Studying the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on peripheral arterial disease in the United States

Biopolymer-based beads for the adsorptive removal of organic pollutants from wastewater: Current state and future perspectives

Among biopolymer-based adsorbents, composites in the form of beads have shown promising results in terms of high adsorption capacity and ease of separation from the effluents. This review addresses the potential of biopolymer-based beads to remediate wastewaters polluted with emerging organic contaminants, for instance dyes, active pharmaceutical ingredients, pesticides, phenols, oils, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls. High adsorption capacities up to 2541.76 mg g-1 for dyes, 392 mg g-1 for pesticides and phenols, 1890.3 mg g-1 for pharmaceuticals, and 537 g g-1 for oils and organic solvents have been reported. The review also attempted to convey to its readers the significance of wastewater treatment through adsorption by providing an overview on decontamination technologies of organic water contaminants. Various preparation methods of biopolymer-based gel beads and adsorption mechanisms involved in the process of decontamination have been summarized and analyzed. Therefore, we believe there is an urge to discuss the current state of the application of biopolymer-based gel beads for the adsorption of organic pollutants from wastewater and future perspectives in this regard since it is imperative to treat wastewater before releasing into freshwater bodies.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor (AHRR) is a biomarker of ambient air pollution exposure and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Two hundred and twenty subjects were recruited while undergoing cardiac catheterization. AHRR cg05575921 methylation was shown to be significantly decreased in ever smokers compared to never smokers (Mean± SD = 64.2 ± 17.2 vs 80.1 ± 11.1 respectively; P < 0.0001). In addition, higher urinary levels of 2-OHNAP and 2-OHFLU were significantly associated with more AHRR cg05575921 hypomethylation, even after correcting for smoking (β[95%CI]= -4.161[-7.553, -0.769]; P = 0.016 and -5.190[-9.761, -0.618]; P = 0.026, respectively) but not 1-OHPYR (β[95%CI]= -3.545 [-10.935, 3.845]; P = 0.345). Additionally, hypomethylation of AHRR ROI was significantly associated with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) after adjusting for smoking, age, sex, diabetes and dyslipidemia (OR [95%CI] = 1.024[1.000 - 1.048]; P = 0.046). Results of this study necessitate further validation to potentially consider clinical incorporation of AHRR methylation status as an early predictive biomarker for the potential association between ambient air pollution and CAD.

Disturbance of OH-PAH metabolites in urine induced by single PAH lab exposure

Due to the high exposure toxicity and individual variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it is difficult to accurately characterize the actual exposure of exposed individuals through external exposure detection. In this study, the monohydroxyl metabolites of naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and 9-fluorenone were identified in the urine of low-dose PAH-exposed individuals based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS), and their concentrations were monitored for 15 consecutive days after exposure. The results showed that the metabolite concentrations of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were basically the same, and all of them reached the maximum value at day 8. In contrast, the metabolite of 9-fluorenone reached its maximum value on day 2. This study showed that the four metabolites were strongly correlated with their parent PAH exposure, with a wide detection window, and their assays were specific, sensitive, and reliable, while the sampling difficulty was low, so the four hydroxylated PAHs may be potential low-dose biomarkers of PAH internal exposure. This study will provide methodological and data support for further health risk studies involving internal exposure to organic pollutants such as PAHs.

Association between urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and severe abdominal aortic calcification in adults: data from the National Health and Examination Nutrition Survey

OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have found that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to explore the association between PAHs exposure and severe abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in adults.

METHODS

Data were collected from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PAHs exposure was analyzed from urinary mono hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs. Logistic regression models and subgroup analysis were performed to explore the association of PAHs exposure with severe AAC prevalence.

RESULTS

A total of 1,005 eligible individuals were recruited into the study. After adjusting for confounding factors, those with the highest quartiles of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP: OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.03-4.68, P_{for trend} < 0.001), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP: OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.04-4.64, P_{for trend} < 0.001) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR: OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.06-4.33, P_{for trend} < 0.001) were associated with an increased prevalence of severe AAC in the adults compared to those who in the lowest quartile.

CONCLUSION

This study found that urinary 1-NAP, 2-NAP and 1-PYR were positively associated with severe AAC prevalence in adults.

Adsorption/desorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene in a binary competitive system in the riparian zone

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene (Nap) and phenanthrene (Phe) are organic pollutants that are of concern because of their environmental toxicity. Adsorption is a promising process for the removal of Nap and Phe from water and soil. The riparian zone between a river and a riparian aquifer, which is rich in adsorption medium, may be important for PAH remediation. Nap and Phe may be removed from the surface water through adsorption by the media in the riparian zone. However, there is still a lack of the removal patterns and mechanisms of media in the riparian zone to remediate water contaminated by Nap and Phe simultaneously. In this study, focusing on the typical PAHs (Nap and Phe) as target pollutants, batch static adsorption and desorption experiments of Nap and Phe were carried out to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of Nap and Phe in the binary system. Batch dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to ascertain the adsorption regulation of Nap and Phe in sediments during the recharge of groundwater by river water in a riparian zone. The static adsorption experiment results showed that competitive adsorption of Nap and Phe occurred, and a mutual inhibitory effect of Nap and Phe adsorption was observed in the binary system. Phe had a stronger inhibitory effect on Nap, Phe was preferentially adsorbed on the medium in binary adsorption. The results of batch dynamic experiments showed that, in terms of adsorption, the riparian zone in the study area showed stronger performance for removal of Phe than Nap. The results of this paper could be useful for alleviating Nap and Phe pollution of groundwater and developing treatment protocols for groundwater exposed to Nap and Phe.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites were associated with hypertension in US adults: data from NHANES 2009-2016

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely existing organic pollutants in the environment, and their persistence in the environment makes us have to pay continuous attention to their health effects. However, since the American Heart Association updated its definition of hypertension in 2017, few studies have explored the relationship. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PAH exposure and hypertension after the updated definition of hypertension and explore whether body mass index (BMI) moderates this relationship. A total of 6332 adult participants from the 2009-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were examined. Multiple logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to analyze the association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and hypertension, and the dose-response relationship. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was applied to blood pressure to reveal multiple exposure effects and the relative weights of each PAH. The prevalence of hypertension in the study population was 48.52%. There was a positive dose-response relationship between high exposure to 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2&3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and the risk of hypertension. Naphthalene metabolites accounted for the most significant proportion of systolic blood pressure, and phenanthrene metabolites accounted for the most significant proportion of diastolic blood pressure. Obese individuals with high PAH exposure were at greater risk for hypertension than individuals with low PAH exposure and normal BMI. Higher prevalence rate and stronger association of metabolites with outcomes were obtained in the general population of the USA under the new guideline. High levels of exposure to PAHs were positively associated with the risk of hypertension, and these effects were modified by BMI.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation-mediated vascular toxicity of ambient fine particulate matter: contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and osteopontin as a biomarker

BACKGROUND

Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is associated with vascular diseases. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM_2.5 are highly hazardous; however, the contribution of PM_2.5-bound PAHs to PM_2.5-associated vascular diseases remains unclear. The ToxCast high-throughput in vitro screening database indicates that some PM_2.5-bound PAHs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The present study investigated whether the AhR pathway is involved in the mechanism of PM_2.5-induced vascular toxicity, identified the PAH in PM_2.5 that was the major contributor of AhR activation, and identified a biomarker for vascular toxicity of PM_2.5-bound PAHs.

RESULTS

Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs) with an AhR antagonist inhibited the PM_2.5-induced increase in the cell migration ability; NF-κB activity; and expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), 1B1 (CYP1B1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and osteopontin (OPN). Most PM_2.5-bound PAHs were extracted into the organic fraction, which drastically enhanced VSMC migration and increased mRNA levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, IL-6, and OPN. However, the inorganic fraction of PM_2.5 moderately enhanced VSMC migration and only increased IL-6 mRNA levels. PM_2.5 increased IL-6 secretion through NF-κB activation; however, PM_2.5 and its organic extract increased OPN secretion in a CYP1B1-dependent manner. Inhibiting CYP1B1 activity and silencing OPN expression prevented the increase in VSMC migration ability caused by PM_2.5 and its organic extract. The AhR activation potencies of seven PM_2.5-bound PAHs, reported in the ToxCast database, were strongly correlated with their capabilities of enhancing the migration ability of VSMCs. Benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) contributed the most to the AhR agonistic activity of ambient PM_2.5-bound PAHs. The association between PM_2.5-induced vascular toxicity, AhR activity, and OPN secretion was further verified in mice; PM_2.5-induced intimal hyperplasia in pulmonary small arteries and OPN secretion were alleviated in mice with low AhR affinity. Finally, urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene, a major PAH metabolite, were positively correlated with plasma OPN levels in healthy humans.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study offers in vitro, animal, and human evidences supporting the importance of AhR activation for PM_2.5-induced vascular toxicities and that BkF was the major contributor of AhR activation. OPN is an AhR-dependent biomarker of PM_2.5-induced vascular toxicity. The AhR activation potency may be applied in the risk assessment of vascular toxicity in PAH mixtures.

Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and cardiovascular disease among US population: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The main aim of the study was to illustrate the association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), angina, heart attack, and stroke among the US population.

METHODS

The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-16, nationally representative data were utilized for this study. A cross-sectional observational study was designed to assess the strength of the association between urinary PAH and CVDs. The NHANES survey used a stratified multistage probability sample strategy for obtaining representative samples. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between PAH and the prevalence of CVDs.

RESULTS

In our study, the average ages of the three different PAHs tertiles were 42.56 ± 19.68, 42.21 ± 19.51, and 43.39 ± 17.99 years, respectively. A positive association was found between the second and third tertile of urinary PAH and increased prevalence of coronary heart disease (tertile-2: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.09-1.42; tertile-3: OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.69-2.28), angina (tertile-2: OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.13-1.49; tertile-3: OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.76-2.42), heart attack (tertile-2: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12-1.47; tertile-3: OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.48-1.96) and stroke (tertile-2: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02-1.33; tertile-3: OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.43-1.93) in total participants, respectively, with p-values less than 0.05.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study found a positive association between urinary PAHs and the prevalence of various CVDs among the US population.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overeview

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals of considerable environmental significance. PAHs are chemical contaminants of fused carbon and hydrogen aromatic rings, basically white, light-yellow, or solid compounds without color. Natural sources of pollution are marginal or less significant, such as volcanic eruptions, natural forest fires, and moorland fires that trigger lightning bursts. The significant determinants of PAH pollution are anthropogenic pollution sources, classified into four groups, i.e., industrial, mobile, domestic, and agricultural pollution sources. Humans can consume PAHs via different routes, such as inhalation, dermal touch, and ingestion. The Effect of PAHs on human health is primarily based on the duration and route of exposure, the volume or concentration of PAHs to which one is exposed, and the relative toxicity of PAHs. Many PAHs are widely referred to as carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and thus pose a significant danger to human health and the well-being of humans. Skin, lung, pancreas, esophagus, bladder, colon, and female breast are numerous organs prone to tumor development due to long-term PAH exposure. PAH exposure may increase the risk of lung cancer as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (MI). Preclinical studies have found a relationship between PAH exposure, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. In addition, investigations have discovered a relationship between PAH exposure at work and CVD illness and mortality development. This review aims to explain PAH briefly, its transportation, its effects on human health, and a relationship between environmental exposures to PAHs and CVD risk in humans.

Evaluating predictive relationships between wristbands and urine for assessment of personal PAH exposure

During events like the COVID-19 pandemic or a disaster, researchers may need to switch from collecting biological samples to personal exposure samplers that are easy and safe to transport and wear, such as silicone wristbands. Previous studies have demonstrated significant correlations between urine biomarker concentrations and chemical levels in wristbands. We build upon those studies and use a novel combination of descriptive statistics and supervised statistical learning to evaluate the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in silicone wristbands and hydroxy-PAH (OH-PAH) concentrations in urine. In New York City, 109 participants in a longitudinal birth cohort wore one wristband for 48 h and provided a spot urine sample at the end of the 48-hour period during their third trimester of pregnancy. We compared four PAHs with the corresponding seven OH-PAHs using descriptive statistics, a linear regression model, and a linear discriminant analysis model. Five of the seven PAH and OH-PAH pairs had significant correlations (Pearson's r = 0.35-0.64, p ≤ 0.003) and significant chi-square tests of independence for exposure categories (p ≤ 0.009). For these five comparisons, the observed PAH or OH-PAH concentration could predict the other concentration within a factor of 1.47 for 50-80% of the measurements (depending on the pair). Prediction accuracies for high exposure categories were at least 1.5 times higher compared to accuracies based on random chance. These results demonstrate that wristbands and urine provide similar PAH exposure assessment information, which is critical for environmental health researchers looking for the flexibility to switch between biological sample and wristband collection.

A Review on Modification Methods of Adsorbents for Naphthalene in Environment

Naphthalene is one of the most hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to public health. This paper comprehensively summarized the recent development of modification methods of adsorbents for naphthalene removal in the environment. Various modification methods used in the adsorbent were summarized, mainly including acid oxidation modification, salt modification, doping modification, amino modification, microwave modification, and plasma modification. These methods enhance the adsorption performance of naphthalene mainly by changing the pore size and the oxygen content on the surface of the adsorbent. The modification parameters and their effects on naphthalene removal as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method are described in detail. This review provides the necessary inspiration and guidance for the researchers who develop polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorption materials in the environment.

The expression of microRNAs and exposure to environmental contaminants related to human health: a review

Environmental contaminants exposure may lead to detrimental changes to the microRNAs (miRNAs) expression resulting in several health effects. miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, have multiple transcript targets and thereby regulate several signalling molecules. Even a minor alteration in the abundance of one miRNA can have deep effects on global gene expression. Altered patterns of miRNAs can be responsible for changes linked to various health outcomes, suggesting that specific miRNAs are activated in pathophysiological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of studies investigating the impact of air pollution, organic chemicals, and heavy metals on miRNA expression and the potential biologic effects on humans.Abbreviations: AHRR, aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor; AHR, aryl-hydrocarbon receptor; As, arsenic; BCL2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BCL2L11, B-cell lymphoma 2 like 11; BCL6, B-cell lymphoma 6; BPA, bisphenol A; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CD40, cluster of differentiation 40; CCND1, Cyclin D1; CDKN1A, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; Cr, chromium; CTBP1, C-terminal binding protein 1; CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; DAZAP1, deleted in azoospermia associated protein 1; DEP, diesel exhaust particles; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EVs, extracellular vesicles; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; FAS, fas cell surface death receptor; FOXO, forkhead box O; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Hg, mercury; HLA-A, human leukocyte antigen A; HMGB, high-mobility group protein B; IFNAR2, interferon alpha receptor subunit 2; IL-6, interleukin-6; IRAK1, interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 1; JAK/STAT, janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; miRNAs, microRNAs; MVs, microvesicles; NCDs, noncommunicable diseases; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; NFkB, nuclear factor kappa B; NRF2, nuclear factor, erythroid-derived 2; NRG3, neuregulin 3; O₃, ozone; OP, organophosphorus pesticides; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Pb, lead; PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls; PDCD4, programmed cell death 4; PDGFB, platelet derived growth factor subunit beta; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B; PKA, protein kinase A; PM, particulate matter; PRKCQ, protein kinase C theta; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; SORT1, sortilin 1; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factors; TRAF1, tumor necrosis factors-receptor associated factors 1; TRAP, traffic-related air pollution; TREM1, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; TRIAP1, TP53 regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; XRCC2, X-ray repair cross complementing 2; YBX2, Y-box-binding protein 2; ZEB1, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; ZEB2, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2; 8-OH-dG, 8-hydroxy-guanine.

Endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by anthracene and its nitrated or oxygenated derivatives at environmentally relevant levels

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular diseases characterized by early key events involving in the disruption of endothelial barrier function. Whether PAHs can induce adverse cardiovascular outcome by directly destabilizing endothelial barrier function remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the effect of anthracene (ANT), 9-nitroanthracene (9-NANT), and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-AQ) on vascular endothelial barrier functions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The integrity of endothelial barrier in HUVECs was disturbed with a 1.15-1.42 fold increase in fluorescein leakage, and 21.8%-58.3% downregulated transendothelial electrical resistance. ANT, 9-NANT and 9,10-AQ promoted paracellular gap formation as revealed by transmission electron microscope. The disrupted cell junctions after 24 h exposure to ANT, 9-NANT and 9,10-AQ at 0.01 μM were indicated by the downregulated mRNA expression of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin by 33.2%-71.4%, 19.1%-21.0%, and 31.9% respectively, and the downregulated protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin, and by the internalization of VE-cadherin. We demonstrated that ANT and its derivatives at environmentally relevant concentrations induced endothelial barrier dysfunction via the disruption of cell junctions, providing essential in vitro evidence on the association with their adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

The association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Although epidemiological studies have discerned the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hypertension and/or cardiovascular disease in the general population, the possible mechanisms for this association are not well understood. We sought to examine the association between urinary metabolites of PAHs and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and blood pressure in adults, by conducting a meta-analysis of observational studies. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science, up to July 2021, for observational studies that investigated the association between urinary metabolites of PAHs and CVDs and blood pressure in adults. Nine prospective studies, including 27,280 participants, were included. Based on overall pooled results, there was a significant positive association between all types of urinary metabolites of PAH and blood pressure (OR: 1.32; 95%, CI: 1.19 to 1.48, p < 0.0001) (I² = 62.4%, p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between any urinary metabolite of PAH and CHD (OR: 0.93; 95%, CI: 0.83 to 1.03, p = 0.174) (I² = 0%, p = 0.653). Overall, there was a significant positive association between all urinary metabolites of PAH and CVD (OR: 1.23; 95%, CI: 1.16 to 1.30, p < 0.0001) (I² = 59.7%, p < 0.0001). The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that different metabolites PAHs are associated with an increased risk of CVD and HTN. Further studies, including randomized clinical trials, are needed to confirm the veracity of our findings.

Relationship Between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

Objective: The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and elaborate the current knowledge and recent advances in the area of PAH and its effects on CVDs and discuss the growing epidemiological evidence linking PAH to CVDs on the health of human populations. In this systematic review, the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and their relationship with PAHs were discussed in detail.

Methods: On 05th April 2021, a systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Web of Science search engines in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The search was limited to articles that were written in English and dealt with human issues. All original peer-review publications were considered for inclusion. Comments, case reports, reviews, duplicated papers, and conference reports were excluded. Data was collected from included papers by two independent reviewers.

Results: Conclusively, 20 research articles published between 2005 and 2021 were chosen for the final analysis. The systemic review included 20 studies with a variety of geographical studies. The most common research category among the nominated studies were time-series studies followed by retrospective cohort, cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, panel, and case-control studies. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States, whereas others were showed in various geographical countries around the world, such as Denmark, Germany, Finland, Netherlands, France, China, Norway, Korea, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, and Belgium. Eight studies assessed the association between PAH exposure and CVDs, four articles observed this relationship with blood pressure (BP), two observed association between atherosclerotic CVD and PAH, one congenital heart disease, cardiovascular events, and two with obesity. Furthermore, in some investigations, a favorable association between PAH exposure and hypertension as well as PAH exposure and obesity was found.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this systematic review examined the relationship of PAH exposure with CVDs and CVD-related risk factors by searching several digital databases. After a comprehensive literature searches and summarizing findings from 20 articles, the authors concluded that a positive relationship was observed between PAH exposure and CVD risks.

Poor regulation implications in a low and middle income country based on PAH source apportionment and cancer risk assessment

Ambient particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected for one year at an urban background site, and spatially and temporally compared to yearly averages in three coastal cities in Lebanon. The samples were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and source apportioned with an optimized robust method using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Three major sources were found to contribute to PAH emissions at the urban background site, namely, traffic (48%), diesel generators (23%), and incineration (29%). The cancer risk was found higher than what was measured at the same site in previous years with an increase of 35%. Improper regulations of the sources (incineration, power plant, diesel generators and traffic) identified in the different sites resulted in PAH intraurban variability. It is essential to study the chemical components of particulate matter (PM) in order to assess toxicity. In particular, particle-bound PAHs and their oxidation products are known for their carcinogenicity as well as their persistence in the atmosphere, which facilitate their transport to new locations. In the absence of law enforcement, unregulated sources and their total contribution to ambient PAHs present a major health risk. This calls for the attention of development funding agencies and their need to implement sustainable "carbon-free" funding strategies in support of urban development of low and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Natural, Synthetic and Modified Clays

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of major scientific concern owing to their widespread presence in environmental compartments and their potential toxicological effects on humans and biota. In this study, the adsorption capacity of natural (montmorillonite (Mt)), synthetic (Na-Mica-4), and modified (with octadecylamine and octadecyltrimethylamine (ODA-Mt, ODA-Mica-4, and ODTMA-Mt and ODTMA-Mica-4)) clays were assessed and compared for the removal of 16 PAHs. Materials were synthesized and characterized by X-Ray diffraction, Zeta potential, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed its correct preparation and the incorporation of PAHs in the structure of the clays after the adsorption tests. The proposed materials were effective PAH adsorbents, with adsorption percentages close to 100%, in particular those using Mt. Mt and Na-Mica-4 presented a better adsorption capacity than their organofunctionalized derivatives, indicating that the adsorption of PAHs may occur both in the surface part and in the interlayer. The proposed adsorbents take the advantage of being a low cost and highly effective. They can be an interesting alternative for wastewater treatment and soil remediation to prevent PAH contamination.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce endothelial injury through miR-155 to promote atherosclerosis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as an external factor that induces atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although miR-155 is known to be involved in cardiovascular disease, whether it is involved in PAH-induced arteriosclerosis remains unclear. We evaluated the effects of PAHs on vascularization, permeability, and miR-155 expression in HUVECs. We found that PAHs-induced sclerosis of HUVECs was characterized by increasing permeability, decreasing proliferation, and vascular lumen number. The expression of miR-155 was upregulated by PAHs treatment, and transfection with miR-155 inhibitor could reverse above effect of PAHs-induced sclerosis. Meanwhile, transcriptome sequencing revealed that 63 genes were downregulated in the group of PAHs treatment alone, and were then upregulated in the miR-155 inhibitor group. These genes were mainly involved in complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TNF signaling pathway, and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Among these 63 genes, SERPIND1 was directly targeted and regulated by miR-155. Further in vivo experiments in ApoE^-/- mice confirmed that PAH accelerates the development of arteriosclerosis by promoting the expression of miR-155 to downregulate the SERPIND1. Therefore, PAH exaggerates atherosclerosis by activating miR-155-dependent endothelial injury. This study provides a fundamental insight on the miR-155 mechanism for PAHs enhancing atherosclerosis and miR-155 potentially serving as a novel drug target.

Incense Stick: An Overlooked Source of Health Hazard

Nepal, predominantly inhabited by people driven by the principles of Hinduism and Buddhism, has seen the practice of burning incense sticks for a very long time. There has been an extensive practice of burning incense sticks in temples, monasteries, and even regularly in indoor household settings. This article puts light on the constituents of smoke coming from a burning incense stick and on the possible risks, they possess for occupational hazards and indoor air pollution.

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by Organic Montmorillonite Sodium Alginate Nanocomposites

The adsorption method is generally considered a promising technique to remove inorganic and organic contaminants in an economically and environmentally friendly superior manner. In this study, organic montmorillonite sodium alginate composites were prepared, in which, montmorillonite and cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) in different added amounts were coagulated with sodium alginate using CaCl₂ as the crosslinking agent. The morphological properties of the composites were characterized thoroughly and employed in three typical target pollutants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (acenaphthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene) by batch adsorption experiments from aqueous solution. The composites provide an efficient alternative for PAHs removals. The composites could be stably separated and regenerated with methyl alcohol. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetic and isotherm data were well described by the Elovich kinetic and the Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. According to these, the adsorption process occurred via multilayer adsorption on the composite's energetically heterogeneous surface. Moreover, pore diffusion and hydrophobicity played a dominant role in the adsorption mechanism. Overall, our study offers a developed adsorbent that has the advantage of being recyclable, low cost, biodegradable and biocompatible for effectively removing PAHs from aqueous solution.

The interaction effects of smoking and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in coke oven workers

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated risk factors, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. The prevalence of MetS might be affected by environmental pollution and individual's poor lifestyles.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the interactions effect of PAHs exposure and poor lifestyles on MetS among coke oven workers. We measured the concentrations of 11 urinary PAH metabolites among 682 coke oven workers by HPLC-MS. China adult blood lipid abnormality prevention guide (2016) was employed for diagnosing MetS. An interaction effect was tested in the modified Poisson regression models.

RESULTS

The results showed that the urinary level of 1-NAP (P for trend = 0.043) and 2-FLU (P for trend = 0.037) had significant dose-response relationships with increased PR of MetS. For 1-NAP, statistically significant positive association was with low HDL among individuals (P for trend = 0.003). Besides, smoking was associated with a significantly increased risk of prevalence ratio of MetS (PR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.00-1.13), high triglycerides (PR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.05-1.20) and low HDL (PR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.14). Smokers who with high levels of 1-NAP and 2-FLU had higher prevalence ratio of MetS compared with non-smokers who with low levels of 1-NAP [PR (95% CI): 1.17 (1.06-1.29); P for trend = 0.002] and 2-FLU [PR (95% CI): 1.17 (1.06-1.29); P for trend = 0.004].

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested PAHs exposure increased the prevalence ratio of MetS and this effect can be modified by smoking status.

The association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis study

To examine the association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and diabetes, online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched on July 17, 2019. Of the 668 articles identified through searching, six cross-sectional studies involving 24,406 participants were included. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effect model. Heterogeneity was measured by reporting the I-square index. Moreover, subgroup analysis according to types of metabolites was performed. We found a significantly higher odds of diabetes in the highest versus the lowest category of urinary naphthalene (NAP), fluorine (FLU), phenanthrene (PHEN), and total OH-PAH metabolites. The pooled OR (95% CI) was estimated at 1.47 (1.17, 1.78), 1.50 (1.29, 1.71), 1.41 (1.21, 1.60), and 1.61 (1.01, 2.21), respectively. We also found a significant association per 1-fold increase in FLU (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.00, 1.19]) and PHEN (OR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.08, 1.30]) metabolites. In subgroup analysis stratified by types of OH-PAH metabolites, A significant stronger odds of diabetes was observed in the highest versus the lowest category of 2-PHEN (OR = 1.66, 95% CI [1.32, 2.00]), 2-NAP (OR = 1.66, 95% CI [1.16, 2.17]), 2-FLU (OR = 1.62, 95% CI [1.28, 1.97]), and 9-FLU (OR = 1.62, 95% CI [1.21, 2.04]) metabolites. Furthermore, there was a meaningfully greater likelihood of diabetes per 1-fold increase in 2-FLU (OR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.10, 1.57]), 2-PHEN (OR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.14, 1.51]), and 3-PHEN (OR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.04, 1.34]) metabolites. In conclusion, our study suggests the significant odds of association between urinary OH-PAH metabolites and diabetes.

Association of prenatal exposure to PAHs with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and birth outcomes of newborns

BACKGROUND

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemicals that cause serious concerns because of their carcinogenicity and endocrine disrupting ability.

OBJECTIVE

In the current study, we studied how urinary PAH metabolites are related with the dose-effects of hormone levels and birth outcomes.

METHOD

163 pregnant women without health problems and 163 newborns were enrolled in hospitals in Guiyu (e-waste-exposed area) and Haojiang (reference area) from May 2016 to May 2017. Urine samples were collected to measure hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) metabolite levels. Umbilical cord blood was used for measurement of hormone levels. Anthropometric parameters of newborns, such as anogenital distance (AGD), were also measured.

RESULTS

Eight of ten urinary PAH metabolites in the exposed group were significantly higher than in the reference group. Levels of umbilical cord serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) in the exposed group were significantly lower than those in the reference group. Birth weight was positively correlated with 2-OHFlu (2-hydroxyfluorene). Head circumference was negatively correlated with 9-OHFlu, 3-OHPhe (3-hydroxyphenanthrene), 9-OHPhe, and ƩOHFlu (sum of 2-OHFlu and 9-OHFlu). Serum E2 and T levels were negatively correlated with most OH-PAHs. In addition, we found that serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level was positively correlated with AGD, and serum E2 level was negatively correlated with neonatal head circumference.

CONCLUSIONS

PAH exposure in pregnant women may adversely affect the birth outcomes of newborns, especially AGD; and AMH may be involved in the process. Establishing a baseline for the relationship between PAH exposure and health is important to protect the health of mothers and children living in electronic waste (e-waste) recycling areas.

Inhibited Nitric Oxide Production of Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Nitrated and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) from the direct atmospheric emission or the degradation of parent PAHs are increasingly recognized because of their potential health risks. Herein, we investigated the effects of four NPAHs/OPAHs (1-NNAP, 9-NANT, 9,10-AQ, and 9-FLU) and their parent PAHs (NAP, ANT, and FLU) on endothelium function with regard to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The eNOS enzymatic activity and NO production were promoted by NAP, ANT, and FLU; however, eNOS activity was dropped by 52.8, 52.1, 52.5, and 44.5%, and NO production was decreased by 31.1, 50.3, 65.0, and 35.0% after 24 h exposure to 0.01 μM 1-NNAP, 9-NANT, 9,10-AQ, and 9-FLU, respectively. The mRNA expression of eNOS and protein expression of phosphorylated eNOS (Ser1177) were increased by three PAHs but decreased by four NPAHs/OPAHs. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations reveal the conformational alteration in the key propionate of heme upon the binding of NPAHs/OPAHs. Our findings provide the first in silico and in vitro evidence for the potential endothelial dysfunction of nitrated and oxygenated PAHs. The health risk implications of NPAHs/OPAHs and corresponding parent PAHs warrant further research.

Determination of Urinary Hydroxyl PAHs Using Graphene Oxide@Diatomite Based Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A diatomite supported graphene oxide composite (GO@Dt–NH₂) was fabricated and explored as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent coupled with high performance liquid chromatography to determine the trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2-hydroxy-naphthalene, 2-hydroxy-fluorene, 1-hydroxy-phenanthrene, and 1-hydroxy-pyrene) in urine samples. The fabricated composites were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. GO@Dt–NH₂ offered enhanced adsorption affinity towards the analytes compared with the bare diatomite. The amount of graphene oxide and the factors affecting solid-phase extraction were investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the method gave good linearity (0.30–200 ng/mL) and a low detection limit (0.10–0.15 ng/mL) for the hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The average recovery for spiked urine samples with three levels ranged from 90.6% to 100%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.8–6.4% and 2.7–11.8%, respectively. Besides, the GO@Dt–NH₂ provided enrichment factors of 18–20 and superior purification ability. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples from smoking volunteers.

Association between a urinary biomarker for exposure to PAH and blood level of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A in coke oven workers

BACKGROUND

Coke oven workers are exposed to both free and particle bound PAH. Through this exposure, the workers may be at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Systemic levels of acute phase response proteins have been linked to cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies, suggesting it as a marker of these conditions. The aim of this study was to assess whether there was association between PAH exposure and the blood level of the acute phase inflammatory response marker serum amyloid A (SAA) in coke oven workers.

METHODS

A total of 87 male Polish coke oven workers from two different plants comprised the study population. Exposure was assessed by means of the individual post-shift urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene, as internal dose of short-term PAH exposure, and by anti-benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (anti-B[a]PDE)-DNA), as a biomarker of long-term PAH exposure. Blood levels of acute phase proteins SAA and CRP were measured by immunoassay. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were included to adjust for baseline levels of SAA.

RESULTS

Multiple linear regression showed that the major determinants of increased SAA levels were urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (beta = 0.56, p = 0.030) and serum CRP levels (beta = 7.08; p < 0.0001) whereas anti-B[a]PDE-DNA, the GSTM1 detoxifying genotype, diet, and smoking were not associated with SAA levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of short-term PAH exposure and serum levels of CRP were predictive of serum levels of SAA in coke oven workers. Our data suggest that exposure of coke oven workers to PAH can lead to increased systemic acute response and therefore potentially increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Potential role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as mediators of cardiovascular effects from combustion particles

Air pollution is the most important environmental risk factor for disease and premature death, and exposure to combustion particles from vehicles is a major contributor. Human epidemiological studies combined with experimental studies strongly suggest that exposure to combustion particles may enhance the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis, hypertension, thrombosis and myocardial infarction.In this review we hypothesize that adhered organic chemicals like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contribute to development or exacerbation of CVD from combustion particles exposure. We summarize present knowledge from existing human epidemiological and clinical studies as well as experimental studies in animals and relevant in vitro studies. The available evidence suggests that organic compounds attached to these particles are significant triggers of CVD. Furthermore, their effects seem to be mediated at least in part by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The mechanisms include AhR-induced changes in gene expression as well as formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive electrophilic metabolites. This is in accordance with a role of PAHs, as they seem to be the major chemical group on combustion particles, which bind AhR and/or is metabolically activated by CYP-enzymes. In some experimental models however, it seems as PAHs may induce an inflammatory atherosclerotic plaque phenotype irrespective of DNA- and/or AhR-ligand binding properties. Thus, various components and several signalling mechanisms/pathways are likely involved in CVD induced by combustion particles.We still need to expand our knowledge about the role of PAHs in CVD and in particular the relative importance of the different PAH species. This warrants further studies as enhanced knowledge on this issue may amend risk assessment of CVD caused by combustion particles and selection of efficient measures to reduce the health effects of particular matters (PM).

Expression levels of circulating microRNAs-126, -155, and -145 in Mexican women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through biomass fuel use

Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been considered a risk determinant for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess expression levels of vascular-related miRNAs, miR-126, miR-155, and miR-145, in plasma from women (aged 19-81 years) exposed (n = 100) and non-exposed (n = 20) to PAHs via biomass combustion smoke.1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was determined in urine as a biomarker of exposure to PAHs using high-resolution liquid chromatography. Plasma expression levels of proposed miRNAs were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, traditional risk factors (age, blood pressure, serum lipid profile, blood glucose, and among others) associated with CVD were evaluated. Urinary 1-OHP concentrations and plasma expression levels of miR-126 and miR-155 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in women using wood as a fuel source in their homes (indoor) compared to women from the reference group (non-exposed to biomass smoke). Besides, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that miR-126[β = 0.61; 95% confidence interval (0.32-0.90)] and miR-155 [β = 0.45; 95% confidence interval (0.13-0.84)] expression levels were significantly associated with urinary 1-OHP concentrations after being adjusted by traditional risk factors (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant relationship was found between miR-145 and urinary 1-OHP levels. Furthermore, miRNAs assessed in this investigation are associated with CVD events. Consequently, actions to reduce exposure to PAHs in the evaluated population are warranted. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:546-558, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Precision Environment-Wide Association Study of Hypertension via Supervised Cadre Models

We consider the problem in precision health of grouping people into subpopulations based on their degree of vulnerability to a risk factor. These subpopulations cannot be discovered with traditional clustering techniques because their quality is evaluated with a supervised metric: The ease of modeling a response variable for observations within them. Instead, we apply the more appropriate supervised cadre model (SCM). We extend the SCM formalism so that it may be applied to multivariate regression and binary classification problems and develop a way to use conditional entropy to assess the confidence in the process by which a subject is assigned their cadre. Using the SCM, we generalize the environment-wide association study (EWAS) to be able to model heterogeneity in population risk. In our EWAS, we consider more than 200 environmental exposure factors and find their association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and hypertension. This requires adapting the SCM to be applicable to data generated by a complex survey design. After correcting for false positives, we found 25 exposure variables that had a significant association with at least one of our response variables. Eight of these were significant for a discovered subpopulation but not for the overall population. Some of these associations have been identified by previous researchers, whereas others appear to be novel. We examine discovered subpopulations in detail, finding that they are interpretable and suggestive of further research questions.

Cardiovascular endothelial inflammation by chronic coexposure to lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from preschool children in an e-waste recycling area

Lead (Pb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is positively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the possible potential mechanism may be caused by damage to the endothelium by modulation of inflammatory processes. No comprehensive research shows co-exposure of Pb and PAH on cardiovascular endothelial inflammation in electronic waste (e-waste) exposed populations. Given this, the aim of this study is to provide evidence for a relationship between Pb and PAH co-exposure and cardiovascular endothelial inflammation, in an e-waste-exposed population, to delineate the link between a potential mechanism for CVD and environmental exposure. We recruited 203 preschool children (3-7 years) were enrolled from Guiyu (e-waste-exposed group, n = 105) and Haojiang (reference group, n = 98). Blood Pb levels and urinary PAH metabolites were measured. Percentages of T cells, CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells, complete blood counts, endothelial inflammation biomarker (serum S100A8/A9), and other inflammatory biomarkers [serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p70, gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)] levels were evaluated. Blood Pb, total urinary hydroxylated PAH (ΣOHPAH), total hydroxynaphthalene (ΣOHNap) and total hydroxyfluorene (ΣOHFlu) levels, S100A8/A9, IL-6, IL-12p70 and IP-10 concentrations, absolute counts of monocytes, neutrophils, and leukocytes, as well as CD4⁺ T cell percentages were significantly higher in exposed children. Elevated blood Pb, urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNap) and ΣOHFlu levels were associated with higher levels of IL-6, IL-12p70, IP-10, CD4⁺ T cell percentages, neutrophil and monocyte counts. Mediator models indicated that neutrophils exert the significant mediation effect on the relationship between blood Pb levels and S100A8/A9. IL-6 exerts a significant mediation effect on the relationship between blood Pb levels and IP-10, as well as the relationship between urinary ΣOHFlu levels and IP-10. Our results indicate that children with elevated exposure levels of Pb and PAHs have exacerbated vascular endothelial inflammation, which may indicate future CVD risk in e-waste recycling areas.

Cardiometabolic traits mediated the relationship from urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites to heart rate variability reduction: A community-based study

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure was related with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and heart rate variability (HRV) reduction, and HRV was also affected by cardiometabolic traits. However, the role of cardiometabolic traits in the associations from PAHs exposures to HRV was largely unknown. We conducted this study to investigate whether the relationship between PAHs exposure and HRV reduction was mediated by cardiometabolic traits. Levels of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites (OH-PAHs), 10min-HRV, and metabolic traits were accurately measured for 2476 participants from Wuhan-Zhuhai (WHZH) cohort. Single mediator and multiple mediator models were used to evaluate the mediation effects of cadiometabolic traits. The concentrations of ΣOH-PAHs ranged from 4.20 to 8.63 mg/mmol Cr. When compared with the lowest tertile, ΣOH-PAHs in the highest tertile were significantly related with 20% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]:1%, 40%), 35% (95%CI: 14%, 56%), 22% (95%CI: 1%, 44%), and 38% (95%CI: 9%, 68%) decreases in very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and total power (TP) for participants with MetS, respectively. No statistically significant associations between ΣOH-PAHs and HRV indices were observed for participants without MetS. Similar results were found when we investigated the relationships between OH-PAHs and HRV indices by three groups of OH-PAHs (including total hydroxynaphthalene [ΣOHNa], total hydroxy fluorene [ΣOHFlu], and total hydroxyphenanthrene [ΣOHPh] metabolites). Further, mediation analysis suggested that cardiometabolic traits, including fasting glucose (GLU), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure partially mediated the relationship from ΣOH-PAHs to HRV reduction. GLU was the strongest mediator, with mediation percentages of 15.70% for VLF, 14.70% for LF, 43.03% for HF, and 5.61% for TP. Our study found that the relationships between OH-PAHs and HRV reduction differed among participants with and without MetS, and these relationships were found to be partially mediated by cardiometabolic traits, especially fasting glucose. Further studies are encouraged to validate our findings and investigate potential mechanisms.

Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and osteoporosis: data from NHANES, 2005-2014

The association between osteoporosis and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was not clear. However, recent studies showed that both osteoporosis and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were associated with reactive oxygen species. So we presumed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were associated with increased odds of osteoporosis. We found 3-hydroxyfluorene was associated with decreased odds of osteoporosis, while 2-hydroxyfluorene was associated with increased odds of osteoporosis.

PURPOSE

Previous studies showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were involved in the production of reactive oxygen species that played an important role in illness. Other studies demonstrated that the reactive oxygen species might play a role in occurrence of osteoporosis. However, the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and osteoporosis was not clear. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and osteoporosis.

METHODS

A total of 3053 individuals aged 50 years or older were drawn from National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 2005-2014. Eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites (1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene) were examined to represent exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the body. Weighted percentage and weighted mean were used to describe classified variable and continuous variable, respectively. We used weighted logistic regression to estimate the association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and osteoporosis.

RESULTS

Five hundred seventy-seven (18.9%) osteoporosis patients were included. Among the eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites, 3-hydroxyfluorene was associated with decreased odds of osteoporosis after controlling socio-demographic status, body mass index, alcohol, previous fracture, parental fracture, glucocorticoid use, dietary calcium intake, smoking, and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites (OR = 0.63, 95%CI 0.41-0.98). 2-hydroxyfluorene (OR = 1.87, 95%CI 1.07-3.29) was associated with increased odds of osteoporosis. In the nonsmoking group, we found the association of osteoporosis with 2-hydroxyfluorene (OR = 2.56, 95%CI 1.10-5.96) and 3-hydroxyfluorene (OR = 0.41, 95%CI 0.22-0.77) still exists.

CONCLUSION

Our study found that 3-hydroxyfluorene was associated with decreased odd of osteoporosis, while 2-hydroxyfluorene was associated with increased odds of osteoporosis. Our study was a cross-sectional study, therefore cohort studies or experimental studies about association of PAH and osteoporosis is needed.

Exploring the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diabetes among adults in the United States

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and diabetes and to determine whether effects are heterogeneous when examined by body mass index (BMI).

METHODS

Cross-sectional data from 8664 participants were analyzed from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for years 2005-2014. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the association between urinary biomarkers of PAHs and diabetes. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, poverty-income ratio, and serum cotinine.

RESULTS

When compared with the lowest quintiles of exposure, the highest quintiles of exposure to 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and a summed variable of all low molecular weight PAHs (aOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.17-2.55) showed a positive association with diabetes. Stratified analyses by BMI indicated that the positive association between PAHs and diabetes was found among both normal weight and obese participants.

CONCLUSIONS

High levels of exposure to PAHs are positively associated with diabetes in the U.S. general population and these effects are modified by BMI. These findings suggest the importance of strong environmental regulation of PAHs to protect population health.

Lipophilic components of diesel exhaust particles induce pro-inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells through AhR dependent pathway(s)

Background

Exposure to traffic-derived particulate matter (PM), such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP), is a leading environmental cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and development of atherosclerosis. It is still debated how DEP and other inhaled PM can contribute to CVD. However, organic chemicals (OC) adhered to the particle surface, are considered central to many of the biological effects. In the present study, we have explored the ability of OC from DEP to reach the endothelium and trigger pro-inflammatory reactions, a central step on the path to atherosclerosis.

Results

Exposure-relevant concentrations of DEP (0.12 μg/cm²) applied on the epithelial side of an alveolar 3D tri-culture, rapidly induced pro-inflammatory and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated genes in the basolateral endothelial cells. These effects seem to be due to soluble lipophilic constituents rather than particle translocation. Extractable organic material of DEP (DEP-EOM) was next fractionated with increasing polarity, chemically characterized, and examined for direct effects on pro-inflammatory and AhR-regulated genes in human microvascular endothelial (HMEC-1) cells and primary human endothelial cells (PHEC) from four healthy donors. Exposure-relevant concentrations of lipophilic DEP-EOM (0.15 μg/cm²) induced low to moderate increases in IL-1α, IL-1β, COX2 and MMP-1 gene expression, and the MMP-1 secretion was increased. By contrast, the more polar EOM had negligible effects, even at higher concentrations. Use of pharmacological inhibitors indicated that AhR and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) were central in regulation of EOM-induced gene expression. Some effects also seemed to be attributed to redox-responses, at least at the highest exposure concentrations tested. Although the most lipophilic EOM, that contained the majority of PAHs and aliphatics, had the clearest low-concentration effects, there was no straight-forward link between chemical composition and biological effects.

Conclusion

Lipophilic and semi-lipophilic chemicals seemed to detach from DEP, translocate through alveolar epithelial cells and trigger pro-inflammatory reactions in endothelial cells at exposure-relevant concentrations. These effects appeared to be triggered by AhR agonists, and involve PAR-2 signaling.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0257-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Obesity mediated the association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with risk of cardiovascular events

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could cause high blood pressure (BP) and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between them were unclear. We investigated potential mediation effect of obesity on the association of exposure to PAHs with high BP and increased risk for ASCVD. In the repeated measures study, 106 community-dwelling residents in Wuhan, China finished the physical examination in the winter and summer seasons, eight urinary PAHs metabolites were measured. Associations of urinary PAHs with high BP and increased risk for ASCVD were assessed using either linear mixed effect models or generalized estimating equations models. Mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the mediating effect of obesity on the association of urinary PAHs metabolites with high BP or increased risk of ASCVD. We observed the positive association between urinary PAHs metabolites and BP or the odds ratios for high BP (all P<0.05). Additionally, each one-unit increase in ln-transformed urinary levels of 4-hydroxyphenanthrene or the total of PAH metabolites was associated with a 12.63% or 11.91% increase in the estimated 10-year ASCVD risk (both P<0.05). The waist-to-height ratio mediated 29.0% of the association of urinary 4-hydroxyphenanthrene with increased risk of ASCVD (P<0.05). The findings suggest that PAHs exposure may be associated with elevated BP and an increased risk of ASCVD. Obesity may partially mediate the association between PAHs exposure and higher BP or increased risk of ASCVD.

Adsorptive removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from water over metal azolate framework-6-derived carbons

Metal azolate framework-6 (MAF-6) was pyrolyzed at 1000°C to yield MOF-derived carbons (MCs). The obtained MCs were used to eliminate aromatic hydrocarbons, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., naphthalene (NAP), anthracene (ATC), and pyrene (PRN)) and benzene (BZ) from water via adsorption. The adsorption results over the MCs were compared with that of pristine MAF-6 and commercial activated carbon (AC). MC obtained after 24h (MC-24) exhibited a remarkable adsorption efficiency compared to that of the other MCs (obtained after different durations), MAF-6, and AC. For example, MC-24 led to adsorptions of NAP around 17 and 2.5 times those of pristine MAF-6 and AC, respectively. Or, the maximum adsorption capacities (Q₀) of MAF-6, AC and MC-24 for NAP were 14, 104 and 237mg/g, respectively. Moreover, Q₀ values of MC-24 for ATC and PRN were also very high of 284 and 307mg/g, respectively. Based on the properties of PAHs and the hydrophobicity of MC-24, hydrophobic interaction was suggested as the main mechanism for the adsorption of PAHs and BZ. In addition, MC-24 can be recycled by washing with acetone with little loss in performance. Therefore, MC-24 is recommended as a competitive adsorbent for aromatic hydrocarbon removal from water.

Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: A role of mean platelet volume or club cell secretory protein

BACKGROUND

Inflammation may play an important role in the association between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the association of PAHs exposure with ASCVD risk and effects of mean platelet volume (MPV) or Club cell secretory protein (CC16) on the association.

METHODS

A total of 2022 subjects (689 men and 1333 women) were drawn from the baseline Wuhan residents of the Wuhan-Zhuhai Cohort study. Data on demography and the physical examination were obtained from each participant. Urinary monohydroxy PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) levels were measured by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We estimated the association between each OH-PAHs and the 10-year ASCVD risk or coronary heart disease (CHD) risk using logistic regression models, and further analyze the mediating effect of MPV or plasma CC16 on the association by using structural equation modeling.

RESULTS

The results of multiple logistic regression models showed that some OH-PAHs were positively associated with ASCVD risk but not CHD risk, including 2-hydroxyfluoren (β = 1.761; 95% CI: 1.194-2.597), 9-hydroxyfluoren (β = 1.470; 95% CI: 1.139-1.898), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (β = 1.480; 95% CI: 1.008-2.175) and ΣOH-PAHs levels (β = 1.699; 95% CI: 1.151-2.507). The analysis of structural equation modeling shows that increased MPV and increased plasma CC16 levels contributed 13.6% and 15.1%, respectively, to the association between PAHs exposure and the 10-year ASCVD risk (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to PAHs may increase the risk of atherosclerosis, which was partially mediated by MPV or CC16.

Is there any association between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and thyroid hormone levels in children and adolescents?

Considering the possible effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on thyroid function, the current study aims to investigate the association of PAH urinary metabolites with the level of thyroid hormones in a sample of Iranian children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2015 to July 2016 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants were 150 students, aged 6-18 years, who were selected by multistage cluster random sampling from schools of Isfahan province. Blood and urine samples of participants were obtained for measurement of thyroid hormone levels (measured by immunoradiometric assay) and PAH urinary metabolites, including 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene. The association of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and PAH urinary metabolites was determined by correlation and regression analyses. Multivariate regression analysis revealed significant association between serum TSH and PAH urinary metabolites; this association remained significant after adjustment for gender and age. The corresponding figures were r = 0.85 for 1-naphthol, r = 0.86 for 2-naphthol, r = 0.87 for 1-hydroxypyrene, and r = 0.42 for 9-phenantrol, respectively, all p values < 0.001. The mean levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and 9-phenanthrol were higher in boys than those in girls (p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicated significant positive association between urinary PAH biomarkers and the TSH level in children and adolescents. It can be suggested that long-term exposure to PAHs might result in thyroid function impairment. The clinical implication of the current findings should be confirmed by future longitudinal studies.

Early markers of cardiovascular disease are associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Occupational exposure to soot, rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, our knowledge about PAH exposure and early markers of CVD remains limited. In this cross-sectional study of 151 chimney sweeps and 152 controls, we investigated occupational exposure to PAH and early markers of CVD. Blood pressure (BP) (chimney sweeps only), urinary PAH metabolites and serum biomarkers were measured (C-reactive protein, homocysteine, gamma-glutamyltransferase, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides). Chimney sweeps had up to 7 times higher concentrations of PAH metabolites in urine than controls (P < 0.001): median concentrations (adjusted for specific gravity) for 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]anthracene were 0.56 µg/L, 0.78 µg/L, 4.75 ng/L, and 6.28 ng/L, respectively. Compared with controls, chimney sweeps had increased homocysteine, cholesterol, and HDL (β = 3.4 µmol/L, 0.43 mmol/L, and 0.13 mmol/L, respectively, P ≤ 0.003, adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking). In chimney sweeps, PAH metabolites correlated positively with the percentage of soot sweeping (P < 0.001). 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]anthracene were positively associated with diastolic BP (P < 0.044, adjusted for age, BMI, and smoking). PAH exposure among chimney sweeps resulted in elevated levels of markers for CVD risk. These findings stress the need to reduce occupational exposure to PAH.

Serum adipocyte-fatty acid binding protein (FABP4) levels in women from Mexico exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Recent studies indicate that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a very important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Correspondingly, adipocyte-fatty acid binding protein (FABP4, also known as aP2 and AFABP) has been proposed as a new, meaningful and useful biomarker to predict metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate serum FABP4 levels in Mexican women exposed to PAHs. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene ((1-OHP), exposure biomarker for PAHs) levels were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, and serum FABP4 concentrations were analyzed using a commercially available ELISA kit. The mean urinary 1-OHP level found in women participating in this study was 1.30 ± 1.10 μmol/mol creatinine (2.45 ± 2.10 μg/g creatinine). Regarding serum FABP4 concentrations, the levels ranged from 3.80 to 62.5 ng/mL in the assessed population. Moreover, a significant association (p < 0.001) was found between urinary 1-OHP levels and serum FABP4 concentrations in women after adjusting for potential confounding variables. The presented data in this study can be considered only as a starting point for further studies. Then, in order to elucidate whether FABP4 represents a risk factor for CVD disease in humans exposed to air contaminants (such as PAHs), large epidemiological studies are necessary.

Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in Mexican women exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A preliminary study

Recent studies indicate that exposure to environmental pollutants (as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) is a very important risk factor for development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Correspondingly, in recent times asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) has been proposed as a new and meaningful biomarker predictor for the risk of CVDs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate plasma ADMA concentrations in Mexican women (n=155) exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene [(1-OHP), exposure biomarker for PAHs] levels were quantified using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique and plasma ADMA concentrations were analyzed using a commercially available ELISA kit. Urinary 1-OHP levels in all women assessed ranged from <LOD to 8.80μmol/mol creatinine. Regarding plasma ADMA concentrations, the mean levels ranged from 0.66 to 1.00μmol/L. Moreover, a significantly relationship was found between plasma ADMA concentrations and urinary 1-OHP levels (p=0.005; r=0.390). In conclusion, the results showed in this study demonstrated that the urinary 1-OHP levels were significant predictors of plasma ADMA concentrations in Mexican women exposed to PAHs. Although with due caution regarding the low representativeness of the present screening, it can be considered as a preliminary work to perform prospective studies including greater number of individuals and focusing in a more complete characterization of the effects produced by PAHs exposure on cardiovascular health.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal by sorption: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic micro pollutants which are persistent compounds in the environment due to their hydrophobic nature. Concerns over their adverse effects in human health and environment have resulted in extensive studies on various types of PAHs removal methods. Sorption is one of the widely used methods as PAHs possess a great sorptive ability into the solid media and their low aqueous solubility property. Several adsorbent media such as activated carbon, biochar, modified clay minerals have been largely used to remove PAHs from aqueous solution and to immobilise PAHs in the contaminated soils. According to the past studies, very high removal efficiency could be achieved using the adsorbents such as removal efficiency of activated carbon, biochar and modified clay mineral were 100%, 98.6% and >99%, respectively. PAHs removal efficiency or adsorption/absorption capacity largely depends on several parameters such as particle size of the adsorbent, pH, temperature, solubility, salinity including the production process of adsorbents. Although many studies have been carried out to remove PAHs using the sorption process, the findings have not been consolidated which potentially hinder to get the correct information for future study and to design the sorption method to remove PAHs. Therefore, this paper summarized the adsorbent media which have been used to remove PAHs especially from aqueous solutions including the factor affecting the sorption process reported in 142 literature published between 1934 and 2015.

Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Plasma Cytokines, and Heart Rate Variability

Epidemiological studies have suggested associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heart rate variability (HRV). However, the roles of plasma cytokines in these associations are limited. In discovery stage of this study, we used Human Cytokine Antibody Arrays to examine differences in the concentrations of 280 plasma cytokines between 8 coke-oven workers and 16 community residents. We identified 19 cytokines with significant different expression (fold change ≥2 or ≤-2, and q-value <5%) between exposed workers and controls. 4 cytokines were selected to validate in 489 coke-oven workers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in validation stage. We found OH-PAHs were inversely associated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (p < 0.05), and interquartile range (IQR) increases in OH-PAHs were associated with >16% BDNF decreases. Additionally, OH-PAHs were positively associated with activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.05), and IQR increases in OH-PAHs were associated with >20% increases in CRP. We also found significant associations between these cytokines and HRV (p < 0.05), and IQR increases in BDNF and CRP were associated with >8% decreases in HRV. Our results indicated PAH exposure was associated with plasma cytokines, and higher cytokines were associated with decreased HRV, but additional human and potential mechanistic studies are needed.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and measures of oxidative stress, inflammation and renal function in adolescents: NHANES 2003-2008

OBJECTIVE

Recent evidence has suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may contribute to cardiometabolic and kidney dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress, but little is known about impacts in childhood.

STUDY DESIGN

We performed cross-sectional analyses of 660 adolescents aged 12-19 years in the 2003-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using levels of 10 monohydroxylated urinary PAH metabolites as our exposure. Our primary outcomes of interest were biomarkers of oxidative stress and renal function, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), insulin resistance, and serum uric acid, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and C-reactive protein (CRP).

RESULTS

We observed statistically significant associations between PAH metabolites and levels of serum GGT, CRP, uric acid and eGFR. Each 100% increase in 2-hydroxyphenanthrene was related to a 3.36% increase in uric acid (95% CI: 0.338-6.372; p=0.032), a 3.86% increase in GGT (95% CI: 1.361-6.362; p=0.005) and a 16.78% increase in CRP (95% CI: 1.848-31.689; p=0.029). Each 100% increase in 4-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with a 6.18% increase in GGT (95% CI: 4.064-8.301; p<0.001) and a 13.66% increase in CRP (95% CI: 2.764-24.564; p=0.017). Each 100% increase in 9-hydroxyfluorene was associated with a 2.58% increase in GGT (95% CI: 0.389-4776; p=0.024). Each 100% increase in 3-hydroxyphenanthrene was associated with a 2.66% decrease in eGFR (95% CI: -4.979 to -0.331; p=0.028).

CONCLUSIONS

Urinary PAH metabolites were associated with serum uric acid, GGT and CRP, suggesting possible impacts on cardiometabolic and kidney function in adolescents. Prospective work is needed to investigate the potential long-term health consequences of these findings.

Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by aortic subcellular fractions in the setting of abdominal aortic aneurysms

As exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; a family of environmental toxicants) have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, the ability of the aortic tissue to process these toxicants is important from the standpoint of abdominal aortic aneurysms and atherosclerosis. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), a representative PAH compound is released into the environment from automobile exhausts, industrial emissions, and considerable intake of B(a)P is also expected in people who are smokers and barbecued red meat eaters. Therefore, knowledge of B(a)P metabolism in the cardiovascular system will be of importance in the management of vascular disorders. Toward this end, subcellular fractions (nuclear, cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal) were isolated from the aortic tissues of Apo E mice that received a 5 mg/kg/week of B(a)P for 42 days and 0.71 mg/kg/day for 60 days. The fractions were incubated with 1 and 3 μM B(a)P. Post incubation, samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. Microsomal B(a)P metabolism was greater than the rest of the fractions. The B(a)P metabolite levels generated by all the subcellular fractions showed a B(a)P exposure concentration-dependent increase for both the weekly and daily B(a)P treatment categories. The preponderance of B(a)P metabolites such as 7,8-dihydrodiol, 3,6-, and 6,12-dione metabolites are interesting due to their reported involvement in B(a)P-induced toxicity through oxidative stress.