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Qin L, Zhai M, Cheng H. Indoor air pollution from the household combustion of coal: Tempo-spatial distribution of gaseous pollutants and semi-quantification of source contribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163502. [PMID: 37075989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coal is a widely used solid fuel for cooking and heating activities in rural households, whose incomplete combustion in inefficient household stoves releases a range of gaseous pollutants. To evaluate the impact of coal combustion on indoor air quality, this study comprehensively investigated the indoor air pollution of typical gaseous pollutants, including formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and methane (CH4), during coal combustion process in rural households using online monitoring with high tempo-spatial resolution. The indoor concentrations of gaseous pollutants were considerably elevated during the coal combustion period, with the indoor concentrations being significantly higher than those in courtyard air. The levels of several gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, TVOC, and CH4) in indoor air were much higher during the flaming phase than the de-volatilization and smoldering phases, while HCHO peaked in the de-volatilization phase. The gaseous pollutant concentrations mostly decreased from the room ceiling to the ground level, while their horizontal distribution was relatively uniform within the room. It was estimated that coal combustion accounted for about 71 %, 92 %, 63 %, 59 %, and 21 % of total exposure to indoor CO2, CO, TVOC, CH4, and HCHO, respectively. Improved stove combined with clean fuel could effectively lower the concentrations of CO2, CO, TVOC, and CH4 in indoor air and reduce the contributions of coal combustion to these gaseous pollutants by about 21-68 %. These findings help better understand the indoor air pollution resulting from residential coal combustion and could guide the development of intervention programs to improve indoor air quality in rural households of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Qin
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengkun Zhai
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Dong T, Hao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanistic insights into the chemical structural changes of lignite on potential formation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135916. [PMID: 35964729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated during lignite combustion and gasification are highly carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. Leveraging solvent extraction without damaging the macromolecular structure of lignite could help better understand the chemical structure and further clarify the possible source of PAHs, and the possibility of their elimination, thereby improving lignite utilization efficiency. In this study, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, and n-hexane were used to extract the feedstock at room temperature, and the constituents of the extracts were analyzed using GC-MS. The study showed that poly-condensed aromatic constituents were present in relatively high percentage in the extracts, due to the polarity effect of solvents, and could have a noticeable impact on the generation of PAHs. The aromatic hydrocarbons content accounts for nearly 70% of the total, which is about 10% higher than that of aliphatic hydrocarbons, and mainly exist in the form of 2 and 3 rings. Furthermore, FTIR, XRD and Raman were used to evaluate the macromolecular structural characteristics and the relevant information of the lignite bonds. The study demonstrated that the rupture of weak C-O or C-C covalent bonds promoted a more aromatic product, as strongly cross-linked networks of polycyclic aromatic components remained. The potential generation of PAHs was comprehensively ascertained by evaluating the extracts obtained at room temperature and products of combustion test, which can provide more information on PAHs pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Efficient Cyclic Utilization of Coal-Based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High Value Utilization of Coal-based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Zhifei Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Efficient Cyclic Utilization of Coal-Based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High Value Utilization of Coal-based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China.
| | - Yinmin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Efficient Cyclic Utilization of Coal-Based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High Value Utilization of Coal-based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Efficient Cyclic Utilization of Coal-Based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High Value Utilization of Coal-based Solid Waste, Hohhot, 010051, China
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3
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Li X, Lu Y, Shi Y, Wang P, Cao X, Cui H, Zhang M, Du D. Effects of urbanization on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China's estuarine rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119001. [PMID: 35176410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine rivers are the primary medium for transporting pollutants from human activities to the ocean. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have substantial toxicity and pose a significant risk to ecosystem and human health. However, the influences of urbanization on their distribution, particularly in China where urbanization is occurring rapidly, remain unclear. This study took three coastal economic circles of China as research areas, and investigated PAHs (16 species) in the estuarine river water. 95.9% of the sampling sites demonstrated moderate PAHs pollution and moderate ecological risk. Coal and petroleum combustion was the primary source of PAHs, but the source composition varied among the regions. Air pollution caused by energy emissions, particularly carbon emissions, has a critical and differential effect on PAHs distribution and deposition. With the increasing use of clean energy, PAHs emissions have been gradually reduced, which provides an effective option for PAHs reduction in a rapidly urbanizing coastal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Yajuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Haotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, 10019, China
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Yu K, Zhao Z, Lang X. Occurrence characteristics and source appointment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes over the past 100 years in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151905. [PMID: 34838905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The extensive anthropogenic activities and their potential impacts during the Anthropocene have led to a research focus on the sedimentary record. In the present study, the occurrence and temporal variations in the fluxes and compositions of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were investigated in 210Pb-dated sediment cores from a small catchment near the outflow Tanglangchuan in the western Dianchi Lake, China. The continuing organic contamination (i.e. PAHs and n-alkanes) from inputs to outputs has been of concern. To trace the sources and driving forces, multi indicators were applied. Results showed that the total organic carbon (TOC) contents and C/N ratios varied in the range of 4.20-12.30 mg g-1 dw and 8.64-15.65, respectively, indicating algae- and terrestrial plant-derived organic matter (OM). The flux of Σn-alkanes ranged from 0.67 to 38.86 μg cm-2 a-1 with a peak in 2013. The long-chain n-alkanes (Σn-alk26-35) and short-chain n-alkanes (Σn-alk12-20) accounted for 44.02%-49.38% and 35.32%-41.49% of the Σn-alkanes, respectively. A bimodal distribution of n-alkanes was displayed in the sediments implying the sedimentary OM may be derived from a mixed source of endogenous and exogenous origin. The posterior peak (≥n-C26) compounds in the highest abundance were n-C31 or n-C33 with a significant odd-numbered C predominance, representing terrestrial plant-derived OM. Whereas n-C16 was rich in all sediment profiles reflecting crude oil or incompletely combusted fossil fuel-derived source. The indicators analysis showed an increasing trend of the contribution from terrestrial plants and wet to drought climate during 1873-2019. The sedimentary flux of ΣPAHs ranged between 11.71 and 1231.54 ng cm-2 a-1 and the percent of high-ring PAHs rose annually indicating enhanced anthropogenic activities. In the past 147 years, the results of present study highlight the influence of the agricultural and industrial economy on the catchment outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kangkang Yu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiulu Lang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
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Wu X, Gao X, Tan T, Li C, Yan R, Chi Z, Feng Y, Gong P, Fang J, Zhang X, Aihemaiti K, Xu D. Sources and pollution path identification of PAHs in karst aquifers: an example from Liulin karst water system, northern China. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 241:103810. [PMID: 33866143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karst water, with constituting major sources for water supply worldwide, is vulnerable and prone to be polluted. In this study, it is reported that karst water polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution is caused by the infiltration of surface runoff in the bared carbonate areas, which is of universal significance for the protection of groundwater resources in karst region. Hydro-geochemistry, stable isotopes (δD, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr) and characteristic ratio method were conducted together to illustrate the concentration, distribution, sources and pollution path of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater in the Liulin karst water system of northern China. The results showed that total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ranged from 39.25 to 16,830 ng/L in groundwater, with Naphthalene being the dominant component, and the median value increased gradually along the flow path. The highest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in karst water were mainly observed in the coal mining and the discharge areas. Based on the characteristic ratios, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the study area mainly come from local incomplete combustion of woods, fossil fuels, coal and liquid fuels. The slight shift of δD and δ18O and moderate 87Sr/86Sr ratios suggest that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in karst water is mainly polluted by surface runoff during rain events in the bared karst region. The leakage of river water may partly contribute to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some karst water, which normally located close to the karst water - river water mixing line. This study provides a new technical method for tracing the sources and identifying the pollution paths of organic pollution in a karst water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xubo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Karst Dynamics Laboratory, MNR and GZAR, (Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS), Guilin, Guangxi 541004, PR China.
| | - Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ruyao Yan
- Water Resources Bureau of Lvliang City, Shanxi Province, Lishi 033000, PR China
| | - Zeyong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Peili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiancong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Kaisaerjiang Aihemaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:199-210. [PMID: 33877536 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ16PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ16PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.
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Yu H, Liu Y, Han C, Fang H, Weng J, Shu X, Pan Y, Ma L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters from the seven main river basins of China: Spatial distribution, source apportionment, and potential risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141764. [PMID: 32898799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report long-term measurements of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected from the surface waters of seven river basins across China. The spatial distribution, source apportionment, and potential risk assessment of 16 USEPA designated PAHs were reviewed. Water samples were collected from the Songhua River Basin (SRB), Yangtze River Basin (YtRB), Yellow River Basin (YRB), Pearl River Basin (PRB), Huai River Basin (HuRB), Liao River Basin (LRB), and Hai River Basin (HRB). Our results show that the total PAH concentration in the surface waters from primary river basins ranged from 99.60 to 3805.00 ng/L in the dry season with a geometric mean value of 797.96 ng/L, and from 235.84 to 11,812.20 ng/L in the wet season with a geometric mean value of 820.75 ng/L. In the river basins examined, the geometric concentration of Σ16PAHs ranged from 215.50 ng/L to 1969.91 ng/L, with a median value of 837.73 ng/L. In the decreasing order across seven river basins, the geometric mean Σ16PAHs content varied as: SRB (1969.91 ng/L) > LRB (1155.87 ng/L) > YRB (884.06 ng/L) > PRB (837.73 ng/L) > HuRB (559.10 ng/L) > HRB (261.84 ng/L) > YtRB (215.50 ng/L). Moreover, the total PAH concentration was slightly lower in the dry season than in the wet season. The pollution level of PAHs in North China was higher than in South China. No discernible temporal trend was observed in Σ16PAHs observed in China during the past decade. Overall, PAHs designated for priority control measures were Nap, Phe, and Flu; as 2- and 3-ring PAHs were the dominant compounds in the river basins, accounting for 33.7% and 36.9% of the total PAHs, respectively. Source analysis revealed that coal and biomass combustion were the main contributors to PAHs in the river basins, accounting for about 40% of the total. The geometric mean concentrations of individual PAH, including BaP, BaA, BbF, BkF, Ind, and DaA in some water samples exceeded the environmental quality standards of both China and the United States. According to metrics describing eco-toxicity from water contamination, the river basin was at moderate risk in YtRB, YRB, PRB, HuRB, and HRB, but at high risk in SRB and LRB, suggesting that targeted control measures or remedial actions should be undertaken to decrease PAH contamination in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Changxu Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Han Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junhe Weng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xingquan Shu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuwei Pan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Limin Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Zhang Y, Shen Z, Sun J, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zou H, Zhang T, Hang Ho SS, Chang X, Xu H, Wang T, Cao J. Parent, alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 emitted from residential biomass burning and coal combustion: A novel database of 14 heating scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115881. [PMID: 33120337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from residential biomass burning and coal combustion in field environments, smoke samples were collected from the combustion of six types of biomass in heated kangs and four types of coal in traditional stoves and semi-gasifier stoves. The emission factors (EFs) of the total PAH were in the range of 84.5-344 mg/kg for biomass burning, with lower EFs for biomass with higher densities, and in the range of 38.0-206 mg/kg for coal combustion, with lower EFs for coals with higher maturity. Moreover, EFs were lower from high-density biomass fuels (wood trunk, 84.5 ± 11.3 mg/kg) than low-maturity coals (bituminous coal, 206 ± 16.5 mg/kg). Parent, oxygenated, alkylated, and nitrated PAHs accounted for 81.1%, 12.6%, 6.2%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the total-PAH EFs from biomass burning, and 84.7%, 13.8%, 1.4%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the total-PAH EFs from coal combustion. PAH source profiles differed negligibly between biomass fuels but differed significantly between bituminous coal and anthracite coal fuels. The characteristic species of sources were phenanthrene, 9-fluorenone, and 2-nitrobiphenyl for biomass burning, and were phenanthrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-nitrobiphenyl for coal combustion. The ratios of benzo[b]fluoranthene/(benzo[b]fluoranthene + benzo[k]fluoranthene) were 0.40-0.45 for biomass burning and 0.89-0.91 for coal combustion, and these significantly different values constitute unique markers for distinguishing these fuels in source apportionment. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent factor emissions were 2.79-11.3 mg/kg for biomass and 7.49-41.9 mg/kg for coal, where parent PAHs contributed 92.0%-95.1% from biomass burning and 98.6%-98.8% from coal combustion. Total-PAH emissions from residential heating were 1552 t across Shaanxi province, to which wheat straw (445 t) in biomass burning and bituminous coal (438 t) in coal combustion were the highest contributors. Results from this study provide crucial knowledge for the source identification of PAHs as well as for the design of abatement strategies against pollutant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Haijiang Zou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojian Chang
- Agricultural Technology & Extension Central of Xi'an City, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Agricultural Technology & Extension Central of Xi'an City, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Ma Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Zheng H, Mi W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in benthos of the northern Bering Sea Shelf and Chukchi Sea Shelf. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:194-199. [PMID: 32933736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in benthos collected onboard the 'Snow Dragon' in the Northern Bering Sea Shelf and Chukchi Sea Shelf during the 6th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 2014). Σ18PAHs for all biota samples ranged from 34.2 to 128.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), with the highest concentration observed in fish muscle (Boreogadus saida) samples close to St. Lawrence Island. The PAH composition pattern was dominated by the presence of lighter 3 ring (57%) and 2 ring (28%) PAHs, indicating oil-related or petrogenic sources as important origins of PAH contamination. Concentrations of alkyl-PAHs (1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene) were lower than their parent PAH (naphthalene) in all biological tissue, and their percentage also decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with those in the corresponding sediment. There were no significant relationships between PAH concentrations and trophic levels, which is possibly due to the combined results of the complex benthic foodweb in the subarctic/Arctic shelf region, as well as a low assimilation/effective metabolism for PAHs. According to toxic potency evaluation results from TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) and BaP-equivalent (BaPE) values, whelk (Neptunea heros) and starfish (Ctenodiscus crispatus) are two macroinvertebrate species showing relatively higher dioxin-like toxicity and carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Yurong Sun
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Max-Plank Street 2, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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Zhang Y, Yan Q, Wang J, Han S, He R, Zhao Q, Jin M, Zhang R. Emission characteristics and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter from the prebaked anode industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137546. [PMID: 32192972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) and source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the prebaked anode industry were studied to fill the knowledge gap and provide data for emission inventory and source resolution. In 2018, three prebaked anode plants were selected in Central China, each having one calcining chimney as well as one baking chimney, and then 92 samples were collected from the stack gas of the six chimneys. The results of the study are as follows. (1) PM10 and PM2.5 from the prebaked anode industry contained 37-42% water-soluble ions, 16-20% elements, 11-17% organic carbon, and 9.2-14% elemental carbon. (2) The EFs for PAHs of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1146.1 ± 899.7 and 866.2 ± 1179.8 mg/(t aluminum produced), respectively. The EF for BaP was seven times lower than that given by the European Environment Agency (EEA), whereas those of BbF, BkF, and IcdP were 2-13 times higher than those given by the EEA. (3) Seven diagnostic ratios for PAHs, including Ant/(Ant+Phe), Flua/(Flua+Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Chr), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), Phe/Ant and BaA/Chr were discussed. Just by diagnostic ratio, it is hard to precisely distinguish between calcining and baking in prebaked industry. (4) The toxic equivalence of PMs in the baking stack gas in the prebaked anode industry was five times higher than that in the calcining stack gas, and PM2.5 showed higher potential toxicity risk than PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishun Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qishe Yan
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruidong He
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Jin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Zhang Y, Shen Z, Sun J, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zhang T, Wang J, Xu H, Liu P, Zhang N, Cao J. Parent, alkylated, oxygenated and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from raw coal chunks and clean coal combustion: Emission factors, source profiles, and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137696. [PMID: 32182464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Residential coals are still inevitable using in developing areas in China. Clean coal briquettes, normally using alkaline substance such as lime or red mud (RM) as the additive, were helpful in pollution emission reduction even without changes of stoves. Studies of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emission characteristics from RM clear coal combustion were limited. In this study, emission factors (EFs), sources profiles, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 were investigated for raw coal chunks and clean coal (with red mud) through combustion experiments. EFs of total PAHs were found to be 160.1 ± 100.9 mg·kg-1 and 19.4 ± 6.1 mg·kg-1 for bituminous and anthracite raw coal chunks (B-C and A-C), respectively. EFs values were highest for parent PAHs (p-PAHs), followed by oxygenated PAHs (o-PAHs), alkylated PAHs (a-PAHs), and nitro PAHs (n-PAHs). EFs of p-PAHs account for 80% and 52% of total PAHs emissions for B-C and A-C, respectively, while those for o-PAHs are 22.9% and 44.9%, demonstrating residential coal combustion as a significant primary source for p-PAHs and o-PAHs. Clean coals were developed through cold-press technology with red mud (RM) as additive, and clean coals with RM contents of 10% are referred to as B-10% (bituminous) and A-10% (anthracite). Compared to raw coals chunks, EFs were reduced from 128.1, 2.5, 29.3 mg·kg-1 and 161.8 μg·kg-1 to 83.5, 1.3, 16.4 mg·kg-1 and 102.2 μg·kg-1 by B-10%, and from 10.1, 0.6, 8.7 mg·kg-1 and 20.6 μg·kg-1 to 11.9, 0.2, 2.4 mg·kg-1 and 15.3 μg·kg-1 by A-10% for p-PAHs, o-PAHs, a-PAHs and n-PAHs, respectively. Diagnostic ratios of 5-Nitroacenaphthene / Acenaphthene (0.02-0.05 for coal, 0.0002 for biomass) can be used to separate residential coal and biomass burning in source analysis. When B-C was replaced by B-10%, both noncancer (0.58 to 0.33 for male, 1.65 to 0.95 for female in hazard quotient) and cancer risks (5.68 × 10-4 to 2.73 × 10-4 for male, 2.63 × 10-3 to 1.27 × 10-3 for female) can be reduced. o-PAHs should be paid more attention because of its high cancer risks caused by 6H-Benzo(C,D)Pyrene-6-One (1.74 × 10-5 for male, 8.07 × 10-5 for female), which are even more than the total risks caused by n-PAHs (3.59 × 10-7 for male, 1.66 × 10-6 for female). Results from this study highlighted the environment and health effects of PAHs originated from residential coal combustion, and proposed an effective way by using clean coal to alleviate the associated negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; State Key laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; State Key laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- NICU, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - NingNing Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
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Zhang F, Shang X, Chen H, Xie G, Fu Y, Wu D, Sun W, Liu P, Zhang C, Mu Y, Zeng L, Wan M, Wang Y, Xiao H, Wang G, Chen J. Significant impact of coal combustion on VOCs emissions in winter in a North China rural site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137617. [PMID: 32325589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out using an online GC-FID/MS at a rural site in North China Plain from 1 Nov. 2017 to 21 Jan. 2018. Their concentrations, emission ratios and source apportionment are investigated. During the entire experiment period, the average mixing ratio of VOCs was 69.5 ± 51.9 ppb, among which alkanes contributed the most (37% on average). Eight sources were identified in the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) model as short-chain alkanes (13.3%), biomass burning (4.6%), solvent (10.8%), industry (3.7%), coal combustion (41.1%), background (4.5%), vehicular emission (7.7%) and secondary formation (14.2%). In addition to the formation of OVOCs through photochemical reactions, the primary sources, such as coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicular emission, solvent and industry, can also contribute to OVOCs emissions. High OVOCs emission ratios thus were observed at Wangdu site. Primary emission was estimated to contribute 50%, 45%, 73%, 77%, 40%, and 29% on average to acrolein, acetone, methylvinylketone (MVK), methylethylketone (MEK), methacrolein and n-hexanal according to NMF analysis, respectively, which was well consistent with the contribution from photochemical age method. Secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) was evaluated by SOA yield, which was significantly higher under low-NOx condition (13.4 μg m-3 ppm-1) than that under high-NOx condition (3.2 μg m-3 ppm-1). Moreover, the photochemical reactivity and sources of VOCs showed differences in seven observed pollution episodes. Among, the largest OH loss rate and SOAFP were found in severe pollution plumes, which were induced primarily by coal combustion. Therefore, mitigation strategies for severe pollution formation should focus on reducing coal combustion emitted VOCs that lead to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Guangzhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314000, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200062, China.
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13
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Jia H, Li S, Wu L, Li S, Sharma VK, Yan B. Cytotoxic Free Radicals on Air-Borne Soot Particles Generated by Burning Wood or Low-Maturity Coals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5608-5618. [PMID: 32083475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The traditional cook stove is a major contributor to combustion-derived soot particles, which contain various chemical species that may cause a significant impact to human health and ecosystems. However, properties and toxicity associated with environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in such emissions are not well known. This paper investigated the characteristics and cytotoxicity of soot-associated EPFRs discharged from Chinese household stoves. Our results showed that the concentrations of EPFRs were related to fuel types, and they were higher in wood-burning soot (8.9-10.5 × 1016 spins/g) than in coal-burning soot (3.9-9.7 × 1016 spins/g). Meanwhile, EPFR concentrations in soot decreased with an increase of coal maturity. The soot EPFRs, especially reactive fractions, readily induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Potential health effects of soot EPFRs were also examined using normal human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE as a model. Soot particles were internalized by 16HBE cells inducing cytotoxicity. The main toxicity inducers were identified to be reactive EPFR species, which generated ROS inside human cells. Our findings provided valuable insights into potential contributions of soot EPFRs associated with different types of fuel to health problems. This information will support regulations to end or limit current stove usage in numerous households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuaishuai Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lan Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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14
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Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041338. [PMID: 32092965 PMCID: PMC7068605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The varying concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at remote islands is an important indicator, demonstrating the contributions from different regional combustion sources. In this study, gaseous and particulate PAHs were measured at Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin from 15th March to 14th April, 2015. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 116.22 to 186.74 ng/m3 and from 40.19 to 61.86 ng/m3 in gas and particulate phase, respectively, which were much higher than those of some remote sites in Asia. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, which were mainly found in diesel vehicle emissions, had relatively high concentrations in both gas and particulate phases. According to the comprehensive results of back trajectory cluster analysis and diagnostic ratios, the local vessel emission was probably the main source of PAHs, which was much more important than the coal and biomass combustion sources from remoter regions. The toxicities represented by ∑PAH7, benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-based total toxicity potency are much higher in particulate phase than those in gas phase. However, the toxicities of gas phase should not be neglected from the point of view of indirect-acting mutagenicities due to the high contribution of fluoranthene.
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Mundo R, Matsunaka T, Iwai H, Ogiso S, Suzuki N, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Nagao S. Interannual Survey on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seawater of North Nanao Bay, Ishikawa, Japan, from 2015 to 2018: Sources, Pathways and Ecological Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030904. [PMID: 32024093 PMCID: PMC7038190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To improve the understanding of the emission sources and pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal environments of remote areas, their particulate and dissolved concentrations were analyzed on a monthly basis from 2015 to 2018 in surface waters of Nanao Bay, Japan. The concentration of the targeted 13 species of PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutant list in dissolved and particle phases were separately analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector. Particulate and dissolved PAHs had average concentrations of 0.72 ng∙L-1 and 0.95 ng∙L-1, respectively. While most of the samples were lower than 1 ng∙L-1, abnormally high levels up to 10 ng∙L-1 were observed in the winter of 2017-2018 for particulate PAHs. Based on the isomer ratios of Flu to Flu plus Pyr, it was possible to determine that the pyrogenic loads were greater than the petrogenic loads in all but four out of 86 samples. The predominant environmental pathway for PAHs in winter was determined to be long-range atmospheric transportation fed by the East Asian winter monsoon, while for the summer, local sources were more relevant. By the risk quotients method, it was determined that PAHs in surface seawater presented a very low risk to marine life during the interannual survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mundo
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (R.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Tetsuya Matsunaka
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (R.M.); (S.N.)
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi 923-1224, Japan; (H.I.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-151-4440
| | - Hisanori Iwai
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi 923-1224, Japan; (H.I.); (K.H.)
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho 927-0553, Japan; (S.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho 927-0553, Japan; (S.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi 923-1224, Japan; (H.I.); (K.H.)
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (R.M.); (S.N.)
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Nomi 923-1224, Japan; (H.I.); (K.H.)
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16
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Cai C, Chen L, Huang H, Liu Y, Yu S, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. Effects of temperature on the emission of particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from the thermal treatment of printed wiring boards. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120849. [PMID: 31315071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperature on the emission of pollutants during the thermal treatment of electronic waste have rarely been investigated. The emission of particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from the thermal treatment of printed wiring boards was investigated over a temperature range of 320-600 °C. The emission factors (EFs) were determined to be within 1.6-7.6 g/kg, 2.23-11.9 μg/g, and 0.9-5.5 μg/g, respectively. High temperatures increased the formation of PAHs and CO, but decreased the emission of PBDEs, PM, and organic carbon. A temperature of 480 °C was determined to be optimal. Low-molecular-weight components were the dominant PAH species. The compositional profiles of PBDEs were clearly observed to vary with the temperature. Small particles (< 2.1 μm) that were more affected by temperature were dominant in PM, particle-bound PAHs, and PBDEs at all temperatures. High temperature increased the EFs of gaseous PAHs but had no remarkable effect on those of particulate PAHs. The freshly emitted PAHs primarily existed in the particulate phase at low temperatures, while the gaseous phase PAHs became prevailing at ≥ 520 °C. The particulate PBDEs were more susceptible to temperature and overwhelmingly dominant over the entire temperature range considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYang Cai
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - LiYuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - HuiJing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - ShuangYu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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17
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Gao P, Hu J, Song J, Chen X, Ou C, Wang H, Sha C, Hang J, Xing B. Inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy PM 2.5 pollution days: Implications for public health risk assessment in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113296. [PMID: 31600706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne (PM2.5) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm was collected from 4 types of cities in northeast China during the heating period. The objectives of this study were to assess the concentrations variation of PM2.5-bound 12 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH12), to study the influence of simulated lung fluids on bioaccessibility of PAH12 and to estimate the variation of lifetime excess cancer risk to the residents, artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and Gamble's solution were used. The number of lifetime excess cancer cases (determined by California Environmental Protection Agency method) as a result of PAH12 exposure (total concentration) was 4.00-430 (provincial central cities), 24.0-261 (energy-mining cities), 17.0-109 (forested city), and 20.0-69.0 (agricultural city) per million people, which relatively corresponded to a 92.2% and 96.2%, 92.6% and 97.3%, 92.2% and 94.2%, and 86.5% and 92.6% decrease after considering bioaccessibility following 24-h of Gamble's solution and ALF extraction, respectively. Phenanthrene (Phe), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were found to be the most bioaccessible types of PAH12 after the Gamble's solution and ALF extraction in the PM2.5 samples from all the studied cities. Based on the point-estimate approach, short-term predictions of pulmonary toxicity caused by potential inhalation of airborne PM into the pulmonary system might be overestimated if bioaccessibility of PM2.5-bound PAH12 is not fully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Ou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chenyuan Sha
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Hang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
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18
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Cheng Y, Kong S, Yan Q, Liu H, Wang W, Chen K, Yin Y, Zheng H, Wu J, Yao L, Zeng X, Zheng S, Wu F, Niu Z, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Zheng M, Qi S. Size-segregated emission factors and health risks of PAHs from residential coal flaming/smoldering combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:31793-31803. [PMID: 31485941 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Residential coal combustion is one of the main sources of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Updating its emission estimation is limited by the shortages of emission factors, especially for them in different particle sizes and from different combustion conditions. PAH emission factors (EFs) for nine size-segregated particle segments emitted from smoldering and flaming combustion of residential coals (four kinds of raw coals (RCs) and three kinds of honeycomb coal briquettes (HCBs)) were obtained in China, using a dilution sampling system. EFs of PAHs for the flaming and smoldering of HCB ranged from 1.32 to 2.04 mg kg-1 and 0.35 to 5.36 mg kg-1, respectively. The EFs of PAHs for RC flaming combustion varied from 0.50 to 218.96 mg kg-1. About 53.5-96.4% and 47.4-90.9% of PAHs concentrated in PM2.1 and PM1.1, respectively. Different fuel types and combustion conditions strongly affected the PAH EFs. The PAH EF for the RC was 0.3 times that for HCB in Guizhou, which implied that PAH EFs for RC combustion were not always higher than those from HCB burning. For different combustion conditions, the PAH EFs from flaming were more than 2.5 times higher than those from smoldering for HCB except in the Anhui region. Results indicated that current PAH EFs may not be universal, which may bias the establishment of control policies for toxic pollutants emitted from domestic coal burning. On average, 73.2 ± 15.5% of total PAH potential toxicity risks were concentrated in submicron particles. More size-segregated PAH EFs for residential coal combustion should be investigated considering combustion conditions with a uniform sampling method in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haibiao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangqi Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Mogashane TM, Mujuru M, McCrindle RI, Ambushe AA. Quantification, source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Mokolo and Blood Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 55:71-81. [PMID: 31526109 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1666559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment is of major concern since some of these compounds are highly persistent, toxic (causing cancer) and wide spread pollutants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of PAHs in sediment samples collected from Blood and Mokolo Rivers in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The PAHs in sediments were extracted using optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The quantification of sixteen (16) PAHs in sediments was done by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The levels of PAHs recorded in sediment samples from Blood River ranged between 0.015 and 3.25 mg kg-1. The concentrations of PAHs obtained in sediments from Mokolo River (0.047 to 52.7 mg kg-1) were higher than those recorded in sediments from Blood River. The PAHs ratios indicated that both pyrogenic and petrogenic could be the sources of these compounds in both rivers. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPE) were used to estimate the potential human health risk of PAHs in quantitative terms. The assessment of ecotoxicological risk indicated that the sediment samples collected from Mokolo River are at high toxicity risk while sediments from Blood River are at low sediment toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Munyaradzi Mujuru
- Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Robert I McCrindle
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia, South Africa
| | - Abayneh A Ambushe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
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Wang R, Liu G, Sun R, Yousaf B, Wang J, Liu R, Zhang H. Emission characteristics for gaseous- and size-segregated particulate PAHs in coal combustion flue gas from circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:581-589. [PMID: 29609169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between gaseous and particulate phases from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) is critically important to predict PAH removal by dust control devices. In this study, 16 US-EPA priority PAHs in gaseous and size-segregated particulate phases at the inlet and outlet of the fabric filter unit (FFs) of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler were analyzed. The partitioning mechanisms of PAHs between gaseous and particulate phases and in particles of different size classes were investigated. We found that the removal efficiencies of PAHs are 45.59% and 70.67-89.06% for gaseous and particulate phases, respectively. The gaseous phase mainly contains low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (2- and 3-ring PAHs), which is quite different from the particulate phase that mainly contains medium and high molecular weight (MMW and HMW) PAHs (4- to 6-ring PAHs). The fractions of LMW PAHs show a declining trend with the decrease of particle size. The gas-particle partitioning of PAHs is primarily controlled by organic carbon absorption, in addition, it has a clear dependence on the particle sizes. Plot of log (TPAH/PM) against logDp shows that all slope values were below -1, suggesting that PAHs were mainly adsorbed to particulates. The adsorption effect of PAHs in size-segregated PMs for HMW PAHs is more evident than LMW PAHs. The particle size distributions (PSDs) of individual PAHs show that most of PAHs exhibit bi-model structures, with one mode peaking in the accumulation size range (2.1-1.1 μm) and another mode peaking in coarse size range (5.8-4.7 μm). The intensities of these two peaks vary in function of ring number of PAHs, which is likely attributed to Kelvin effect that the less volatile HMW PAH species preferentially condense onto the finer particulates. The emission factor of PAHs was calculated as 3.53 mg/kg of coal burned, with overall mean EFPAH of 0.55 and 2.98 mg/kg for gaseous and particulate phase, respectively. Moreover, the average emission amount of PAHs for the investigated CFPP was 1016.6 g/day and 371073.6 g/y, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jizhong Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Rongqiong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Anhui Department of Environmental Protection, Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei, 230071, China
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Yu Q, Yang W, Zhu M, Gao B, Li S, Li G, Fang H, Zhou H, Zhang H, Wu Z, Song W, Tan J, Zhang Y, Bi X, Chen L, Wang X. Ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural Beijing: Unabated with enhanced temporary emission control during the 2014 APEC summit and largely aggravated after the start of wintertime heating. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:532-542. [PMID: 29605613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For human health benefits it is crucial to see if carcinogenic air pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reduced accordingly along with the control of the criteria pollutants including fine particles (PM2.5). A number of studies documented that enhanced temporary emission control during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit (APEC) in Beijing resulted in substantial drops of observed ambient PM2.5, as well as PAHs, in urban areas of Beijing, yet it is not clear whether PM2.5-bound PAHs in the rural areas were also lowered during the APEC. Here filter-based PM2.5 samples were collected at a rural site in northeast of Beijing, and analyzed for 25 PAHs before (Oct. 27-Nov. 2, 2014), during (Nov. 3-12, 2014) and after (Nov. 13, 2014-Jan. 14, 2015) the APEC. Observed concentrations of PM2.5, OC and EC during the APEC dropped by about 30%, however, average PM2.5-bound PAHs and their incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), 25.65 ng/m3 and 3.2 × 10-4, remained almost unchanged when compared to that of 25.48 ng/m3 and 3.5 × 10-4, respectively, before the APEC. After the APEC with the start of wintertime central heating in urban Beijing on Nov. 15, 2014, average total concentration of PAHs and their ILCR highly elevated and reached 118.25 ng/m3 and 1.5 × 10-3, respectively. Source apportioning by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that coal combustion was the largest source that contributed 63.2% (16.1 ng/m3), 78.5% (20.1 ng/m3) and 56.1% (66.3 ng/m3) to the total PAHs before, during and after the APEC, respectively. Uncontrolled residential coal use during the APEC was found to be the reason for unabated levels of PAHs, and the largely aggravated PAHs after the APEC was resulted from increased coal consumption for wintertime residential heating. Our results suggested reducing emission from residential coal combustion is crucial to mitigate carcinogenic PAHs in ambient air, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Gao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaishan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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22
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Cai C, Yu S, Li X, Liu Y, Tao S, Liu W. Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from pyrolytic processing during dismantling of electronic wastes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 351:270-276. [PMID: 29550561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two typical types of electronic waste (E-waste) were selected to investigate the emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pyrolytic processing, including emission factor, compositional profile, size distribution and gas-particle partitioning. The mean emission factors (EFs) of total PAHs were measured to be 2.77 ± 1.41 μg/g and 23.65 ± 14.52 μg/g for printed wiring boards and plastic casings, respectively, lower than those for coal combustion and biomass burning. Low molecular weight species were predominant in exhaust fumes, with overwhelming amounts of naphthalene (NAP) and phenanthrene (PHE) in the gaseous phase and particulate phase, respectively. The particle-size distribution exhibited the largest enrichment of total PAHs in finer particles less than 2.1 μm. Similarly, the distributions of individual species were dominated by finer particles. Most freshly emitted PAHs were liable to exist in particulate phase relative to gaseous phase. Based on the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic power, PAHs in particulate phase may have much stronger toxicity compared with those present in gaseous phase. The gas-particle partitioning behaviors of freshly emitted PAHs from pyrolytic processing of E-wastes were mainly regulated by absorption rather than adsorption, and the gas-particle partitioning did not reach equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYang Cai
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - ShuangYu Yu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - XinYue Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Li YC, Qiu JQ, Shu M, Ho SSH, Cao JJ, Wang GH, Wang XX, Zhao XQ. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 emitted from different cooking activities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4750-4760. [PMID: 29198025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 emitted from five different cooking activities were characterized, and their influencing factors were determined. The total quantified particle-bounded PAH concentrations (ΣPAHs) in the airs from the cooking activities were 4.2-36.5-fold higher than those in corresponding backgrounds. The highest ΣPAHs were seen in cafeteria frying (783 ± 499 ng/m3), followed by meat roasting (420 ± 191 ng/m3), fish roasting (210 ± 105 ng/m3), snack-street boiling (202 ± 230 ng/m3), and cafeteria boiling (150 ± 65 ng/m3). The main influencing factors on the PAH emissions were cooking methods, fat contents in raw materials, and oil consumptions. Four- to six-ringed PAHs had the highest contributions to the ΣPAHs (avg. 87.5%). Diagnostic ratios of individual PAH were similar between the two charbroiling and other three conventional Chinese cooking methods, respectively, demonstrating the dominance of cooking methods in the PAH emissions. Remarkably high benzo(b)fluoranthene/benzo(k)fluoranthene (BbF/BkF) ratio (8.31) was seen in the snack-street boiling, attributed to the coal combustion as cooking fuel. Both fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) [FLT/(FLT + PYR)] and benzo(a)anthracene/(benzo(a)anthracene + chrysene) [BaA/(BaA + CHR)] ratios were higher for the oil-based cooking than those from the water-based ones. In addition, two ratios of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) [IPY/(IPY + BPE)] and benzo(a)pyrene/(benzo(a)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) [BaP/(BaP + BPE)] were higher for two charbroiling than the three conventional Chinese cooking methods. The characterization work in this study is particularly important since cooking is a potential contributor of atmospheric PAHs in urban China. Carcinogenic potencies of PAHs were assessed by comparison with the air quality guideline and health risk estimation. The BaP and BaP equivalent were higher for the oil-based than the water-based cooking activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chun Li
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jia-Qian Qiu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Man Shu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Ge-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Xian-Xiang Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhao
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Dat ND, Chang MB. Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:682-693. [PMID: 28763665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings. PAHs are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants which are well-recognized as carcinogenic, teratogenic and genotoxic compounds. PAHs are released from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing carbon and hydrogen, such as coal, oil, wood and petroleum products. Understanding the characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, source profiles and technologies available for controlling PAHs emission is essential to reduce the impacts of PAHs. This paper offers an overview on concentration and distribution of atmospheric PAHs, emission factors and distribution of PAHs in different sources, and available control technologies. Characteristics of atmospheric PAHs vary with meteorological conditions and emission sources, while characteristics of PAHs emission depend on burned material and combustion condition. Combination of some technologies may be necessary for effective removal of both low-ring and high-ring PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
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25
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Yang X, Liu S, Xu Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Tang N, Hayakawa K. Emission factors of polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential combustion of coal and crop residue pellets. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1265-1273. [PMID: 28947317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are toxic pollutants mainly produced during fossil fuel combustion. Domestic coal stoves, which emit large amounts of PAHs and NPAHs, are widely used in the Chinese countryside. In this study, emission factors (Efs) for 13 PAH species and 21 NPAH species for four raw coal (three bituminous and one anthracite), one honeycomb briquette, and one crop residue pellet (peanut hulls) samples burned in a typical Chinese rural cooking stove were determined experimentally. The PAH and NPAH Efs for the six fuels were 3.15-49 mg/kg and 0.32-100 μg/kg, respectively. Peanut hulls had very high Efs for both PAHs and NPAHs, and honeycomb briquettes had the lowest Efs. 2-Nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluoranthene, which are NPAHs typically found in secondary organic aerosol, were detected in the emissions from some fuels, suggesting that chemical reactions may have occurred in the dilution tunnel between the flue gas leaving the stove and entering the sampler. The 1-nitropyrene to pyrene diagnostic ratios for coal and peanut hulls were 0.0001 ± 0.0001 and 0.0005, respectively. These were in the same order of magnitude as reference ratios for emissions during coal combustion. The 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene to benzo[a]pyrene ratios for the fuels were determined, and the ratios for coal and peanut hulls were 0.0010 ± 0.0001 and 0.0014, respectively. The calculated potential toxic risks indicated that peanut hull emissions were very toxic, especially in terms of NPAHs, compared with emissions from the other fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110036, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110036, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Samburova V, Zielinska B, Khlystov A. Do 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Represent PAH Air Toxicity? TOXICS 2017; 5:E17. [PMID: 29051449 PMCID: PMC5634701 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of carcinogenic potency based on analysis of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranked by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the most popular approach within scientific and environmental air quality management communities. The majority of PAH monitoring projects have been focused on particle-bound PAHs, ignoring the contribution of gas-phase PAHs to the toxicity of PAH mixtures in air samples. In this study, we analyzed the results of 13 projects in which 88 PAHs in both gas and particle phases were collected from different sources (biomass burning, mining operation, and vehicle emissions), as well as in urban air. The aim was to investigate whether 16 particle-bound U.S. EPA priority PAHs adequately represented health risks of inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAH mixtures. PAH concentrations were converted to benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BaPeq) toxicity using the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach. TEFs of PAH compounds for which such data is not available were estimated using TEFs of close isomers. Total BaPeq toxicities (∑88BaPeq) of gas- and particle-phase PAHs were compared with BaPeq toxicities calculated for the 16 particle-phase EPA PAH (∑16EPABaPeq). The results showed that 16 EPA particle-bound PAHs underrepresented the carcinogenic potency on average by 85.6% relative to the total (gas and particle) BaPeq toxicity of 88 PAHs. Gas-phase PAHs, like methylnaphthalenes, may contribute up to 30% of ∑88BaPeq. Accounting for other individual non-EPA PAHs (i.e., benzo(e)pyrene) and gas-phase PAHs (i.e., naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene) will make the risk assessment of PAH-containing air samples significantly more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Samburova
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Barbara Zielinska
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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Kang F, Mao X, Wang X, Wang J, Yang B, Gao Y. Sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during haze days in eastern China: A 1-year case study in Nanjing City. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:76-83. [PMID: 28235658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air were investigated for a 1-year period to assess their sources and health risks during haze days in Nanjing City, eastern China. The highest level of total PAHs (∑16 PAHs) in the gaseous phase during the haze days was 18.0±13.3µg/m3. Their sources may be attributable to pyrogenic products (55.2%), petrochemical refining industry (8.7%), and petrol volatilization (36.1%). The incremental lifetime cancer risk during the haze days exceeded or was close to the priority level of risk (10-4), indicating that PAH pollution during the haze days has caused public health problems associated with the respiratory system. The priority PAHs in the particle phase are mainly composed of low-ring components (<4 rings), accounting for 65.2-96.8% of the ∑16 PAHs during haze days. These particles are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons (16.5%), incomplete combustion of gasoline (62.2%), and burning of coal and biomass (21.4%). The priority level of risk fell within an acceptable range (10-7-10-6). The PAHs in suspended particles can be transported to the surfaces of vegetables by gravitational deposition, causing an increase in PAH concentrations in vegetable leaves. The increased carcinogenic risk associated with human dietary intake was 6.9×10-5 for S. oleracea, 1.7×10-5 for B. pekinensis, and 6.2×10-6 for B. chinensis. These levels were close to the critical value (10-4), and the potential health risks from dietary intake of PAHs should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Kang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Mao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiyu Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Garrido MA, Font R, Conesa JA. Pollutant emissions from the pyrolysis and combustion of viscoelastic memory foam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:183-194. [PMID: 27802887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermal degradation of viscoelastic memory foam (VMF) in a horizontal laboratory scale reactor has been studied. Pyrolysis and combustion experiments under sub-stoichiometric conditions were performed at four different temperatures (550°C, 650°C, 750°C and 850°C) for the determination of pollutants. Analyses of gas and semivolatile compounds, including polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (dl-PCBs) are shown. From the results, it was deduced that pyrolytic conditions favor the formation of PAHs, methane, ethylene, NH3 and dl-PCBs, whereas the presence of oxygen involves a higher emission of PCDD/Fs and simple N-containing compounds such as NO and HCN. The toxic levels calculated for PAHs, PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in all cases were low confirming that the incineration of VMF mattress waste could be a good option for waste management. Nevertheless, relatively high emissions of NO, NH3 and HCN were obtained and their reduction must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Garrido
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Rafael Font
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A Conesa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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29
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Zhang L, Bai YS, Wang JZ, Peng SC, Chen TH, Yin DQ. Identification and determination of the contribution of iron-steel manufacturing industry to sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a large shallow lake of eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22037-22046. [PMID: 27541150 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were determined in surface sediments collected from the Chaohu Lake (a large shallow lake in eastern China) and its tributaries. Both diagnostic ratios and a receptor model (positive matrix factorization, PMF) were applied to identify and determine the contribution of a local iron-steel manufacturing plant located in the Nanfei River (NFR) to the Chaohu Lake basin. The results show that sites located in the downstream of the steel plant contained concentrations of 17 PAH (Σ17PAH) approximately two orders of magnitudes higher than those from other sites. Five factors were identified by the PMF model, including industrial waste, wood/biomass burning, diagenetic origin, domestic coal combustion, and industrial combustion. Our findings suggest that sediments in the downstream of the plant and in the western part of the Chaohu Lake were predominantly affected by industrial coal combustion. A mixture of pyrolytic origins impacted urban sediments in the upstream of the plant, whereas diagenetic origins along with coal and biomass burning were suggested to influence the eastern part and rural tributaries of the lake. To assess the potential ecological risk and toxicity caused by the iron-steel plant, sediment toxicity was evaluated by the PMF model, sediment quality guideline, and toxic equivalent factors. All of the three approaches suggested PAH accumulation in the NFR sediments could produce significant adverse ecological effects and half of the sediment toxicity in the NFR may be attributed to the emissions from the iron-steel plant. Some rural locations also exhibited PAH concentrations above probable effects, most likely contributed by wood/biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Science Research, Hefei, 230071, China
| | - Ya-Shu Bai
- State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, Fujian, 361008, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Shu-Chuan Peng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tian-Hu Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Da-Qiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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30
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Peng N, Li Y, Liu Z, Liu T, Gai C. Emission, distribution and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal co-combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:1201-1207. [PMID: 27265733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emission and distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated during municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal combustion alone and MSW/coal blend (MSW weight fraction of 25%) co-combustion within a temperature range of 500°C-900°C. The results showed that for all combustion experiments, flue gas occupied the highest proportion of total PAHs and fly ash contained more high-ring PAHs. Moreover, the 3- and 4-ring PAHs accounted for the majority of total PAHs and Ant or Phe had the highest concentrations. Compared to coal, MSW combustion generated high levels of total PAHs with the range of 111.28μg/g-10,047.22μg/g and had high toxicity equivalent value (TEQ). MSW/coal co-combustion generated the smallest amounts of total PAHs and had the lowest TEQ than MSW and coal combustion alone. Significant synergistic interactions occurred between MSW and coal during co-combustion and the interactions suppressed the formation of PAHs, especially hazardous high-ring PAHs and decreased the TEQ. The present study indicated that the reduction of the yield and toxicity of PAHs can be achieved by co-combustion of MSW and coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Peng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhengang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Gai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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31
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Xu J, Peng X, Guo CS, Xu J, Lin HX, Shi GL, Lv JP, Zhang Y, Feng YC, Tysklind M. Sediment PAH source apportionment in the Liaohe River using the ME2 approach: A comparison to the PMF model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:164-171. [PMID: 26925728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminant source apportionment is essential for pollution management and control. This study analysed surface sediment samples for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAH sources were identified by two receptor models, which included positive matrix factorization (PMF) and multilinear engine 2 (ME2). Three PAH sources in the Liaohe River sediments were identified by PMF, including traffic, coke oven and coal combustion. The ME2 model apportioned one additional source. The two models yielded excellent correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted PAH concentrations. Traffic emission was the primary PAH source associated with the Liaohe River sediments, with estimated PMF contributions of 58% in May and 63% in September. Coke oven (19%-25%) and coal combustion (13%-18%) were the other two major PAH sources. For ME2, gasoline and diesel were separated: accounted for 14% in May and 16% in September; and 53% in May and 48% in September. This study marks the first application of the ME2 model to study sediment contaminant source apportionment. The methodology can potentially be applied to other aquatic environment contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xing Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hai-Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jia-Pei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Chang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
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32
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Tian C, Feng Y, Chen T, Li J, Zhang G. Influence of different types of coals and stoves on the emissions of parent and oxygenated PAHs from residential coal combustion in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:1-8. [PMID: 26836959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of coal property and stove efficiency on the emissions of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs) during the combustion, fifteen coal/stove combinations were tested in this study, including five coals of different geological maturities in briquette and chunk forms burned in two residential stoves. The emission factors (EFs) of pPAHs and oPAHs were in the range of 0.129-16.7 mg/kg and 0.059-0.882 mg/kg, respectively. The geological maturity of coal significantly affected the emissions of pPAHs and oPAHs with the lower maturity coals yielding the higher emissions. The chunk-to-briquette transformation of coal dramatically increased the emissions of pPAHs and oPAHs during the combustion of anthracite, whereas this transformation only elevated the emissions of high molecular weight PAHs for bituminous coals. The influence of stove type on the emissions of pPAHs and oPAHs was also geological-maturity-dependent. High efficiency stove significantly reduced the emissions of PAHs from those relatively high-maturity coals, but its influences on low-maturity coals were inconstant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change Shanghai, CMA, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yanli Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Amway (China) Research & Development Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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33
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Guo X, Li C, Gao Y, Tang L, Briki M, Ding H, Ji H. Sources of organic matter (PAHs and n-alkanes) in PM2.5 of Beijing in haze weather analyzed by combining the C-N isotopic and PCA-MLR analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:314-322. [PMID: 26938832 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular composition and carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of PM2.5 samples collected in November 2013 were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The samples represented six potential sources and seven sampling sites situated in concentric zones around Beijing under both haze and non-haze conditions. Our results showed that the average concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes were 258.2 ± 208.8 ng m(-3) and 499.5 ± 347.8 ng m(-3), while the δ(13)C and δ(15)N values for PM2.5 varied from -26.29 to -25.26‰ and from 8.68 to 14.50‰ with an average of -25.70 ± 0.3‰ and 11.97 ± 1.79‰, respectively. The highest concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes were recorded in the sixth ring road, with the lowest ones in the third ring road. Concentrations of PAHs during haze were higher than during non-haze conditions, while concentrations of n-alkanes were not markedly different. Principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the main sources of PAHs were vehicle and coal combustion emissions, while n-alkanes had high contributions from petroleum emissions. These sources were supported by isotopic analyses. Thus, the main sources of organic matter contributing to haze in Beijing were coal combustion and vehicle emissions. Such results provide guidance towards managing haze in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Guo
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Cai Li
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lei Tang
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meryem Briki
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Huaijian Ding
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongbing Ji
- College of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China. and The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 55002, China
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Yang X, Geng C, Sun X, Yang W, Wang X, Chen J. Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:28-34. [PMID: 26969542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler (BB1) and one specially designed (BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total emission factors (EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to 0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar. The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene+benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xuesong Sun
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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35
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Chen Y, Zhi G, Feng Y, Bi X, Li J, Zhang G. Increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions due to briquetting: A challenge to the coal briquetting policy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:58-63. [PMID: 25912887 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Both China and UNEP recommend replacing raw coal chunks with coal briquettes in household sector as clean coal technology (CCT), which has been confirmed by the decreased emissions of particulate matter and black carbon. However, the clean effect has never been systematically checked by other pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, 5 coals with different geological maturities were processed as both chunks and briquettes and burned in 3 typical coal stoves for the measurement of emission factors (EFs) of particle-bound PAHs. It was found that the EFs of 16 parent PAHs, 26 nitrated PAHs, 6 oxygenated PAHs, and 8 alkylated PAHs for coal briquettes were 6.90 ± 7.89, 0.04 ± 0.03, 0.65 ± 0.40, and 72.78 ± 18.23 mg/kg, respectively, which were approximately 3.1, 3.7, 1.9, and 171 times those for coal chunks, respectively. Such significant increases in PAH emissions increased human health risk and challenged the policy of CCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Guorui Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yanli Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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36
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Dubey J, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Chemical characteristics and mutagenic activity of PM₂.₅ at a site in the Indo-Gangetic plain, India. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:75-83. [PMID: 25617830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne fine particulate matter PM2.5 was collected from May 2010 to December 2012 at Agra, a semi-urban site in north-central India. PM2.5 samples were chemically characterized for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography. PM2.5 values varied between 8.4 and 300 µg m(-3) with 55% of the values exceeding the 24h average NAAQ (National Ambient Air Quality) standard of 65 µg m(-3). Particle associated total PAHs ranged between 8.9 and 2,065 ng m(-3) with a mean value of 880.8 ng m(-3) during the sampling period, indicated an alarming level of pollution in Agra. Strong relationship was observed between PM2.5 and total PAHs (r=0.88), suggesting an increasing PAHs concentration with increasing PM2.5 mass. On a mass basis 3-ring and 4-ring compounds were dominant. Seasonal variation in mass concentration of PAHs was observed with high concentration in winter followed by post monsoon, summer and monsoon. This seasonal pattern could be attributed to differences in source strength and climatic conditions. PAHs concentration were also observed to be negatively correlated with the meteorological parameters i.e. temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Molecular diagnostic ratios revealed vehicular emissions and combustion of wood and coal as the probable sources. The estimated carcinogenicity of PAHs in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency (B[a]PTEQ) was assessed and confirmed that benzo[a]pyrene was the dominant PAH contributor (3.64%). Health risk of adults and children by way of PAHs was assessed by estimating the lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and corresponding incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) using USEPA guidelines. The assessed cancer risk (ILCR) was found to be within the acceptable range (10(-6)-10(-4)). The particulate samples indicated the presence of both base pair and frame shift mutagens using TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Enhanced mutagenic response was observed in the presence of enzyme activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India.
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Verma R, Patel KS, Verma SK. Indoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration in Central India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.957407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ren C, Wu Y, Zhang S, Wu LL, Liang XG, Chen TH, Zhu CZ, Sojinu SO, Wang JZ. PAHs in sediment cores at main river estuaries of Chaohu Lake: implication for the change of local anthropogenic activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1687-1696. [PMID: 24946702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 28 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in four sediment cores collected from the main river estuaries of Chaohu Lake, one of the severely polluted lakes in China. The results indicate that elevated concentrations of total PAHs (Σ28PAH) were found in the samples from the estuary of Nanfei River (ENF), considering BaP-based total toxicity equivalent (TEQ-BaP) and toxic unit (TU) results; there are potential adverse environmental implications. The total organic carbon (TOC) played an important role on the accumulation of PAHs at ENF and the estuary of Tongyang River (ETY). The predominant PAHs are high molecular weight (HMW) homologous for all samples; as a result, industrial wastewater from a steel company is expectedly the key source of PAHs in ENF, while coke consumption would be the important source of PAHs at other three sampling sites. Vertical distribution of PAHs in the sediment cores could be explained by the local social and economic activities. Furthermore, a minor variation of PAH composition in the sediment core could be justified by the stable structure of energy consumption in the Anhui Province. These results justify the need for further enhancement of industrial wastewater treatment and development of renewable energies which are the key factors on the control of PAH pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ren
- School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 23009, China
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Yuan TH, Shie RH, Chin YY, Chan CC. Assessment of the levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in PM2.5 for adult exposure to the petrochemical complex emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:219-26. [PMID: 25460640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between external exposure and internal doses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has not been established for people living in industrial areas. This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between particle-phase PAH exposure and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels among the adults living near a large petrochemical complex in Mailiao, Taiwan. We measured urinary 1-OHP in 781 residents above 35 years old and PM2.5 PAHs within a 20-km radius downwind from the petrochemical complex. Urinary 1-OHP was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, while 16 ambient particle-phase PAHs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. External exposures to individual PAHs at each study subject's address were estimated by kriging interpolation from air sampling results and regressed against the subjects' urinary 1-OHP levels, adjusting for confounding factors. The study population's urinary 1-OHP levels ranged from 0.001 to 3.005 μmol/mol-creatinine with significantly higher levels for females, grilled food consumers, and residents living close to roads. All 16 particle-phase PAHs were present in the study area with total PAH concentrations ranging from 0.111 to 1.982 ng/m(3). The spatial distribution of 4- and 5-ring PAHs identified high-concentration hotspots close to the complex in Mailiao. The multiple regression models showed that the adults' urinary 1-OHP levels were significantly correlated with 5 out of the 16 PAHs, including benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; a 0.01 ng/m(3) increase in the concentration of these 5 PAHs at the study subjects' addresses was associated with a 20% elevation in urinary 1-OHP levels (μg/g-creatinine). Emissions from a petrochemical complex can elevate particle-phase PAH concentrations in surrounding areas and increase the urinary 1-OHP levels of adults living nearby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuen Yuan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Hao Shie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yen Chin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Nie Z, Yang Y, Tang Z, Liu F, Wang Q, Huang Q. Estimation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12629-12637. [PMID: 24958530 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Field monitoring was conducted to develop a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission inventory for the magnesium (Mg) metallurgy industry in China. PAH emissions in stack gas and fly/bottom ash samples from different smelting units of a typical Mg smelter were measured and compared. Large variations of concentrations, congener patterns, and emission factors of PAHs during the oxidation and reduction stages in the Mg smelter were observed. The measured average emission factor (166,487 μg/t Mg) was significantly higher than those of other industrial sources. Annual emission from Mg metallurgy in 2012 in China was estimated at 116 kg (514 g BaPeq) for PAHs. The results of this study suggest that PAH emission from Mg industries should be considered by local government agencies. These data may be helpful for understanding PAH levels produced by the Mg industry and in developing a PAH inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Microbial biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microb Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17587-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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Duan X, Wang B, Zhao X, Shen G, Xia Z, Huang N, Jiang Q, Lu B, Xu D, Fang J, Tao S. Personal inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural residents in a typical northern city in China. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:464-473. [PMID: 24467466 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Personal inhalation exposure samples were collected and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 126 selected volunteers during heating and non-heating seasons in a typical northern Chinese city, Taiyuan. Measured personal PAH exposure levels for the urban residents in the heating and non-heating seasons were 690 (540-1051) and 404 (266-544) ng/m(3) , respectively, while, for the rural residents, they were 770 (504-1071) and 312 (201-412) ng/m(3) , respectively. Thus, rural residents are exposed to lower PAH contamination in comparison with the urban residents in the non-heating seasons. In the heating season, personal PAH inhalation exposure levels were comparable between the urban and rural residents, in part owing to the large rate of residential solid fuel consumption in the rural area for household cooking and heating. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) due to PAH exposure in Taiyuan were 3.36 × 10(-5) and 2.39 × 10(-5) for the rural and urban residents, respectively, significantly higher than the literature-reported national average level, suggesting an urgent need of PAH pollution control to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shao Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Wu X, Jiang Z, He S, Qian K. Occurrence and source apportionment of PAHs in highly vulnerable karst system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:153-160. [PMID: 24852613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil, groundwater and groundwater suspended solids (SS) at Guozhuang karst water system of northern China were investigated. The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 622 to 87,880 ng/g dry weight in topsoil, from 4739 to 59,314 ng/g dry weight in SS, and from 2137 to 9037 ng/L in groundwater, with mean values of 17,174 ng/g, 11,990 ng/g and 5020 ng/L, respectively. High concentrations of PAHs were mainly observed in the coal mining industrial area and the discharge area. The composition of PAHs indicated that low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in groundwater samples, the content of medium molecular weight PAHs was elevated in SS, and carcinogenic high molecular weight PAHs were frequently detected in topsoil. The high contents of low-medium molecular weight PAHs in groundwater and SS suggested relatively recent local sources of PAHs that were transported into the aquifer via leakage of contaminated surface water and/or infiltration of PAH-containing precipitation. The results of evaluating sources of PAHs using ratios of specific PAH compounds showed that PAHs mainly originated from coal and wood combustion. Furthermore, five sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the contribution to the total loadings of groundwater PAHs were: 2% for unburnt oil, 32% for coal combustion, 22% for vehicle emission, 27% for biomass combustion and 18% for coke production, respectively. Furthermore, strong correlations of total PAHs with total organic carbon (TOC) in topsoil indicated co-emission of PAHs and TOC. Poor correlations of PAHs with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater indicated that other factors exert stronger influences. Therefore, PAHs might have posed a major threat to the quality of potable groundwater in Guozhuang karst water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Geological Research Center for Agricultural Applications, China Geological Survey, Zhejiang 311203, PR China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- North China Power Engineering Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Beijing 100120, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Zhou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Shanshan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Grahame TJ, Klemm R, Schlesinger RB. Public health and components of particulate matter: the changing assessment of black carbon. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:620-60. [PMID: 25039199 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.912692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In 2012, the WHO classified diesel emissions as carcinogenic, and its European branch suggested creating a public health standard for airborne black carbon (BC). In 2011, EU researchers found that life expectancy could be extended four to nine times by reducing a unit of BC, vs reducing a unit of PM2.5. Only recently could such determinations be made. Steady improvements in research methodologies now enable such judgments. In this Critical Review, we survey epidemiological and toxicological literature regarding carbonaceous combustion emissions, as research methodologies improved over time. Initially, we focus on studies of BC, diesel, and traffic emissions in the Western countries (where daily urban BC emissions are mainly from diesels). We examine effects of other carbonaceous emissions, e.g., residential burning of biomass and coal without controls, mainly in developing countries. Throughout the 1990s, air pollution epidemiology studies rarely included species not routinely monitored. As additional PM2.5. chemical species, including carbonaceous species, became more widely available after 1999, they were gradually included in epidemiological studies. Pollutant species concentrations which more accurately reflected subject exposure also improved models. Natural "interventions"--reductions in emissions concurrent with fuel changes or increased combustion efficiency; introduction of ventilation in highway tunnels; implementation of electronic toll payment systems--demonstrated health benefits of reducing specific carbon emissions. Toxicology studies provided plausible biological mechanisms by which different PM species, e.g, carbonaceous species, may cause harm, aiding interpretation of epidemiological studies. Our review finds that BC from various sources appears to be causally involved in all-cause, lung cancer and cardiovascular mortality, morbidity, and perhaps adverse birth and nervous system effects. We recommend that the US. EPA rubric for judging possible causality of PM25. mass concentrations, be used to assess which PM2.5. species are most harmful to public health. IMPLICATIONS Black carbon (BC) and correlated co-emissions appear causally related with all-cause, cardiovascular, and lung cancer mortality, and perhaps with adverse birth outcomes and central nervous system effects. Such findings are recent, since widespread monitoring for BC is also recent. Helpful epidemiological advances (using many health relevant PM2.5 species in models; using better measurements of subject exposure) have also occurred. "Natural intervention" studies also demonstrate harm from partly combusted carbonaceous emissions. Toxicology studies consistently find biological mechanisms explaining how such emissions can cause these adverse outcomes. A consistent mechanism for judging causality for different PM2.5 species is suggested.
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Yan B, Bopp RF, Abrajano TA, Chaky D, Chillrud SN. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into Central Park Lake, New York City, over a century of deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:985-92. [PMID: 24375577 PMCID: PMC4211259 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Relative contributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from combustion sources of wood, petroleum, and coal were computed in sediments from Central Park Lake in New York City (NY, USA) by chemical mass balance based on several reliable source indicators. These indicators are the ratio of retene to the sum of retene and chrysene, the ratio of 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene (DMP) to 1,7-DMP and 2,6-DMP, and the ratio of fluroanthene to fluroanthene and pyrene. The authors found that petroleum combustion-derived PAH fluxes generally followed the historical consumption data of New York State. Coal combustion-derived PAH flux peaked approximately in the late 1910s, remained at a relatively high level over the next 3 decades, then rapidly declined from the 1950s to the 1960s; according to historical New York State coal consumption data, however, there was a 2-peak trend, with peaks around the early 1920s and the mid-1940s. The 1940s peak was not observed in Central Park Lake, most likely because of the well-documented shift from coal to oil as the major residential heating fuel in New York City during the late 1930s. It was widely believed that the decreased PAH concentrations and fluxes in global sediments during the last century resulted from a major energy shift from coal to petroleum. The data, however, show that this shift occurred from 1945 through the 1960s and did not result in an obvious decline. The sharpest decrease, which occurred in the 1970s was not predominantly related to coal usage but rather was the result of multiple factors, including a decline in petroleum usage largely, the introduction of low sulfur-content fuel in New York City, and the introduction of emission-control technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Richard F. Bopp
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | | | - Damon Chaky
- Department of Math and Science, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
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Ma C, Ye S, Lin T, Ding X, Yuan H, Guo Z. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of wetlands in the Liao River Delta, Northeast China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:160-167. [PMID: 24461691 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of 55 surface soil samples from the wetlands in the Liao River Delta, Northeast China were measured in order to apportion their sources. The total concentrations of 16 US EPA priority PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in this region ranged 106-3148 ng g⁻¹ (dry weight) (average: 550 ± 565 ng g⁻¹) and 54-5564 ng g⁻¹ (average: 517 ± 838 ng g⁻¹), respectively. Based on the positive matrix factorization analysis of alkylated and parent PAHs, six sources of PAHs were identified including petroleum (23%), biomass burning (23%), air-soil exchange (18%), coal combustion (17%), traffic emission (14%) and biogenic origin (6%). The positive correlation between low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs and TOC contents could demonstrate a potential positive influence of TOC on the accumulations of LMW PAHs in soils by the air-soil exchange. The petrogenic PAHs may pose a limited harmful effect on aquatic organisms although they were abundant in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Xigui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Xu J, Guo JY, Liu GR, Shi GL, Guo CS, Zhang Y, Feng YC. Historical trends of concentrations, source contributions and toxicities for PAHs in dated sediment cores from five lakes in western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:519-526. [PMID: 24176699 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sixteen U.S. EPA priority PAH compounds in the dated sediment cores were detected from five lakes in western China. In most lakes, the concentrations of the total PAHs (ΣPAHs) increased from the deep layers to the surface sediments. Two source categories, i.e. vehicular emission and biomass & domestic coal combustion were identified by Unmix, a factor analysis receptor model to explore the source contributions of PAHs in the dated sediments. The source apportionment results showed that biomass & domestic coal combustion contributed larger proportion of PAHs in the five lakes. The toxicities of PAHs in the dated sediments, assessed by BaP equivalent (BaPE) values showed that the BaPE increased gradually from the deep layers to the surface sediments in most lakes. For the first effort, the contribution of each source to BaPE was apportioned by Unmix-BaPE method, and the result indicated that the vehicular emission posed the highest toxic risk. The percentage contribution of vehicular emission for PAHs and BaPE also increased from the deep layers to the surface sediments, while biomass & domestic coal combustion exhibited the opposite tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Gui-Rong Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Chang-Sheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Chang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Wu Y, Yang L, Zheng X, Zhang S, Song S, Li J, Hao J. Characterization and source apportionment of particulate PAHs in the roadside environment in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:76-83. [PMID: 24140683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The profiles of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) near a major road and relative major sources were determined based on five 1-week intensive field campaigns in 2008 and 2009, and the impacts of temporary control measures on roadside PAHs during the Beijing Olympics are discussed. The annual average concentration of PAHs in the non-Olympic period was 42.3 ± 52.4 ng/m(3) and clear seasonal variation was present. Diesel vehicles, gasoline vehicles and coal combustion were identified as the three possible major sources of roadside PAHs using positive matrix factorization analysis. During the Olympics, the average total PAH concentration decreased to 4.8 ± 2.7 ng/m(3), which was attributed primarily to the reduction of local emissions. Temporary traffic control measures significantly changed the diurnal pattern of particulate PAHs at the roadside site. Diesel vehicle contribution, in particular, decreased to a negligible fraction because heavy-duty diesel vehicles were strictly banned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Division of Environment and Resources Research, Transportation Planning and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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Geng C, Chen J, Yang X, Ren L, Yin B, Liu X, Bai Z. Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:160-166. [PMID: 24649702 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Domestic coal stove is widely used in China, especially for countryside during heating period of winter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important in flue gas of the stove. By using dilution tunnel system, samples of both gaseous and particulate phases from domestic coal combustion were collected and 18 PAH species were analyzed by GC-MS. The average emission factors of total 18 PAH species was 171.73 mg/kg, ranging from 140.75 to 229.11 mg/kg for bituminous coals, while was 93.98 mg/kg, ranging from 58.48 to 129.47 mg/kg for anthracite coals. PAHs in gaseous phases occupied 95% of the total of PAHs emission of coal combustion. In particulate phase, 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were the main components, accounting for 80% of the total particulate PAHs. The total toxicity potency evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, sum of 7 carcinogenic PAH components and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin had a similar tendency. And as a result, the toxic potential of bituminous coal was higher than that of anthracite coal. Efficient emission control should be conducted to reduce PAH emissions in order to protect ecosystem and human health.
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SHEN G, TAO S, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wei S, Xue M, Wang B, WANG R, LV Y, LI W, SHEN H, HUANG Y, CHEN H. Emission characteristics for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from solid fuels burned in domestic stoves in rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:14485-94. [PMID: 24245776 PMCID: PMC3909639 DOI: 10.1021/es403110b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Emission characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from residential combustion of crop residues, woody material, coal, and biomass pellets in domestic stoves in rural China are compared in term of emission factors (EFs), influencing factors, composition profiles, isomer ratios and phase distributions. The EFs of PAHs vary by 2 orders of magnitude among fuel types suggesting that a detailed fuel categorization is useful in the development of an emission inventory and potential in emission abatement of PAHs by replacing dirty fuels with relatively cleaner ones. The influence of fuel moisture in biomass burning is nonlinear. Biofuels with very low moisture display relatively high emissions as do fuels with very high moisture. Bituminous coals and brushwood yield relatively large fractions of high molecular PAHs. The emission factor of benzo(a)pyrene equivalent quantity for raw bituminous coal is as high as 52 mg/kg, which is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the other fuels. For source diagnosis, high molecular weight isomers are more informative than low molecular weight ones and multiple ratios could be used together whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng SHEN
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Shu TAO
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author phone and fax: 0086-10-62751938,
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Siye Wei
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Miao Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rong WANG
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan LV
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei LI
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong SHEN
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ye HUANG
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Han CHEN
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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