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Bernier-Turpin G, Thiebault T, Alliot F, Mebold E, Guérin-Rechdaoui S, Oliveira M, Le Roux J, Moilleron R. Target and non-target screening of biomarkers in wastewater: towards a unique analytical methodology for sample preparation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:6241-6256. [PMID: 39211955 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to optimize a single preparation methodology based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) that could fit both target and non-target screening of organic biomarkers in raw wastewater, allowing the cross-comparison of results obtained from a same dataset. The efficiency of SPE sorbents used alone (HLB) or in combination in a multilayer cartridge was evaluated based on (i) the extraction recovery and matrix effect in environmental samples (surface water and wastewater) for a list of biomarkers (pharmaceuticals, licit and illicit drugs, artificial sweeteners, isoprostanes, polyphenols) and (ii) a number of detected features and their intensity in HRMS. The selected method uses a combination of three SPE sorbents mixed together (HLB, X-AW and X-CW) and seems to take full advantage of each, providing satisfactory validation parameters (recovery, instrumental limit of detection, linearity range and limit of quantification) over a large range of physico-chemical properties while ensuring promising results for non-target screening applications. Of the 65 targeted compounds, nearly all of them (47) were detected in wastewater influent samples with concentration above the limit of quantification, while at the same time over 10 000 features were recorded according to the high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) fingerprint, holding out the promise that a common protocol for these two analyses, with their very contrasting constraints and objectives, is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Bernier-Turpin
- Leesu - Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France.
- METIS, Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, EPHE, PSL Univ, UMR 7619, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Thiebault
- METIS, Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, EPHE, PSL Univ, UMR 7619, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- METIS, Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, EPHE, PSL Univ, UMR 7619, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Julien Le Roux
- Leesu - Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France.
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu - Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France.
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Ding L, Zhang CM. Occurrence, ecotoxicity and ecological risks of psychoactive substances in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171788. [PMID: 38499097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances (PSs) represent a subset of emerging contaminants. Their widespread production and utilization contribute to a growing ecological burden and risk on a global scale. Conventional wastewater treatment methods have proven insufficient in adequately removing psychoactive substances, leading to their occurrence in surface water ecosystems worldwide. As of present, however, a thorough understanding of their geographical prevalence and distribution patterns remains elusive. Further, in the existing literature, there is a scarcity of comprehensive overviews that systematically summarize the toxicity of various psychoactive substances towards aquatic organisms. Through summarizing almost 140 articles, the present study provides an overview of the sources, pollution status, and biotoxicity of psychoactive substances in surface waters, as well as an assessment of their ecological risks. Concentrations of several psychoactive substances in surface waters were found to be as high as hundreds or even thousands of ng·L-1. In parallel, accumulation of psychoactive substances in the tissues or organs of aquatic organisms was found to potentially cause certain adverse effects, including behavioral disorders, organ damage, and DNA changes. Oxidative stress was found to be a significant factor in the toxic effects of psychoactive substances on organisms. The application of the risk quotient approach indicated that psychoactive substances posed a medium to high risk in certain surface water bodies, as well as the need for sustained long-term attention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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Falfushynska H, Rychter P, Boshtova A, Faidiuk Y, Kasianchuk N, Rzymski P. Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters: How to Get Fish off the Addictive Hook. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:537. [PMID: 38675497 PMCID: PMC11054822 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The United Nations World Drug Report published in 2022 alarmed that the global market of illicit drugs is steadily expanding in space and scale. Substances of abuse are usually perceived in the light of threats to human health and public security, while the environmental aspects of their use and subsequent emissions usually remain less explored. However, as with other human activities, drug production, trade, and consumption of drugs may leave their environmental mark. Therefore, this paper aims to review the occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters and their bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Illicit drugs of different groups, i.e., psychostimulants (methamphetamines/amphetamines, cocaine, and its metabolite benzoylecgonine) and depressants (opioids: morphine, heroin, methadone, fentanyl), can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharge as they are often not entirely removed during wastewater treatment processes, resulting in their subsequent circulation in nanomolar concentrations, potentially affecting aquatic biota, including fish. Exposure to such xenobiotics can induce oxidative stress and dysfunction to mitochondrial and lysosomal function, distort locomotion activity by regulating the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, increase the predation risk, instigate neurological disorders, disbalance neurotransmission, and produce histopathological alterations in the brain and liver tissues, similar to those described in mammals. Hence, this drugs-related multidimensional harm to fish should be thoroughly investigated in line with environmental protection policies before it is too late. At the same time, selected fish species (e.g., Danio rerio, zebrafish) can be employed as models to study toxic and binge-like effects of psychoactive, illicit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Faculty of Economics, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42200 Czestochowa, Poland;
| | | | - Yuliia Faidiuk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53114 Wrocław, Poland;
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2 Prospekt Hlushkov, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60806 Poznań, Poland;
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Lawrence TI, Sims N, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Jonnalagadda SB, Martincigh BS. Wastewater profiling of illicit drugs, an estimation of community consumption: A case study of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122270. [PMID: 37516292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of community-wide consumption of illicit drugs through wastewater analysis is a new concept in Africa although widely applied in developed nations as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). It is an important tool that can be used in understanding supply and demand patterns of illicit drug use on a local, national, and international scale. Information on illicit drug use is currently limited in Africa, because of a lack of monitoring structures by governments and financial constraints. This study hopes to bridge that gap by contributing to Africa's baseline information on illicit drug use. This study provides the first application of wastewater analysis to quantitatively evaluate daily illicit drug use in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa by quantifying the major urinary excreted metabolites, called drug target residues (DTRs), in raw wastewater from four major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sampled for a week. The results showed that cocaine was the dominant illicit drug consumed in the catchment followed by amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, with a per capita use of 360-3000 mg day-1 1000 inh-1, 47-800 mg day-1 1000 inh-1, 19-120 mg day -1 1000 inh-1, not detected (ND) to 4.9 mg day-1 1000 inh-1, and ND to 410 g day-1 1000 inh-1 respectively. The weekly usage patterns between the four WWTPs differed probably due to the lifestyle of the populace serving the different WWTPs. These results provide useful data on illicit drug use in eThekwini that can be utilised by public health agencies to implement suitable response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope I Lawrence
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | - Natalie Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Reeves A, Shaikh WA, Chakraborty S, Chaudhuri P, Biswas JK, Maity JP. Potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through microplastics in sewage: A wastewater-based epidemiological review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122171. [PMID: 37437759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to identify and investigate the various pathways of transmission. In addition to contact and aerosol transmission of the virus, this review investigated the possibility of its transmission via microplastics found in sewage. Wastewater-based epidemiological studies on the virus have confirmed its presence and persistence in both influent sewage as well as treated ones. The hypothesis behind the study is that the huge amount of microplastics, especially Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyethylene particles released into the open waters from sewage can become a good substrate and vector for microbes, especially Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyethylene particles, imparting stability to microbes and aiding the "plastisphere" formation. A bibliometric analysis highlights the negligence of research toward plastispheres and their presence in sewage. The ubiquity of microplastics and their release along with the virus into the open waters increases the risk of viral plastispheres. These plastispheres may be ingested by aquatic organisms facilitating reverse zoonosis and the commercial organisms already reported with accumulating microplastics through the food chain poses a risk to human populations as well. Reliance of high population density areas on open waters served by untreated sewage in economically less developed countries might bring back viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Reeves
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Wasim Akram Shaikh
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Science and Technology, The Neotia University, Sarisha, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 743368, India
| | - Sukalyan Chakraborty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| | - Punarbasu Chaudhuri
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Enviromicrobiology, Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research Laboratory (3E-MicroToxTech Lab), Department of Ecological Studies, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India; International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash Maity
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Nordmann S, Nefau T, Micallef J, Duplessy C, Catusse JC, Frauger E. [Which psychoactives substances are found in used syringes?]. Therapie 2023; 78:S51-S57. [PMID: 27771105 DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2015054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze the residual content of used syringes. METHODS Used syringes were collected in March 2014 at 9 sites in Marseille (automatic injection kit dispensers, streets, drug-user risk reduction centers [Centres d'accueil et d'accompagnement à la réduction de risques pour usagers de drogues [CAARUD]). Several substances (n=28) were investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry method. RESULTS On average, 2±1 substances in each syringe were found among 254 syringes analyzed. The most detected substances were cocaine, buprenorphine, methylphenidate and cathinones (in 57 %, 56 %, 39 % and 19 % of the syringes respectively). Heroin and morphine were found in 10 % of the syringes. DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION This study helps define the main substances consumed by injection drugs users. It highlighted differencies in used substances according to neighborhood and site of collection and thus help to adjust prevention and harm reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nordmann
- UMR 7289, institut des neurosciences Timone, service de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance, CEIP-addictovigilance PACA-Corse, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université-CNRS, secteur PiiCi, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Nefau
- Laboratoire de Santé publique - Environnement, UMR 8079, université Paris Sud, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Joëlle Micallef
- UMR 7289, institut des neurosciences Timone, service de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance, CEIP-addictovigilance PACA-Corse, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université-CNRS, secteur PiiCi, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Catusse
- Centre d'accueil et d'accompagnement et de réduction des risques pour les usagers de drogues Sleep'in, groupe PSA/SOS, 13001 Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Frauger
- UMR 7289, institut des neurosciences Timone, service de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance, CEIP-addictovigilance PACA-Corse, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université-CNRS, secteur PiiCi, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
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7
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Campo J, Vitale D, Sadutto D, Vera-Herrera L, Picó Y. Estimation of legal and illegal drugs consumption in Valencia City (Spain): 10 years of monitoring. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120082. [PMID: 37224671 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach provides objective, quantitative, near real-time profiles of illicit drug consumption by monitoring the concentration of unchanged parent drugs or their metabolites entering the municipal sewage system. Valencia is the third most populous city in Spain (an important country for the use and transit of several of these drugs). Estimations of consumption over long periods of time will help get better understanding of spatial and temporal trends in the use of licit and illicit drugs. Accordingly, applying the "best practice" protocol, 16 drugs of abuse and metabolites were monitored in this study, and 8 were daily measured during one-two weeks between 2011 and 2020 at the inlet of three wastewater treatment plants of Valencia City. Analysis of the selected compounds was performed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and the concentrations obtained were used to back-calculate the consumption data. Cannabis, tobacco, and cocaine were the most consumed drugs whereas opioids were less used. Cannabis and cocaine consumption are on average 2.7-23.4 and 1.1-2.3 g/day/1000inh, respectively, and their use tended to increase since 2018. Weekly profiles were characterized by higher consumption of cocaine, ecstasy, and heroin during weekends compared to weekdays. Similarly, during "Las Fallas" (main local festivity), increased use of cocaine and amphetamine-type stimulants, mainly MDMA, was measured. WBE proved to be an objective and useful methodology to get more insight on temporal drugs of abuse consumption, and the changes derived from local festivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Campo
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV). Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (Spanish National Research Council, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana). Carretera CV-315 km 10.7 (Campus IVIA). 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Dyana Vitale
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV). Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (Spanish National Research Council, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana). Carretera CV-315 km 10.7 (Campus IVIA). 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniele Sadutto
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV). Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (Spanish National Research Council, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana). Carretera CV-315 km 10.7 (Campus IVIA). 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucia Vera-Herrera
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV). Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (Spanish National Research Council, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana). Carretera CV-315 km 10.7 (Campus IVIA). 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV). Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (Spanish National Research Council, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana). Carretera CV-315 km 10.7 (Campus IVIA). 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Verovšek T, Šuštarič A, Laimou-Geraniou M, Krizman-Matasic I, Prosen H, Eleršek T, Kramarič Zidar V, Mislej V, Mišmaš B, Stražar M, Levstek M, Cimrmančič B, Lukšič S, Uranjek N, Kozlovič-Bobič T, Kosjek T, Kocman D, Heath D, Heath E. Removal of residues of psychoactive substances during wastewater treatment, their occurrence in receiving river waters and environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161257. [PMID: 36608822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous consumption combined with incomplete removal during wastewater treatment means residues of psychoactive substances (licit drugs, medications of abuse and illicit drugs) are constantly introduced into the aquatic environment, where they have the potential to affect non-target organisms. In this study, 17 drug residues of psychoactive substances were determined in wastewater influent, effluent and in receiving rivers of six Slovene municipal wastewater treatment plants employing different treatment technologies. Variations in removal efficiencies (REs) during spring, summer and winter were explored, and ecotoxic effects were evaluated using in silico (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships software-ECOSAR) and in vivo (algal growth inhibition test) methods. Drug residues were detected in influent and effluent in the ng/L to μg/L range. In receiving rivers, biomarkers were in the ng/L range, and there was good agreement between measured and predicted concentrations. On average, REs were highest for nicotine, 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), cocaine residues, and amphetamine (>90 %) and lowest for methadone residues (<30 %). REs were comparable between treatments involving activated sludge and membrane bioreactors, while the moving biofilm bed reactor (MBBR) removed cotinine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine to a lesser extent. Accordingly, higher levels of nicotine and cocaine residues were detected in river water receiving MBBR discharge. Although there were seasonal variations in REs and levels of drug residues in receiving rivers, no general pattern could be observed. No significant inhibition of algal growth (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was observed for the tested compounds (1 mg/L) during 72 h and 240 h of exposure, although effects on aquatic plants were predicted in silico. In addition, environmental risk assessment revealed that levels of nicotine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), morphine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) pose a risk to aquatic organisms. Since nicotine and EDDP can have acute and chronic effects, the authors support regular monitoring of receiving surface waters, followed up by regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ariana Šuštarič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Eleršek
- National Institute of biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Vesna Mislej
- JP Vodovod Kanalizacija Snaga, d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Mišmaš
- JP Vodovod Kanalizacija Snaga, d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Stražar
- JP Central Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik, d.o.o., Študljanska 91, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Levstek
- JP Central Wastewater Treatment Plant Domžale-Kamnik, d.o.o., Študljanska 91, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | | | - Simon Lukšič
- Komunala Novo mesto, d.o.o., Podbevškova ulica 12, 8000 Novo mesto, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Uranjek
- Komunalno podjetje Velenje, d.o.o., Koroška cesta 37/b, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia
| | | | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Zhao J, Lu J, Zhao H, Yan Y, Dong H, Li W. Illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater: Analysis, occurrence and consumption in Xinjiang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158457. [PMID: 36063955 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of illicit drugs has increased considerably across the world. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) of illicit drugs might help determine the types and quantity of illicit drugs consumed in a region. In this study, WBE was applied to analyze illicit drugs in five representative urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Xinjiang, China. The collected samples were pretreated under optimized solid-phase extraction conditions and then analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results revealed the presence of 9 of the 11 evaluated drugs; among them, the concentrations of these substances ranged as follows: METH (2.60-10.02 ng/L), MDMA (0.49-6.87 ng/L), MOR (4.53-44.75 ng/L), COD (2.24-8.30 ng/L), MTD (1.36-3.75 ng/L), COC (0.48 ng/L), THC (5.98-18.89 ng/L), BE (1.12-2.45 ng/L) and KET (1.50 ng/L). And an estimate of the per capita consumption revealed morphine (10.2 mg/d/1000inhabitants), cannabis (3.9 mg/d/1000inhabitants), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (3.9 mg/d/1000 inhabitants), and methamphetamine (2.2 mg/d/1000 inhabitants) as the main substances of abuse in Xinjiang, China. The results of this study might be taken as a reference for future studies on the continuous monitoring of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Haijun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yujun Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Pollutant Control of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Aydın S, Ulvi A, Aydın ME. Monitoring and ecological risk of illegal drugs before and after sewage treatment in an area. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:294. [PMID: 35332403 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of illicit drugs and their metabolites in the sewerage systems and in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Konya, Turkey, was presented. The drug removal efficiencies of the central WWTP were investigated. Potential ecotoxicological risks for algae, fish, and Daphnia magna in the receiving environments were also evaluated. The highest estimated mean illicit drug use was obtained for cannabis (marijuana) at 280 ± 12 mg/day/1000 inhabitants and 430 ± 20 g/day/1000 inhabitants (15-64 years). Amphetamine was found to be the second most consumed drug of abuse. While cannabis and ecstasy consumption values were higher during the weekend, cocaine use dominated on weekdays. The removal efficiencies for THC-COOH and THC-OH were 100% in the WWTP. The average removal of cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, and methadone varied between 46 ± 7 and 87 ± 3%. The maximum concentration level of MDMA found can pose some low risk for Daphnia magna. The rest of the compounds detected in effluents did not show any toxic effects on fish, Daphnia magna, or algae. However, when the cumulative estimated risk quotient values were evaluated, there might be a low risk for Daphnia magna and algae in the receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senar Aydın
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Ulvi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Aydın
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Detection of Eight Cannabinoids and One Tracer in Wastewater and River Water by SPE-UPLC–ESI-MS/MS. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of illicit drugs represents a global social and economic problem. Using suitable analytical methods, monitoring, and detection of different illegal drugs residues and their metabolites in wastewater samples can help combat this problem. Our article defines a method to develop, validate, and practically applicate a rapid and robust analytical process for the evaluation of six naturally occurring cannabinoids (CBG, CBD, CBDV, CBN, THC, THCV), two cannabinoids in acidic form (CBDA, THCA-A), and the major cannabis-related human metabolite (THC-COOH). After SPE offline enrichment, we used a UPLC–ESI-MS/MS system, which permitted the determination of several by-products. Studied matrices were samples of different origins: (i) effluent water from a wastewater treatment plant in the Porto urban area; (ii) environmental water from Febros River, the last left-bank tributary of the Douro River. The multi-residue approach was substantiated and successfully employed to analyze the water samples collected in the above locations. The rapid and precise quantification of nine different cannabinoids in different water samples occurred within nine minutes at the ng L−1 level. The appearance of dozens of ng L−1 of some cannabis secondary metabolites, such as CBD, CBDA, CBN, THCA-A, indicates this plant species’ widespread usage among the general population in the considered area.
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12
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Huizer M, Ter Laak TL, de Voogt P, van Wezel AP. Wastewater-based epidemiology for illicit drugs: A critical review on global data. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117789. [PMID: 34731667 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug use is complex, hidden and often highly stigmatized behaviour, which brings a vast challenge for drug surveillance systems. Drug consumption can be estimated by measuring human excretion products in untreated wastewater, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Over the last decade, the application of wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor illicit drug loads increased and WBE is currently applied on a global scale. Studies from over the globe are evaluated with regard to their sampling method, analytical accuracy and consumption calculation, aiming to further reduce relevant uncertainties in order to make reliable comparisons on a global level. Only a limited number is identified as high-quality studies, so further standardization of the WBE approach for illicit drugs is desired especially with regard to the sampling methodology. Only a fraction of the reviewed papers explicitly reports uncertainty ranges for their consumption data. Studies which had the highest reliability are recently published, indicating an improvement in reporting WBE data. Until now, WBE has not been used in large parts of Africa, nor in the Middle East and Russia. An overview of consumption data across the continents on commonly studied drugs (cocaine, MDMA, amphetamine and methamphetamine) is provided. Overall, high consumption rates are confirmed in the US, especially for cocaine and methamphetamine, while relatively low illicit drug consumption is reported in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Huizer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Kuloglu Genc M, Mercan S, Yayla M, Tekin Bulbul T, Adioren C, Simsek SZ, Asicioglu F. Monitoring geographical differences in illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco consumption via wastewater-based epidemiology: Six major cities in Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149156. [PMID: 34346379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A national wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) monitoring campaign has been initiated to determine the trends in drug consumption in Turkey since 2019. This study aimed to present the wastewater monitoring results for four periods in 2019 for six major cities with 17 wastewater treatment plants. The study investigated heroin (HER), amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), cocaine (COC), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco to understand the temporal and geographical drug consumption trends. The results indicated a trend of regular cannabis use in all the cities. Considering geographical variations, the drug usage trends were not homogeneous within the country for any of the investigated drugs, except cannabis. HER consumption was predominant in Denizli (1042.48 mg/1000 inh/day), while İzmir and Antalya (154.10 and 79.56 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively) topped for COC consumption. Aydın had the highest consumption levels of AMP (90.03 mg/1000 inh/day) and METH (358.13 mg/1000 inh/day), while MDMA consumption was the highest in Samsun (157.64 mg/1000 inh/day). Tobacco consumption was high in Aydın (8791.69 mg/1000 inh/day) and Antalya (5375.17 mg/1000 inh/day), whereas alcohol consumption was higher in Bursa than in the other cities (53434.61 mL/1000 inh/day). There were no statistically significant differences in the weekend consumption levels of the investigated drugs among these six cities. Although this study included the results of 1 year of consumption monitoring, the data confirms internationally published information on the drug trafficking routes of conventional drugs in this region, especially the Heroin-Balkan route. Results from further sampling will enable accurate evaluation of global drug consumption and trafficking, in addition to alcohol and tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kuloglu Genc
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Mercan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yayla
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Tekin Bulbul
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagdas Adioren
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumeyye Zulal Simsek
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Asicioglu
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Jin H, Yang D, Hao Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu W, Zhao M. Estimation of the psychoactive substances consumption within 12 wastewater treatment plants service areas in a certain city of Guangxi, China applying wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146370. [PMID: 33725608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of psychoactive substances has been increasing dramatically over the last few years, which is becoming a concern for human health and social stability. How to accurately estimate psychoactive substances' total consumption in certain areas is the key to manage such substances. In order to control psychoactive substances, 8 psychoactive substances' consumption within 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) service areas in a certain city of Guangxi, China was investigated in 2019. Firstly, a solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used to determine the influent concentrations. Morphine (MOR), 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (METH), ketamine (KET), and norketamine (NK) were detected, with the concentrations ranging from less than method detection limit (NK, MDMA) to 170.91 (METH) ng/L. Then, the back-estimation of consumption was conducted according to the objective and near real-time wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The results demonstrate that KET, MOR, and METH are the most abused psychoactive substances, with the mean consumption of 682.42, 167.81, and 44.56 mg/day/1000 inh, respectively. The psychoactive substance residues of WWTPs influent were analyzed to estimate such substances' consumption in specific areas, so as to provide support for risk prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Yunbin Hao
- Hangzhou Ruide Life Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, PR China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Hangzhou Ruide Life Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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15
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Langa I, Gonçalves R, Tiritan ME, Ribeiro C. Wastewater analysis of psychoactive drugs: Non-enantioselective vs enantioselective methods for estimation of consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110873. [PMID: 34153554 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of licit and illicit psychoactive drugs (PAD) is ubiquitous in all communities and a serious public health problem. Measuring drug consumption is difficult but essential for health-care professionals, risk assessment and policymakers. Different sources of information have been used for a comprehensive analysis of drug consumption. Among them, Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) emerged as an essential and complementary methodology for estimating licit and illicit drugs consumption. This methodology can be used for quantification of unchanged drugs or their human-specific metabolites in wastewater for estimation of consumption or screening of new PAD. Although some limitations are still being pointed out (e.g., estimation of the population size, use of suitable biomarkers or pharmacokinetics studies), the non-invasive and potential for monitoring real-time data on geographical and temporal trends in drug use have been showing its capacity as a routine and complementary tool. Chromatographic methods, both non-enantioselective and enantioselective are the analytical tools used for quantification of PAD in wastewaters and further estimation of consumption. Therefore, this manuscript aims to summarize and critically discuss the works used for wastewater analysis of PAD based on WBE using non-enantioselective and enantioselective methods for estimation of consumption. Non-enantioselective methods are among the most reported including for chiral PAD. Nevertheless, a trend has been seen towards the development of enantioselective methods as most PAD are chiral and determination of the enantiomeric fraction can provide additional information (e.g., distinction between consumption or direct disposal, or manufacture processes) and fulfill some WBE gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Langa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal; Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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16
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Bijlsma L, Picó Y, Andreu V, Celma A, Estévez-Danta A, González-Mariño I, Hernández F, López de Alda M, López-García E, Marcé RM, Miró M, Montes R, Pérez de San Román-Landa U, Pitarch E, Pocurull E, Postigo C, Prieto A, Rico A, Rodil R, Valcárcel Y, Ventura M, Quintana JB. The embodiment of wastewater data for the estimation of illicit drug consumption in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:144794. [PMID: 33770873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Data obtained from wastewater analysis can provide rapid and complementary insights in illicit drug consumption at community level. Within Europe, Spain is an important country of transit of both cocaine and cannabis. The quantity of seized drugs and prevalence of their use rank Spain at the top of Europe. Hence, the implementation of a wastewater monitoring program at national level would help to get better understanding of spatial differences and trends in use of illicit drugs. In this study, a national wastewater campaign was performed for the first time to get more insight on the consumption of illicit drugs within Spain. The 13 Spanish cities monitored cover approximately 6 million inhabitants (12.8% of the Spanish population). Untreated wastewater samples were analyzed for urinary biomarkers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, and cannabis. In addition, weekend samples were monitored for 17 new psychoactive substances. Cannabis and cocaine are the most consumed drugs in Spain, but geographical variations showed, for instance, comparatively higher levels of methamphetamine in Barcelona and amphetamine in Bilbao, with about 1-fold higher consumption of these two substances in such metropolitan areas. For amphetamine, an enantiomeric profiling was performed in order to assure the results were due to consumption and not to illegal dumping of production residues. Furthermore, different correction factors for the excretion of cannabis were used to compare consumption estimations. All wastewater results were compared with previously reported data, national seizure data and general population survey data, were a reasonable agreement was found. Daily and yearly drug consumption were extrapolated to the entire Spanish population with due precautions because of the uncertainty associated. These data was further used to estimate the retail drug market, where for instance cocaine illicit consumption alone was calculated to contribute to 0.2-0.5% of the Spanish gross domestic product (ca. 3000-6000 million Euro/year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) joint Research Centre Universitat de Valencia-CSIC-Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) joint Research Centre Universitat de Valencia-CSIC-Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester López-García
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Grupo de Evaluación de Riesgos en Salud y Medio Ambiente (RiSaMA), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Asociación Bienestar y Desarollo, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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17
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Christophoridis C, Veloutsou S, Mitsika E, Zacharis CK, Christia C, Raikos N, Fytianos K. Determination of illicit drugs and psychoactive pharmaceuticals in wastewater from the area of Thessaloniki (Greece) using LC-MS/MS: estimation of drug consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:249. [PMID: 33829338 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of multiclass illicit drugs (cocainoids, opiates, amphetamines, and cannabinoids) and psychoactive pharmaceuticals (anxiolytics, hypnotics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antiparkinsonian), in municipal wastewater. The analytical method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The recoveries (%) for the majority of the analytes ranged between 70 and 120%, while the method showed good repeatability (2.4-29.2%). The limits of detection (LOD) of the method ranged between 0.8 and 9.4 ng L-1. The method was implemented on influent and effluent samples from Thessaloniki (N. Greece) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and it revealed the daily presence of benzoylecgonine (BEG) (84.0-202.2 ng L-1), methadone (12.3-17.5 ng L-1), 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) (80.3-171.9 ng L-1), morphine (144.2-264.3 ng L-1), and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) (5.8-12.0 ng L-1) in the influent samples of WWTP. Clozapine (101.6-315.5 ng L-1), quetiapine (33.5-109.7 ng L-1), and fluoxetine (20.9-124.4 ng L-1) were pharmaceutical psychotics with the highest concentration in the influents. Back calculation estimated that the daily consumption of cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and methadone was 36-95, 86-164, 2300-5400, and 8-12 mg day-1 per 1000 inhabitants, respectively. The consumption was estimated between 7-16 and 15 mg day-1 per 1000 inhabitants for methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Veloutsou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Mitsika
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Christia
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Raikos
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Yao B, Yan S, Lian L, Liu D, Cui J, Song W. Occurrence, distribution, and potential health risks of psychoactive substances in Chinese surface waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124851. [PMID: 33370654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ten psychoactive substances (PSs) and metabolites were identified and quantified in 217 surface water samples collected across China to reveal the occurrence, distribution, and potential health risks in Chinese surface waters. The results showed the ubiquitous occurrence of caffeine (CFI), paraxanthine (PXT) and cotinine (CTN) at all the monitored sites, the concentrations of which ranged from not detected to 3460 ng L-1, while the remaining PSs were detected at trace levels (<50 ng L-1). High concentrations of diet-related PSs (CTN, CFI, and PXT) typically occurred in areas with high population densities. Traditional drugs tended to occur in megacities and the illegal manufacturing bases of the illicit drugs. Emerging drugs were found to be very popular across the whole country, with no significant differences among the samples. The risk assessment results suggest that drinking water containing these PS residues posed no potential human health risk in any life stage. However, the age-dependent risk quotients (RQs) of the 5 assessed PSs for the 12 age intervals ranged from < 1.0 × 10-7 to 0.005. In terms of the evaluated life stages, the RQs for early stages (from birth to <2 years) were significantly higher than the RQs for other stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 PR China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 PR China
| | - Daxi Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, PR China.
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 PR China.
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19
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Liu SY, Yu WJ, Wang YR, Shao XT, Wang DG. Tracing consumption patterns of stimulants, opioids, and ketamine in China by wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16754-16766. [PMID: 33394399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug use has long been a key issue of international concern, and the true situation is unknown to the relevant authorities. To develop a profile of comprehensive consumption patterns of illicit drugs in China, data from 34 wastewater treatment plants in 25 cities were collected to analyze four classes of drugs, including amphetamine-type stimulants, opioids, ketamine, and cocaine. They were identified and quantified in samples using methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. According to the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach, an analysis of the consumption pattern was performed regarding per inhabitant consumption based on the revised metabolic rate. The consumption quantity of illicit drug and precursor was divided into four categories based on statistical difference analyses: methamphetamine and ephedrine (precursor) were the predominant drugs in the first category, followed by ketamine and heroin in the second category, methcathinone and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the third category, and cocaine and methadone in the fourth category. There were distinctive spatial patterns: heroin and cocaine consumption was higher in Southern China than in Northern China, heroin consumption was higher in Western China than in Eastern China, and the consumption of each drug differed across seven regions of China, especially with ephedrine and methcathinone consumption higher in North China; heroin consumption higher in Southwest, Central, and Northwest China; and ketamine and MDMA consumption higher in East, South, and Central China. Compared with findings in previous studies, there were temporal patterns, in which ketamine consumption presented a downward trend but heroin remained stable. Based on correlation analyses, there were the polydrug abuse patterns between heroin and cocaine, methcathinone and ketamine, and cocaine and MDMA. In general, this study based on WBE provides a comprehensive evaluation of drug consumption in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Ru Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China.
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Proctor K, Petrie B, Lopardo L, Muñoz DC, Rice J, Barden R, Arnot T, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Micropollutant fluxes in urban environment - A catchment perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123745. [PMID: 33113728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study provided a holistic understanding of the sources, fate and behaviour of 142 compounds of emerging concern (CECs) throughout a river catchment impacted by 5 major urban areas. Of the incoming 169.3 kg d-1 of CECs entering the WwTWs, 167.9 kg d-1 were present in the liquid phase of influent and 1.4 kg d-1 were present in the solid phase (solid particulate matter, SPM). Analysis of SPM was important to determine accurate loads of incoming antidepressants and antifungal compounds, which are primarily found in the solid phase. Furthermore, these classes and the plasticiser, bisphenol A (BPA) were the highest contributors to CEC load in digested solids. Population normalised loads showed little variation across the catchment at 154 ± 12 mg d-1 inhabitant-1 indicating that population size is the main driver of CECs in the studied catchment. Across the catchment 154.6 kg d-1 were removed from the liquid phase during treatment processes. CECs discharged into surface waters from individual WwTWs contributed between 0.19 kg d-1 at WwTW A to 7.3 kg d-1 at WwTW E, which correlated strongly with the respective contributing populations. Spatial and temporal variations of individual CECs and their respective classes were found in WwTW influent (both solid (influentSPM) and liquid phases (influentAQ)) throughout the catchment, showing that different urban areas impact the catchment in different ways, with key variables being lifestyle, use of over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and industrial activity. Understanding of both spatial and temporal variation of CECs at the catchment level helped to identify possible instances of direct disposal, as in the case of carbamazepine. Analysis of surface waters throughout the catchment showed increasing mass loads of CECs from upstream of WwTW A to downstream at WwTW D, showing clear individual contributions from WwTWs. Many CECs were ubiquitous throughout the river water in the catchment. Daily loads ranged from 0.005 g d-1 (ketamine, WwTW A) up to 1890.3 g d-1 (metformin, WwTW C) for the 84/138 CECs that were detected downstream of the WwTWs. For metformin this represents the equivalent of ∼1,890 tablets (1,000 mg per tablet) dissolved in the river water downstream of WwTW C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7JG, UK
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dolores Camacho Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jack Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Tom Arnot
- Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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How ZT, Gamal El-Din M. A critical review on the detection, occurrence, fate, toxicity, and removal of cannabinoids in the water system and the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115642. [PMID: 33032096 PMCID: PMC7489229 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are a group of organic compounds found in cannabis. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two major constituents of cannabinoids, and their metabolites are contaminants of emerging concern due to the limited information on their environmental impacts. As well, their releases to the water systems and environment are expected to increase due to recent legalization. Solid-phase extraction is the most common technique for the extraction and pre-concentration of cannabinoids in water samples as well as a clean-up step after the extraction of cannabinoids from solid samples. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is the most common technique used for the analysis of cannabinoids. THC and its metabolites have been detected in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water. In particular, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) has been detected at concentrations up to 2590 and 169 ng L-1 in untreated and treated wastewater, respectively, 79.9 ng L-1 in surface water, and 1 ng L-1 in drinking water. High removal of cannabinoids has been observed in wastewater treatment plants; this is likely a result of adsorption due to the low aqueous solubility of cannabinoids. Based on the estrogenicity and cytotoxicity studies and modelling, it has been predicted that THC and THC-COOH pose moderate risk for adverse impact on the environment. While chlorination and photo-oxidation have been shown to be effective in the removal of THC-COOH, they also produce by-products that are potentially more toxic than regulated disinfection by-products. The potential of indirect exposure to cannabinoids and their metabolites through recreational water is of great interest. As cannabinoids and especially their by-products may have adverse impacts on the environment and public health, more studies on their occurrence in various types of water and environmental systems, as well as on their environmental toxicity, would be required to accurately assess their impact on the environment and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 1H9.
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Zarei S, Salimi Y, Repo E, Daglioglu N, Safaei Z, Güzel E, Asadi A. A global systematic review and meta-analysis on illicit drug consumption rate through wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36037-36051. [PMID: 32594443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a complementary, well-established comprehensive, cost-effective, and rapid technique for monitoring of illicit drugs used in a general population. This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to estimate the rank and consumption rate of illicit drugs through WBE studies. In the current study, the related investigations regarding the illicit drug consumption rate based on WBE were searched among the international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Science direct, Google scholar, and local database, Magiran from 2012 up to May 2019. The illicit drug consumption rate with 95% confidence intervals was pooled between studies by using random effect model. The heterogeneity was determined using I2 statistics. Also, subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the possible effects of year and location of studies on observed heterogeneity. Meta-analysis of 37 articles indicates that the overall rank order of illicit drugs according to their pooled consumption rate can be summarized as tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabis (7417.9 mg/day/1000 people) > cocaine (655.7 mg/day/1000 people) > morphine (384.9 mg/day/1000 people) > methamphetamine (296.2 mg/day/1000 people) > codeine (222.7 mg/day/1000 people) > methadone (200.2 mg/day/1000 people) > 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (126.3 mg/day/1000 people) > amphetamine (118.2 mg/day/1000 people) > 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine (33.7 mg/day/1000 people). The pooled level rate was 190.16 mg/day/1000 people for benzoylecgonine (main urinary cocaine metabolite), 137.9 mg/day/1000 people for 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (main metabolite of cannabis), and 33.7 mg/day/1000 people for 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine (main metabolite of methadone). The I2 values for all selected drugs were 100% (P value < 0.001). The results of year subgroup indicated that the changes of heterogeneity for all selected drugs were nearly negligible. The heterogeneity within studies based on continents subgroup just decreased in America for drugs like 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (I2 = 24.4%) and benzoylecgonine (I2 = 94.1%). The outcome of this meta-analysis can be used for finding the illicit drugs with global serious problem in view of consumption rate (i.e., cannabis and cocaine) and helping authorities to combat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Zarei
- Students Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Eveliina Repo
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Nebile Daglioglu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zahra Safaei
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Evsen Güzel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Anvar Asadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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23
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Kim KY, Oh JE. Evaluation of pharmaceutical abuse and illicit drug use in South Korea by wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122622. [PMID: 32388180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse trends in South Korea were assessed by estimating the consumption rates of drugs that may be abused or misused by performing wastewater-based drug epidemiology. Of the 29 target compounds, 10 were found in samples from three wastewater treatment plants. Ephedrine had the highest mean estimated consumption rate, 574.1 mg d-1 (1000 people)-1. The anti-obesity drugs phendimetrazine and phentermine had the second and fifth highest mean estimated consumption rates, 182.9 and 113.1 mg d-1 (1000 people)-1, respectively. The zolpidem consumption rate was 65.8 mg d-1 (1000 people)-1. Methamphetamine was the only illicit drug detected in wastewater, and the estimated consumption rates (14.9-28.6 mg d-1 (1000 people)-1) were similar to consumption rates found in previous Korean studies (not detected to 45.8 mg d-1 (1000 people)-1). The mean estimated meperidine and cis-tramadol (opioid) consumption rates were 120 and 27.5 mg d-1 (1000 people)-1, respectively, and were 8.2 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than the consumption rates found in 2013. Methylphenidate was detected in the influent and effluent samples at mean concentrations of 2.7 and 2.6 ng L-1, respectively, but the methylphenidate consumption rate could not be estimated because of the low excretion rate for humans (<1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Mao K, Zhang H, Pan Y, Zhang K, Cao H, Li X, Yang Z. Nanomaterial-based aptamer sensors for analysis of illicit drugs and evaluation of drugs consumption for wastewater-based epidemiology. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 130:115975. [PMID: 32834242 PMCID: PMC7336936 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit drugs usually associated with dramatic crimes may cause significant problems for the whole society. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been demonstrated to be a novel and cost-effective way to evaluate the abuse of illicit drugs at the community level, and has been used as a routine method for monitoring and played a significant role for combating the crimes in some countries, e.g. China. The method can also provide temporal and spatial variation of drugs of abuse. The detection methods mainly remain on the conventional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which is extremely sensitive and selective, however needs advanced facility and well-trained personals, thus limit it in the lab. As an alternative, sensors have emerged to be a powerful analytical tool for a wide spectrum of analytes, in particular aptamer sensors (aptasensors) have attracted increasing attention and could act as an efficient tool in this field due to the excellent characteristics of selectivity, sensitivity, low cost, miniaturization, easy-to-use, and automation. In this review, we will briefly introduce the context, specific assessment process and applications of WBE and the recent progress of illicit drug aptasensors, in particular focusing on optical and electrochemical sensors. We then highlight several recent aptasensors for illicit drugs in new technology integration and discuss the feasibility of these aptasensor for WBE. We will summarize the challenges and propose our insights and opportunity on aptasensor for WBE to evaluate community-wide drug use trends and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Yuwei Pan
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kuankuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Haorui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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25
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Reprint of: The effect of the Music Day event on community drug use. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110355. [PMID: 32721823 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drugs consumption can be back-calculated based on the analysis of drug residues in wastewater using the wastewater-based epidemiology method. The Music Day, held on June 21 in France since 1982, has grown to global proportions and is now celebrated as World Music Day. This large outdoor event takes place in many cities with people allowed to play music in the streets. As psychotropic drugs are often associated with music events, the goal of this study is to investigate the use of illicit drugs on this day in Bordeaux, the fifth largest urban area in France. Daily sampling campaigns of composite wastewater were carried out for seven days in two wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux in 2017 (Music Day) and 2018. World Music Day in Bordeaux has no observable effect on illicit drug consumption even if this event has massive public participation: this is the first report of the absence of an illicit drug consumption increase in a festival of such magnitude, corroborating the effect of others' views and opinions, because this event takes place publicly in the street and not among peers. Different hypothesizes are put forward to explain this fact: inappropriate type of event for drug consumption, effect of other festivals, and influence of the event's timing on a weekday.
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26
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Thiebault T. Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim ratio as a new marker in raw wastewaters: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136916. [PMID: 32041046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Global Trimethoprim (TMP) and Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) occurrences in raw wastewaters were systematically collected from the literature (n = 140 articles) in order to assess the relevance of using the SMX/TMP ratio as a marker of the main origin of wastewaters. These two antibiotics were selected due to their frequent use in association (i.e. co-trimoxazole) in a 5:1 ratio (SMX:TMP) for medication purposes, generating a unique opportunity to globally evaluate the validity of this ratio based on concentration values. Several parameters (e.g. sorption, biodegradation) may affect the theoretical SMX/TMP ratio. However, the collected data highlighted the good agreement between the theoretical ratio and the experimental one, especially in wastewater treatment plant influents and hospital effluents. Only livestock effluents displayed a very high SMX/TMP ratio, indicative of the very significant use of sulfonamide alone in this industry. Conversely, several countries displayed low SMX/TMP ratio values, highlighting local features in the human pharmacopoeia. This review provides new insights in order to develop an easy to handle and sound marker of wastewater origins (i.e. human/livestock), beyond atypical local customs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thiebault
- EPHE, PSL University, UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne University, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France.
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27
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Devault DA, Peyré A, Jaupitre O, Daveluy A, Karolak S. The effect of the Music Day event on community drug use. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Ložek F, Kuklina I, Grabicová K, Kubec J, Buřič M, Randák T, Císař P, Kozák P. Cardiac and Locomotor Responses to Acute Stress in Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Exposed to Methamphetamine at an Environmentally Relevant Concentration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062084. [PMID: 32245179 PMCID: PMC7143509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a central nervous system stimulant used as a recreational drug, is frequently found in surface waters at potentially harmful concentrations. To determine effects of long-term exposure to environmentally relevant levels on nontarget organisms, we analysed cardiac and locomotor responses of signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus to acute stress during a 21-day exposure to METH at 1 μg L-1 followed by 14 days depuration. Heart rate and locomotion were recorded over a period of 30 min before and 30 min after exposure to haemolymph of an injured conspecific four times during METH exposure and four times during the depuration phase. Methamphetamine-exposed crayfish showed a weaker cardiac response to stress than was observed in controls during both exposure and depuration phases. Similarly, methamphetamine-exposed crayfish, during METH exposure, showed lower locomotor reaction poststressor application in contrast to controls. Results indicate biological alterations in crayfish exposed to METH at low concentration level, potentially resulting in a shift in interactions among organisms in natural environment.
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Archer JRH, Mendes F, Hudson S, Layne K, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Evaluation of long-term detection trends of new psychoactive substances in pooled urine from city street portable urinals (London, UK). Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:517-527. [PMID: 32050035 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the long-term trends of new psychoactive substance (NPS) detection in pooled urine samples collected across a city centre. METHODS Pooled urine samples from portable stand-alone urinals were collected on a monthly basis over 5.5 years (July 2013-December 2018) across a city centre. These were analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatography system, interfaced to a high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer. Data were processed against a database containing over 2000 drugs/metabolites including over 800 NPS. RESULTS In total, 44 NPS were detected with variation over time including cathinones (15, 34.1%), synthetic cannabinoids (8, 18.2%) and 21 (47.7%) other NPS. Since the introduction of the UK Psychoactive Substances Act (May 2016) cathinone detection has decreased with minimal detection over the last 4 months of the study. Synthetic cannabinoids were not detected on a regular basis until July 2016 with a subsequent variable detection frequency. There was a consistent, low level detection frequency of all other NPS throughout the study, but which appears to have increased alongside the decrease in cathinone detection. CONCLUSION Pooled urine analysis of samples taken from portable urinals in a city centre can be used as an effective monitoring tool to determine long-term trends in the use of NPS. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of the Psychoactive Substances Act and reflect the findings of population surveys and clinical studies. Triangulation of these data with other data sources will enable greater insight into the NPS phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R H Archer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Mendes
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Simon Hudson
- Laboratory and Managed Services, LGC, Fordham, UK
| | - Kerry Layne
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Tian Z, Peter KT, Gipe AD, Zhao H, Hou F, Wark DA, Khangaonkar T, Kolodziej EP, James CA. Suspect and Nontarget Screening for Contaminants of Emerging Concern in an Urban Estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:889-901. [PMID: 31887037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study used suspect and nontarget screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the nearshore marine environment of Puget Sound (WA). In total, 87 non-polymeric CECs were identified; those confirmed with reference standards (45) included pharmaceuticals, herbicides, vehicle-related compounds, plasticizers, and flame retardants. Eight polyfluoroalkyl substances were detected; perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations were as high as 72-140 ng/L at one location. Low levels of methamphetamine were detected in 41% of the samples. Transformation products of pesticides were tentatively identified, including two novel transformation products of tebuthiuron. While a hydrodynamic simulation, analytical results, and dilution calculations demonstrated the prevalence of wastewater effluent to nearshore marine environments, the identity and abundance of selected CECs revealed the additional contributions from stormwater and localized urban and industrial sources. For the confirmed CECs, risk quotients were calculated based on concentrations and predicted toxicities, and eight CECs had risk quotients >1. Dilution in the marine estuarine environment lowered the risks of most wastewater-derived CECs, but dilution alone is insufficient to mitigate risks of localized inputs. These findings highlighted the necessity of suspect and nontarget screening and revealed the importance of localized contamination sources in urban marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Alex D Gipe
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Haoqi Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Fan Hou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - David A Wark
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Tarang Khangaonkar
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratories , 1100 Dexter Avenue N , Seattle , Washington 98011 , United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - C Andrew James
- Center for Urban Waters , 326 East D Street , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
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Fallati L, Castiglioni S, Galli P, Riva F, Gracia-Lor E, González-Mariño I, Rousis NI, Shifah M, Messa MC, Strepparava MG, Vai M, Zuccato E. Use of legal and illegal substances in Malé (Republic of Maldives) assessed by wastewater analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134207. [PMID: 31499350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study used wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to investigate the lifestyle of the inhabitants of Malé, the capital of the Republic of Maldives. Raw wastewater 12-h composite samples were collected from nine pumping stations serving the city area - thus representative of the whole Malé population. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for estimating the profile of use of a large number of substances including illicit drugs, alcohol, caffeine, tobacco and pharmaceuticals. The illicit drugs most used were cannabis (THC) and heroin (700 and 18 g/day), with lower consumption of cocaine and amphetamines (0.1-1.2 g/day). It is important to note that the consumption of cannabis in Malé was comparable to that measured in other countries, while the consumption of heroin was higher. Among cathinones, mephedrone was detected at the highest levels similar to other countries. Consumption of alcohol, which is not allowed in Maldives, was found (1.3 L/day/1000 inhabitants), but at a low level compared with other countries (6-44 L/day/1000 inhabitants), while the consumption of caffeine and tobacco was generally in line with reports from other countries. Unique information on pharmaceuticals use was also provided, since no official data were available. Human lifestyle was evaluated by applying for the first time the full set of WBE methodologies available in our laboratory. Results provided valuable epidemiological information, which may be useful for national and international agencies to understand population lifestyles better, including illicit drug issues, and for planning and evaluation of drug prevention programs in Malé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fallati
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Francesco Riva
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Mohamed Shifah
- MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Maria Cristina Messa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20052 Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Strepparava
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20052 Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Marina Vai
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Bijlsma L, Burgard DA, Been F, Ort C, Matias J, Yargeau V. The estimation of cannabis consumption through wastewater analysis. ANALYSIS OF CANNABIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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González‐Mariño I, Baz‐Lomba JA, Alygizakis NA, Andrés‐Costa MJ, Bade R, Barron LP, Been F, Berset J, Bijlsma L, Bodík I, Brenner A, Brock AL, Burgard DA, Castrignanò E, Christophoridis CE, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Devault DA, Dias MJ, Emke E, Fatta‐Kassinos D, Fedorova G, Fytianos K, Gerber C, Grabic R, Grüner S, Gunnar T, Hapeshi E, Heath E, Helm B, Hernández F, Kankaanpaa A, Karolak S, Kasprzyk‐Hordern B, Krizman‐Matasic I, Lai FY, Lechowicz W, Lopes A, López de Alda M, López‐García E, Löve ASC, Mastroianni N, McEneff GL, Montes R, Munro K, Nefau T, Oberacher H, O'Brien JW, Olafsdottir K, Picó Y, Plósz BG, Polesel F, Postigo C, Quintana JB, Ramin P, Reid MJ, Rice J, Rodil R, Senta I, Simões SM, Sremacki MM, Styszko K, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, Udrisard R, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C. Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction 2020; 115:109-120. [PMID: 31642141 PMCID: PMC6973045 DOI: 10.1111/add.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González‐Mariño
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain,Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and BromatologyUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Nikiforos A. Alygizakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Leon P. Barron
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Igor Bodík
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Asher Brenner
- Unit of Environmental EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Andreas L. Brock
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK,Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesToxicological CenterAntwerpBelgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBEDUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Damien A. Devault
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Mário J. Dias
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Despo Fatta‐Kassinos
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry DepartmentAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Grüner
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental SciencesJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Björn Helm
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Aino Kankaanpaa
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sara Karolak
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | | | - Ivona Krizman‐Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Alvaro Lopes
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ester López‐García
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arndís S. C. Löve
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Gillian L. McEneff
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kelly Munro
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Nefau
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility MetabolomicsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research GroupUniversity of ValenciaMoncadaSpain
| | - Benedek G. Plósz
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Jack Rice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Susana M. Simões
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Maja M. Sremacki
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational SafetyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental SciencesAGH University of Science and TechnologyKrakowPoland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)OsloNorway,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water ManagementSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Potential Health Risks Linked to Emerging Contaminants in Major Rivers and Treated Waters. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in our local waterways is becoming an increasing threat to the surrounding population. These compounds and their degradation products (found in pesticides, herbicides, and plastic waste) are known to interfere with a range of biological functions from reproduction to differentiation. To better understand these effects, we used an in silico ontological pathway analysis to identify the genes affected by the most commonly detected EDCs in large river water supplies, which we grouped together based on four common functions: Organismal injuries, cell death, cancer, and behavior. In addition to EDCs, we included the opioid buprenorphine in our study, as this similar ecological threat has become increasingly detected in river water supplies. Through the identification of the pleiotropic biological effects associated with both the acute and chronic exposure to EDCs and opioids in local water supplies, our results highlight a serious health threat worthy of additional investigations with a potential emphasis on the effects linked to increased DNA damage.
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Monitoring consumption of methadone and heroin in major Chinese cities by wastewater-based epidemiology. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107532. [PMID: 31683242 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) services have been used in China for treatment of heroin dependence. But no study has been conducted to assess the appropriateness of MMT distribution and the potential abuse of methadone in China. This study aims to do that through a nationwide estimation of methadone consumption in China via wastewater-based epidemiology and subsequently compare it with MMT data and level of heroin abuse. METHODS Wastewater samples were collected from 53 wastewater treatment plants in 27 major cities that cover all geographic regions of China. Methadone and pure heroin consumptions were estimated based on influent concentrations of methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), morphine and codeine. RESULTS Drug residues were detected in most samples. The ratio of EDDP/methadone was around 2 in influents and methadone and EDDP loads were strongly correlated, indicating that they originated from human consumption. Both influent methadone and EDDP loads in Southwest and Northwest China were significantly higher than those in other regions. The highest estimated consumptions of methadone and heroin in China were 22.0 ± 2.1 mg/1000 in./d and 263.9 ± 115.9 mg/1000 in./d, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between methadone and heroin consumptions. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of methadone in China was primarily from MMT services. The use of methadone and heroin displayed a clear geographical pattern: it is higher in the western inland regions than in the eastern regions. This study has shown that the distribution of MMT services is reflective of the level of heroin abuse in different regions of China.
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Yadav MK, Short MD, Gerber C, van den Akker B, Aryal R, Saint CP. Occurrence, removal and environmental risk of markers of five drugs of abuse in urban wastewater systems in South Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:33816-33826. [PMID: 29948683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of five drugs of abuse in raw influent and treated effluent wastewater were investigated over a period of 1 year in the Adelaide region of South Australia. Four wastewater treatment plants were chosen for this study and monitored for five drugs which included cocaine in the form of its metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and two opioids (codeine and morphine) during the period April 2016 to February 2017. Alongside concentrations in raw sewage, the levels of drugs in the treated effluent were assessed and removal efficiencies were calculated. Drug concentrations were measured by mixed-mode solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Drug concentrations detected in the raw wastewater ranged from 7 to 6510 ng/L and < LOD to 4264 ng/L in treated effluent samples. Drug removal rates varied seasonally and spatially. The mass loads of drugs discharged into the environment were in descending order: codeine > methamphetamine > morphine > MDMA > BE. Results showed that all the targeted drugs were on average incompletely removed by wastewater treatment, with removal performance highest for morphine (94%) and lowest for MDMA (58%). A screening-level environmental risk assessment was subsequently performed for the drugs based on effluent wastewater concentrations. Based on calculated risk quotients, overall environmental risk for these compounds appears low, with codeine and methamphetamine likely to pose the greatest potential risk to receiving environments. Given the recognised limitations of current ecotoxicological models and risk assessment methods for these and other pharmaceutical drugs, the potential for environmental impacts associated with the continuous discharge of these compounds in wastewater effluents should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena K Yadav
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Michael D Short
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, City East Campus, North Terrace, Playford Building, Level 4, Room 47, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ben van den Akker
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide SA 5000; GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Rupak Aryal
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Christopher P Saint
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
- Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
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Thiebault T, Fougère L, Destandau E, Réty M, Jacob J. Impact of meteorological and social events on human-excreted contaminant loads in raw wastewater: From daily to weekly dynamics. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:107-116. [PMID: 31102864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The temporal dynamics of the wastewater influent loads of 25 drug target residues (DTR, both pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs) was assessed during 84 consecutive days. This monitoring scale enables longer temporal patterns than weekday/weekend patterns to be explored. In this study, we focus on day to day variations and the potential statistical correlation of each DTR analyzed in order to better understand the potential forcings that lead to the load variation of DTRs (alone or in clusters). The weekly patterns based on the weekly loads of DTRs were also analyzed and the impact of social and meteorological events on their variations was investigated. Two cold events occurred during the monitoring period and were associated with the highest loads of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as the lowest loads of stimulants. During the Easter holidays, a significant decrease in some year-long medication as well as analgesics was found, consistent with the demographic decrease within the catchment during this period. Lastly, a good correlation between the academic calendar and the loads of stimulants was found, emphasizing the overrepresentation of students in the consumption of recreational drugs. This study furnishes new insights in order to better understand the variations in DTR loads in wastewater influents, beyond the weekday/weekend pattern and the seasonal effect. Further investigations remain necessary, especially a real-time monitoring of the population figures within the catchment in order to improve our understanding of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thiebault
- EPHE, PSL University, UMR 7619 METIS (SU, CNRS, EPHE), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Maxime Réty
- Univ Orleans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, 45067, Orleans, France; Univ Orleans, CNRS, BRGM, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France
| | - Jérémy Jacob
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Zhang X, Huang R, Li P, Ren Y, Gao J, Mueller JF, Thai PK. Temporal profile of illicit drug consumption in Guangzhou, China monitored by wastewater-based epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23593-23602. [PMID: 31203544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been widely used as a complementary method for estimating consumption of illicit drugs in the population. Temporal drug consumption estimates derived from WBE can provide important information for law enforcement and public health authorities in understanding changes in supply and demand of illicit drugs, but currently lacking in China. In this study, influent wastewater samples from a municipal sewage treatment plant in Guangzhou, China were collected for 8 weeks to investigate the temporal change in consumption of six illicit drugs in the catchment. The results indicated that methamphetamine and ketamine were the dominant illicit drugs in Guangzhou with the per capita use of 14.7-470.7 mg/day/1000 people and 64.9-673.7 mg/day/1000 people, respectively. No distinct weekly patterns were observed for illicit drug consumption in Guangzhou, indicating that drug users are likely to be regular ones. Further assessment about the impact of public holidays on the consumption behavior of drugs showed little impact for ketamine (p = 0.689), but higher consumptions of methamphetamine (p = 0.003) and cocaine (p = 0.027) were observed during public holidays than the control period. The considerable decrease in drug consumption observed in October 2017 compared with January and May 2017 was possibly the consequence of law enforcement action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Riheng Huang
- Guangzhou Sewage Purification Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Starling MCVM, Amorim CC, Leão MMD. Occurrence, control and fate of contaminants of emerging concern in environmental compartments in Brazil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 372:17-36. [PMID: 29728279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This is the first review to present data obtained in Brazil over the years regarding contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) and to contrast it with contamination in other countries. Data gathered indicated that caffeine, paracetamol, atenolol, ibuprofen, cephalexin and bisphenol A occur in the μg L-1 range in streams near urban areas. While endocrine disruptors are frequently detected in surface waters, highest concentrations account for 17α-ethynylestradiol and 17β-estradiol. Organochlorine pesticides are the most frequently found and persistent in sediments in agricultural regions. Moreover, in tropical agricultural fields, pesticide volatilization and its implications to ecosystem protection must be better investigated. The reality represented here for Brazil may be transposed to other developing countries due to similarities related to primitive basic sanitation infrastructure and economic and social contexts, which contribute to continuous environmental contamination by CEC. Municipal wastewater treatment facilities in Brazil, treat up to the secondary stage and lead to limited CEC removal. This is also true for other nations in Latin America, such as Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. Therefore, it is an urgent priority to improve sanitation infrastructure and, then, the implementation of tertiary treatment shall be imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara V M Starling
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av.Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil, 31270-901
| | - Camila C Amorim
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av.Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil, 31270-901.
| | - Mônica Maria D Leão
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Av.Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil, 31270-901
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40
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Chiavola A, Boni MR, Di Marcantonio C, Cecchini G, Biagioli S, Frugis A. A laboratory-study on the analytical determination and removal processes of THC-COOH and bezoylecgonine in the activated sludge reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:83-90. [PMID: 30690404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study focused on 11-nor-9carboxy-Δ9-THC (THC-COOH) and Benzoylecgonine (BE), the most common metabolites of cannabis and cocaine, respectively, present in the domestic sewage entering the wastewater treatment plants. The aims of the study were: (1) to validate the analytical method of detection in wastewater and sludge; (2) to determine contribution of biodegradation and other processes to the removal in the biological reactor of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and the response of biomass to different drug concentrations. The Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry method showed to be repeatable and reliable (recovery>75%; repeatability<10-15%; bias uncertainty<10) for measurements in wastewater; the ultrasound assisted extraction (USE) demonstrated to be reliable as pre-treatment of activated sludge solid phase. Both drugs were fully removed from the liquid phase in the lab-scale biological reactor within 24 h. Biodegradation was the main BE removal mechanism, and the first order kinetic model provided the best fitting of the experimental data. THC-COOH was mainly removed due to a combination of adsorption and biodegradation; adsorption was better described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm. Both drugs at the higher concentrations caused inhibition of nitrogen oxidation and carbon removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Chiavola
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Boni
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Di Marcantonio
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy.
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Mackuľak T, Brandeburová P, Grenčíková A, Bodík I, Staňová AV, Golovko O, Koba O, Mackuľaková M, Špalková V, Gál M, Grabic R. Music festivals and drugs: Wastewater analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:326-334. [PMID: 30599351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug consumption in individual cities, regions, and at various music events and festivals across the EU has generally been monitored via questionnaires, patients' medical data, and police reports. However, an overview of drug consumption obtained from these methods can be negatively affected by various subjective factors. We aimed to investigate an association between levels of target drugs in wastewater, music genres, and festival courses. The occurrence of illicit drugs, their metabolites, and psychoactive compounds was investigated in the influent of six wastewater treatment plants in the Czech and Slovak Republic during seven large-scale music festivals from different music genres: metal, rock, pop, country and folk, ethnic, multi-genre, dance, and trance. The total number of participants included >130,000 active festival attendees. The association between music genre and illicit drug and/or psychoactive pharmaceutical consumptions is discussed on the basis of the results obtained through wastewater analyses. The observed trend was similar to worldwide published data with a specific local phenomenon of methamphetamine prevalence that did not significantly change between music events. Increased specific loads of cocaine (measured as its metabolite benzoylecgonine) and Ecstasy, along with some cannabis, were mainly observed during pop/rock and dance music festivals. However, there was no significant increase observed in the specific loads of all monitored psychoactive pharmaceuticals. This study demonstrates that the abuse of some illicit drugs is closely associated with specific music preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mackuľak
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paula Brandeburová
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Grenčíková
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Bodík
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Vojs Staňová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Koba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Mackuľaková
- Department of International Economic Relations and Economic Diplomacy, University of Economics in Bratislava, Dolnozemská cesta 1/b, 852 35 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Špalková
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Kumar R, Tscharke B, O'Brien J, Mueller JF, Wilkins C, Padhye LP. Assessment of drugs of abuse in a wastewater treatment plant with parallel secondary wastewater treatment train. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:947-957. [PMID: 30583189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 24-hour composite wastewater samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant of New Zealand with parallel secondary treatment units. The aim was to investigate the occurrence, removal, and consumption of 13 drugs of abuse (DOAs) including illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and their metabolites. The filtered samples were analysed through direct injection on LC-MS/MS. Ethyl sulfate, one of the major metabolites of alcohol, was detected at the highest concentration (mean = 8300 ng/L) in wastewater influent. The mean concentrations of methamphetamine and hydroxycotinine in the influent were found to be 935 ng/L and 5000 ng/L, respectively. Amphetamine (383 ng/L) and cocaine (286 ng/L) were detected at the highest concentrations in the effluent. The removal efficiency of the treatment plant varied for DOAs: >99% for morphine, ethyl sulfate, and hydroxycotinine and <50% for methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). Primary treatment did not show any significant removal of DOAs while the removal efficiencies of total monitored DOAs by Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) and Bardenpho processes were found to be similar (~95% removal). The population was estimated using hydrochemical parameters and human urine biomarkers and showed good agreement with wastewater treatment plant's estimates. Weekday-weekend variation in the consumption of alcohol and methamphetamine was found to be significant, with a higher estimated consumption during the weekends. Monitored DOAs in influent were present at highest concentrations during summer (23 μg/L), at low concentrations during winter (17 μg/L), and at lowest concentrations during heavy rainfall event (11 μg/L), possibly due to dilution. The population normalised mass loads of DOAs were found to correlate with their metabolites, and morphine was found to correlate with nicotine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street Woolloongabba, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chris Wilkins
- SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Krizman-Matasic I, Senta I, Kostanjevecki P, Ahel M, Terzic S. Long-term monitoring of drug consumption patterns in a large-sized European city using wastewater-based epidemiology: Comparison of two sampling schemes for the assessment of multiannual trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:474-485. [PMID: 30086499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study aimed at monitoring of temporal variability of illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, methamphetamine and cannabis) and therapeutic opiate methadone in a large-sized European city using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was conducted in the city of Zagreb, Croatia, during an 8-year period (2009-2016). The study addressed the impact of different sampling schemes on the assessment of temporal drug consumption patterns, in particular multiannual consumption trends and documented the possible errors associated with the one-week sampling scheme. The highest drug consumption prevalence was determined for cannabis (from 59 ± 18 to 156 ± 37 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years), followed by heroin (from 11 ± 10 to 71 ± 19 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years), cocaine (from 8.3 ± 0.9 to 23 ± 4.0 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years) and amphetamine (from 1.3 ± 0.9 to 21 ± 6.1 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years) whereas the consumption of MDMA was comparatively lower (from 0.18 ± 0.08 to 2.7 doses ±0.7 doses/day/1000 inhabitants 15-64 years). The drug consumption patterns were characterized by clearly enhanced weekend and Christmas season consumption of stimulating drugs (cocaine, MDMA and amphetamine) and somewhat lower summer consumption of almost all drugs. Pronounced multiannual consumption trends were determined for most of the illicit drugs. The investigated 8-year period was characterized by a marked increase of the consumption of pure cocaine (1.6-fold), THC (2.7-fold), amphetamine (16-fold) and MDMA (15-fold) and a concomitant decrease (2.3-fold) of the consumption of pure heroin. The heroin consumption decrease was associated with an increase of methadone consumption (1.4-fold), which can be linked to its use in the heroin substitution therapy. The estimated number of average methadone doses consumed in the city of Zagreb was in a good agreement with the prescription data on treated opioid addicts in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Krizman-Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kostanjevecki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Boni MR, Chiavola A, Di Marcantonio C, Sbaffoni S, Biagioli S, Cecchini G, Frugis A. A study through batch tests on the analytical determination and the fate and removal of methamphetamine in the biological treatment of domestic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27756-27767. [PMID: 29380202 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MET) is one of the most used illicit drugs in Europe and is recognized as one of the Emerging Organic Micropollutants. It is discharged into the sewerage system from different sources and then enters the wastewater treatment plants. The present study aimed at providing a better knowledge of the fate of MET through the wastewater treatment plants. The study addressed two different issues: (1) optimization of the analytical methods for MET determination in both liquid and sludge phases, focusing on the effects of potentially interfering substances and (2) investigation on the behaviour of MET in the biological treatment process, with specific concern for the biomass activity at different drug concentrations. Results of the study on issue 1 highlighted that the applied analytical method for MET determination (UPLC-MS/MS) is affected by the main components of wastewater for about 9-23%, which is comparable with the uncertainties of the method (about ± 28%). The method showed also to be repeatable and reliable (recovery > 75%; repeatability < 10-15%; bias uncertainty < 30%), and relatively easy-to-use. Therefore, it can be considered suitable for measurements on routine base in the WWTPs. Batch tests conducted to address issue 2 showed total removal of 84, 90, and 96% at 50, 100, and 200 ng/L initial MET concentration, respectively, for a contact time of 6 h. The removal process was mainly ascribed to the biological activity of both heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria. The pseudo first-order kinetic model provided the best fitting of the experimental data of the overall biological processes at all the tested concentrations. Furthermore, the respirometric tests showed that MET does not induce any inhibition. Adsorption of MET on activated sludge was always very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Boni
- Department of Civil Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostina Chiavola
- Department of Civil Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Di Marcantonio
- Department of Civil Building and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Sbaffoni
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Research Centre Casaccia, Technical Unit for Environmental Technologies, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
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van Nuijs AL, Lai FY, Been F, Andres-Costa MJ, Barron L, Baz-Lomba JA, Berset JD, Benaglia L, Bijlsma L, Burgard D, Castiglioni S, Christophoridis C, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Emke E, Fatta-Kassinos D, Fick J, Hernandez F, Gerber C, González-Mariño I, Grabic R, Gunnar T, Kannan K, Karolak S, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kokot Z, Krizman-Matasic I, Li A, Li X, Löve AS, Lopez de Alda M, McCall AK, Meyer MR, Oberacher H, O'Brien J, Quintana JB, Reid M, Schneider S, Simoes SS, Thomaidis NS, Thomas K, Yargeau V, Ort C. Multi-year inter-laboratory exercises for the analysis of illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater: Development of a quality control system. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Castrignanò E, Yang Z, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Castiglioni S, Causanilles A, Covaci A, Gracia-Lor E, Hernandez F, Kinyua J, McCall AK, van Nuijs ALN, Ort C, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, de Voogt P, Zuccato E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 130:151-160. [PMID: 29216482 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the first study on spatial and temporal variation in the enantiomeric profile of chiral drugs in eight European cities. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and enantioselective analysis were combined to evaluate trends in illicit drug use in the context of their consumption vs direct disposal as well as their synthetic production routes. Spatial variations in amphetamine loads were observed with higher use in Northern European cities. Enantioselective analysis showed a general enrichment of amphetamine with the R-(-)-enantiomer in wastewater indicating its abuse. High loads of racemic methamphetamine were detected in Oslo (EF = 0.49 ± 0.02). This is in contrast to other European cities where S-(+)-methamphetamine was the predominant enantiomer. This indicates different methods of methamphetamine synthesis and/or trafficking routes in Oslo, compared with the other cities tested. An enrichment of MDMA with the R-(-)-enantiomer was observed in European wastewaters indicating MDMA consumption rather than disposal of unused drug. MDA's chiral signature indicated its enrichment with the S-(+)-enantiomer, which confirms its origin from MDMA metabolism in humans. HMMA was also detected at quantifiable concentrations in wastewater and was found to be a suitable biomarker for MDMA consumption. Mephedrone was only detected in wastewater from the United Kingdom with population-normalised loads up to 47.7 mg 1000 people-1 day-1. The enrichment of mephedrone in the R-(+)-enantiomer in wastewater suggests stereoselective metabolism in humans, hence consumption, rather than direct disposal of the drug. The investigation of drug precursors, such as ephedrine, showed that their presence was reasonably ascribed to their medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Castrignanò
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Road, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Jose A Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; IBED-University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Simultaneous analysis of opioid analgesics and their metabolites in municipal wastewaters and river water by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1533:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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48
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Du P, Zhou Z, Bai Y, Xu Z, Gao T, Fu X, Li X. Estimating heroin abuse in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:158-165. [PMID: 28666170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heroin consumption in major cities across China was estimated for the first time via wastewater-based epidemiology. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from 49 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 24 major cities that cover all the geographic regions of the country. Concentrations of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, and codeine were measured. Near complete removal of morphine by wastewater treatment processes was observed, whereas removal rates of codeine were slightly lower. Morphine loads were much higher than codeine loads at most WWTPs in China, a trend opposite to that in many European countries. In addition, morphine and codeine loads were strongly correlated at most WWTPs, indicating morphine and codeine in wastewater were predominantly from the same source, street heroin. At WWTPs in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, codeine loads were considerably higher than morphine loads, consistent with previous reports of codeine abuse (e.g., as cough syrup) among middle and high school students in Guangdong province. Heroin consumption was derived based on morphine loads and taking into account therapeutic use of morphine and codeine, as well as contribution of codeine and acetylcodeine in street heroin. Highest heroin consumption was observed in northwestern and southwestern China. The average heroin consumption of the sampled cities was 64.6±78.7mg/1000inh/d. The nation-wide average heroin consumption was much lower than that of methamphetamine, consistent with seizure data and numbers of registered heroin and methamphetamine users in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zilei Zhou
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ya Bai
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Fu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
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49
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Yadav MK, Short MD, Aryal R, Gerber C, van den Akker B, Saint CP. Occurrence of illicit drugs in water and wastewater and their removal during wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:713-727. [PMID: 28843086 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review critically evaluates the types and concentrations of key illicit drugs (cocaine, amphetamines, cannabinoids, opioids and their metabolites) found in wastewater, surface water and drinking water sources worldwide and what is known on the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in removing such compounds. It is also important to amass information on the trends in specific drug use as well as the sources of such compounds that enter the environment and we review current international knowledge on this. There are regional differences in the types and quantities of illicit drug consumption and this is reflected in the quantities detected in water. Generally, the levels of illicit drugs in wastewater effluents are lower than in raw influent, indicating that the majority of compounds can be at least partially removed by conventional treatment processes such as activated sludge or trickling filters. However, the literature also indicates that it is too simplistic to assume non-detection equates to drug removal and/or mitigation of associated risks, as there is evidence that some compounds may avoid detection via inadequate sampling and/or analysis protocols, or through conversion to transformation products. Partitioning of drugs from the water to the solids fraction (sludge/biosolids) may also simply shift the potential risk burden to a different environmental compartment and the review found no information on drug stability and persistence in biosolids. Generally speaking, activated sludge-type processes appear to offer better removal efficacy across a range of substances, but the lack of detail in many studies makes it difficult to comment on the most effective process configurations and operations. There is also a paucity of information on the removal effectiveness of alternative treatment processes. Research is also required on natural removal processes in both water and sediments that may over time facilitate further removal of these compounds in receiving environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena K Yadav
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Michael D Short
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Rupak Aryal
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, City East Campus, North Terrace, Playford Building, Level 4, Room 47, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Ben van den Akker
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide SA 5000; GPO Box 1751, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Christopher P Saint
- Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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50
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Devault DA, Néfau T, Levi Y, Karolak S. The removal of illicit drugs and morphine in two waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) under tropical conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25645-25655. [PMID: 26769475 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of drugs of abuse has been recently investigated in Martinique using the back-calculation approach, also called the "sewage epidemiology" method. Results demonstrated a very high consumption considering the international data. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are located just behind the Martinique island shoreline, and effluents could impact the vulnerable corals and marine seagrass ecosystem. The present article aims to determine a WWTP's efficiency by comparing the influent and effluent of two WWTPs, with different residence times and biological treatments, located either outdoors or indoors. In parallel, a degradation study is conducted using spiked wastewater exposed to tropical and ambient temperatures. Results demonstrate the consistent efficiency of the two processes, especially for the outdoor WWTP which uses the activated sludge process. The positive effect of the tropical temperature is showed by the increase of cocaine degradation at 31 °C. Thus, low illicit drug residue concentrations in effluent would indicate that wastewater treatment is efficient and even enhanced under tropical context. This fact should be confirmed with others molecules. Furthermore, our results highlight the need for subsequent studies of sludge contamination because of their local recycling as compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Devault
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Néfau
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Yves Levi
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Sara Karolak
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France.
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