Oxidative stress in cancer and fibrosis: Opportunity for therapeutic intervention with antioxidant compounds, enzymes, and nanoparticles

Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC. extract attenuates hyperuricemia-induced renal fibrosis via modulating TGF-β1 pathway and uric acid transporters: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC., a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been used to treat conditions such as rheumatic back pain, diarrhea, jaundice-related hepatitis, and abscesses; it also serves as an anthelmintic. The extract of Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC. (DCE) is also known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its impact on kidney fibrosis remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigated whether DCE can alleviate hyperuricemia-induced kidney fibrosis by modulating the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) pathway, activating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and regulating uric acid transporters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

NRK52E cells were exposed to uric acid (UA) followed by DCE and isovitexin (IV) for 24 h. Cell damage was assessed using an Oxidative Stress Kit, ELISA, Gelatin Zymography, and Western blotting. In parallel, adenine-induced C57BL/6 mice received DCE and IV treatment for 11 weeks. After sacrifice, renal injury was assessed through histopathological examination and protein expression analysis of fibrosis markers, EMT indicators, and uric acid transporters.

RESULTS

DCE reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in uric acid-induced NRK52E cells and inhibited EMT by suppressing TGF-β1 and Slug while restoring E-cadherin expression. DCE treatment reduced fibrosis-related proteins (CTGF, collagen I, fibronectin, and α-SMA) in UA-treated cells and modulated uric acid transporters by increasing ABCG2 and OAT3 while decreasing URAT1 and GLUT9. In adenine-induced hyperuricemic C57BL/6 mice, DCE administration reduced serum uric acid levels and xanthine oxidase activity. Histological analysis showed that DCE attenuated renal fibrosis through decreased glomerular atrophy, reduced collagen deposition, and diminished α-SMA and fibronectin expression.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that DCE exerts protective benefits against hyperuricemia-induced renal fibrosis. The potential mechanism may involve suppressing the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and regulating the uric acid transporter, thereby mitigating kidney injury.

Chemical Carbonylation of Arginine in Peptides and Proteins

The chemoselective incorporation of arginine carbonylation post-translational modification (PTM) within proteins represents an underexplored frontier. This is largely due to the poor nucleophilicity and resistance to chemical oxidation of arginine. Drawing inspiration from the metal catalyzed oxidation (MCO) processes of arginine, we introduce a chemical methodology aimed at generating glutamate-5-semialdehyde from arginine residues within peptides and proteins. This innovative chemical approach capitalizes on the inherent weak nucleophilicity and oxidative properties of arginine. We also demonstrate the application of this strategy to selectively introduce both natural and unnatural post-translational modifications (PTMs) in a targeted manner. Our chemical approach offers a rapid, robust, and highly selective technique, facilitating chemoproteomic profiling of arginine sites prone to forming glutamate-5-semialdehyde PTM within the human proteome. Additionally, this methodology serves as a versatile platform for uncovering microenvironments that are susceptible to undergoing arginine carbonylation PTM, enabling the understanding of the effect of oxidative stress on arginine in proteins and the impact of these PTMs on cellular processes.

Chitosan-polygalacturonic acid-double-layered liposomes for oleanolic acid delivery: In vitro semi-dynamic digestion, improved cell uptake and liver protection

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a terpenoid compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while its low stability and bioavailability limit the wide application. In this study, OA was incorporated into liposomes (OA-LIP), chitosan (CHI) coated liposomes (CHI-OA-LIP), and CHI-polygalacturonic acid (PGA)-double-layered (PGA-CHI-OA-LIP). The in vitro semi-dynamic digestion, cell absorption and pre-protective function for the liver-injured mouse of liposomes were evaluated. Compared to OA-LIP (91.96 ± 0.45 %), the polysaccharides double-layered OA-LIP, PGA-CHI-OA-LIP (99.84 ± 0.22 %), significantly improved the encapsulation efficiency of OA and exhibited higher stability during storage at room temperature and at 4 °C. In the in vitro semi-dynamic digestion and Caco-2 cell model, compared to free OA (6.22 ± 1.17 %, 6.56 ± 2.35 μg/mL), PGA-CHI-OA-LIP increased the bioavailability and cell absorption rate to 45.78 ± 0.71 % and 27.62 ± 1.69 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, it can improve the antioxidant capacity of Caco-2 cells, up-regulate the level of transportable terpene-related genes. In the mouse liver injury model, PGA-CHI-OA-LIP effectively reduced the activities of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase), decreased inflammatory factors, and thus effectively alleviated the infiltration and necrosis of liver cells. This study provided a promising avenue to improve the bioavailability of sensitive functional molecules and to develop versatile formula to repair liver damage.

Jingtian granule alleviates adenine-induced renal fibrosis in mice through SIRT3-Mediated deacetylation of P53

Background

Renal fibrosis is a hallmark and the final outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Jingtian Granule (JT), a traditional formula used in the clinical treatment of CKD for many years. However, the mechanism of action of JT against renal interstitial fibrosis remain unknown.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the potential effects and mechanisms of JT on adenine - diet - induced CKD in mice.

Methods

Renal interstitial fibrosis was induced in mice by adenine - diet and treated with JT. Renal function was assessed by measuring blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. Masson's staining and type I collagen expression were used to evaluate renal collagen deposition. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the expression levels of mRNA in mouse kidney samples after JT treatment. The levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to assess lipid peroxidation in the kidneys. Iron metabolism levels were detected by Prussian blue staining and measurement of iron content. The protein levels of SIRT3, P53, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) were detected by Western blot. Subsequently, under the premise of SIRT3 knockout, renal function, fibrosis level, iron metabolism level, and lipid peroxidation level were detected, and mitochondrial damage was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). In addition, human proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK - 2) were treated with Erastin to induce ferroptosis, followed by exposure to JT. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected.

Results

JT significantly reduced collagen deposition in the kidneys. RNA sequencing identified 20 mRNAs that were differentially expressed in response to JT treatment. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SIRT3 was a key mRNA regulated by JT. JT activated SIRT3 in fibrotic kidneys to inhibit the acetylation of P53. Under the premise of SIRT3 knockout, JT did not show significant therapeutic effects in inhibiting ferroptosis and fibrosis. In vitro experiments also showed that JT promoted the downregulation of ROS.

Conclusion

SIRT3 is the key ferroptosis - related mRNA regulated by JT. The ability of JT to modulate the SIRT3/P53 signaling pathway may be a viable approach for the treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.

Targeted Management of Diabetic Osteoporosis by Biocatalytic Cascade Reaction Nanoplatform

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that impairs bone health, and effective management of DOP remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we developed a biocatalytic cascade nanoplatform, GOx@SrCaP-CAT-Tet, offering osteogenic, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities for targeted DOP management. The platform includes glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT), encapsulated in strontium-doped calcium phosphate (SrCaP), converting glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), alleviating the hyperglycemia and promoting hypoxia-induced vascularization. Both the generated H2O2 and any overabundance of H2O2 in the DOP microenvironment can be scavenged by CAT, thus relieving inflammation. Via a surface modified with tetracycline (Tet) for bone targeting, the release of Sr2+, Ca2+, and PO43- can stimulate osteogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis, thereby hastening bone formation and reversing osteoporosis. This nanoplatform shows promise in managing DOP both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings open a new horizon for managing DOP through biocatalytic cascade reactions.

Understanding cellular proliferation activity in breast cancer using multi-compartment model of transverse relaxation time mapping on 3T MRI

Introduction

Precise understanding of proliferative activity in breast cancer holds significant value in the monitoring of neoadjuvant treatment, while current immunostaining of Ki-67 from biopsy or resected tumour suffers from partial sampling error. Multi-compartment model of transverse relaxation time has been proposed to differentiate intra- and extra-cellular space and biochemical environment but susceptible to noise, with recent development of Bayesian algorithm suggested to improve robustness. We hence hypothesise that intra- and extra-cellular transverse relaxation times using Bayesian algorithm might be sensitive to proliferative activity.

Materials and methods

Twenty whole tumour specimens freshly excised from patients with invasive ductal carcinoma were scanned on a 3 T clinical scanner. The overall transverse relaxation time was computed using a single-compartment model with the non-linear least squares algorithm, while intra- and extra-cellular transverse relaxation times were computed using a multi-compartment model with the Bayesian algorithm. Immunostaining of Ki-67 was conducted, yielding 9 and 11 cases with high and low proliferating activities respectively.

Results

For single-compartment model, there was a significant higher overall transverse relaxation time (p = 0.031) in high (83.55 ± 7.38 ms) against low (73.30 ± 11.30 ms) proliferating tumours. For multi-compartment model, there was a significant higher intra-cellular transverse relaxation time (p = 0.047) in high (73.52 ± 10.92 ms) against low (61.30 ± 14.01 ms) proliferating tumours. There was no significant difference in extra-cellular transverse relaxation time (p = 0.203) between high and low proliferating tumours.

Conclusions

Overall and Bayesian intra-cellular transverse relaxation times are associated with proliferative activities in breast tumours, potentially serving as a non-invasive imaging marker for neoadjuvant treatment monitoring.

Role of Essential Oils and Antioxidants in the Treatment of Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the leading cause of many lethal diseases. It is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, which leads to damaged tissue functioning in the influenced organs. Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquid having volatile compounds extracted from plant or plant parts while antioxidants are the compounds that help in scavenging free radicals and prevent reducing the oxidation processes. In this review, challenges that come during the treatment of fibrosis have been covered, mechanism of action of both essential oil and antioxidants is also outlined in this article. This review aimed to provide scientific fundamental and knowledge, ideas for the development and application of essential oils and antioxidants in the treatment of fibrosis.

Recent advances in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy of cancer

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) have garnered significant attention in cancer research because of their potential for precise spatiotemporal drug release tailored to high ROS levels within tumors. Despite the challenges posed by ROS distribution heterogeneity and endogenous supply constraints, this review highlights the strategic alliance of ROS-responsive DDSs with photodynamic therapy (PDT), enabling selective drug delivery and leveraging PDT-induced ROS for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review delves into the biological importance of ROS in cancer progression and treatment. We elucidate in detail the operational mechanisms of ROS-responsive linkers, including thioether, thioketal, selenide, diselencide, telluride and aryl boronic acids/esters, as well as the latest developments in ROS-responsive nanomedicines that integrate with PDT strategies. These insights are intended to inspire the design of innovative ROS-responsive nanocarriers for enhanced cancer PDT.

The novel peptide PEP-Z-2 potentially treats renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by regulating TGF-β/Smad/AKT/MAPK signaling

Renal fibrosis is a process in which excessive deposition of extracellular matrix leads to an increase in tissue hardness and gradual destruction of the renal parenchyma. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), ultimately leading to renal failure. This disease has high incidence and mortality rates, but to date, effective treatment options are lacking. PEP-Z-2 is a collagen peptide isolated from redlip croaker scales and may have potential fibroprotective activity. In this study, PEP-Z-2 was found to alleviate unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)- and folic acid (FA)-induced kidney injury in a mouse model, reduce collagen deposition in tissues, normalize renal function, reduce the expression of fibrosis markers, reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and restore the balance of the oxidant/antioxidant system. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that PEP-Z-2 inhibits the TGF-β-induced differentiation of fibroblasts and renal tubular epithelial cells into myofibroblasts and reduces the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin, Col I, and α-SMA, demonstrating notable therapeutic effects on renal fibrosis. This effect is achieved by regulating the TGF-β/Smad/AKT/MAPK pathway. Our research suggested that PEP-Z-2 is a potential therapeutic drug for renal fibrosis, and peptides from aquatic organisms may constitute a new class of candidate drugs for the treatment of renal fibrosis and even other types of organ fibrosis.

Integrating Radioprotective Agents into Post-Mastectomy Radiotherapy: Optimization of Reconstructive Outcomes in Breast Cancer

Surgical intervention utilizing various approaches is a cornerstone in the management of breast cancer. The surgical approaches include lumpectomy, mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and primary or delayed reconstruction. Post-mastectomy radiotherapy is frequently recommended in cases of advanced tumors and extensive lymph node involvement. However, there are several adverse effects of radiotherapy. In this article, we critically reviewed the various complications. Additionally, we discussed the biological basis of radiation-induced tissue damage, the impact of implant-based and autologous tissue reconstruction, and the functional and aesthetic results of the reconstruction. Indeed, several radioprotective agents can attenuate the adverse effects of post-mastectomy radiotherapy while sustaining oncologic efficacy. Radioprotective agents, including free radical scavengers and antioxidants, offer promising strategies to protect tissues from the oxidative stress and inflammation induced by radiotherapy. The role of several radioprotective agents, including amifostine, N-acetylcysteine, tempol, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plasmid liposomes, vitamin E, and beta-carotene has been analyzed with a focus on their logistical applications in breast reconstruction. Despite several challenges, the integration of radioprotective agents into post-mastectomy radiotherapy protocols offers significant potential to improve reconstructive outcomes. Development of novel radioprotective agents with improved selectivity and fewer side effects and large-scale clinical trials in diverse group of patients are warranted to determine long-term safety and efficacy.

Cholinized-Polymer Functionalized Lipid-Based Drug Carriers Facilitate Liver Fibrosis Therapy via Ultrafast Liver-Targeting Delivery

Here, we report novel cholinized-polymer functionalized lipid-based nanoparticles (CP-LNPs) for rapid and highly effective delivery of drugs to the liver, achieving targeting within 10 min and nearly 100% efficiency. In this study, CP-LNPs loaded with a promising antifibrotic agent curcumin (CP-LNPs/Cur) significantly improved the stability of curcumin under physiological conditions and its distribution in the liver. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CP-LNPs/Cur effectively suppressed the proliferation and migration of activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), as evidenced by the decreased expression of α-SMA. Moreover, CP-LNPs/Cur attenuated oxidative stress levels in hepatocytes while improving mitochondrial physiological activity. In vivo antifibrosis studies have shown that CP-LNPs/Cur only require a low dose to significantly alleviate liver injury and collagen deposition, thereby preventing the progression of liver fibrosis. These findings indicated that CP-LNPs exhibit great potential in liver fibrosis therapy benefiting from the novel targeting strategy.

Oxidative Stress, Glutaredoxins, and Their Therapeutic Potential in Posterior Capsular Opacification

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common long-term complication of cataract surgery. Traditionally, the pathogenesis of PCO involves the residual lens epithelial cells (LECs), which undergo transdifferentiation into a myofibroblast phenotype, hyperproliferation, matrix contraction, and matrix deposition. This process is driven by the marked upregulation of inflammatory and growth factors post-surgery. Recently, research on the role of redox environments has gained considerable attention. LECs, which are in direct contact with the aqueous humour after cataract surgery, are subjected to oxidative stress due to decreased levels of reduced glutathione and increased oxygen content compared to contact with the outer fibre layer of the lens before surgery. In this review, we examine the critical role of oxidative stress in PCO formation. We also focus on glutaredoxins (Grxs), which are antioxidative enzymes produced via deglutathionylation, their protective role against PCO formation, and their therapeutic potential. Furthermore, we discuss the latest advancements in PCO therapy, particularly the development of advanced antioxidative pharmacological agents, and emphasise the importance and approaches of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatments in PCO management. In conclusion, this review highlights the significant roles of oxidative stress in PCO, the protective effects of Grxs against PCO formation, and the potential of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies in treating PCO.

Asymptomatic Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated With Ipsilateral Proximal Interruption of a Pulmonary Artery (PIPA)

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic condition typically affecting both lungs; however, cases of unilateral pulmonary fibrosis are exceedingly rare and often result from specific unilateral inflammatory conditions like radiation pneumonitis or infection. An even rarer occurrence is the unilateral proximal interruption of a pulmonary artery (PIPA), a developmental anomaly resulting from the failed connection of the sixth aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk. This condition can manifest alone or alongside other cardiac abnormalities. There are limited reports of pulmonary fibrosis associated with PIPA. In this case, a 33-year-old male with chronic mild asthma presented with bilateral shoulder pain. Initial radiographs showed reticular opacities and volume loss in the right lung with a rightward mediastinal shift, suggesting possible fibrosis. Further investigations with chest Computed Tomography (CT) and CT angiogram confirmed right-sided pulmonary fibrosis and the absence of the right pulmonary artery, with no other significant cardiopulmonary symptoms reported. This case highlights the complexity of diagnosing and managing rare unilateral pulmonary conditions.

Tumor-associated fibrosis: a unique mechanism promoting ovarian cancer metastasis and peritoneal dissemination

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is often diagnosed in advanced stage with peritoneal dissemination. Recent studies indicate that aberrant accumulation of collagen fibers in tumor stroma has a variety of effects on tumor progression. We refer to remodeled fibrous stroma with altered expression of collagen molecules, increased stiffness, and highly oriented collagen fibers as tumor-associated fibrosis (TAF). TAF contributes to EOC cell invasion and metastasis in the intraperitoneal cavity. However, an understanding of molecular events involved is only just beginning to emerge. Further development in this field will lead to new strategies to treat EOC. In this review, we focus on the recent findings on how the TAF contributes to EOC malignancy. Furthermore, we will review the recent initiatives and future therapeutic strategies for targeting TAF in EOC.

Antioxidant Carbon Dots and Ursolic Acid Co-Encapsulated Liposomes Composite Hydrogel for Alleviating Adhesion Formation and Enhancing Tendon Healing in Tendon Injury

Background

The formation of adhesion after tendon injury represents a major obstacle to tendon repair, and currently there is no effective anti-adhesion method in clinical practice. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis can occur in tendon injury and these factors can lead to tendon adhesion. Antioxidant carbon dots and ursolic acid (UA) both possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this experiment, we have for the first time created RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA using red fluorescent carbon dots and UA co-encapsulated liposomes composite hyaluronic acid methacryloyl hydrogel. We found that RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA could better attenuate adhesion formation and enhance tendon healing in tendon injury.

Materials and Methods

RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA were prepared and characterized. In vitro experiments on cellular oxidative stress and fibrosis were performed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunofluorescent staining of collagens type I (COL I), collagens type III (COL III), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were used to evaluate anti-oxidative and anti-fibrotic abilities. In vivo models of Achilles tendon injury repair (ATI) and flexor digitorum profundus tendon injury repair (FDPI) were established. The major organs and blood biochemical indicators of rats were tested to determine the toxicity of RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA. Biomechanical testing, motor function analysis, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to assess the tendon adhesion and repair after tendon injury.

Results

In vitro, the RCDs/UA@Lipo group scavenged excessive ROS, stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and reduced the expression of COL I, COL III, and α-SMA. In vivo, assessment results showed that the RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA group improved collagen arrangement and biomechanical properties, reduced tendon adhesion, and promoted motor function after tendon injury. Additionally, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA group increased; the levels of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), COL III, α-SMA, Vimentin, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) decreased.

Conclusion

In this study, the RCDs/UA@Lipo-HAMA alleviated tendon adhesion formation and enhanced tendon healing by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. This study provided a novel therapeutic approach for the clinical treatment of tendon injury.

Nano-Formulations of Natural Antioxidants for the Treatment of Liver Cancer

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the pathological processes that trigger various chronic liver diseases, and significantly contributes to the development of hepatocarcinogenesis. Natural antioxidants reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and play a crucial role in the treatment of free-radical-induced liver diseases. However, their efficacy is often limited by poor bioavailability and metabolic stability. To address these limitations, recent advances have focused on developing nano-drug delivery systems that protect them from degradation and enhance their therapeutic potential. Among the several critical benefits, they showed to be able to improve bioavailability and targeted delivery, thereby reducing off-target effects by specifically directing the antioxidant to the liver tumor site. Moreover, these nanosystems led to sustained release, prolonging the therapeutic effect over time. Some of them also exhibited synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic agents, allowing for improved overall efficacy. This review aims to discuss recent scientific advances in nano-formulations containing natural antioxidant molecules, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of liver cancer. The novelty of this review lies in its comprehensive focus on the latest developments in nano-formulations of natural antioxidants for the treatment of liver cancer.

Complications and comorbidities associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: Rethinking drug design and delivery for anticancer therapy

Despite the considerable advancements in chemotherapy as a cornerstone modality in cancer treatment, the prevalence of complications and pre-existing diseases is on the rise among cancer patients along with prolonged survival and aging population. The relationships between these disorders and cancer are intricate, bearing significant influence on the survival and quality of life of individuals with cancer and presenting challenges for the prognosis and outcomes of malignancies. Herein, we review the prevailing complications and comorbidities that often accompany chemotherapy and summarize the lessons to learn from inadequate research and management of this scenario, with an emphasis on possible strategies for reducing potential complications and alleviating comorbidities, as well as an overview of current preclinical cancer models and practical advice for establishing bio-faithful preclinical models in such complex context.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Type 2 Diabetic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition under High Glucose Conditions Through the TGFβ/Smad3 Signaling Pathway

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which results in delayed wound healing. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a vital role in supporting endothelial cells (ECs) and promoting wound healing by paracrine effects through their secretome-containing extracellular vesicles. We previously reported the impaired wound healing ability of adipose tissue-derived MSC from T2DM donors; however, whether extracellular vesicles isolated from T2DM adipose tissue-derived MSCs (dEVs) exhibit altered functions in comparison to those derived from healthy donors (nEVs) is still unclear. In this study, we found that nEVs induced EC survival and angiogenesis, whereas dEVs lost these abilities. In addition, under high glucose conditions, nEV protected ECs from endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), whereas dEV significantly induced EndMT by activating the transforming growth factor-β/Smad3 signaling pathway, which impaired the tube formation and in vivo wound healing abilities of ECs. Interestingly, the treatment of dEV-internalized ECs with nEVs rescued the induced EndMT effects. Of note, the internalization of nEV into T2DM adipose tissue-derived MSC resulted in the production of an altered n-dEV, which inhibited EndMT and supported the survival of T2DM db/db mice from severe wounds. Taken together, our findings suggest the role of dEV in endothelial dysfunction and delayed wound healing in T2DM by the promotion of EndMT. Moreover, nEV treatment can be considered a promising candidate for cell-free therapy to protect ECs in T2DM.

Recent Progress in Anti-Tumor Nanodrugs Based on Tumor Microenvironment Redox Regulation

The growth state of tumor cells is strictly affected by the specific abnormal redox status of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, redox reactions at the biological level are also central and fundamental to essential energy metabolism reactions in tumors. Accordingly, anti-tumor nanodrugs targeting the disruption of this abnormal redox homeostasis have become one of the hot spots in the field of nanodrugs research due to the effectiveness of TME modulation and anti-tumor efficiency mediated by redox interference. This review discusses the latest research results of nanodrugs in anti-tumor therapy, which regulate the levels of oxidants or reductants in TME through a variety of therapeutic strategies, ultimately breaking the original "stable" redox state of the TME and promoting tumor cell death. With the gradual deepening of study on the redox state of TME and the vigorous development of nanomaterials, it is expected that more anti-tumor nano drugs based on tumor redox microenvironment regulation will be designed and even applied clinically.

Recent advances in reactive oxygen species scavenging nanomaterials for wound healing

Reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in cell signaling pathways during wound healing phases. Treatment strategies to balance the redox level in the deep wound tissue are emerging for wound management. In recent years, reactive oxygen species scavenging agents including natural antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging nanozymes, and antioxidant delivery systems have been widely employed to inhibit oxidative stress and promote skin regeneration. Here, the importance of reactive oxygen species in different wound healing phases is critically analyzed. Various cutting-edge bioactive ROS nanoscavengers and antioxidant delivery platforms are discussed. This review also highlights the future directions for wound therapies via reactive oxygen species scavenging. This comprehensive review offers a map of the research on ROS scavengers with redox balancing mechanisms of action in the wound healing process, which benefits development and clinical applications of next-generation ROS scavenging-based nanomaterials in skin regeneration.

Single-atom nanozymes shines diagnostics of gastrointestinal diseases

Various clinical symptoms of digestive system, such as infectious, inflammatory, and malignant disorders, have a profound impact on the quality of life and overall health of patients. Therefore, the chase for more potent medicines is both highly significant and urgent. Nanozymes, a novel class of nanomaterials, amalgamate the biological properties of nanomaterials with the catalytic activity of enzymes, and have been engineered for various biomedical applications, including complex gastrointestinal diseases (GI). Particularly, because of their distinctive metal coordination structure and ability to maximize atom use efficiency, single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with atomically scattered metal centers are becoming a more viable substitute for natural enzymes. Traditional nanozyme design strategies are no longer able to meet the current requirements for efficient and diverse SAzymes design due to the diversification and complexity of preparation processes. As a result, this review emphasizes the design concept and the synthesis strategy of SAzymes, and corresponding bioenzyme-like activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Then the various application of SAzymes in GI illnesses are summarized, which should encourage further research into nanozymes to achieve better application characteristics.

Acne-induced pathological scars: pathophysiology and current treatments

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis that can lead to pathological scars (PSs, divided into hypertrophic scars and keloids). These kinds of abnormal scars seriously reduce the quality of life of patients. However, their mechanism is still unclear, resulting in difficult clinical prevention, unstable treatment effects and a high risk of recurrence. Available evidence supports inflammatory changes caused by infection as one of the keys to abnormal proliferation of skin fibroblasts. In acne-induced PSs, increasing knowledge of the immunopathology indicates that inflammatory cells directly secrete growth factors to activate fibroblasts and release pro-inflammatory factors to promote the formation of PSs. T helper cells contribute to PSs via the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, the pro-inflammatory factors; while regulatory T cells have anti-inflammatory effects, secrete IL-10 and prostaglandin E2, and suppress fibrosis production. Several treatments are available, but there is a lack of combination regimens to target different aspects of acne-induced PSs. Overall, this review indicates that the joint involvement of inflammatory response and fibrosis plays a crucial role in acne-induced PSs, and also analyzes the interaction of current treatments for acne and PS.

Chemical characterisation of essential oil from Sambucus williamsii Hance leaves and its hepatoprotective effects

This study is the first to examine the effect of leaves of Sambucus williamsii Hance essential oil on acute liver injury. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the major constituents of S. williamsii essential oil (SEO)were (S)-falcarinol (62.66%), 17-pentatriacontene (7.78%) and tetrapentacontane (8.64%). Mice were pre-treated with SEO for 6 days followed by inducing liver injury with CCl4. The results indicated that SEO protected the liver against CCl4-induced injuries. Elevated levels of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were significantly reduced on SEO pre-treatment. SEO pre-treatment significantly inhibited the oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathways were significantly modulated by SEO in the liver tissue. The findings demonstrate that the essential oil of S. williamsii has enhancing the resistance to CCl4-induced liver injury.

PlexinA1 promotes gastric cancer migration through preventing MICAL1 protein ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation in a Rac1-dependent manner

Metastasis promotes the development of tumors and is a significant cause of gastric cancer death. For metastasis to proceed, tumor cells must become mobile by modulating their cytoskeleton. MICAL1 (Molecule Interacting with CasL1) is known as an actin cytoskeleton regulator, but the mechanisms by which it drives gastric cancer cell migration are still unclear. Analysis of gastric cancer tissues revealed that MICAL1 expression is dramatically upregulated in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) samples as compared to noncancerous stomach tissues. Patients with high MICAL1 expression had shorter overall survival (OS), post-progression survival (PPS) and first-progression survival (FPS) compared with patients with low MICAL1 expression. RNAi-mediated silencing of MICAL1 inhibited the expression of Vimentin, a protein involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This effect correlates with a significant reduction in gastric cancer cell migration. MICAL1 overexpression reversed these preventive effects. Immunoprecipitation experiments and immunofluorescence assays revealed that PlexinA1 forms a complex with MICAL1. Importantly, specific inhibition of PlexinA1 blocked the Rac1 activation and ROS production, which, in turn, impaired MICAL1 protein stability by accelerating MICAL1 ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent degradation. Overexpression of PlexinA1 enhanced Rac1 activation, ROS production, MICAL1 and Vimentin expressions, and favored cell migration. In conclusion, this study identified MICAL1 as an important facilitator of gastric cancer cell migration, at least in part, by affecting Vimentin expression and PlexinA1 promotes gastric cancer cell migration by binding to and suppressing MICAL1 degradation in a Rac1/ROS-dependent manner.

Schisandrin A alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting PKCβ and oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Renal fibrosis is a common pathway that drives the advancement of numerous kidney maladies towards end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Suppressing renal fibrosis holds paramount clinical importance in forestalling or retarding the transition of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) to renal failure. Schisandrin A (Sch A) possesses renoprotective effect in acute kidney injury (AKI), but its effects on renal fibrosis and underlying mechanism(s) have not been studied.

STUDY DESIGN

Serum biochemical analysis, histological staining, and expression levels of related proteins were used to assess the effect of PKCβ knockdown on renal fibrosis progression. Untargeted metabolomics was used to assess the effect of PKCβ knockdown on serum metabolites. Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) model and TGF-β induced HK-2 cells and NIH-3T3 cells were used to evaluate the effect of Schisandrin A (Sch A) on renal fibrosis. PKCβ overexpressed NIH-3T3 cells were used to verify the possible mechanism of Sch A.

RESULTS

PKCβ was upregulated in the UUO model. Knockdown of PKCβ mitigated the progression of renal fibrosis by ameliorating perturbations in serum metabolites and curbing oxidative stress. Sch A alleviated renal fibrosis by downregulating the expression of PKCβ in kidney. Treatment with Sch A significantly attenuated the upregulated proteins levels of FN, COL-I, PKCβ, Vimentin and α-SMA in UUO mice. Moreover, Sch A exhibited a beneficial impact on markers associated with oxidative stress, including MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px. Overexpression of PKCβ was found to counteract the renoprotective efficacy of Sch A in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Sch A alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting PKCβ and attenuating oxidative stress.

Dynamic monitoring of the fibrosis disease by a collagen targeting near infrared probe

The deposition of the extracellular matrix, especially collagen, and the elevated expression levels of reactive oxygen species, including H2O2, are the main features of fibrosis. Fibrosis can occur in many tissues, such as tumor and liver tissues. The deposition of collagen in the location of lesions not only leads to immunological rejection and supports liver fibrosis and tumor progression, but also provides unique physiological signals with the progression of fibrosis and tumor. However, at present, the detection of fibrosis, especially real time detection, is greatly difficult, making it important to develop noninvasive probes for the dynamic monitoring of fibrosis progression. Herein, we propose a H2O2 responsive macromolecular probe for collagen imaging with high sensitivity and specificity. This probe consists of a collagen-targeting peptide and a H2O2-sensitive and near-infrared (NIR)-emitting macromolecular optical probe, which could effectively bind to collagen both in vitro and in vivo in the region of tumor or fibrotic liver tissues, allowing for high sensitivity and noninvasive visualization of fibrotic tissues and real time monitoring of collagen degradation after anti-fibrotic drug treatment.

Effects of a proprietary mixture of extracts from Sabal serrulata fruits and Urtica dioica roots (WS® 1541) on prostate hyperplasia and inflammation in rats and human cells

Introduction: Phytotherapeutics, particularly extracts from Sabal serrulata (saw palmetto) fruit or Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) root, are popular for the treatment of male lower urinary symptoms in many countries, but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. We performed in vivo and in vitro studies to obtain deeper insight into the mechanism of action of WS® 1541, a proprietary combination of a Sabal serrulata fruit and an Urtica dioica root extract (WS® 1473 and WS® 1031, respectively) and its components. Methods: We used the sulpiride model of benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats and tested three doses of WS® 1541 in comparison to finasteride, evaluating weight of prostate and its individual lobes as well as aspects of inflammation, oxidative stress, growth and hyperplasia. In human BPH-1 cells, we studied the effect of WS® 1473, WS® 1031, WS® 1541 and finasteride on apoptosis, cell cycle progression and migrative capacity of the cells. Results: WS® 1541 did not reduce prostate size in sulpiride treated rats but attenuated the sulpiride-induced changes in expression of most analyzed genes and of oxidized proteins and abrogated the epithelial thickening. In vitro, WS® 1473 and WS® 1031 showed distinct profiles of favorable effects in BPH-1 cells including anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects, as well as inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal-transition. Conclusion: This data supports a beneficial effect of the clinically used WS® 1541 for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with mild to moderate benign prostate syndrome and provides a scientific rationale for the combination of its components WS® 1473 and WS® 1031.

Antioxidant Polymers with Phenolic Pendants for the Mitigation of Cellular Oxidative Stress

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells is a major health concern as it may lead to various diseases through oxidative damage of biomolecules. Commonly used traditional small molecular antioxidants (polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, etc.) have inadequate efficacy in lowering excessive levels of ROS due to their poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. In response to the widespread occurrence of antioxidant polyphenols in various biorenewable resources, we aimed to develop water-soluble antioxidant polymers with side chain phenolic pendants. Four different types of copolymers (P1-P4) containing phenyl rings with different numbers of hydroxy (-OH) substituents (0: phenylalanine, 1: tyrosyl, 2: catechol, or 3: gallol) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with a desired molar mass (8500-10000 g/mol) and a narrow dispersity (Đ ≤ 1.3). After successful characterizations of P1-P4, their in vitro antioxidant properties were analyzed by different methods, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 4,4'-diamino-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbiphenyl (TMB), and β-carotene (βC) assays. Our results revealed that the gallol pendant polymers can effectively scavenge ROS. Furthermore, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with DPPH• also confirmed the radical quenching ability of the synthesized polymers. The gallol pendant polymers, at a well-tolerated concentration, could effectively penetrate the macrophage cells and restore the H2O2-induced ROS to the basal level. Overall, the present approach demonstrates the efficacy of water-soluble antioxidant polymers with gallol pendants toward the mitigation of cellular oxidative stress.

Forsythiaside A suppresses renal fibrosis and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting THBS1 through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Renal fibrosis is a key feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, whereas no proven effective anti-fibrotic treatments. Forsythiaside A (FTA), derived from Forsythia suspense, has been found to possess nephroprotective properties. However, there is limited research on its anti-fibrotic effects, and its mechanism of action remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the suppressive effects of FTA on renal fibrosis and explore the underlying mechanisms. In vitro, we established a HK2 cell model induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and in vivo, we used a mice model induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). CCK-8 assay, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, histological staining, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, RNA transcriptome sequencing, and molecular docking were performed. The results showed that FTA (40 μM or 80 μM) treatment improved cell viability and suppressed TGF-β1-induced fibrotic changes and partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, FTA treatment reversed the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and THBS1 was identified as the target gene. We found that THBS1 knockdown suppressed the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and reduced the fibrosis and partial EMT-related protein level. Conversely, THBS1 overexpression activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and exacerbated renal fibrosis and partial EMT. In vivo, mice were administered FTA (30 or 60 mg/kg) for 2 weeks, and the results demonstrated that FTA administration significantly mitigated tubular injury, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, partial EMT, and apoptosis. In conclusion, FTA inhibited renal fibrosis and partial EMT by targeting THBS1 and inhibiting activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Melatonin ameliorates hepatic fibrosis via the melatonin receptor 2-mediated upregulation of BMAL1 and anti-oxidative enzymes

Hepatic fibrosis, when left untreated, causes serious health problems that progress to cirrhosis and, in some cases, liver cancer. Activation of hepatic stellate cells may be a key characteristic in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, exerts anti-fibrotic effects; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the beneficial effects of melatonin against hepatic fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using the human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2, and in vivo murine animal models. The results showed that melatonin suppressed the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced fibrosis markers and production of reactive oxygen species in LX-2 cells. Either 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin, a melatonin receptor 2 selective antagonist, or melatonin receptor 2 small interfering RNA abolished the suppressive effects of melatonin, suggesting the involvement of melatonin receptor 2 in melatonin-induced anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative actions. Melatonin increased the expression of the brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1 (BMAL1), a positive circadian clock gene. BMAL1 knockdown reduced the anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative effects of melatonin, demonstrating the protective effects of melatonin against TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cell activation by exhibiting melatonin receptor 2-BMAL1-anti-oxidative effects. In high-fat diet-induced and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis models, oral melatonin administration decreased the expression of hepatic fibrosis markers and increased the expression of messenger RNA and levels of proteins of BMAL1 and melatonin receptor 2. Thus, melatonin exerted protective effects against hepatic fibrosis through melatonin receptor 2 activation, followed by an upregulation of the BMAL1-anti-oxidative enzyme pathways.

Astaxanthin-loaded alginate-chitosan gel beads activate Nrf2 and pro-apoptotic signalling pathways against oxidative stress

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a crucial role in disease development. Astaxanthin (ATX), a valuable natural compound, may reduce OS and serve as a treatment for diseases like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates antioxidant enzymes and OS management. We evaluated ATX's antioxidant activity via Alg-CS/ATX gel beads in vitro. ATX-encapsulated alginate-chitosan (Alg-CS/ATX) gel beads were synthesized and structurally/morphologically characterized by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Their biological effects were examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with H2O2 through MTT assay, Annexin V/PI, cell cycle studies, and western blotting. Alg-CS effectively carried ATX, with high capacity and reduced pore size. Alg-CS/ATX displayed an 84% encapsulation efficiency, maintaining stability for 30 days. In vitro studies showed a 1.4-fold faster release at pH 5.4 than at neutral pH, improving ATX's therapeutic potential. HUVECs treated with Alg-CS/ATX showed enhanced viability via increased Nrf2 expression. Alg-CS gel beads exhibit significant potential as a biocompatible vehicle for delivering ATX to combat OS with considerable opportunity for clinical applications.

Novel Roles of the Greatwall Kinase Rim15 in Yeast Oxidative Stress Tolerance through Mediating Antioxidant Systems and Transcriptional Regulation

The Greatwall-family protein kinase Rim15 is associated with the nutrient starvation response, whereas its role in oxidative stress responses remains unclear. Here, acetic acid and peroxide were used as two oxidative stress elicitors. The antioxidant indicator assay under acetic acid stress revealed the impaired growth in rim15Δ related to the regulation of antioxidant systems. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are predicted to be mostly regulated by oxidative stress-responsive transcriptional factor Yap1. Among the DEGs, acetic acid stress-induced genes were found, and YAP1 disruption also inhibited their induction. The deletion of Rim15 or the Rim15 kinase domain in yap1Δ did not further decrease the gene expression, suggesting that Rim15 functions together with Yap1 in regulating acetic acid stress-induced genes, which requires Rim15 kinase activity. Additionally, Rim15 regulated H2O2 stress tolerance through partially similar but special mechanisms in that Rim15 kinase activity impacted acetic acid and H2O2 stress tolerance in different degrees, indicating the different mechanisms underlying Rim15-mediated redox regulation against different stressors. These results benefit the better understanding of stress signaling pathways related to Rim15. Given that Rim15 and some of its target genes are conserved across eukaryotes, these results also provide a basis for studies of oxidative stress-related processes in other organisms.

Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Rosmarinic Acid and the Extracts of Lamiaceae Plants for the Treatment of Fibrosis of Various Organs

Fibrosis, which causes structural hardening and functional degeneration in various organs, is characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of connective tissue containing collagen, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), etc. In traditional medicine, extracts of medicinal plants or herbal prescriptions have been used to treat various fibrotic diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the antifibrotic effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) and plant extracts that contain RA, as observed in various experimental models. RA, as well as the extracts of Glechoma hederacea, Melissa officinalis, Elsholtzia ciliata, Lycopus lucidus, Ocimum basilicum, Prunella vulgaris, Salvia rosmarinus (Rosmarinus officinalis), Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Perilla frutescens, have been shown to attenuate fibrosis of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and abdomen in experimental animal models. Their antifibrotic effects were associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, cell activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and fibrogenic gene expression. RA treatment activated peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) while suppressing the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and Wnt signaling pathways. Interestingly, most plants that are reported to contain RA and exhibit antifibrotic activity belong to the family Lamiaceae. This suggests that RA is an active ingredient for the antifibrotic effect of Lamiaceae plants and that these plants are a useful source of RA. In conclusion, accumulating scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of RA and Lamiaceae plant extracts in alleviating fibrosis and maintaining the structural architecture and normal functions of various organs under pathological conditions.

Mussel-inspired electroactive, antibacterial and antioxidative composite membranes with incorporation of gold nanoparticles and antibacterial peptides for enhancing skin wound healing

Large skin wounds are one of the most important health problems in the world. Skin wound repair and tissue regeneration are complex processes involving many physiological signals, and effective wound healing remains an enormous clinical challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a strategy to rapidly kill bacteria, promote cell proliferation and accelerate wound healing. At present, electrical stimulation (ES) is often used in the clinical treatment of skin wounds and can simulate the endogenous biological current of the body and accelerate the repair process of skin wounds. However, a single ES strategy has difficulty covering the entire wound area, which may lead to unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. To overcome this deficiency, it is essential to develop a collaborative treatment strategy that combines ES with other treatments. In this study, gold nanoparticles and antibacterial peptides (Os) were loaded on the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) material through the reducibility and adhesion of polydopamine (PDA) and improved the electrical activity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of the polymer material. At the same time, this composite membrane material (Os/Au-PDA@PLGA) combined with ES was used in wound therapy to improve the wound healing rate. The results show that the new wound repair material has good biocompatibility and can effectively promote cell proliferation and migration. Through the combined application of gold nanoparticles and antibacterial peptides Os, the polymer materials have more efficient bactericidal and antioxidant effects. The antibacterial experiment results showed that gold nanoparticles could further enhance the antibacterial activity of antibacterial peptides. Furthermore, the Os/Au-PDA@PLGA composite membrane has good hydrophilicity and electrical activity, which can provide a more favorable cell microenvironment for wound healing. In vivo studies using a full-thickness skin defect model in rats showed that the Os/Au-PDA@PLGA composite membrane had a better therapeutic effect than the pure PLGA material. More importantly, the combination of the Os/Au-PDA@PLGA composite with ES significantly accelerated the rate of vascularization and collagen deposition and promoted wound healing compared with non-ES controls. Therefore, the combination of the Au/Os-PDA@PLGA composite membrane with ES may provide a new strategy for the effective treatment of skin wounds.

A Novel Phytocolorant, Neoxanthin, as a Potent Chemopreventive: Current Progress and Future Prospects

Cancer is a general term for a group of similar diseases. It is a combined process that results from an accumulation of abnormalities at different biological levels, which involves changes at both genetic and biochemical levels in the cells. Several modifiable risk factors for each type of cancer include heredity, age, and institutional screening guidelines, including colonoscopy, mammograms, prostate-specific antigen testing, etc., which an individual cannot modify. Although a wide range of resources is available for cancer drugs and developmental studies, the cases are supposed to increase by about 70% in the next two decades due to environmental factors commonly driven by the way of living. The drugs used in cancer prevention are not entirely safe, have potential side effects and are generally unsuitable owing to substantial monetary costs. Interventions during the initiation and progression of cancer can prevent, diminish, or stop the transformation of healthy cells on the way to malignancy. Diet modifications are one of the most promising lifestyle changes that can decrease the threat of cancer development by nearly 40%. Neoxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment found in many microalgae and macroalgae, having significant anti-cancer, antioxidant and chemo-preventive activity. In this review, we have focused on the anti-cancer activity of neoxanthin on different cell lines and its cancer-preventive activity concerning obesity and oxidative stress. In addition to this, the preclinical studies and future perspectives are also discussed in this review.

Resveratrol Inhibits Restenosis through Suppressing Proliferation, Migration and Trans-differentiation of Vascular Adventitia Fibroblasts via Activating SIRT1

AIM

After the balloon angioplasty, vascular adventitia fibroblasts (VAFs), which proliferate, trans-differentiate to myofibroblasts and migrate to neointima, are crucial in restenosis. Resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to protect the cardiovascular by reducing restenosis and the mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS

This study was dedicated to investigate the effect of RSV on VAFs in injured arteries and explore the potential mechanism. In this work, carotid artery balloon angioplasty was performed on male SD rats to ensure the injury of intima and VAFs were isolated to explore the effects in vitro. The functional and morphological results showed the peripheral delivery of RSV decreased restenosis of the injured arteries and suppressed the expression of proliferation, migration and transformation related genes. Moreover, after being treated with RSV, the proliferation, migration and trans-differentiation of VAFs were significantly suppressed and exogenous TGF-β1 can reverse this effect.

RESULT

Mechanistically, RSV administration activated SIRT1 and decreased the translation and expression of TGF-β1, SMAD3 and NOX4, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased significantly after VAFs treated with RSV.

CONCLUSION

Above results indicated RSV inhibited restenosis after balloon angioplasty through suppressing proliferation, migration and trans-differentiation of VAFs via regulating SIRT1- TGF-β1-SMAD3-NOX4 to decrease ROS.

Antioxidant therapy against TGF-β/SMAD pathway involved in organ fibrosis

Fibrosis refers to excessive build-up of scar tissue and extracellular matrix components in different organs. In recent years, it has been revealed that different cytokines and chemokines, especially Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. It has been shown that TGF-β is upregulated in fibrotic tissues, and contributes to fibrosis by mediating pathways that are related to matrix preservation and fibroblasts differentiation. There is no doubt that antioxidants protect against different inflammatory conditions by reversing the effects of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur-based reactive elements. Oxidative stress has a direct impact on chronic inflammation, and as results, prolonged inflammation ultimately results in fibrosis. Different types of antioxidants, in the forms of vitamins, natural compounds or synthetic ones, have been proven to be beneficial in the protection against fibrotic conditions both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we reviewed the role of different compounds with antioxidant activity in induction or inhibition of TGF-β/SMAD signalling pathway, with regard to different fibrotic conditions such as gastro-intestinal fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, skin fibrosis, renal fibrosis and also some rare cases of fibrosis, both in animal models and cell lines.

Emulsion template fabricated gelatin-based scaffold functionalized by dialdehyde starch complex with antibacterial antioxidant properties for accelerated wound healing

Gelatin and starch are considered as promising sustainable materials for their abundant production and good biodegradability. Efforts have been made to explore their medical application. Herein, scaffolds based on gelatin and starch with a preferred microstructure and antibacterial antioxidant property were fabricated by the emulsion template method. The dialdehyde starch was firstly combined with silver nanoparticles and curcumin to carry out the efficient hybrid antibacterial agent. Then, the gelatin microsphere of appropriate size was prepared by emulsification and gathered by the above agent to obtain gelatin-based scaffolds. The prepared scaffolds showed porous microstructures with high porosity of over 74 % and the preferred pore sizes of ∼65 μm, which is conducive to skin regeneration. Moreover, the scaffolds possessed a good swelling ability of over 640 %, good degradability of over 18 days, excellent blood compatibility, and cell compatibility. The promising antibacterial and antioxidant properties came from the hybrid antibacterial agent were affirmed. As expected, the gelatin-based scaffolds fabricated by the emulsion template method with a preferred microstructure can facilitate more adhered fibroblasts. In summary, gelatin-based scaffolds functionalized by starch-based complex expanded the application of abundant sustainable materials in the biomedical field, especially as antibacterial antioxidant wound dressings.

Regulation of CncC in insecticide-induced expression of cytochrome P450 CYP9A14 and CYP6AE11 in Helicoverpa armigera

The expression of many detoxification genes can be regulated by CncC pathway and contributes to insecticide tolerance in insects. Our previous study has demonstrated that the transcripts of CncC and cytochrome P450s (CYP9A14, CYP6AE11) were significantly up-regulated after different insecticides treatment in Helicoverpa armigera. Further study indicated that H2O2, GSH, and MDA contents and antioxidant enzyme activities of H. armigera were enhanced after chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, indoxacarb, and spinosad exposure. Silencing CncC by RNA interference significantly down-regulated the expression levels of CYP9A14 and CYP6AE11, and increased the susceptibility of dsRNA-injected larvae to λ-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole. On the contrary, applying CncC agonist curcumin on H. armigera induced the expression of CYP9A14 and CYP6AE11, and enhanced the tolerance of H. armigera to insecticides. Treatment of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine on H. armigera reduced the H2O2 content and antioxidant enzyme activities, suppressed the transcripts of CncC, CYP9A14, and CYP6AE11, and decreased the larval tolerance to insecticides. These results demonstrated that the induced-expression of CYP9A14 and CYP6AE11 related with insecticides tolerance in H. armigera was regulated by CncC, which may be activated by ROS generated by insecticides. This study will help to better understand the underlying regulation mechanisms of CncC pathway in H. armigera tolerance to insecticides.

Colon-Targeted Release of Gel Microspheres Loaded with Antioxidative Fullerenol for Relieving Radiation-Induced Colon Injury and Regulating Intestinal Flora

Radiation-induced colitis is a serious clinical problem worldwide. However, the current treatment options for this condition have limited efficacy and can cause side effects. To address this issue, colon-targeted fullerenol@pectin@chitosan gel microspheres (FPCGMs) are developed, which can aggregate on colon tissue for a long time, scavenge free radicals generated in the process of radiation, and regulate intestinal flora to mitigate damage to colonic tissue. First, FPCGMs exhibit acid resistance and colon-targeted release properties, which reduce gastrointestinal exposure and extend the local colonic drug residence time. Second, fullerenol, which has a superior scavenging ability and chemical stability, reduces oxidative stress in colonic epithelial cells. Based on this, it is found that FPCGMs significantly reduce inflammation in colonic tissue, mitigated damage to tight junctions of colonic epithelial cells, and significantly relieved radiation-induced colitis in mice. Moreover, 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing results show that the composition of the intestinal flora is optimized after FPCGMs are utilized, indicating that the relative abundance of probiotics increases while harmful bacteria are inhibited. These findings suggest that it is a promising candidate for treating radiation-induced colitis.

Towards nanostructured red-ox active bio-interfaces: Bioinspired antibacterial hybrid melanin-CeO2 nanoparticles for radical homeostasis

Redox-active nano-biointerfaces are gaining weight in the field of regenerative medicine since they can act as enzymes in regulating physiological processes and enabling cell homeostasis, as well as the defense against pathogen aggression. In particular, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) stand as intriguing enzyme-mimicking nanoplatforms, owing to the reversible Ce+3/Ce+4 surface oxidation state. Moreover, surface functionalization leads to higher catalytic activity and selectivity, as well as more tunable enzyme-mimicking performances. Conjugation with melanin is an adequate strategy to boost and enrich CeO2 NPs biological features, because of melanin redox properties accounting for intrinsic antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory power. Herein, hybrid Melanin/CeO2 nanostructures were designed by simply coating the metal-oxide nanoparticles with melanin chains, obtained in-situ through ligand-to-metal charge transfer mechanism, according to a bioinspired approach. Obtained hybrid nanostructures underwent detailed physico-chemical characterization. Morphological and textural features were investigated through TEM, XRD and N2 physisorption. The nature of nanoparticle-melanin interaction was analyzed through FTIR, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy. Melanin-coated hybrid nanostructures exhibited a relevant antioxidant activity, confirmed by a powerful quenching effect for DPPH radical, reaching 81 % inhibition at 33 μg/mL. A promising anti-inflammatory efficacy of the melanin-coated hybrid nanostructures was validated through a significant inhibition of BSA denaturation after 3 h. Meanwhile, the enzyme-mimicking activity was corroborated by a prolonged peroxidase activity after 8 h at 100 μg/mL and a relevant catalase-like action, by halving the H2O2 level in 30 min at 50 μg/mL. Antimicrobial assays attested that conjugation with melanin dramatically boosted CeO2 biocide activity against both Gram (-) and Gram (+) strains. Cytocompatibility tests demonstrated that the melanin coating not only enhanced the CeO2 nanostructures biomimicry, resulting in improved cell viability for human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFs), but mostly they proved that Melanin-CeO2 NPs were able to control the oxidative stress, modulating the production of nitrite and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HDFs, under physiological conditions. Such remarkable outcomes make hybrid melanin-CeO2 nanozymes, promising redox-active interfaces for regenerative medicine.

Small Ceria Nanoclusters with High ROS Scavenging Activity and Favorable Pharmacokinetic Parameters for the Amelioration of Chronic Kidney Disease

The over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Organic ROS scavengers currently used for CKD treatment do not satisfy low dosage and high efficiency requirements. Ceria nanomaterials featured with renewable ROS scavenging activity are potential candidates for CKD treatment. Herein, a method for the synthesis of ceria nanoclusters (NCs) featured with small size of ≈1.2 nm is reported. The synthesized NCs are modified by three hydrophilic ligands with different molecular weights, including succinic acid (SA), polyethylene glycol diacid 600 (PEG600), and polyethylene glycol diacid 2000 (PEG2000). The surface modified NCs exhibit excellent ROS scavenging activity due to the high Ce3+ /Ce4+ ratio in their crystal structures. Compared with bigger-sized ceria nanoparticles (NPs) (≈45 nm), NCs demonstrate smoother blood concentration-time curve, lower organ accumulation, and faster metabolic rate superiorities. The administration of NCs to CKD mice, especially PEG600 and PEG2000 modified NCs, can effectively inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, renal fibrosis, and apoptosis in their kidneys. Due to these benefits, the constructed NCs can ameliorate the progression of CKD. These findings suggest that NCs is a potential redox nanomedicine for future clinical treatment of CKD.

Hydrogenated silicene nanosheet functionalized scaffold enables immuno-bone remodeling

An ideal implant needs to have the ability to coordinate the foreign body response and tissue regeneration. Here, Hydrogenated-silicon nanosheets (H-Si NSs) with favorable biodegradability are integrated and functionalized into a β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold (H-Si TCP) for bone defect healing. H-Si TCP can greatly improve bone regeneration through osteoimmunomodulation-guided biodegradation in vivo. The spatiotemporal regulation of degradation products replenishes sufficient nutrients step by step for the entire process of bone repair. Extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are first downregulated by reaction with H-Si NSs, followed by marked M2 polarization, remodeling the micro-environment timely for immune-bone regeneration. The release of primary reaction products awakened bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are converted into osteoblasts anchored on scaffolds. Subsequently, biomineralization is promoted by the final degradation products. The intrinsic ROS-responsive, immunoregulatory, and osteo-promotive capability of 2D H-Si NSs makes such composite H-Si TCP scaffold a highly potential alternative for the treatment of critical bone defect.

Biosynthesized nanoparticles: a novel approach for cancer therapeutics

Nanotechnology has become one of the most rapid, innovative, and adaptable sciences in modern science and cancer therapy. Traditional chemotherapy has limits owing to its non-specific nature and adverse side effects on healthy cells, and it remains a serious worldwide health issue. Because of their capacity to specifically target cancer cells and deliver therapeutic chemicals directly to them, nanoparticles have emerged as a viable strategy for cancer therapies. Nanomaterials disclose novel properties based on size, distribution, and shape. Biosynthesized or biogenic nanoparticles are a novel technique with anti-cancer capabilities, such as triggering apoptosis in cancer cells and slowing tumour growth. They may be configured to deliver medications or other therapies to specific cancer cells or tumour markers. Despite their potential, biosynthesized nanoparticles confront development obstacles such as a lack of standardisation in their synthesis and characterization, the possibility of toxicity, and their efficiency against various forms of cancer. The effectiveness and safety of biosynthesized nanoparticles must be further investigated, as well as the types of cancer they are most successful against. This review discusses the promise of biosynthesized nanoparticles as a novel approach for cancer therapeutics, as well as their mode of action and present barriers to their development.

The Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Affected Skin and Lungs in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune inflammatory disorder with multiple organ involvement. Skin changes present the hallmark of SSc and coincide with poor prognosis. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are the most widely reported complications in SSc patients and the primary cause of death. It has been proposed that the processes of autophagy and apoptosis could play a significant role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of different autoimmune diseases, and accordingly in SSc. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge of autophagy and apoptosis processes in the skin and lungs of patients with SSc. Profiling of markers involved in these processes in skin cells can be useful to recognize the stage of fibrosis and can be used in the clinical stratification of patients. Furthermore, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes enables the repurposing of already known drugs and the development of new biological therapeutics that aim to reverse fibrosis by promoting apoptosis and regulate autophagy in personalized treatment approach. In SSc-ILD patients, the molecular signature of the lung tissues of each patient could be a distinctive criterion in order to establish the correct lung pattern, which directly impacts the course and prognosis of the disease. In this case, resolving the role of tissue-specific markers, which could be detected in the circulation using sensitive molecular methods, would be an important step toward development of non-invasive diagnostic procedures that enable early and precise diagnosis and preventing the high mortality of this rare disease.

E Se tea extract ameliorates CCl4 induced liver fibrosis via regulating Nrf2/NF-κB/TGF-β1/Smad pathway

BACKGROUND

Liver fibrosis is a crucial progress to deteriorate liver disease. E Se tea (ES) is an ethnic herbal tea in China that has various biological activities for human beings. However, the traditional application on the treatment of liver disease is not studied.

PURPOSE

This study is firstly performed to explore the chemical constituents of ES extract together with its anti-hepatic fibrosis effect and potential mechanism on CCl₄ treated mice.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The chemical constituents of ethanol-aqueous extract from ES (ESE) were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of ESE was determined by measuring ALT and AST activities, antioxidative indexes, inflammatory cytokines and collagen protein levels on CCl₄ treated mice. Moreover, H&E, Masson staining and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for evaluating the protective effect of ESE on histopathological changes of liver tissues.

RESULTS

UHPLCHRESI-MS/MS analysis showed that the ESE was rich in flavonoids such as phlorizin, phloretin, quercetin and hyperoside. ESE could significantly reduce the plasma AST and ALT activities. The cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) expressions were inhibited after ESE administration via suppressing NF-κB pathway. In addition, ESE could decrease MDA accumulation for alleviating CCl₄ induced liver oxidative stress via regulating Nrf2 pathway to promote the expressions of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, HO-1, CAT and NQO1). Moreover, ESE could inhibit the expressions of TGF-β1, Smad2, α-SMA, and collagens Ⅰ and III proteins, thereby effectively alleviate the liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that ESE could alleviate liver fibrosis through enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities by Nrf2/NF-κB pathway and reducing deposition of liver fibrosis via suppressing TGF-β/Smad pathway.

From liver fibrosis to hepatocarcinogenesis: Role of excessive liver H2O2 and targeting nanotherapeutics

Liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been worldwide threats nowadays. Liver fibrosis is reversible in early stages but will develop precancerosis of HCC in cirrhotic stage. In pathological liver, excessive H₂O₂ is generated and accumulated, which impacts the functionality of hepatocytes, Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), leading to genesis of fibrosis and HCC. H₂O₂ accumulation is associated with overproduction of superoxide anion (O₂^•−) and abolished antioxidant enzyme systems. Plenty of therapeutics focused on H₂O₂ have shown satisfactory effects against liver fibrosis or HCC in different ways. This review summarized the reasons of liver H₂O₂ accumulation, and the role of H₂O₂ in genesis of liver fibrosis and HCC. Additionally, nanotherapeutics targeting H₂O₂ were summarized for further consideration of antifibrotic or antitumor therapy.

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Liver fibrosis and HCC are closely related because ROS induced liver damage and inflammation, especially over-cumulated H₂O₂.

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Excess H₂O₂ diffusion in pathological liver was due to increased metabolic rate and diminished cellular antioxidant systems.

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Freely diffused H₂O₂ damaged liver-specific cells, thereby leading to fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis.

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Nanotherapeutics targeting H₂O₂ are summarized for treatment of liver fibrosis and HCC, and also challenges are proposed.

A polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula roots attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis via modulation of TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway

The present work reported the extraction, purification, characterization of a polysaccharide from roots of Codonopsis pilosula (CPP-A-1) and its effect on liver fibrosis. The findings exhibited that the molecular weight of CPP-A-1 was 9424 Da, and monosaccharide composition were glucose and fructose and minor contents of arabinose. Structural characterization of CPP-A-1 has a backbone consisting of→(2-β-D-Fruf-1)n→ (n ≈ 46-47). Treatment with CPP-A-1 inhibited the proliferation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β)-activated human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2), and induced cell apoptosis. We used carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) to construct mice model of liver fibrosis and subsequently administered CPP-A-1 treatment. The results showed that CPP-A-1 alleviated CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis as demonstrated by reversing liver histological changes, decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) contents, collagen deposition, and downregulated fibrosis-related collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and inhibited the generation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components by restoring the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and its inhibitor (TIMPs). Moreover, CPP-A-1 improved anti-oxidation effects detected by promoting liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and Mn-SOD levels, and inhibition of liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and iNOS levels. CPP-A-1 also ameliorated the inflammatory factor (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6), and expression of inflammatory factor genes (TNF-α, IL-11 mRNA). In addition, our results showed that CPP-A-1 inhibited Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic 3 (Smad3) signaling pathways. Furthermore, In vitro tests of LX-2 cells demonstrated that CPP-A-1 not only inhibited α-SMA expression with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TGF-β1 stimulation, but also inhibited TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, similar to corresponding small-molecule inhibitors. Therefore, CPP-A-1 might exert suppressive effects against liver fibrosis by regulating TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, our findings support a possible application of CPP-A-1 for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Green Synthesized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Increased Oxidative Stress and Induced Cell Death in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells

The research investigated the effect of gold (Au-CM) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-CM) phytoreduced with Cornus mas fruit extract (CM) on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cell line. The impact of nanoparticles on the viability of DLD-1 tumor cells and normal cells was evaluated. Oxidative stress and cell death mechanisms (annexin/propidium iodide analysis, caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels, p53, BCL-2, BAX, NFkB expressions) as well as proliferation markers (Ki-67, PCNA and MAPK) were evaluated in tumor cells. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by measuring zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed. The nanoparticles induced apoptosis and necrosis of DLD-1 cells and reduced cell proliferation, especially Ag-CM, while on normal cells, both nanoparticles maintained their viability up to 80%. Ag-CM and Au-CM increased the expressions of p53 and NFkB in parallel with the downregulation of BCL-2 protein and induced the activation of caspase-8, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in cell death. Lipid peroxidation triggered by Ag-CM was correlated with tumor cell necrosis rate. Both nanoparticles obtained with phytocompounds from the CM extract protected normal cells and induced the death of DLD-1 tumor cells, especially by apoptosis.

The role of crystallinity of palladium nanocrystals in ROS generation and cytotoxicity induction

Palladium (Pd) nanocrystals with different crystalline forms exhibit distinct enzyme-like activities in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). How such crystallinity-dependent catalytic activity regulates potential cytotoxicity remains to be elucidated. In the present work, Pd nanocrystals with four different crystalline forms were synthesized, and the underlying mechanisms involved in ROS-mediated cytotoxicity were systematically revealed. Pd nanocrystals with the {100} (nanocubes) and {111} (nanooctahedrons and nanotetrahedrons) facets triggered cytotoxicity by generating singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radicals (OH˙), respectively. Meanwhile, Pd nanoconcave-tetrahedrons, which had both the {110} and {111} facets, induced ROS-mediated cytotoxicity via activating the superoxide (O₂˙^-) pathway. Consumption of protons and generation of hydroxide during intracellular ROS conversion resulted in pH alkalization, eventually leading to cell death. Our findings emphasize the importance of facet-dependent ROS generation promoted by Pd nanocrystals. Furthermore, alkalization is identified as a new biomarker for analyzing ROS-mediated cytotoxicity.