior and emotion. Immunoglobulins reactive with these neuropeptides have been identified in humans, and their levels or affinities were associated with neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, eating and sleep disorders. SUMMARY Cross-reacting immunoglobulins may bind both microbial sequences and neuropeptides, thereby constituting a particular way of signaling between the gut and the brain. Alteration of this link may contribute to several neuropsychiatric disorders, emphasizing the key role of nutrition among other factors influencing gut content and intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA4311), Institute for Medical Research and Innovation, IFRMP23, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen University, Rouen, France.
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Reece AS. Hypothalamic opioid-melanocortin appetitive balance and addictive craving. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:132-7. [PMID: 20926200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the parallels between drug and food craving are receiving increasing attention, the recently elucidated complex physiology of the hypothalamic appetite regulatory centres has been largely overlooked in the efforts to understand drug craving which is one of the most refractory and problematic aspects of drug and behavioural addictions. Important conceptual gains could be made by researchers from both appetite and addiction neuroscience if they were to have an improved understanding of each others' disciplines. It is well known in addiction medicine that the use of many substances is elevated in opiate dependency. There is voluminous evidence of very high rates of drug use in opiate agonist maintained patients, and the real possibility exists that opiate agonist therapy therefore increases drug craving. Conversely, opiate antagonist therapy with naloxone or naltrexone has been shown to reduce most chemical and behavioural addictions, and naltrexone is now being developed together with bupropion as the anti-obesity drug "Contrave". Hypothalamic melanocortins, particularly α-MSH, are known to constitute the main brake to consumptive behaviour of food. There is a well described antagonism between melanocortins and opioids at many loci including the hypothalamus. Administration of exogenous opiates is known to both suppress α-MSH and to stimulate hedonic food consumption. Opiate maintenance programs are associated with weight gain. As monoamines, opioids and cannabinoids are known to be involved in appetite regulation, and as endorphin opioids are known to be perturbed in other addictions, further exploration of the hypothalamic appetite regulatory centre would appear to be an obvious, albeit presently largely overlooked, locus in which to study drug and other craving mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Stuart Reece
- University of Western Australia, Clinical Neurosciences, 39 Gladstone Rd., Highgate Hill, Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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Terashi M, Asakawa A, Harada T, Ushikai M, Coquerel Q, Sinno MH, Déchelotte P, Inui A, Fetissov SO. Ghrelin reactive autoantibodies in restrictive anorexia nervosa. Nutrition 2011; 27:407-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Garcia FD, Coquerel Q, Kiive E, Déchelotte P, Harro J, Fetissov SO. Autoantibodies reacting with vasopressin and oxytocin in relation to cortisol secretion in mild and moderate depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:118-25. [PMID: 20932870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) signaling may contribute to the altered activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in major depression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. This study characterized plasma levels and affinities of OT- and VP-reactive autoantibodies (autoAbs) in relation to disease severity and plasma cortisol response to physical exercise in patients with mild and moderate depression and healthy controls. METHODS Physical exercise was used to elicit plasma cortisol response in 23 male patients with depression and 20 healthy controls and plasma samples were obtained before and after the exercise. Just before the exercise, patients and controls were evaluated by the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and divided according to depression severity (14 mild and 9 moderate). Plasma levels of total and free VP- and OT-reactive IgG, IgA and IgM autoAbs were measured by ELISA and affinity of IgG and IgM autoAbs were measured by plasmon resonance technique at baseline before the exercise and analyzed with relation to the MADRS and cortisol response. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate autoAbs binding to the rat hypothalamus. RESULTS Plasma levels of OT- and VP-reactive total IgG autoAbs were lower in patients with moderate depression vs. controls and patients with mild depression. Plasma levels of both OT- and VP-free IgG autoAbs were negatively correlated with MADRS scores. Affinity values of IgG and IgM autoAbs for both OT and VP displayed 100 fold variability among patients or controls but no significant group differences were found. Patients with moderate depression displayed blunted response of cortisol secretion to physical exercise. Baseline levels of VP total IgG and IgM autoAbs correlated negatively and VP-free IgG autoAbs correlated positively with plasma cortisol after physical exercise. Immunostaining of magnocellular hypothalamic neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei by plasma IgG was present in 35% of the depression and in 14% of the controls groups, but this staining was not abolished by plasma preabsorption with OT or VP peptides. CONCLUSION These data show that changes of levels but not affinity of OT- and VP-reactive autoAbs can be associated with the altered mood in subjects with moderate depression and that levels of VP-reactive autoAbs are associated with cortisol secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Duarte Garcia
- ADEN Laboratory EA 4311, Institute of Medical Research and Innovation, IFR 23, Rouen University & Rouen University Hospital, Rouen 76183, France
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Abstract
This protocol describes an ELISA-based method for assaying serum levels of autoantibodies reactive with neuropeptides. The method allows for measuring relative amounts of free and bound, i.e., those present in immune complexes, autoantibodies using two types of sample buffers providing normal and dissociative conditions, respectively. This method can be applied to measure autoantibody levels directed against other than neuropeptide molecules and in a variety of biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA4311), Rouen University, Rouen, France.
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Increased immune complexes of hypocretin autoantibodies in narcolepsy. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13320. [PMID: 20967199 PMCID: PMC2954157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypocretin peptides participate in the regulation of sleep-wake cycle while deficiency in hypocretin signaling and loss of hypocretin neurons are causative for narcolepsy-cataplexy. However, the mechanism responsible for alteration of the hypocretin system in narcolepsy-cataplexy and its relevance to other central hypersomnias remain unknown. Here we studied whether central hypersomnias can be associated with autoantibodies reacting with hypocretin-1 peptide present as immune complexes. Methodology Serum levels of free and dissociated (total) autoantibodies reacting with hypocretin-1 peptide were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and analyzed with regard to clinical parameters in 82 subjects with narcolepsy-cataplexy, narcolepsy without cataplexy or idiopathic hypersomnia and were compared to 25 healthy controls. Principal Findings Serum levels of total but not free IgG autoantibodies against hypocretin-1 were increased in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Increased levels of complexed IgG autoantibodies against hypocretin-1 were found in all patients groups with a further increase in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Levels of total IgM hypocretin-1 autoantibodies were also elevated in all groups of patients. Increased levels of anti-idiotypic IgM autoantibodies reacting with hypocretin-1 IgG autoantibodies affinity purified from sera of subjects with narcolepsy-cataplexy were found in all three groups of patients. Disease duration correlated negatively with serum levels of hypocretin-1 IgG and IgM autoantibodies and with anti-idiotypic IgM autoantibodies. Conclusion Central hypersomnias and particularly narcolepsy-cataplexy are characterized by higher serum levels of autoantibodies directed against hypocretin-1 which are present as immune complexes most likely with anti-idiotypic autoantibodies suggesting their relevance to the mechanism of sleep-wake cycle regulation.
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Turčić P, Bradamante M, Houra K, Štambuk N, Kelava T, Konjevoda P, Kazazić S, Vikić-Topić D, Pokrić B. Effects of alpha-melanocortin enantiomers on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in CBA mice. Molecules 2009; 14:5017-26. [PMID: 20032874 PMCID: PMC6254967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14125017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides in mammals are based exclusively on l-amino acids. Recent investigations show that d-amino acids exhibit physiological effects in vivo, despite of their very small quantities. We have investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the l- and d-enantiomers of α-melanocortin peptide (α-MSH). The results showed that peptide-enantiomerism is related to the protective effects of melanocortin peptides in vivo. l-α-MSH exhibited potent hepatoprotective effect in the experimental model of acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in male CBA mice, while its d-mirror image was inefficient. Furthermore, the antibody to the l-peptide did not recognize the d-structure. The results indicate that the opposite peptide configuration may be used to modulate its function and metabolism in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Turčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Domagojeva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mail: (P.T.)
| | - Mirna Bradamante
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Šalata 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mail: (M.B.)
| | - Karlo Houra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mail: (K.H.)
| | - Nikola Štambuk
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (P.K.); (S.K.); (D.V-T.); (B.P.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Tomislav Kelava
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University od Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; E-mail: (T.K.)
| | - Paško Konjevoda
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (P.K.); (S.K.); (D.V-T.); (B.P.)
| | - Saša Kazazić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (P.K.); (S.K.); (D.V-T.); (B.P.)
| | - Dražen Vikić-Topić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (P.K.); (S.K.); (D.V-T.); (B.P.)
| | - Biserka Pokrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia; E-Mails: (P.K.); (S.K.); (D.V-T.); (B.P.)
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