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Melo MGND, Reino IBDSM, Vaitkevicius-Antão V, Silva JMD, Júnior JNDS, Andrade AFD, Bezerra RP, Marques DDAV, Silva SDFFD, Araújo PSRD, Lorena VMBD, Morais RCSD, Paiva-Cavalcanti MD. Chlorella vulgaris extract and Imiquimod as new therapeutic targets for leishmaniasis: An immunological approach. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152779. [PMID: 38118344 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic regimen for the treatment of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is targeted at the death of the parasite; therefore, it is essential to develop a treatment that can act on the parasite, combined with the modulation of the inflammatory profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to make an in vitro evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CV) and Imiquimod for ATL. Selectivity indices (SI) were determined by inhibitory concentration assays (IC50) in L. braziliensis cells and cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) were measured in human cells using the MTT method, based on the CV microalgae extract (IC50 concentrations of 15.63 to 500 µg/mL; CC50 concentrations of 62.5-1000 µg/mL) in comparison with the reference drugs and Imiquimod. The immune response was evaluated in healthy human cells by gene expression (RT-qPCR) and cytokine production (Flow Cytometry). The CV extract (SI = 6.89) indicated promising results by showing higher SI than meglumine antimoniate (SI = 3.44) (reference drug). In all analyses, CV presented a protective profile by stimulating the production of Th1 profile cytokines to a larger extent than the reference drugs. Imiquimod showed a high expression for Tbx21, GATA3, RORc and Foxp3 genes, with increased production only of the TNF cytokine. Therefore, the data highlight the natural extract and Imiquimod as strong therapeutic or adjuvant candidates against ATL, owing to modulation of immune response profiles, low toxicity in human cells and toxic action on the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Vaitkevicius-Antão
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jady Moreira da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José Noé da Silva Júnior
- Research Support Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Pedrosa Bezerra
- Research Support Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Sérgio Ramos de Araújo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departament of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz Pernambuco Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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2
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Divenuto F, Marascio N, Quirino A, Giancotti A, Filice S, Gigliotti S, Campolo MP, Campolo M, Barreca GS, Lamberti AG, Castelli G, Bruno F, Matera G. Cellular mediators in human leishmaniasis: Critical determinants in parasite killing or disease progression. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107037. [PMID: 37805040 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Data on cellular immunity mediators in the early phase of human leishmaniasis are still limited and controversial. In order to mimic the changes of humoral mediators during the early phase of human natural infection, some Th1, Th2, Treg, and Breg cytokines, MCP-1, and the nitric oxide (NO) from human PBMC, stimulated by Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica infective metacyclic promastigotes, were determined. After 4 h of L. major, L. donovani, and L. tropica challenge, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 levels were significantly higher than negative control cultures with saline (SF) instead of Leishmania promastigotes, unlike L. infantum-stimulated TNFα and L. major-stimulated IL-1β. We obtained higher levels of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines after stimulation of human PBMCs by L. infantum and L. donovani, compared to those observed after the challenge of PBMCs by L. major and L. tropica. Regarding IL-35, such cytokine levels were significantly increased following infection with L. infantum and L. donovani, in contrast to L. major and L. tropica. Up to our knowledge, we are the first to study the effect of four different species of Leishmania on IL-35 levels in human cells. Our study highlights how several Leishmania species can up-regulate different groups of cytokines (Th1, Th2, Treg and Breg) and modulate NO release in a different way. This original aspect can be explained by different Leishmania cell products, such as LPG, obtained from different strains/species of live parasites. Our findings would contribute to the development of new therapeutics or vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Divenuto
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - N Marascio
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Quirino
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - A Giancotti
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - S Filice
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - S Gigliotti
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M P Campolo
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Campolo
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G S Barreca
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A G Lamberti
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Castelli
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - F Bruno
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Matera
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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3
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Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, Tavares PCB, Alves RN, da Silva AA, Borges BC, Martins FA, Dos Santos MA, de Castilhos P, E Silva Brígido RT, Notário AFO, Silveira ACA, da Silva CV. Subversion strategies of lysosomal killing by intracellular pathogens. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127503. [PMID: 37748260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic organisms need to reach either an intracellular compartment or the cytoplasm of a target cell for their survival, replication or immune system evasion. Intracellular pathogens frequently penetrate into the cell through the endocytic and phagocytic pathways (clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis) that culminates in fusion with lysosomes. However, several mechanisms are triggered by pathogenic microorganisms - protozoan, bacteria, virus and fungus - to avoid destruction by lysosome fusion, such as rupture of the phagosome and thereby release into the cytoplasm, avoidance of autophagy, delaying in both phagolysosome biogenesis and phagosomal maturation and survival/replication inside the phagolysosome. Here we reviewed the main data dealing with phagosome maturation and evasion from lysosomal killing by different bacteria, protozoa, fungi and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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4
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Klocek D, Grybchuk D, Macedo DH, Galan A, Votýpka J, Schmid-Hempel R, Schmid-Hempel P, Yurchenko V, Kostygov AY. RNA viruses of Crithidia bombi, a parasite of bumblebees. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:107991. [PMID: 37714407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Leishbuviridae (Bunyavirales) are a diverse monophyletic group of negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus infecting parasitic flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae. The presence of RNA viruses in trypanosomatids can influence the virulence of the latter. Here, we performed a screening for viruses in Crithidia bombi - a common parasite of important pollinators Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that negatively affects its host in stressful conditions. The majority (8/10) of C. bombi isolates collected in Europe and North America were positive for a virus that we named Crithidia bombi leishbuvirus 1 with high conservation of amino acid sequences between isolates. The results of our comparative phylogenetic analyses of the trypanosomatids and their viruses suggest that the high mobility of bumblebees and frequent coinfections by different strains of C. bombi determine an extensive viral exchange between the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnamae Klocek
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Arnau Galan
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czechia; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 16 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia.
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czechia.
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5
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Saidi N, Blaizot R, Prévot G, Aoun K, Demar M, Cazenave PA, Bouratbine A, Pied S. Clinical and immunological spectra of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in North Africa and French Guiana. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1134020. [PMID: 37575260 PMCID: PMC10421664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1134020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by infection with the parasite Leishmania exhibits a large spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from single healing to severe chronic lesions with the manifestation of resistance or not to treatment. Depending on the specie and multiple environmental parameters, the evolution of lesions is determined by a complex interaction between parasite factors and the early immune responses triggered, including innate and adaptive mechanisms. Moreover, lesion resolution requires parasite control as well as modulation of the pathologic local inflammation responses and the initiation of wound healing responses. Here, we have summarized recent advances in understanding the in situ immune response to cutaneous leishmaniasis: i) in North Africa caused by Leishmania (L.) major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, which caused in most cases localized autoresolutives forms, and ii) in French Guiana resulting from L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis, two of the most prevalent strains that may induce potentially mucosal forms of the disease. This review will allow a better understanding of local immune parameters, including cellular and cytokines release in the lesion, that controls infection and/or protect against the pathogenesis in new world compared to old world CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine Saidi
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche, LR 16-IPT-06, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Recherche, LR 16-IPT-06, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Magalie Demar
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Laboratoire Associé, Hôpital Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Pierre André Cazenave
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aida Bouratbine
- Laboratoire de Recherche, LR 16-IPT-06, Parasitoses Médicales, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylviane Pied
- Univ. Lille, Univ. French Guiana, CNRS UMR 9017-INSERM U1019, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille-CIIL, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Kopelyanskiy D, Desponds C, Prevel F, Rossi M, Migliorini R, Snäkä T, Eren RO, Claudinot S, Lye LF, Pasparakis M, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Leishmania guyanensis suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase provoked by its viral endosymbiont. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:944819. [PMID: 36034693 PMCID: PMC9416488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.944819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is essential to the production of nitric oxide (NO), an efficient effector molecule against intracellular human pathogens such as Leishmania protozoan parasites. Some strains of Leishmania are known to bear a viral endosymbiont termed Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). Recognition of LRV1 by the innate immune sensor Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) leads to conditions worsening the disease severity in mice. This process is governed by type I interferon (type I IFNs) arising downstream of TLR3 stimulation and favoring the formation of secondary metastatic lesions. The formation of these lesions is mediated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-17A and occurs in the absence, or low level of, protective cytokine IFN-γ. Here, we described that the presence of LRV1 led to the initial expression of iNOS and low production of NO that failed to control infection. We subsequently showed that LRV1-triggered type I IFN was essential but insufficient to induce robust iNOS induction, which requires strong activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Leishmania guyanensis carrying LRV1 (LgyLRV1+) parasites mitigated strong iNOS production by limiting NF-kB activation via the induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), also known as A20. Moreover, our data suggested that production of LRV1-induced iNOS could be correlated with parasite dissemination and metastasis via elevated secretion of IL-17A in the draining lymph nodes. Our findings support an additional strategy by which LRV1-bearing Leishmania guyanensis evaded killing by nitric oxide and suggest that low levels of LRV1-induced NO might contribute to parasite metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Migliorini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel,
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Jha B, Reverte M, Ronet C, Prevel F, Morgenthaler FD, Desponds C, Lye LF, Owens KL, Scarpellino L, Dubey LK, Sabine A, Petrova TV, Luther SA, Beverley SM, Fasel N. In and out: Leishmania metastasis by hijacking lymphatic system and migrating immune cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941860. [PMID: 36034709 PMCID: PMC9414205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in mounting immune response against intracellular pathogens, and recent studies have documented its role in facilitating tumor dissemination linked largely with cancer cells. However, in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) caused by Leishmania Viannia subgenus showing infectious metastasis and resulting in severe distant secondary lesions, the route of escape of these parasites to secondary sites has not yet been investigated in detail. Our results demonstrated that when infection was associated with inflammation and additionally exacerbated by the presence of dsRNA viral endosymbiont (LRV1), lymphatic vessels could serve as efficient routes for infected cells to egress from the primary site and colonize distant organs. We challenged this hypothesis by using the intracellular Leishmania protozoan parasites Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) associated with or without a dsRNA viral endosymbiont, exacerbating the infection and responsible for a strong inflammatory response, and favoring metastasis of the infection. We analyzed possible cargo cells and the routes of dissemination through flow cytometry, histological analysis, and in vivo imaging in our metastatic model to show that parasites disseminated not only intracellularly but also as free extracellular parasites using migrating immune cells, lymph nodes (LNs), and lymph vessels, and followed intricate connections of draining and non-draining lymph node to finally end up in the blood and in distant skin, causing new lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baijayanti Jha
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marta Reverte
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katherine L. Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Centre for Microvascular Research, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V. Petrova
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A. Luther
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel,
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Bekkar A, Isorce N, Snäkä T, Claudinot S, Desponds C, Kopelyanskiy D, Prével F, Reverte M, Xenarios I, Fasel N, Teixeira F. Dissection of the macrophage response towards infection by the Leishmania-viral endosymbiont duo and dynamics of the type I interferon response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941888. [PMID: 35992159 PMCID: PMC9386148 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) is a double-stranded RNA virus found in some strains of the human protozoan parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease. Interestingly, the presence of LRV1 inside Leishmania constitutes an important virulence factor that worsens the leishmaniasis outcome in a type I interferon (IFN)–dependent manner and contributes to treatment failure. Understanding how macrophages respond toward Leishmania alone or in combination with LRV1 as well as the role that type I IFNs may play during infection is fundamental to oversee new therapeutic strategies. To dissect the macrophage response toward infection, RNA sequencing was performed on murine wild-type and Ifnar-deficient bone marrow–derived macrophages infected with Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) devoid or not of LRV1. Additionally, macrophages were treated with poly I:C (mimetic virus) or with type I IFNs. By implementing a weighted gene correlation network analysis, the groups of genes (modules) with similar expression patterns, for example, functionally related, coregulated, or the members of the same functional pathway, were identified. These modules followed patterns dependent on Leishmania, LRV1, or Leishmania exacerbated by the presence of LRV1. Not only the visualization of how individual genes were embedded to form modules but also how different modules were related to each other were observed. Thus, in the context of the observed hyperinflammatory phenotype associated to the presence of LRV1, it was noted that the biomarkers tumor-necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and the interleukin 6 (IL-6) belonged to different modules and that their regulating specific Src-family kinases were segregated oppositely. In addition, this network approach revealed the strong and sustained effect of LRV1 on the macrophage response and genes that had an early, late, or sustained impact during infection, uncovering the dynamics of the IFN response. Overall, this study contributed to shed light and dissect the intricate macrophage response toward infection by the Leishmania-LRV1 duo and revealed the crosstalk between modules made of coregulated genes and provided a new resource that can be further explored to study the impact of Leishmania on the macrophage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Bekkar
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Prével
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marta Reverte
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Agora Center, Center Hospitalier Universitaire (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel, ; Filipa Teixeira,
| | - Filipa Teixeira
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel, ; Filipa Teixeira,
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Wang S, Moreau F, Chadee K. Gasdermins in Innate Host Defense Against Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900553. [PMID: 35795683 PMCID: PMC9251357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a group of proteins that are cleaved by inflammatory caspases to induce pore formation in the plasma membrane to cause membrane permeabilization and lytic cell death or pyroptosis. All GSDMs share a conserved structure, containing a cytotoxic N-terminal (NT) pore-forming domain and a C-terminal (CT) repressor domain. Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) in contact with macrophages, triggers outside-in signaling to activate inflammatory caspase-4/1 via the noncanonical and canonical pathway to promote cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleavage of GSDMD removes the auto-inhibition that masks the active pore-forming NT domain in the full-length protein by interactions with GSDM-CT. The cleaved NT-GSDMD monomers then oligomerize to form pores in the plasma membrane to facilitate the release of IL-1β and IL-18 with a measured amount of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is an effective way to counteract intracellular parasites, which exploit replicative niche to avoid killing. To date, most GSDMs have been verified to perform pore-forming activity and GSDMD-induced pyroptosis is rapidly emerging as a mechanism of anti-microbial host defence. Here, we review our comprehensive and current knowledge on the expression, activation, biological functions, and regulation of GSDMD cleavage with emphases on physiological scenario and related dysfunctions of each GSDM member as executioner of cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation against Eh and other protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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An In-depth Proteomic Map of Leishmania donovani Isolate from Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) Patient. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:687-696. [PMID: 35020128 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trypanosomatid protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar. The patients that have undergone treatment may still harbor the parasite and in a small fraction of the patients the disease re-erupts in the form of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). PKDL is a pathological condition found to be intermediate between VL and complete cure of VL. The PKDL disease progression is determined by the host immune response to L. donovani. The majority of the proteomic studies on L. donovani till date have been undertaken on parasites either isolated from kala-azar patients or on established laboratory strains of L. donovani. However, no proteomic information is available on the cutaneous localized isolates of L. donovani from PKDL patients. METHODS The promastigote stage of L. donovani isolate from PKDL patient was cultured and harvested. The cell lysates were trypsin digested, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The LC-MS/MS raw data were analyzed on Proteome Discoverer. Further bioinformatics analysis was carried out. RESULTS In the present, we have used high-resolution mass spectrometry to map the global proteome of a L. donovani isolate from PKDL patient. This in-depth study resulted in the identification of 5537 unique proteins from PKDL isolate of L. donovani which covered 64% of its proteome. OUTCOME This study also identified proteins previously shown to be upregulated in PKDL L. donovani. This is the most in-depth proteome of Leishmania donovani parasite till date.
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11
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Dias BT, Goundry A, Vivarini AC, Costa TFR, Mottram JC, Lopes UG, Lima APCA. Toll-Like Receptor- and Protein Kinase R-Induced Type I Interferon Sustains Infection of Leishmania donovani in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801182. [PMID: 35154115 PMCID: PMC8831251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, provoking liver and spleen tissue destruction that is lethal unless treated. The parasite replicates in macrophages and modulates host microbicidal responses. We have previously reported that neutrophil elastase (NE) is required to sustain L. donovani intracellular growth in macrophages through the induction of interferon beta (IFN-β). Here, we show that the gene expression of IFN-β by infected macrophages was reduced by half when TLR4 was blocked by pre-treatment with neutralizing antibodies or in macrophages from tlr2-/- mice, while the levels in macrophages from myd88-/- mice were comparable to those from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The neutralization of TLR4 in tlr2-/- macrophages completely abolished induction of IFN-β gene expression upon parasite infection, indicating an additive role for both TLRs. Induction of type I interferon (IFN-I), OASL2, SOD1, and IL10 gene expression by L. donovani was completely abolished in macrophages from NE knock-out mice (ela2-/-) or from protein kinase R (PKR) knock-out mice (pkr-/-), and in C57BL/6 macrophages infected with transgenic L. donovani expressing the inhibitor of serine peptidase 2 (ISP2). Parasite intracellular growth was impaired in pkr-/- macrophages but was fully restored by the addition of exogenous IFN-β, and parasite burdens were reduced in the spleen of pkr-/- mice at 7 days, as compared to the 129Sv/Ev background mice. Furthermore, parasites were unable to grow in macrophages lacking TLR3, which correlated with lack of IFN-I gene expression. Thus, L. donovani engages innate responses in infected macrophages via TLR2, TLR4, and TLR3, via downstream PKR, to induce the expression of pro-survival genes in the host cell, and guarantee parasite intracellular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna T. Dias
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amy Goundry
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aislan C. Vivarini
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F. R. Costa
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ulisses G. Lopes
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C. A. Lima
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana Paula C. A. Lima,
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12
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Osero BO, Cele Z, Aruleba RT, Maine RA, Ozturk M, Lutz MB, Brombacher F, Hurdayal R. Interleukin-4 Responsive Dendritic Cells Are Dispensable to Host Resistance Against Leishmania mexicana Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:759021. [PMID: 35154068 PMCID: PMC8831752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines have been associated with a non-healing phenotype in murine leishmaniasis in L. mexicana -infected BALB/c mice as demonstrated in IL-4−/−, IL-13−/− and IL-4Rα-/- global knockout mouse studies. However, it is unclear from the studies which cell-type-specific IL-4/IL-13 signaling mediates protection to L. mexicana. Previous studies have ruled out a role for IL-4-mediated protection on CD4+ T cells during L. mexicana infections. A candidate for this role may be non-lymphocyte cells, particularly DCs, as was previously shown in L. major infections, where IL-4 production drives dendritic cell-IL-12 production thereby mediating a type 1 immune response. However, it is unclear if this IL-4-instruction of type 1 immunity also occurs in CL caused by L. mexicana, since the outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis often depends on the infecting Leishmania species. Thus, BALB/c mice with cell-specific deletion of the IL-4Rα on CD11c+ DCs (CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox) were infected with L. mexicana promastigotes in the footpad and the clinical phenotype, humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated, compared to the littermate control. Our results show that CL disease progression in BALB/c mice is independent of IL-4Rα signaling on DCs as CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice had similar footpad lesion progression, parasite loads, humoral responses (IgE, IgG1, IgG 2a/b), and IFN-γ cytokine secretion in comparison to littermate controls. Despite this comparable phenotype, surprisingly, IL-4 production in CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice was significantly increased with an increasing trend of IL-13 when compared to littermate controls. Moreover, the absence of IL-4Rα signaling did not significantly alter the frequency of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes nor their activation, or memory phenotype compared to littermate controls. However, these populations were significantly increased in CD11ccreIL-4Rα-/lox mice due to greater total cell infiltration into the lymph node. A similar trend was observed for B cells whereas the recruitment of myeloid populations (macrophages, DCs, neutrophils, and Mo-DCs) into LN was comparable to littermate IL-4Rα-/lox mice. Interestingly, IL-4Rα-deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), stimulated with LPS or L. mexicana promastigotes in presence of IL-4, showed similar levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10 to littermate controls highlighting that IL-4-mediated DC instruction was not impaired in response to L. mexicana. Similarly, IL-4 stimulation did not affect the maturation or activation of IL-4Rα-deficient BMDCs during L. mexicana infection nor their effector functions in production of nitrite and arginine-derived metabolite (urea). Together, this study suggests that IL-4 Rα signaling on DCs is not key in the regulation of immune-mediated protection in mice against L. mexicana infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ong’ondo Osero
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zama Cele
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebeng A. Maine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Frank Brombacher, ; Ramona Hurdayal,
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Frank Brombacher, ; Ramona Hurdayal,
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Zulfiqar B, Avery VM. Assay development in leishmaniasis drug discovery: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:151-166. [PMID: 34818139 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis occur due to an infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The current therapeutic options are limited mainly due to extensive toxicity, emerging resistance and variation in efficacy based on species and strain of the Leishmania parasite. There exists a high unmet medical need to identify new chemical starting points for drug discovery to tackle the disease. AREAS COVERED The authors have highlighted the recent progress, limitations and successes achieved in assay development for leishmaniasis drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION It is true that sophisticated and robust phenotypic in vitro assays have been developed during the last decade, however limitations and challenges remain with respect to variation in activity reported between different research groups and success in translating in vitro outcomes in vivo. The variability is not only due to strain and species differences but also a lack of well-defined criteria and assay conditions, e.g. culture media, host cell type, assay formats, parasite form used, multiplicity of infection and incubation periods. Thus, there is an urgent need for more physiologically relevant assays that encompass multi-species phenotypic approaches to identify new chemical starting points for leishmaniasis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zulfiqar
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,Discovery Biology, Griffith University Drug Discovery Programme for Cancer Therapeutics, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Barroso DH, Nóbrega ODT, de Araújo CN, Freire GSM, Martins SS, Rodrigues BC, Gomes CM, Sampaio RNR. The Presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA in the Nasal Mucosa of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients and the Search for Possible Clinical and Immunological Patterns of Disease Progression: A Cross Sectional Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:744163. [PMID: 34722337 PMCID: PMC8551912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the most important causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and 3 to 5% of patients develop mucosal lesions. The mechanisms related to parasite and host immune interactions and the parasite life cycle that lead to dissemination to the mucosa are poorly understood. We aimed to detect L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients with early mucous dissemination and to relate those findings to specific inflammatory responses. Nasal swabs were collected from patients with the cutaneous form of ATL. L. braziliensis DNA was investigated using TaqMan-based real-time PCR. The levels of serum cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-8) were measured by a multiplex cytometric array. A Poisson regression model was used to test prevalence ratios (PRs) and multivariate interactions of clinical and laboratory characteristics. Of the 79 CL patients, 24 (30%) had L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa. In the multivariate model, parasite DNA presence in mucosa was associated with a reduction in IL-12 levels (PR = 0.440; p=0.034), increased IL-6 levels (PR = 1.001; p=0.002) and a higher number of affected body segments (PR = 1.65; p<0.001). In this study, we observed a higher rate of early dissemination to the nasal mucosa than what was previously described. We suggest that an enhanced Th1 profile characterized by higher IL-12 is important for preventing dissemination of L. braziliensis to the mucosa. Further evaluation of parasite-related interactions with the host immunological response is necessary to elucidate the dissemination mechanisms of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holanda Barroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Sales Martins
- Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Côrtes Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ciro Martins Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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15
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Mohammadbeigi A, Khazaei S, Heidari H, Asgarian A, Arsangjang S, Saghafipour A, Mohammadsalehi N, Ansari H. An investigation of the effects of environmental and ecologic factors on cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world: a systematic review study. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:117-128. [PMID: 32892182 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leishmaniasis is a neglected and widespread parasitic disease that can lead to serious health problems. The current review study aimed to synthesize the relationship between ecologic and environmental factors (e.g., weather conditions, climatology, temperature and topology) and the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Old World. CONTENT A systematic review was conducted based on English, and Persian articles published from 2015 to 2020 in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Keywords used to search articles were leishmaniasis, environmental factors, weather condition, soil, temperature, land cover, ecologic* and topogr*. All articles were selected and assessed for eligibility according to the titles or abstracts. The quality screening process of articles was carried out by two independent authors. The selected articles were checked according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK A total of 827 relevant records in 2015-2020 were searched and after evaluating the articles, 23 articles met the eligibility criteria; finally, 14 full-text articles were included in the systematic review. Two different categories of ecologic/environmental factors (weather conditions, temperature, rainfall/precipitation and humidity) and land characteristics (land cover, slope, elevation and altitude, earthquake and cattle sheds) were the most important factors associated with CL incidence. CONCLUSIONS Temperature and rainfall play an important role in the seasonal cycle of CL as many CL cases occurred in arid and semiarid areas in the Old World. Moreover, given the findings of this study regarding the effect of weather conditions on CL, it can be concluded that designing an early warning system is necessary to predict the incidence of CL based on different weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Heidari
- Department of Occupational Health, Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Azadeh Asgarian
- Izadi Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Shahram Arsangjang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abedin Saghafipour
- Department of Public Health, Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Ansari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Faculty of Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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16
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Reverte M, Eren RO, Jha B, Desponds C, Snäkä T, Prevel F, Isorce N, Lye LF, Owens KL, Gazos Lopes U, Beverley SM, Fasel N. The antioxidant response favors Leishmania parasites survival, limits inflammation and reprograms the host cell metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009422. [PMID: 33765083 PMCID: PMC7993605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative burst generated by the host immune system can restrict intracellular parasite entry and growth. While this burst leads to the induction of antioxidative enzymes, the molecular mechanisms and the consequences of this counter-response on the life of intracellular human parasites are largely unknown. The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor (NRF2) could be a key mediator of antioxidant signaling during infection due to the entry of parasites. Here, we showed that NRF2 was strongly upregulated in infection with the human Leishmania protozoan parasites, its activation was dependent on a NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and SRC family of protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) signaling pathway and it reprogrammed host cell metabolism. In inflammatory leishmaniasis caused by a viral endosymbiont inducing TNF-α in chronic leishmaniasis, NRF2 activation promoted parasite persistence but limited TNF-α production and tissue destruction. These data provided evidence of the dual role of NRF2 in protecting both the invading pathogen from reactive oxygen species and the host from an excess of the TNF-α destructive pro-inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Reverte
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Baijayanti Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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17
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Moulik S, Karmakar J, Joshi S, Dube A, Mandal C, Chatterjee M. Status of IL-4 and IL-10 driven markers in experimental models of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12783. [PMID: 32734677 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Leishmania donovani, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), modulates host monocytes/macrophages to ensure its survival. However, knowledge regarding the host-parasite interactions underpinning the disease remains limited. As disease progression is associated with polarization of monocytes/macrophages towards M2, which is regulated by cytokines IL-4/IL-13 and IL-10, this study evaluated the status of key IL-4- and IL-10 driven markers in experimental models of VL, as also evaluated their correlation, if any, with parasite load. METHODS In liver and splenic tissues from L donovani-infected hamsters and BALB/c mice, the parasite burden was determined along with mRNA expression of IL-4-driven markers, that is CD206, Arginase-I, CCL17, CCL22, PPAR-γ, STAT6, KLF4, FIZZ1 and YM1 along with IL-10-driven markers, CXCL13, IL-10, TGF-β, VDR, CCR2 and CYP27A1. RESULTS The mRNA expression of IL-4- and IL-10-driven markers was enhanced in both models, but only in the hamster model, the splenic tissues demonstrated a positive correlation between all the IL-10-driven markers and parasite load. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to human VL, both models demonstrated an increased expression of IL-4- and IL-10-driven markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srija Moulik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Joyshree Karmakar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumit Joshi
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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18
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In Vitro Modulator Effect of Total Extract from the Endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Macrophages. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8895308. [PMID: 32908533 PMCID: PMC7474380 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8895308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases with high epidemiological relevance and wide geographical distribution. In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is related to the tegumentary form of leishmaniasis. The treatment for those diseases is problematic as the available drugs promote adverse effects in patients. Therefore, it is important to find new therapeutic targets. In this regard, one alternative is the study of biomolecules produced by endophytic microorganisms. In this study, the total extract produced by the endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D was used to evaluate the leishmanicidal, nitric oxide, and cytokines production using RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that, in the leishmanicidal assay with L. amazonensis, EC50 values at the periods of 24 and 48 hours were 0.624 mg/mL and 0.547 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the cells treated with the extract presented approximately 25% of infected cells with an average of 3 amastigotes/cell in the periods of 24 and 48 hours. Regarding the production of cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages infected/treated with the extract, a significant increase in TNF-α was observed at the periods of 24 and 48 hours in the treated cells. The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-12 showed significant increase in 48 hours. A significant decrease in IL-4 was observed in all cells treated with the extract in 24 hours. It was observed in the treated cells that the NO production by RAW 264.7 macrophages increased between 48 and 72 hours. The endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D extract modulates the mediators of inflammation produced by RAW 264.7 macrophages promoting L. amazonensis death. The immunomodulatory effects might be a promising target to develop new immunotherapeutic and antileishmanial drugs.
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19
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de Carvalho RVH, Zamboni DS. Inflammasome Activation in Response to Intracellular Protozoan Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:459-472. [PMID: 32298633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic complexes that assemble in response to cellular stress or upon sensing microbial molecules, culminating in cytokine processing and an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Inflammasomes are usually composed of a sensor molecule, an adaptor protein, and an inflammatory caspase, such as Caspase-1, which cleaves and activates multiple substrates, including Gasdermin-D, pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18. Ultimately, inflammasome activation promotes inflammation and restriction of the microbial infection. In recent years, many studies have addressed the role of inflammasomes during fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, revealing sophisticated aspects of the host-pathogen interaction. In this review, we summarize recent advances on inflammasome activation in response to intracellular parasites, including Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Toxoplasma gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V H de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Ingale P, Kabra R, Singh S. Structural sequence evolution and computational modeling approaches of the complement system in leishmaniasis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:409-424. [PMID: 32085887 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is one of the first barriers and consists of well-balanced cascades of reactions which generates anaphylatoxins such as C5a and C3a. A G-protein coupled receptor C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 (C5AR1, also known as CD88) is the receptor for C5a which is present on cells of myeloid origin. Owing to difficulty in obtaining crystal structures of GPCRs in either inactive or active state, accurate structural modeling is still highly desirable for the majority of GPCRs. In an attempt to dissect the conformational changes associated with GPCR activation, computational modeling approaches is being pursued in this paper along with the evolutionary divergence to deal with the structural variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Ingale
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ritika Kabra
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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21
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Tracking of quiescence in Leishmania by quantifying the expression of GFP in the ribosomal DNA locus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18951. [PMID: 31831818 PMCID: PMC6908629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Under stressful conditions some microorganisms adopt a quiescent stage characterized by a reversible non or slow proliferative condition that allows their survival. This adaptation was only recently discovered in Leishmania. We developed an in vitro model and a biosensor to track quiescence at population and single cell levels. The biosensor is a GFP reporter gene integrated within the 18S rDNA locus, which allows monitoring the expression of 18S rRNA (rGFP expression). We showed that rGFP expression decreased significantly and rapidly during the transition from extracellular promastigotes to intracellular amastigotes and that it was coupled in vitro with a decrease in replication as measured by BrdU incorporation. rGFP expression was useful to track the reversibility of quiescence in live cells and showed for the first time the heterogeneity of physiological stages among the population of amastigotes in which shallow and deep quiescent stages may coexist. We also validated the use of rGFP expression as a biosensor in animal models of latent infection. Our models and biosensor should allow further characterization of quiescence at metabolic and molecular level.
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22
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Kleschenko Y, Grybchuk D, Matveeva NS, Macedo DH, Ponirovsky EN, Lukashev AN, Yurchenko V. Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania major from Uzbekistan. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100830. [PMID: 31640177 PMCID: PMC6826456 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two new isolates of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) found in Leishmania major isolated from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south Uzbekistan. These new virus-infected flagellates were isolated in the same region of Uzbekistan and the viral sequences differed by only nineteen SNPs, all except one being silent mutations. Therefore, we concluded that they belong to a single LRV2 species. New viruses are closely related to the LRV2-Lmj-ASKH documented in Turkmenistan in 1995, which is congruent with their shared host (L. major) and common geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kleschenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Nadezhda S Matveeva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Evgeny N Ponirovsky
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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23
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Olivier M, Minguez-Menendez A, Fernandez-Prada C. Leishmania Viannia guyanensis. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:1018-1019. [PMID: 31292065 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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24
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Bahrami F, Rafati S. The LeiSHield-MATI consortium: An international project to understand and combat cutaneous leishmaniasis through research and innovation staff exchange. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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25
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Sauter IP, Madrid KG, de Assis JB, Sá-Nunes A, Torrecilhas AC, Staquicini DI, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Cortez M. TLR9/MyD88/TRIF signaling activates host immune inhibitory CD200 in Leishmania infection. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126207. [PMID: 31092731 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulent protozoans named Leishmania in tropical and subtropical areas produce devastating diseases by exploiting host immune responses. Amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis stimulate macrophages to express CD200, an immunomodulatory ligand, which binds to its cognate receptor (CD200R) and inhibits the inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide (iNOS/NO) signaling pathways, thereby promoting intracellular survival. However, the mechanisms underlying CD200 induction in macrophages remain largely unknown. Here, we show that phagocytosis-mediated internalization of L. amazonensis amastigotes following activation of endosomal TLR9/MyD88/TRIF signaling is critical for inducing CD200 in infected macrophages. We also demonstrate that Leishmania microvesicles containing DNA fragments activate TLR9-dependent CD200 expression, which inhibits the iNOS/NO pathway and modulates the course of L. amazonensis infection in vivo. These findings demonstrate that Leishmania exploits TLR-signaling pathways not only to inhibit macrophage microbicidal function, but also to evade host systemic immune responses, which has many implications in the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josiane B de Assis
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Torrecilhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela I Staquicini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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26
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Nalçacı M, Karakuş M, Yılmaz B, Demir S, Özbilgin A, Özbel Y, Töz S. Detection of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania species from Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:410-417. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Nalçacı
- Ege University, Institute of Science, Division of Biology, Department of Zoology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- University of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Institute, Biotechnology Department, Üsküdar, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahtiyar Yılmaz
- Ege University, Institute of Science, Division of Biology, Department of Microbiology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Samiye Demir
- Ege University, Institute of Science, Division of Biology, Department of Zoology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özbilgin
- Manisa Celal Bayar University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Ege University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Ege University, Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
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27
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Pérez-Cabezas B, Cecílio P, Gaspar TB, Gärtner F, Vasconcellos R, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Understanding Resistance vs. Susceptibility in Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Mouse Models of Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:30. [PMID: 30881923 PMCID: PMC6407322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Every year, up to 90,000 new cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis and 30,000 resultant deaths are estimated to occur worldwide. Such numbers give relevance to the continuous study of this complex form of the disease: a zoonosis and an anthroponosis; two known etiological agents (Leishmania infantum and L. donovani, respectively); with an estimated average ratio of 1 symptomatic per 10 asymptomatic individuals; and sometimes associated with atypical clinical presentations. This complexity, which results from a long co-evolutionary process involving vector-host, host-pathogen, and pathogen-vector interactions, is still not completely understood. The determinants of visceralization are not fully defined and the dichotomy resistance vs. susceptibility remains unsolved, translating into obstacles that delay the progress of global disease control. Inbred mouse models, with different susceptibility patterns to Leishmania infection, have been very useful in exploring this dichotomy. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were described as susceptible strains to L. donovani visceral infection, while SV/129 was considered resistant. Here, we used these three mouse models, but in the context of L. infantum infection, the other Leishmania species that cause visceral disease in humans, and dynamically compared their local and systemic infection-induced immune responses in order to establish a parallel and to ultimately better understand susceptibility vs. resistance in visceral leishmaniasis. Overall, our results suggest that C57BL/6 mice develop an intermediate “infection-phenotype” in comparison to BALB/c and SV/129 mouse strains, considering both the splenic parasite burden and the determined target organs weights. However, the immune mechanisms associated with the control of infection seem to be different in each mouse strain. We observed that both BALB/c and SV/129, but not C57BL/6 mice, show an infection-induced increase of splenic T follicular helper cells. On the other hand, differences detected in terms of CD21 expression by B cells early after infection, together with the quantified anti-Leishmania specific antibodies, suggest that SV/129 are faster than BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in the assembly of an efficient B-cell response. Additionally, we observed an infection-induced increase in polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the resistant SV/129 model, opposing an infection-induced increase in CD4+IL-10+ cells in susceptible BALB/c mice. Our data aligns with the observations reported for L. donovani infection and suggest that not only a single mechanism, but an interaction of several could be necessary for the control of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cecílio
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Glycobiology in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Vasconcellos
- Immunobiology Department, Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Mehravaran A, Nasab MR, Mirahmadi H, Sharifi I, Alijani E, Nikpoor AR, Akhtari J. Protection induced by Leishmania Major antigens and the imiquimod adjuvant encapsulated on liposomes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:27-35. [PMID: 30738195 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for new, effective, and less expensive and toxic treatment for Leishmaniasis. It seems that the use of a suitable adjuvant and a delivery system is effective in inducing immune reactions for protection. Liposomes can be applied as immunoadjuvants to trigger immune reactions to different antigens. The adjuvant effects of imiquimod using DSPC liposomes containing SLA (soluble Leishmania antigens) were studied on the type and intensity of the produced immune reaction to the challenge of Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. Liposomes were produced by the lipid film procedure. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times at 2-week intervals and with various formulations. Lesion development and the parasite burden in the spleens and feet after the challenge with Leishmania major, Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ), and the IgG isotype titration were assessed to evaluate the induced immune reaction and the protection level. The group of mice immunized with Liposome DSPC +Imiquimod +SLA revealed less severe footpad swelling, being significantly different (P < .05) from other groups. A higher level of IgG2a and IFN-γ secretion was observed in the mice immunized with Liposome DSPC +Imiquimod +SLA than the control group. These observations imply that the DSPC liposome containing imiquimod induces the Th1 immune response that is protective against the challenge of Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mehravaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rezaei Nasab
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hadi Mirahmadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Alijani
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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29
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Rodrigues MGDA, Sousa JDDB, Dias ÁLB, Monteiro WM, Sampaio VDS. The role of deforestation on American cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence: spatial-temporal distribution, environmental and socioeconomic factors associated in the Brazilian Amazon. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:348-355. [PMID: 30578585 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the temporal and spatial distribution as well as the environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in the state of Amazonas, Brazil from 2007 to 2015. METHODS Spatial and temporal distribution was evaluated from sequential thematic maps of the mean incidence rates of the disease. A negative binomial regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of the factors studied with the mean incidence rate of ACL. RESULTS The average proportion of deforestation was negatively associated with the average incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities (β = -2.178; P = 0.019; 95%CI -3.996, -0.361), and the health system performance index (effectiveness) (β = -0.852; P = 0.008; 95%CI -1.481, -0.225). Conversely, the municipal human development index (MHDI) was a factor positively related to the average incidence among the municipalities (β = 7.728; P = 0.003; 95%CI 2.716, 12.738). CONCLUSION Our study shows the important impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors on ACL incidence in the Amazonas State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela de Almeida Rodrigues
- Sala de Análise de Situação em Saúde, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Sala de Análise de Situação em Saúde, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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30
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Mukherjee S, Sengupta R, Mukhopadhyay D, Braun C, Mitra S, Roy S, Kanti Das N, Chatterjee U, von Stebut E, Chatterjee M. Impaired activation of lesional CD8 + T-cells is associated with enhanced expression of Programmed Death-1 in Indian Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:762. [PMID: 30679687 PMCID: PMC6345993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), caused by Leishmania donovani is the dermal sequel of Visceral Leishmaniasis and importantly, is the proposed disease reservoir. The survival of Leishmania parasites within monocytes/macrophages hinges on its ability to effectively nullify immune activation mechanisms. Thus, delineating the disease-promoting immune mechanisms can facilitate development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Accordingly, in the absence of an animal model, this study aimed to delineate the status of CD8+ T-cells in patients with PKDL. At disease presentation, the absence of CD4+ T-cells at lesional sites was concomitant with an overwhelming infiltration of CD8+ T-cells that demonstrated an absence of Perforin, Granzyme and Zap-70, along with an enhanced expression of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and the skin-homing CCL17. Additionally, the lesional CCR4+CD8+ population was associated with an enhanced expression of IL-10 and IL-5. In circulation, the enhanced CD8+CCR4+ T-cell population and raised levels of CCL17/22 was associated with an increased frequency of PD-1, while CD127 was decreased. Taken together, in PKDL, the enhanced plasma and lesional CCL17 accounted for the dermal homing of CD8+CCR4+ T-cells, that along with a concomitant upregulation of PD-1 and IL-10 mediated immune inactivation, emphasizing the need for designing immunotherapies capable of reinvigorating T-cell potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Ritika Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Claudia Braun
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Sneha Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Nilay Kanti Das
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, 50937, Koln, Germany
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, 700020, India.
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Grybchuk D, Kostygov AY, Macedo DH, Votýpka J, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. RNA Viruses in Blechomonas (Trypanosomatidae) and Evolution of Leishmaniavirus. mBio 2018; 9:e01932-18. [PMID: 30327446 PMCID: PMC6191543 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01932-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we analyzed viral prevalence in trypanosomatid parasites (Blechomonas spp.) infecting Siphonaptera and discovered nine species of viruses from three different groups (leishbunyaviruses, narnaviruses, and leishmaniaviruses). Most of the flagellate isolates bore two or three viral types (mixed infections). Although no new viral groups were documented in Blechomonas spp., our findings are important for the comprehension of viral evolution. The discovery of bunyaviruses in blechomonads was anticipated, since these viruses have envelopes facilitating their interspecific transmission and have already been found in various trypanosomatids and metatranscriptomes with trypanosomatid signatures. In this work, we also provided evidence that even representatives of the family Narnaviridae are capable of host switching and evidently have accomplished switches multiple times in the course of their evolution. The most unexpected finding was the presence of leishmaniaviruses, a group previously solely confined to the human pathogens Leishmania spp. From phylogenetic inferences and analyses of the life cycles of Leishmania and Blechomonas, we concluded that a common ancestor of leishmaniaviruses most likely infected Leishmania first and was acquired by Blechomonas by horizontal transfer. Our findings demonstrate that evolution of leishmaniaviruses is more complex than previously thought and includes occasional host switching.IMPORTANCE Flagellates belonging to the genus Leishmania are important human parasites. Some strains of different Leishmania species harbor viruses (leishmaniaviruses), which facilitate metastatic spread of the parasites, thus aggravating the disease. Up until now, these viruses were known to be hosted only by Leishmania Here, we analyzed viral distribution in Blechomonas, a related group of flagellates parasitizing fleas, and revealed that they also bear leishmaniaviruses. Our findings shed light on the entangled evolution of these viruses. In addition, we documented that Blechomonas can be also infected by leishbunyaviruses and narnaviruses, viral groups known from other insects' flagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Y Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Borges AF, Gomes RS, Ribeiro-Dias F. Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in tegumentary leishmaniasis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4950396. [PMID: 29722820 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is a causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). This protozoan has been poorly investigated; however, it can cause different clinical forms of ATL, ranging from a single cutaneous lesion to severe lesions that can lead to destruction of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. L. (V.) guyanensis and the disease caused by this species can present unique aspects revealing the need to better characterize this parasite species to improve our knowledge of the immunopathological mechanisms and treatment options for ATL. The mechanisms by which some patients develop a more severe form of ATL remain unclear. It is known that the host immune profile and parasite factors may influence the clinical manifestations of the disease. Besides intrinsic parasite factors, Leishmaniavirus RNA 1 (LRV1) infecting L. guyanensis can contribute to ATL immunopathogenesis. In this review, general aspects of L. guyanensis infection in humans and mouse models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arissa Felipe Borges
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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Saleem MD, Oussedik E, Picardo M, Schoch JJ. Acquired disorders with hypopigmentation: A clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 80:1233-1250.e10. [PMID: 30236514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired hypopigmented skin changes are commonly encountered by dermatologists. Although hypopigmentation is often asymptomatic and benign, occasional serious and disabling conditions present with cutaneous hypopigmentation. A thorough history and physical examination, centered on disease distribution and morphologic findings, can aid in delineating the causes of acquired hypopigmented disorders. The second article in this 2-part continuing medical education series focuses on conditions with a hypopigmented phenotype. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of these disorders can improve a patient's quality of life, halt disease progression, and prevent irreversible disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed D Saleem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine and University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida.
| | | | - Mauro Picardo
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer J Schoch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Cantanhêde LM, Fernandes FG, Ferreira GEM, Porrozzi R, Ferreira RDGM, Cupolillo E. New insights into the genetic diversity of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 and its species-specific relationship with Leishmania parasites. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198727. [PMID: 29912912 PMCID: PMC6005476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected parasitic disease that manifests in infected individuals under different phenotypes, with a range of factors contributing to its broad clinical spectrum. One factor, Leishmania RNA Virus 1 (LRV1), has been described as an endosymbiont present in different species of Leishmania. LRV1 significantly worsens the lesion, exacerbating the immune response in both experimentally infected animals and infected individuals. Little is known about the composition and genetic diversity of these viruses. Here, we investigated the relationship between the genetic composition of LRV1 detected in strains of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis and the interaction between the endosymbiont and the parasitic species, analyzing an approximately 850 base pair region of the viral genome. We also included one LRV1 sequence detected in L. (V.) shawi, representing the first report of LRV1 in a species other than L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis. The results illustrate the genetic diversity of the LRV1 strains analyzed here, with smaller divergences detected among viral sequences from the same parasite species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the LRV1 sequences are grouped according to the parasite species and possibly according to the population of the parasite in which the virus was detected, corroborating the hypothesis of joint evolution of the viruses with the speciation of Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Flavia Gonçalves Fernandes
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Coughlan S, Taylor AS, Feane E, Sanders M, Schonian G, Cotton JA, Downing T. Leishmania naiffi and Leishmania guyanensis reference genomes highlight genome structure and gene evolution in the Viannia subgenus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172212. [PMID: 29765675 PMCID: PMC5936940 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania causes the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis, affecting 12 million people in 98 countries. In South America, where the Viannia subgenus predominates, so far only L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) panamensis have been sequenced, assembled and annotated as reference genomes. Addressing this deficit in molecular information can inform species typing, epidemiological monitoring and clinical treatment. Here, L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) guyanensis genomic DNA was sequenced to assemble these two genomes as draft references from short sequence reads. The methods used were tested using short sequence reads for L. braziliensis M2904 against its published reference as a comparison. This assembly and annotation pipeline identified 70 additional genes not annotated on the original M2904 reference. Phylogenetic and evolutionary comparisons of L. guyanensis and L. naiffi with 10 other Viannia genomes revealed four traits common to all Viannia: aneuploidy, 22 orthologous groups of genes absent in other Leishmania subgenera, elevated TATE transposon copies and a high NADH-dependent fumarate reductase gene copy number. Within the Viannia, there were limited structural changes in genome architecture specific to individual species: a 45 Kb amplification on chromosome 34 was present in all bar L. lainsoni, L. naiffi had a higher copy number of the virulence factor leishmanolysin, and laboratory isolate L. shawi M8408 had a possible minichromosome derived from the 3' end of chromosome 34. This combination of genome assembly, phylogenetics and comparative analysis across an extended panel of diverse Viannia has uncovered new insights into the origin and evolution of this subgenus and can help improve diagnostics for leishmaniasis surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Coughlan
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ali Shirley Taylor
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eoghan Feane
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Tim Downing
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Robinson JI, Beverley SM. Concentration of 2'C-methyladenosine triphosphate by Leishmania guyanensis enables specific inhibition of Leishmania RNA virus 1 via its RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6460-6469. [PMID: 29511088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a widespread trypanosomatid protozoan parasite causing significant morbidity and mortality in humans. The endobiont dsRNA virus Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) chronically infects some strains, where it increases parasite numbers and virulence in murine leishmaniasis models, and correlates with increased treatment failure in human disease. Previously, we reported that 2'-C-methyladenosine (2CMA) potently inhibited LRV1 in Leishmania guyanensis (Lgy) and Leishmania braziliensis, leading to viral eradication at concentrations above 10 μm Here we probed the cellular mechanisms of 2CMA inhibition, involving metabolism, accumulation, and inhibition of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). Activation to 2CMA triphosphate (2CMA-TP) was required, as 2CMA showed no inhibition of RDRP activity from virions purified on cesium chloride gradients. In contrast, 2CMA-TP showed IC50 values ranging from 150 to 910 μm, depending on the CsCl density of the virion (empty, ssRNA-, and dsRNA-containing). Lgy parasites incubated in vitro with 10 μm 2CMA accumulated 2CMA-TP to 410 μm, greater than the most sensitive RDRP IC50 measured. Quantitative modeling showed good agreement between the degree of LRV1 RDRP inhibition and LRV1 levels. These results establish that 2CMA activity is due to its conversion to 2CMA-TP, which accumulates to levels that inhibit RDRP and cause LRV1 loss. This attests to the impact of the Leishmania purine uptake and metabolism pathways, which allow even a weak RDRP inhibitor to effectively eradicate LRV1 at micromolar concentrations. Future RDRP inhibitors with increased potency may have potential therapeutic applications for ameliorating the increased Leishmania pathogenicity conferred by LRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Robinson
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Martínez DY, Verdonck K, Kaye PM, Adaui V, Polman K, Llanos-Cuentas A, Dujardin JC, Boelaert M. Tegumentary leishmaniasis and coinfections other than HIV. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006125. [PMID: 29494584 PMCID: PMC5832191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a disease of skin and/or mucosal tissues caused by Leishmania parasites. TL patients may concurrently carry other pathogens, which may influence the clinical outcome of TL. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This review focuses on the frequency of TL coinfections in human populations, interactions between Leishmania and other pathogens in animal models and human subjects, and implications of TL coinfections for clinical practice. For the purpose of this review, TL is defined as all forms of cutaneous (localised, disseminated, or diffuse) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, superinfection with skin bacteria, and skin manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis are not included. We searched MEDLINE and other databases and included 73 records: 21 experimental studies in animals and 52 studies about human subjects (mainly cross-sectional and case studies). Several reports describe the frequency of Trypanosoma cruzi coinfection in TL patients in Argentina (about 41%) and the frequency of helminthiasis in TL patients in Brazil (15% to 88%). Different hypotheses have been explored about mechanisms of interaction between different microorganisms, but no clear answers emerge. Such interactions may involve innate immunity coupled with regulatory networks that affect quality and quantity of acquired immune responses. Diagnostic problems may occur when concurrent infections cause similar lesions (e.g., TL and leprosy), when different pathogens are present in the same lesions (e.g., Leishmania and Sporothrix schenckii), or when similarities between phylogenetically close pathogens affect accuracy of diagnostic tests (e.g., serology for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease). Some coinfections (e.g., helminthiasis) appear to reduce the effectiveness of antileishmanial treatment, and drug combinations may cause cumulative adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE In patients with TL, coinfection is frequent, it can lead to diagnostic errors and delays, and it can influence the effectiveness and safety of treatment. More research is needed to unravel how coinfections interfere with the pathogenesis of TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Y. Martínez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristien Verdonck
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Adaui
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Grybchuk D, Kostygov AY, Macedo DH, d'Avila-Levy CM, Yurchenko V. RNA viruses in trypanosomatid parasites: a historical overview. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018. [PMID: 29513877 PMCID: PMC5851034 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of trypanosomatids are now being extensively studied because of their diversity and the roles they play in flagellates' biology. Among the most prominent examples are leishmaniaviruses implicated in pathogenesis of Leishmania parasites. Here, we present a historical overview of this field, starting with early reports of virus-like particles on electron microphotographs, and culminating in detailed molecular descriptions of viruses obtained using modern next generation sequencing-based techniques. Because of their diversity, different life cycle strategies and host specificity, we believe that trypanosomatids are a fertile ground for further explorations to better understand viral evolution, routes of transitions, and molecular mechanisms of adaptation to different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyil Grybchuk
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Y Kostygov
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Diego H Macedo
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia M d'Avila-Levy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Viral discovery and diversity in trypanosomatid protozoa with a focus on relatives of the human parasite Leishmania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E506-E515. [PMID: 29284754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717806115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of viral diversity is expanding greatly, but many lineages remain underexplored. We surveyed RNA viruses in 52 cultured monoxenous relatives of the human parasite Leishmania (Crithidia and Leptomonas), as well as plant-infecting PhytomonasLeptomonas pyrrhocoris was a hotbed for viral discovery, carrying a virus (Leptomonas pyrrhocoris ostravirus 1) with a highly divergent RNA-dependent RNA polymerase missed by conventional BLAST searches, an emergent clade of tombus-like viruses, and an example of viral endogenization. A deep-branching clade of trypanosomatid narnaviruses was found, notable as Leptomonas seymouri bearing Narna-like virus 1 (LepseyNLV1) have been reported in cultures recovered from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. A deep-branching trypanosomatid viral lineage showing strong affinities to bunyaviruses was termed "Leishbunyavirus" (LBV) and judged sufficiently distinct to warrant assignment within a proposed family termed "Leishbunyaviridae" Numerous relatives of trypanosomatid viruses were found in insect metatranscriptomic surveys, which likely arise from trypanosomatid microbiota. Despite extensive sampling we found no relatives of the totivirus Leishmaniavirus (LRV1/2), implying that it was acquired at about the same time the Leishmania became able to parasitize vertebrates. As viruses were found in over a quarter of isolates tested, many more are likely to be found in the >600 unsurveyed trypanosomatid species. Viral loss was occasionally observed in culture, providing potentially isogenic virus-free lines enabling studies probing the biological role of trypanosomatid viruses. These data shed important insights on the emergence of viruses within an important trypanosomatid clade relevant to human disease.
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40
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Jara M, Berg M, Caljon G, de Muylder G, Cuypers B, Castillo D, Maes I, Orozco MDC, Vanaerschot M, Dujardin JC, Arevalo J. Macromolecular biosynthetic parameters and metabolic profile in different life stages of Leishmania braziliensis: Amastigotes as a functionally less active stage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180532. [PMID: 28742826 PMCID: PMC5526552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently hypothesized that Leishmania amastigotes could constitute a semi-quiescent stage characterized by low replication and reduced metabolic activity. This concept developed with Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and Leishmania (Leishmania) major models might explain numerous clinical and sub-clinical features of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections, like reactivation of the disease, non-response to chemotherapy or asymptomatic infections. We compared here in vitro the proliferative capability of L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes and promastigotes, assessed the expression of key molecular parameters and performed metabolomic analysis. We found that contrary to the highly proliferative promastigotes, amastigotes (axenic and intracellular) do not show evidence of extensive proliferation. In parallel, amastigotes showed a significant decrease of (i) the kDNA mini-circle abundance, (ii) the intracellular ATP level, (iii) the ribosomal components: rRNA subunits 18S and 28S α and ribosomal proteins RPS15 and RPL19, (iv) total RNA and protein levels. An untargeted metabolomic study identified clear differences between the different life stages: in comparison to logarithmic promastigotes, axenic amastigotes showed (a) a strong decrease of 14 essential and non-essential amino acids and eight metabolites involved in polyamine synthesis, (b) extensive changes in the phospholipids composition and (c) increased levels of several endogenous and exogenous sterols. Altogether, our results show that L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes can show a phenotype with negligible rate of proliferation, a lower capacity of biosynthesis, a reduced bio-energetic level and a strongly altered metabolism. Our results pave the way for further exploration of quiescence among amastigotes of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Jara
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geraldine de Muylder
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Denis Castillo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Ilse Maes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - María del Carmen Orozco
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Molecular Parasitology Unit, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorge Arevalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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In silico analysis and in vitro evaluation of immunogenic and immunomodulatory properties of promiscuous peptides derived from Leishmania infantum eukaryotic initiation factor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5904-5916. [PMID: 28974324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is generally considered as imperative the ability to control leishmaniasis through the development of a protective vaccine capable of inducing long-lasting and protective cell-mediated immune responses. In this current study, we demonstrated potential epitopes that bind to H2 MHC class I and II molecules by conducting the in silico analysis of Leishmania infantum eukaryotic Initiation Factor (LieIF) protein, using online available algorithms. Moreover, we synthesized five peptides (16-18 amino acids long) which are part of the N-terminal portion of LieIF and contain promising MHC class I and II-restricted epitopes and afterwards, their predicted immunogenicity was evaluated in vitro by monitoring peptide-specific T-cell responses. Additionally, the immunomodulatory properties of these peptides were investigated in vitro by exploring their potential of inducing phenotypic maturation and functional differentiation of murine Bone-Marrow derived Dendritic Cells (BM-DCs). It was revealed by our data that all the synthetic peptides predicted for H2 alleles; present the property of immunogenicity. Among the synthetic peptides which contained T-cell epitopes, the peptide 52-68 aa (LieIF_2) exhibited immunomodulatory properties with the larger potential. LieIF_2-pulsed BM-DCs up-regulated the expression of the co-stimulatory surface molecules CD80 and CD86, as well as the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and of the Th1-polarizing cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ. The aforementioned data suggest that selected parts of LieIF could be used to develop innovative subunit protective vaccines able to induce effective immunity mediated by MHC class I-restricted as well as class II-restricted T-cell responses.
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Type I interferons induced by endogenous or exogenous viral infections promote metastasis and relapse of leishmaniasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4987-4992. [PMID: 28439019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621447114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the endogenous Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) replicating stably within some parasite species has been associated with the development of more severe forms of leishmaniasis and relapses after drug treatment in humans. Here, we show that the disease-exacerbatory role of LRV1 relies on type I IFN (type I IFNs) production by macrophages and signaling in vivo. Moreover, infecting mice with the LRV1-cured Leishmania guyanensis (LgyLRV1- ) strain of parasites followed by type I IFN treatment increased lesion size and parasite burden, quantitatively reproducing the LRV1-bearing (LgyLRV1+ ) infection phenotype. This finding suggested the possibility that exogenous viral infections could likewise increase pathogenicity, which was tested by coinfecting mice with L. guyanensis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or the sand fly-transmitted arbovirus Toscana virus (TOSV). The type I IFN antiviral response increased the pathology of L. guyanensis infection, accompanied by down-regulation of the IFN-γ receptor normally required for antileishmanial control. Further, LCMV coinfection of IFN-γ-deficient mice promoted parasite dissemination to secondary sites, reproducing the LgyLRV1+ metastatic phenotype. Remarkably, LCMV coinfection of mice that had healed from L. guyanensis infection induced reactivation of disease pathology, overriding the protective adaptive immune response. Our findings establish that type I IFN-dependent responses, arising from endogenous viral elements (dsRNA/LRV1), or exogenous coinfection with IFN-inducing viruses, are able to synergize with New World Leishmania parasites in both primary and relapse infections. Thus, viral infections likely represent a significant risk factor along with parasite and host factors, thereby contributing to the pathological spectrum of human leishmaniasis.
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Bahrami F, Späth GF, Rafati S. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis challenges in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Iran (MATI): a collaborative attempt to combat the disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:415-417. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1311792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Bahrami
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Belkhelfa-Slimani R, Djerdjouri B. Caffeic acid and quercetin exert caspases-independent apoptotic effects on Leishmania major promastigotes, and reactivate the death of infected phagocytes derived from BALB/c mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Patterson JL. Role of LRV1 and RNAi in the Pathogenesis of Leishmania. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:76-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Castiglioni P, Hartley MA, Rossi M, Prevel F, Desponds C, Utzschneider DT, Eren RO, Zangger H, Brunner L, Collin N, Zehn D, Kuhlmann FM, Beverley SM, Fasel N, Ronet C. Exacerbated Leishmaniasis Caused by a Viral Endosymbiont can be Prevented by Immunization with Its Viral Capsid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005240. [PMID: 28099431 PMCID: PMC5242429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a cytoplasmic virus called Leishmaniavirus (LRV) is present in some Leishmania species and acts as a potent innate immunogen, aggravating lesional inflammation and development in mice. In humans, the presence of LRV in Leishmania guyanensis and in L. braziliensis was significantly correlated with poor treatment response and symptomatic relapse. So far, no clinical effort has used LRV for prophylactic purposes. In this context, we designed an original vaccine strategy that targeted LRV nested in Leishmania parasites to prevent virus-related complications. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a recombinant LRV1 Leishmania guyanensis viral capsid polypeptide formulated with a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. LRV1-vaccinated mice had significant reduction in lesion size and parasite load when subsequently challenged with LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis parasites. The protection conferred by this immunization could be reproduced in naïve mice via T-cell transfer from vaccinated mice but not by serum transfer. The induction of LRV1 specific T cells secreting IFN-γ was confirmed in vaccinated mice and provided strong evidence that LRV1-specific protection arose via a cell mediated immune response against the LRV1 capsid. Our studies suggest that immunization with LRV1 capsid could be of a preventive benefit in mitigating the elevated pathology associated with LRV1 bearing Leishmania infections and possibly avoiding symptomatic relapses after an initial treatment. This novel anti-endosymbiotic vaccine strategy could be exploited to control other infectious diseases, as similar viral infections are largely prevalent across pathogenic pathogens and could consequently open new vaccine opportunities. About 80% of leishmaniasis infections result in cutaneous manifestations with a broad symptomatic spectrum, ranging from self-healing localized to disseminated lesions. The mechanism behind these latter aggravated forms of leishmaniasis is still poorly understood. One possible factor is an endosymbiotic RNA virus identified in the cytoplasm of several Leishmania species (Leishmania RNA virus 1). LRV1 acts as a virulence factor, causing a destructive hyper-inflammatory response. In this study, we tested the prophylactic potential of a vaccine formulated with a recombinant LRV1 capsid and a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. Our approach conferred significant protection against LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis infection, decreasing lesional inflammation and parasite burden. Further analysis demonstrated that this vaccine induced a potent T helper 1 response. Consequently, we propose that the LRV1-capsid is a promising vaccine component in order to reduce clinical complications (e.g. symptomatic relapses) in areas endemic to LRV1 co-infected Leishmania species. Taken together, we present an original strategy, whereby targeting the pervasive intracellular viruses within pathogens may reduce pathologic inflammation and offer an extra-genetic candidate that may circumvent escape mutations or poor response to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T. Utzschneider
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Remzi-Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Livia Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Antiviral screening identifies adenosine analogs targeting the endogenous dsRNA Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) pathogenicity factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E811-E819. [PMID: 28096399 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus Leishmaniavirus (LRV1) has been implicated as a pathogenicity factor for leishmaniasis in rodent models and human disease, and associated with drug-treatment failures in Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania guyanensis infections. Thus, methods targeting LRV1 could have therapeutic benefit. Here we screened a panel of antivirals for parasite and LRV1 inhibition, focusing on nucleoside analogs to capitalize on the highly active salvage pathways of Leishmania, which are purine auxotrophs. Applying a capsid flow cytometry assay, we identified two 2'-C-methyladenosine analogs showing selective inhibition of LRV1. Treatment resulted in loss of LRV1 with first-order kinetics, as expected for random virus segregation, and elimination within six cell doublings, consistent with a measured LRV1 copy number of about 15. Viral loss was specific to antiviral nucleoside treatment and not induced by growth inhibitors, in contrast to fungal dsRNA viruses. Comparisons of drug-treated LRV1+ and LRV1- lines recapitulated LRV1-dependent pathology and parasite replication in mouse infections, and cytokine secretion in macrophage infections. Agents targeting Totiviridae have not been described previously, nor are there many examples of inhibitors acting against dsRNA viruses more generally. The compounds identified here provide a key proof-of-principle in support of further studies identifying efficacious antivirals for use in in vivo studies of LRV1-mediated virulence.
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Profile of Stephen Beverley. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14875-14877. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618559113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Borghi SM, Fattori V, Conchon-Costa I, Pinge-Filho P, Pavanelli WR, Verri WA. Leishmania infection: painful or painless? Parasitol Res 2016; 116:465-475. [PMID: 27933392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The complex life cycle and immunopathological features underpinning the interaction of Leishmania parasites and their mammalian hosts poses frequent poorly explored and inconclusively resolved questions. The altered nociceptive signals over the course of leishmaniasis remain an intriguing issue for nociceptive and parasitology researchers. Experimental investigations have utilized behavioral, morphological, and neuro-immune approaches in the study of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The data generated indicates new venues for the study of the pathological characteristics of nociceptive processing in this parasitic disease. Leishmania-induced pain may be easily observed in mice and rats. However, nociceptive data is more complex in human investigations, including the occurrence of painless lesions in mucocutaneous and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Data from recent decades indicate that humans can also be affected by pain-related symptoms, often distinct from the region of body infection. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such variable nociceptive states in humans during the course of leishmaniasis are an active area of research. The present article reviews nociception in leishmaniasis, including in experimental models of CL and clinical reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Borghi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR445 KM380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR445 KM380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR445 KM380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR445 KM380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Wander R Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR445 KM380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid PR445 KM380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
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Aronson N, Herwaldt BL, Libman M, Pearson R, Lopez-Velez R, Weina P, Carvalho EM, Ephros M, Jeronimo S, Magill A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:e202-e264. [PMID: 27941151 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to realize that leishmaniasis guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The IDSA and ASTMH consider adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determinations regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Aronson
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Michael Libman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter Weina
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Selma Jeronimo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Alan Magill
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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