1
|
Salvador P, Pey J, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Querol X, Artíñano B. Estimating the probability of occurrence of African dust outbreaks over regions of the western Mediterranean basin from thermodynamic atmospheric parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171307. [PMID: 38428593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Desert dust is currently recognized as a health risk factor. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) is actively promoting the establishment of early warning systems for sand and dust storms. This study introduces a methodology to estimate the probability of African dust outbreaks occurring in eight different regions of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. In each region, a multilinear regression model was developed to calculate daily probabilities of dust events using three thermodynamic variables (geopotential thickness in the 1000-500 hPa layer, mean potential temperature between 925 and 700 hPa, and temperature anomalies at 850 hPa) as assessment parameters. All days with African dust transport over each study region were identified in the period 2001-2021 using a proven procedure. This information was then utilized to establish a functional relationship between the values of the thermodynamic parameters and the probability of African dust outbreaks occurring. The validation of this methodology involved comparing the daily probabilities of dust events generated by the models in 2001-2021 with the daily African dust contributions to PM10 regional background levels in each region. On average, daily dust contributions increased proportionally with the increase in daily probabilities, reaching zero for days with low probabilities. Furthermore, a well-defined seasonal evolution of probability values was observed in all regions, with the highest values in the summer months and the lowest in the winter period, ensuring the physical relevance of the models' results. Finally, upward trends were observed in all regions for the three thermodynamic parameters over 1940-2021. Thus, the probability of dust events development also increased in this period. It demonstrates that the aggravation of warm conditions in southern Europe in the last decades, have modified the frequency of North-African dust outbreaks over the western Mediterranean basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- CIEMAT, Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Pey
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE), CSIC, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- CIEMAT, Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
La Colla NS, Salvador P, Botté SE, Artíñano B. Air quality and characterization of synoptic circulation weather patterns in a South American city from Argentina. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119722. [PMID: 38061092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The potential cause-effect relationship between synoptic meteorological conditions and levels of criteria air pollutants, including CO, NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 and SO2, in Bahia Blanca, Argentina, was assessed for the period of 2018-2019. Daily back-trajectories and global meteorological data fields were employed to characterize the primary transport paths of air masses reaching the study site, and to identify the synoptic meteorological patterns responsible for these atmospheric circulations. Time series of surface-level meteorological parameters and midday mixing layer height were collected to examine the impact of the synoptic meteorological patterns on local meteorology. Furthermore, the NAAPS global aerosol model was utilized to identify days when contributions from long-range transport processes, such as dust and/or biomass burning smoke, impacted air quality. By applying this methodology, it was determined that the air masses coming from the N, NW and W regions significantly contributed to increased mean concentrations of coarse particles in this area through long-range transport events involving dust and smoke. Indeed, the high average levels of PM10 recorded in 2018-2019 (annual mean values of 47 and 52 μg/m3, respectively) represent the main air quality concern in Bahía Blanca. Moreover, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 emissions should be reduced in order to meet recommended air quality guidelines. On the other hand, the results from this study suggest that the sources and meteorological processes leading to the increase in the concentrations of CO and SO2 have a local-regional origin, although these air pollutants did not reach high values probably as a consequence of the strong wind speed registered in this region during any synoptic meteorological pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S La Colla
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina.
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra E Botté
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, 8000, Argentina
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
In 't Veld M, Seco R, Reche C, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Portillo-Estrada M, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J, Fernandez-Martinez M, Marchand N, Temime-Roussel B, Querol X, Yáñez-Serrano AM. Identification of volatile organic compounds and their sources driving ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation in NE Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167159. [PMID: 37758152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a crucial role in the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We conducted measurements of VOC ambient mixing ratios during both summer and winter at two stations: a Barcelona urban background station (BCN) and the Montseny rural background station (MSY). Subsequently, we employed positive matrix factorization (PMF) to analyze the VOC mixing ratios and identify their sources. Our analysis revealed five common sources: anthropogenic I (traffic & industries); anthropogenic II (traffic & biomass burning); isoprene oxidation; monoterpenes; long-lifetime VOCs. To assess the impact of these VOCs on the formation of secondary pollutants, we calculated the ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) associated with each VOC. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the sources of VOCs and their contributions to the formation of ozone and SOA in NE Spain. The OFP was primarily influenced by anthropogenic aromatic compounds from the traffic & industries source at BCN (38-49 %) and during winter at MSY (34 %). In contrast, the summer OFP at MSY was primarily driven by biogenic contributions from monoterpenes and isoprene oxidation products (45 %). Acetaldehyde (10-35 %) and methanol (13-14 %) also made significant OFP contributions at both stations. Anthropogenic aromatic compounds originating from traffic, industries, and biomass burning played a dominant role (88-93 %) in SOA formation at both stations during both seasons. The only exception was during the summer at MSY, where monoterpenes became the primary driver of SOA formation (41 %). These findings emphasize the importance of considering both anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs in air quality management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roger Seco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemi Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Portillo-Estrada
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernandez-Martinez
- PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
In 't Veld M, Khare P, Hao Y, Reche C, Pérez N, Alastuey A, Yus-Díez J, Marchand N, Prevot ASH, Querol X, Daellenbach KR. Characterizing the sources of ambient PM 10 organic aerosol in urban and rural Catalonia, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166440. [PMID: 37611714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) have recently been shown to be the dominant contributor to the oxidative potential of airborne particulate matter in northeastern Spain. We collected PM10 filter samples every fourth day from January 2017 to March 2018 at two sampling stations located in Barcelona city and Montseny Natural Park, representing urban and rural areas, respectively. The chemical composition of PM10 was analyzed offline using a broad set of analytical instruments, including high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS), a total organic carbon analyzer (TCA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ion chromatography (IC), and thermal-optical carbon analyzer. Source apportionment analysis of the water-soluble organic content of the samples measured via HR-ToF-AMS revealed two primary and two secondary sources of OA, which included biomass-burning OA (BBOA), sulfur-containing OA (SCOA), as well as summer- and winter‑oxygenated OA (SOOA and WOOA). The presence of hydrocarbon-like water-insoluble OA was also identified based on concentration trends in black carbon and nitrogen oxides. The results from the source apportionment analysis of the inorganic composition were correlated with different OA factors to assess potential source contributors. Barcelona showed significantly higher average water-soluble OA concentrations (5.63 ± 0.56 μg m-3) than Montseny (3.27 ± 0.37 μg m-3) over the sampling period. WOOA accounted for nearly 27 % of the averaged OA in Barcelona compared to only 7 % in Montseny. In contrast, SOOA had a greater contribution to OA in Montseny (47 %) than in Barcelona (24 %). SCOA and BBOA were responsible for 15-28 % of the OA at both sites. There were also seasonal variations in the relative contributions of different OA sources. Our overall results showed that local anthropogenic sources were primarily responsible for up to 70 % of ambient soluble OA in Barcelona, and regulating local-scale emissions could significantly improve air quality in urban Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Peeyush Khare
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Yufang Hao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Noemi Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jesús Yus-Díez
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, SI-5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | | | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Aargau, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lara R, van Drooge BL, Canals-Angerri A, Amato F, Alastuey A, Querol X, Negral L. Key factors for abating particulate matter in a highly industrialized area in N Spain: Fugitive emissions and secondary aerosol precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139959. [PMID: 37640211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In highly industrialized areas, abating particulate matter (PM) is complex owing to the variety of emission sources with different chemical profiles that may mix in the atmosphere. Gijón-an industrial city in northern Spain-was selected as a case study to better understand the key emission sources and improve air quality in highly industrialized areas. Accordingly, the trends of various air quality indicators (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and O3) during the past decade (2010-2019) were analyzed. Additionally, the inorganic and organic PM10 compositions were analyzed for source apportionment studies and to assess the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on PM10 levels. The results revealed that over the past decade, PM10 concentrations decreased, whereas PM2.5 concentrations dominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) remained relatively constant. Notably, during the COVID-19 lockdown, the PM10 concentration increased by 9.1%, primarily owing to an increase in regional SIA (>65%) due to specific meteorological conditions that favor the formation of secondary PM from gaseous precursors. Overall, eight key PM10 sources were identified: "industrial fugitive PM resuspension" (FPM, 28% of mean PM10 concentration), "aged sea spray" (SSp, 16%), "secondary nitrate" (SN, 15%), "local diffuse source" (LPM, 12%), "solid fuel combustion" (SFC, 7.8%), "biomass burning" (BB, 7.4%), "secondary sulphate" (SSu, 6.0%), and "sinter" (SIN, 4.5%). The PM10 concentration in Gijón is significantly influenced by the integrated steel industry (FPM, SFC, and SIN; 41% of PM10) and fugitive primary PM emissions were the main source (FPM and LPM; 40%). To reduce PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, industrial fugitive emissions, which are currently poorly regulated, and SIA precursors must be abated. This study provides a methodological approach that combines trend analysis, chemical speciation, and source apportionment for assessing pollution abatement strategies in industrialized areas with a complex mix of emission sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Canals-Angerri
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Savadkoohi M, Pandolfi M, Reche C, Niemi JV, Mooibroek D, Titos G, Green DC, Tremper AH, Hueglin C, Liakakou E, Mihalopoulos N, Stavroulas I, Artiñano B, Coz E, Alados-Arboledas L, Beddows D, Riffault V, De Brito JF, Bastian S, Baudic A, Colombi C, Costabile F, Chazeau B, Marchand N, Gómez-Amo JL, Estellés V, Matos V, van der Gaag E, Gille G, Luoma K, Manninen HE, Norman M, Silvergren S, Petit JE, Putaud JP, Rattigan OV, Timonen H, Tuch T, Merkel M, Weinhold K, Vratolis S, Vasilescu J, Favez O, Harrison RM, Laj P, Wiedensohler A, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. The variability of mass concentrations and source apportionment analysis of equivalent black carbon across urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108081. [PMID: 37451041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Begoña Artiñano
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Coz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology/Saxon State Department for Agricultural and Environmental Operations, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexia Baudic
- AIRPARIF (Ile de France Air Quality Monitoring network), Paris, France
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Arpa Lombardia, Settore Monitoraggi Ambientali, Unità Operativa Qualità dell'Aria, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - José Luis Gómez-Amo
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Estellés
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Violeta Matos
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ed van der Gaag
- DCMR Environmental Protection Agency, Department Air and Energy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Krista Luoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Oliver V Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Massagué J, Escudero M, Alastuey A, Mantilla E, Monfort E, Gangoiti G, García-Pando CP, Querol X. Spatiotemporal variations of tropospheric ozone in Spain (2008-2019). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107961. [PMID: 37216837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to support the development of Spain's Ozone Mitigation Plan by evaluating the present-day spatial variation (2015-2019) and trends (2008-2019) for seven ground-level ozone (O3) metrics relevant for human/ecosystems exposure and regulatory purposes. Results indicate that the spatial variation of O3 depends on the part of the O3 distribution being analyzed. Metrics associated with moderate O3 concentrations depict an increasing O3 gradient between the northern and Mediterranean coasts due to climatic factors, while for metrics considering the upper end of the O3 distribution, this climatic gradient tends to attenuate in favor of hotspot regions pointing to relevant local/regional O3 formation. A classification of atmospheric regions in Spain is proposed based on their O3 pollution patterns, to identify priority areas (or O3 hotspots) where local/regional precursor abatement might significantly reduce O3 during pollution episodes. The trends assessment reveals a narrowing of the O3 distribution at the national level, with metrics influenced by lower concentrations tending to increase over time, and those reflecting the higher end of the O3 distribution tending to decrease. While most stations show no statistically significant variations, contrasting O3 trends are evident among the O3 hotspots. The Madrid area exhibits the majority of upward trends across all metrics, frequently with the highest increasing rates, implying increasing O3 associated with both chronic and episodic exposure. The Valencian Community area exhibits a mixed variation pattern, with moderate to high O3 metrics increasing and peak metrics decreasing, while O3 in areas downwind of Barcelona, the Guadalquivir Valley and Puertollano shows no variations. Sevilla is the only large Spanish city with generalized O3 decreasing trends. The different O3 trends among hotspots highlight the need for mitigation measures to be designed at a local/regional scale to be effective. This approach may offer valuable insights for other countries developing O3 mitigation plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, UPC, 08242 Manresa, Spain.
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Mantilla
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies, CEAM, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gotzon Gangoiti
- Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernández-Pampillón J, Palacios M, Núñez L, Pujadas M, Artíñano B. Potential ambient NO 2 abatement by applying photocatalytic materials in a Spanish city and analysis of short-term effect on human mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121203. [PMID: 36738878 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic is the main contributor to NO2 emissions in many European cities, causing that the current limit values for the protection of human health are exceeded. The use of photocatalytic compounds that incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO2) is frequently proposed as abatement technology but its depolluting effectiveness on a real scale is still being investigated. In this work, the potential removal capacity of NO2 that selected TiO2-based materials would have if they were implemented in a street in the municipality of Alcobendas (Community of Madrid, Spain) has been evaluated. The number of avoided NO2-related deaths over the locality across the period 2001-2019 have been inferred. Moreover, the saving associated with the estimated removal of ambient NO2 due to the use of photocatalytic materials and costs generated by their acquisition and implementation in the selected urban environment were briefly studied. Attributable mortality due to NO2 concentrations for Alcobendas has been estimated in 289 deaths, being 9241 the total deaths due to natural cause. This presents a monthly variation associated with the evolution of both mortality due to natural causes and the average concentrations of NO2. The reduction in mortality via the hypothetical implantation of photocatalytic materials throughout the municipality, assuming ideal conditions for their optimal performance, would be a maximum of 3%. In addition, a saving of €5708 yr-1 km-2 related to NOx damage costs of transport was obtained. A total cost of k€4750.5 km-2 was associated to the purchase of photocatalytic materials and their application to all surfaces in that area. This technology has a big elimination potential in controlled conditions but a low reduction of ambient NO2 is provided when implemented in real outdoor urban scenarios. Its use can be recommended incorporated into engineering designs and applications, complementing other abatement measures, to reduce NO2 mortality in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Pampillón
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain; The National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, 28232, Spain
| | - Magdalena Palacios
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Lourdes Núñez
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel Pujadas
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pardo N, Sainz-Villegas S, Calvo AI, Blanco-Alegre C, Fraile R. Connection between Weather Types and Air Pollution Levels: A 19-Year Study in Nine EMEP Stations in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2977. [PMID: 36833673 PMCID: PMC9964285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the analysis of the distribution, both spatial and temporal, of the PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less) concentrations recorded in nine EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) background stations distributed throughout mainland Spain between 2001 and 2019. A study of hierarchical clusters was used to classify the stations into three main groups with similarities in yearly concentrations: GC (coastal location), GNC (north-central location), and GSE (southeastern location). The highest PM10 concentrations were registered in summer. Annual evolution showed statistically significant decreasing trends in PM10 concentration in all the stations covering a range from -0.21 to -0.50 µg m-3/year for Barcarrota and Víznar, respectively. Through the Lamb classification, the weather types were defined during the study period, and those associated with high levels of pollution were identified. Finally, the values exceeding the limits established by the legislation were analyzed for every station assessed in the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pardo
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Samuel Sainz-Villegas
- Department of Physics, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- IHCantabria-Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Ana I. Calvo
- Department of Physics, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Fraile
- Department of Physics, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
In 't Veld M, Pandolfi M, Amato F, Pérez N, Reche C, Dominutti P, Jaffrezo J, Alastuey A, Querol X, Uzu G. Discovering oxidative potential (OP) drivers of atmospheric PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1 simultaneously in North-Eastern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159386. [PMID: 36240941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a major contributor to air pollution, leading to adverse health effects on the human population. It has been suggested that the oxidative potential (OP, as a tracer of oxidative stress) of PM is a possible determinant of its health impact. In this study, samples of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were collected roughly every four days from January 2018 until March 2019 at a Barcelona urban background site and Montseny rural background site in northeastern Spain. We determined the chemical composition of samples, allowing us to perform source apportionment using positive matrix factorization. The OP of PM was determined by measuring reactive oxygen species using dithiothreitol and ascorbic acid assays. Finally, to link the sources with the measured OP, both a Pearson's correlation and a multiple linear regression model were applied to the dataset. The results showed that in Barcelona, the OP of PM10 was much higher than those of PM2.5 and PM1, whereas in Montseny results for all PM sizes were in the same range, but significantly lower than in Barcelona. In Barcelona, several anthropogenic sources were the main drivers of OP in PM10 (Combustion + Road Dust + Heavy Oil + OC-rich) and PM2.5 (Road Dust + Combustion). In contrast, PM1 -associated OP was driven by Industry, with a much lower contribution to PM10 and PM2.5 mass. Meanwhile, Montseny exhibited no clear drivers for OP evolution, likely explaining the lack of a significant difference in OP between PM10, PM2.5, and PM1. Overall, this study indicates that size fraction matters for OP, as a function of the environment typology. In an urban context, OP is driven by the PM10 and PM1 size fractions, whereas only the PM1 fraction is involved in rural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - M Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - N Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - P Dominutti
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J Jaffrezo
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - G Uzu
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hwang H, Choi SR, Lee JY. Evaluation of roadside air quality using deep learning models after the application of the diesel vehicle policy (Euro 6). Sci Rep 2022; 12:20769. [PMID: 36456800 PMCID: PMC9714413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Euro 6 is the latest vehicle emission standards for pollutants such as CO, NO2 and PM, that all new vehicles must comply, and it was introduced in September 2015 in South Korea. This study examined the effect of Euro 6 by comparing the measured pollutant concentrations after 2016 (Euro 6-era) to the estimated concentrations without Euro 6. The concentration without Euro 6 was estimated by first modeling the air quality using various environmental factors related to diesel vehicles, meteorological conditions, temporal information such as date and precursors in 2002-2015 (pre-Euro 6-era), and then applying the model to predict the concentration after 2016. In this study, we used both recurrent neural network (RNN) and random forest (RF) algorithms to model the air quality and showed that RNN can achieve higher R2 (0.634 ~ 0.759 depending on pollutants) than RF, making it more suitable for air quality modeling. According to our results, the measured concentrations during 2016-2019 were lower than the concentrations predicted using RNN by - 1.2%, - 3.4%, and - 4.8% for CO, NO2 and PM10. Such reduction can be attributed to the result of Euro 6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Hwang
- Environmental Engineering Department, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Sung Rak Choi
- Environmental and Safety Engineering Department, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Environmental and Safety Engineering Department, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vrekoussis M, Pikridas M, Rousogenous C, Christodoulou A, Desservettaz M, Sciare J, Richter A, Bougoudis I, Savvides C, Papadopoulos C. Local and regional air pollution characteristics in Cyprus: A long-term trace gases observations analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157315. [PMID: 35839895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Observations of key gaseous trace pollutants, namely NO, NOy, CO, SO2 and O3, performed at several curb, residential, industrial, background and free-troposphere sites were analyzed to assess the temporal and spatial variability of pollution in Cyprus. Notably, the analysis utilized one of the longest datasets of 17 years of measurements (2003-2019) in the East Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME). This region is considered a regional hotspot of ozone and aerosol pollution. A trend analysis revealed that at several stations, a statistically significant decrease in primary pollutant concentration is recorded, most likely due to pollution control strategies. In contrast, at four stations, a statistically significant increase in ozone levels, ranging between 0.36 ppbv y-1 and 0.82 ppbv y-1, has been observed, attributed to the above strategies targeting the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) but not that of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The NO and NOy, and CO levels at the Agia Marina regional background station were two orders of magnitude and four times lower, respectively, than the ones of the urban centers. The latter denotes that local emissions are not negligible and control a large fraction of the observed interannual and diurnal variability. Speciation analysis showed that traffic and other local emissions are the sources of urban NO and NOy. At the same time, 46 % of SO2 and 40 % of CO, on average, originate from long-range regional transport. Lastly, a one-year analysis of tropospheric NO2 vertical columns from the TROPOMI satellite instrument revealed a west-east low-to-high gradient over the island, with all major hotspots, including cities and powerplants, being visible from space. With the help of an unsupervised machine learning approach, it was found that these specific hotspots contribute overall around 10 % to the total NO2 tropospheric columns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vrekoussis
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus; Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing (IUP), University of Bremen, Germany; Center of Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Germany.
| | - M Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus
| | - C Rousogenous
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus
| | - A Christodoulou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus; IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - M Desservettaz
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus
| | - J Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus
| | - A Richter
- Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing (IUP), University of Bremen, Germany
| | - I Bougoudis
- Institute of Environmental Physics and Remote Sensing (IUP), University of Bremen, Germany
| | - C Savvides
- Ministry of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance, Department of Labour Inspection (DLI), Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - C Papadopoulos
- Ministry of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance, Department of Labour Inspection (DLI), Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jung D, de la Paz D, Notario A, Borge R. Analysis of emissions-driven changes in the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154126. [PMID: 35219666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions in Europe have been gradually reduced thanks to a combination of factors, including restrictive regulation and policy implementation, fuel switching, technological developments, and improved energy efficiencies. Many measures have been specifically introduced to meet the annual and hourly limit value of NO2 for the protection of human health, mainly targeting traffic emissions. Due to NOX reduction policies in Europe, NO2 levels have generally declined, but O3 concentrations have been found to increase. This phenomenon would cause changes in the oxidant capacity of the atmosphere, altering the concentration of tropospheric oxidants in urban areas. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system has been used to study concentration changes of NO2, O3 and the main radicals in Europe between 2007 and 2015 for two months representatives of winter and summer conditions (January and July). In addition to describing the general situation in Europe, variations in pollutants along with NOX emission changes over 67 large European cities have been analysed by means of statistical methods. NOX emissions and NO2 concentrations decreased in both seasons during the period in all the selected cities. In most of them O3 concentrations increased in winter but decreased in summer. The concentration of the OH radical, the main oxidant during the daytime, shows an increase in winter. This is also the case for the main cities in summer although we found a general decrease in continent for this season. The NO3 radical, the main night-time oxidant, was found to increase in winter and decrease in summer. HNO3 shows a concentration decline in both seasons. The studied cities are classified in five groups by means of k-mean clustering procedure. We identified five groups with specific patterns, suggesting that the oxidant capacity of the European urban atmospheres has reacted differently to NOX emission abatement policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Jung
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII - UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David de la Paz
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII - UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Notario
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Borge
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII - UPM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Air Quality Sensors Systems as Tools to Support Guidance in Athletics Stadia for Elite and Recreational Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063561. [PMID: 35329250 PMCID: PMC8950704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While athletes have high exposures to air pollutants due to their increased breathing rates, sport governing bodies have little guidance to support events scheduling or protect stadium users. A key limitation for this is the lack of hyper-local, high time-resolved air quality data representative of exposures in stadia. This work aimed to evaluate whether air quality sensors can describe ambient air quality in Athletics stadia. Sensing nodes were deployed in 6 stadia in major cities around the globe, monitoring NO2, O3, NO, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, CO, ambient temperature, and relative humidity. Results demonstrated that the interpretation of hourly pollutant patterns, in combination with self-organising maps (SOMs), enabled the interpretation of probable emission sources (e.g., vehicular traffic) and of atmospheric processes (e.g., local vs. regional O formation). The ratios between PM size fractions provided insights into potential emission sources (e.g., local dust re-suspension) which may help design mitigation strategies. The high resolution of the data facilitated identifying optimal periods of the day and year for scheduling athletic trainings and/or competitions. Provided that the necessary data quality checks are applied, sensors can support stadium operators in providing athlete communities with recommendations to minimise exposure and provide guidance for event scheduling.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang H, Zhang L, Yao X, Cheng I, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Identification of decadal trends and associated causes for organic and elemental carbon in PM 2.5 at Canadian urban sites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107031. [PMID: 34890898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemically resolved data for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have been collected across Canada since 2003 through the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) network. Seven urban sites that have 10-17 years (2003-2019) of PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) data were selected for analysis of decadal trends of OC, EC, and OC/EC ratio using the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition method. Results showed that OC and EC decreased by 0.009-0.072 μg m-3 yr-1 and 0.028-0.049 μg m-3 yr-1, or 0.77-3.1 % yr-1 and 3.2-6.7 % yr-1, respectively, depending on the location. The more rapid decrease in EC than OC resulted in an increasing trend in the OC/EC ratio of 0.03-0.19 yr-1 across the sites. Macro-tracer approach was used to estimate source attributions of OC and EC from wood burning, fossil fuel combustion, and secondary aerosol formation. Using this approach, it was identified that the significant decrease in EC during the past decade was predominately caused by reduced on-road emissions. The decreased emissions from wood burning and transportation dominated the decline of OC, but such a decline was largely offset by the enhanced secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, resulting in much weaker decline of OC than EC. The enhanced SOA formation was due to the increased biogenic emissions fully offsetting the decreased anthropogenic emissions for volatile organic compounds. These findings highlight the need for quantifying biogenic sources of VOCs and other oxidants that are involved in OC formation at the national scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Irene Cheng
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prieto-Benítez S, Ruiz-Checa R, Bermejo-Bermejo V, Gonzalez-Fernandez I. The Effects of Ozone on Visual Attraction Traits of Erodium paularense (Geraniaceae) Flowers: Modelled Perception by Insect Pollinators. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122750. [PMID: 34961222 PMCID: PMC8709400 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) effects on the visual attraction traits (color, perception and area) of petals are described for Erodium paularense, an endangered plant species. Plants were exposed to three O3 treatments: charcoal-filtered air (CFA), ambient (NFA) and ambient + 40 nL L-1 O3 (FU+) in open-top chambers. Changes in color were measured by spectral reflectance, from which the anthocyanin reflectance index (ARI) was calculated. Petal spectral reflectance was mapped onto color spaces of bees, flies and butterflies for studying color changes as perceived by different pollinator guilds. Ozone-induced increases in petal reflectance and a rise in ARI under NFA were observed. Ambient O3 levels also induced a partial change in the color perception of flies, with the number of petals seen as blue increasing to 53% compared to only 24% in CFA. Butterflies also showed the ability to partially perceive petal color changes, differentiating some CFA petals from NFA and FU+ petals through changes in the excitation of the UV photoreceptor. Importantly, O3 reduced petal area by 19.8 and 25% in NFA and FU+ relative to CFA, respectively. In sensitive species O3 may affect visual attraction traits important for pollination, and spectral reflectance is proposed as a novel method for studying O3 effects on flower color.
Collapse
|
17
|
Veld MI', Alastuey A, Pandolfi M, Amato F, Pérez N, Reche C, Via M, Minguillón MC, Escudero M, Querol X. Compositional changes of PM 2.5 in NE Spain during 2009-2018: A trend analysis of the chemical composition and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148728. [PMID: 34328931 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, time-series analyses of the chemical composition and source contributions of PM2.5 from an urban background station in Barcelona (BCN) and a rural background station in Montseny (MSY) in northeastern Spain from 2009 to 2018 were investigated and compared. A multisite positive matrix factorization analysis was used to compare the source contributions between the two stations, while the trends for both the chemical species and source contributions were studied using the Theil-Sen trend estimator. Between 2009 and 2018, both stations showed a statistically significant decrease in PM2.5 concentrations, which was driven by the downward trends of levels of chemical species and anthropogenic source contributions, mainly from heavy oil combustion, mixed combustion, industry, and secondary sulfate. These source contributions showed a continuous decrease over the study period, signifying the continuing success of mitigation strategies, although the trends of heavy oil combustion and secondary sulfate have flattened since 2016. Secondary nitrate also followed a significant decreasing trend in BCN, while secondary organic aerosols (SOA) very slightly decreased in MSY. The observed decreasing trends, in combination with the absence of a trend for the organic aerosols (OA) at both stations, resulted in an increase in the relative proportion of OA in PM2.5 by 12% in BCN and 9% in MSY, mostly from SOA, which increased by 7% in BCN and 4% in MSY. Thus, at the end of the study period, OA accounted for 40% and 50% of the annual mean PM2.5 at BCN and MSY, respectively. This might have relevant implications for air quality policies aiming at abating PM2.5 in the study region and for possible changes in toxicity of PM2.5 due to marked changes in composition and source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marten In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Noemi Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Marta Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Academia General Militar, Zaragoza 50090, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morton-Bermea O, Schiavo B, Salgado-Martínez E, Almorín-Ávila MA, Hernández-Álvarez E. Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:514-518. [PMID: 34245312 PMCID: PMC8271313 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) data recorded during two short-term monitoring surveys in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) at 12th May 2019 and at 22nd May 2020, during conditions of low and high human activity respectively. Results, although they are limited, can be considered as the representative range of exposure to GEM of the inhabitants of MCMA; differences in results reveal the impact of human activities on GEM background levels (2.53 and 3.76 ng m-3, respectively). GEM concentrations and their spatial distribution does not allow for the identification of important industrial sources and do not reach intervention pollution levels. The activity of the Popocatépetl volcano is not likely to have an effect on GEM in the MCMA. In spite the evident decrease in GEM concentrations compared with data previously reported, monitoring must be carried out routinely given Mexico's participation in the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Morton-Bermea
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF 04150 Mexico
| | - Benedetto Schiavo
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF 04150 Mexico
| | - Elias Salgado-Martínez
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF 04150 Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oliveira MLS, Neckel A, Pinto D, Maculan LS, Zanchett MRD, Silva LFO. Air pollutants and their degradation of a historic building in the largest metropolitan area in Latin America. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130286. [PMID: 33770688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historic buildings that comprise the cultural heritage of humanity are in need of preservation on a worldwide scale in regard to degradation resultant from atmospheric pollutants. The Brazilian Public Market, located in the historic center of the mega city of São Paulo, is the object of this research, due to its representation of historical Brazilian architecture. The general objective of this manuscript is to analyze the influence of air pollutants on the degradation of the historic São Paulo Public Market in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodologically, between May 2018 and April 2019, samples of sedimented dust were collected at five points on the side walls of the market's historic structure, for the analysis of accumulated ultrafine particles (UFPs) and nanoparticles (NPs). A total of 20 samples of particulate matter were collected using self-made passive samplers (SMPSs). Using SMPSs, 12 months of accumulation and deposition were used to sample the atmospheric PM1. The results demonstrate the presence of dangerous elements such as: As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn. Note that EDS coupled with microscopy techniques, points out the risks to human health, due to the presence of these dangerous elements that accumulate in the building's structure. The results show that 85% of the NPs sampled contained Pb, and 56% contained Pb and Ti, which are harmful to both historic buildings and human health. Air pollution enables the further deterioration of the São Paulo Public Market, which is in need of restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L S Oliveira
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia; Universidad de Lima, Departamento de Ingeniería civil y Arquitectura, Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600, Santiago de Surco, 1503, Peru
| | - Alcindo Neckel
- Faculdade Meridional, IMED, 304- Passo Fundo, RS, 99070-220, Brazil.
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | | | | | - Luis F O Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
In 't Veld M, Carnerero C, Massagué J, Alastuey A, de la Rosa JD, Sánchez de la Campa AM, Escudero M, Mantilla E, Gangoiti G, García-Pando CP, Olid M, Moreta JR, Hernández JL, Santamaría J, Millán M, Querol X. Understanding the local and remote source contributions to ambient O 3 during a pollution episode using a combination of experimental approaches in the Guadalquivir valley, southern Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:144579. [PMID: 33677295 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Guadalquivir Valley is one of three major O3 hotspots in Spain. An airborne and surface measurement campaign was carried out from July 9th to 11th, 2019 to quantify the local/regional O3 contributions using experimental approaches. Air quality and meteorology data from surface measurements, a microlight aircraft, a helium balloon, and remote sensing data (TROPOMI-NO2-ESA) were used to obtain the 3D distribution of O3 and various tracer pollutants. O3 accumulation over 2.5 days started with inputs from oceanic air masses transported inland by sea breezes, which drew O3 and its precursors from a local/regional origin to the northeastern end of the basin. The orographic-meteorological setting of the valley caused vertical recirculation of the air masses inside the valley that caused the accumulation by increasing regional background O3 concentration by 25-30 ppb. Furthermore, possible Mediterranean O3 contributions and additional vertical recirculation through the entrainment zone of the convective boundary layer also contributed. Using particulate matter finer than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ultrafine particles (UFP), and black carbon (BC) as tracers of local sources, we calculated that local contributions increased regional O3 levels by 20 ppb inside specific pollution plumes transported by the breeze into the valley, and by 10 ppb during midday when flying over an area with abundant agricultural burning during the morning. Air masses that crossed the southern boundaries of the Betic system at mid-altitude (400-1850 m a.s.l.) on July 10th and 11th may have provided additional O3. Meanwhile, a decreasing trend at high altitudes (3000-5000 m a.s.l.) was observed, signifying that the impact of stratospheric O3 intrusion decreased during the campaign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M In 't Veld
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - C Carnerero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - J Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa, 08242, Spain
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - J D de la Rosa
- Department of Geology, University of Huelva, Huelva 21819, Spain
| | | | - M Escudero
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Academia General Militar, Zaragoza 50090, Spain
| | - E Mantilla
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, CEAM, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - G Gangoiti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - C Pérez García-Pando
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Barcelona 08010, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - M Olid
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, BSC-CNS, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - J R Moreta
- Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, AEMET, Madrid 28071, Spain
| | - J L Hernández
- Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, AEMET, Madrid 28071, Spain
| | - J Santamaría
- Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, AEMET, Madrid 28071, Spain
| | - M Millán
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, CEAM, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morton-Bermea O, Hernández-Alvarez E, Almorín-Ávila MA, Ordoñez-Godínez S, Bermendi-Orosco L, Retama A. Historical trends of metals concentration in PM 10 collected in the Mexico City metropolitan area between 2004 and 2014. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2781-2798. [PMID: 33576940 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00838-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report metals concentrations in 80 PM10 samples collected at four sites in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA): Tlalnepantla (NE), Xalostoc (NE), Merced (C), and Pedregal (S), during the dry/cold season (October to January) for the 2004-2014 period. Mean PM10 mass concentration (66.1 µg m-3) significantly exceeds the annual mean air quality guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization. The statistical analysis of concentration data and meteorological parameters allows us to recognize the importance of wind intensity speed (Wsp) and wind direction conditions in the enrichment of PM concentrations. The proximity and magnitude of the emitting source is also relevant for PM concentration. Such conditions favored that higher metal concentration was recognized at the north of the studied area. By means principal component analysis (PCA) was difficult to identify the groups of metals associated with specific sources (anthropogenic and geogenic) given the high complexity of the study area and the long period of time evaluated. Metal concentration trend shows an important positive trend for Pt, V and Cr, while PM10, Ni, Cu, Ag and Sb show a trend of moderate increase. In contrast, Pb and Co registered a strong percentage reduction, while Hg, Mn, As and Cd show a slight reduction, probably resulting from the implementation of regulatory measures and influenced by urban changes associated at the north of the studied area. The results of this research provide information that should be considered for evaluating the impact of anthropogenic sources and applying regulatory measures to control emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Morton-Bermea
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Cd. de México, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Sara Ordoñez-Godínez
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04150, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Bermendi-Orosco
- Instituto de Geología and Labotarorio Nacional de Geoquímica y Mineralogía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Casquero-Vera JA, Lyamani H, Titos G, Minguillón MC, Dada L, Alastuey A, Querol X, Petäjä T, Olmo FJ, Alados-Arboledas L. Quantifying traffic, biomass burning and secondary source contributions to atmospheric particle number concentrations at urban and suburban sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145282. [PMID: 33736310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a new approach to determine the contributions of primary vehicle exhaust (N1ff), primary biomass burning (N1bb) and secondary (N2) particles to mode segregated particle number concentrations. We used simultaneous measurements of aerosol size distribution in the 12-600 nm size range and black carbon (BC) concentration obtained during winter period at urban and suburban sites influenced by biomass burning (BB) emissions. As expected, larger aerosol number concentrations in the 12-25 and 25-100 nm size ranges are observed at the urban site compared to the suburban site. However, similar concentrations of BC are observed at both sites due to the larger contribution of BB particles to the observed BC at suburban (34%) in comparison to urban site (23%). Due to this influence of BB emissions in our study area, the application of the Rodríguez and Cuevas (2007) method, which was developed for areas mainly influenced by traffic emissions, leads to an overestimation of the primary vehicle exhaust particles concentrations by 18% and 26% in urban and suburban sites, respectively, as compared to our new proposed approach. The results show that (1) N2 is the main contributor in all size ranges at both sites, (2) N1ff is the main contributor to primary particles (>70%) in all size ranges at both sites and (3) N1bb contributes significantly to the primary particles in the 25-100 and 100-600 nm size ranges at the suburban (24% and 28%, respectively) and urban (13% and 20%, respectively) sites. At urban site, the N1ff contribution shows a slight increase with the increase of total particle concentration, reaching a contribution of up to 65% at high ambient aerosol concentrations. New particle formation events are an important aerosol source during summer noon hours but, on average, these events do not implicate a considerable contribution to urban particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Casquero-Vera
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Autonomous Government of Andalusia, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - H Lyamani
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Autonomous Government of Andalusia, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Autonomous Government of Andalusia, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M C Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F J Olmo
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Autonomous Government of Andalusia, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - L Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Autonomous Government of Andalusia, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Z, Guan Q, Lin J, Yang L, Luo H, Wang N. A new buffer selection strategy for land use regression model of PM 2.5 in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21245-21255. [PMID: 33411307 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to calculate the spatial distribution of high-resolution air-pollutant levels, the land use regression (LUR) model can be an effective method due to the comprehensive consideration of various factors. Traditional LUR models mostly use predefined buffers, which have the disadvantage of not matching high-resolution data well. In order to get a better-fitting model, a few researches have proposed new buffer selection methods. To solve this problem, we propose a new optimal buffer selection method based on the dichotomy to improve the correlation between predicted variables and pollutant concentration. For some socioeconomic data with high spatial resolution that cannot be obtained, for example, building data is used instead of population density data. Compared with the model with the predefined buffers, the model with our buffer selection strategy explained additional 5% variability in measured concentrations, in terms of the R2 of the final model. Our model explained 98% of the samples, and the deviation (1.78%) and root mean square error (5.17 μg/m) were small. It means that the LUR model with our buffer selection strategy can be used as a fit method to better describe spatial variability in atmospheric pollutant levels, which will be conducive to epidemiological research and urban environmental planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qingyu Guan
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jinkuo Lin
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liqin Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haiping Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Viteri G, Díaz de Mera Y, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez D, Tajuelo M, Escalona A, Aranda A. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 lockdown and de-escalation on air-quality parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129027. [PMID: 33243576 PMCID: PMC7677078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 health crisis has temporarily forced the lockdown of entire countries. This work reports the short-term effects on air quality of such unprecedented paralysis of industry and transport in different continental cities in Spain, one of the countries most affected by the virus and with the hardest confinement measures. The study takes into account sites with different sizes and diverse emission sources, such as traffic, residential or industrial emissions. This work reports new field measurement data for the studied pandemic period and assesses the air quality parameters within the historic trend of each pollutant and site. Thus, 2013-2020 data series from ground-air quality monitoring networks have been analysed to find out statistically significant changes in atmospheric pollutants during March-June 2020 due to this sudden paralysis of activity. The results show substantial concentration drops of primary pollutants, including NOx, CO, BTX, NMHC and NH3. Particulate matter changes were smaller due to the existence of other natural sources. During the lockdown the ozone patterns were different for each studied location, depending on the VOCs-NOx ratios, with concentration changes close to those expected from the historical series in each site and not statistically attributable to the health crisis effects. Finally, the gradual de-escalation and progressive increase of traffic density within cities reflects a slow recovery of primary pollutants. The results and conclusions for these cities, with different sizes and population, and specific emission sources, may serve as a behavioural model for other continental sites and help understand future crises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Viteri
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Y Díaz de Mera
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - A Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Avenida Carlos III S/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - D Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Avenida Carlos III S/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - M Tajuelo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Avenida Carlos III S/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - A Escalona
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Aranda
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim Y, Yi SM, Heo J. Fifteen-year trends in carbon species and PM 2.5 in Seoul, South Korea (2003-2017). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127750. [PMID: 32712379 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon species in Seoul, South Korea, to quantitatively evaluate their long-term trends and assess the main correlating factors. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected over a 24 h period every third or sixth day from March 2003 to December 2017. The mean concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), primary and secondary OC (POC and SOC) in Seoul over 15 years were 32.2 μg/m3 and 7.28 μg/m3, 1.85 μg/m3, 4.29 μg/m3 and 3.54 μg/m3 respectively. The long-term concentration trends in PM2.5, OC, EC, POC, and SOC decreased significantly at rates of -2.09, -3.13, -6.31, -2.86, and -3.88 per year, respectively from 2003 to 2017 (p < 0.001), whereas the long-term trends in OC/EC significantly increased at a rate of 12.9/year (p < 0.001). These long-term decreases in PM2.5 and carbon species concentrations were most pronounced in 2008 but almost disappeared from 2013 onwards. Considering the decrease in wind speed and variations in the concentration of gaseous air pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds) without a tendency to increase or decrease since 2013, secondary aerosol formation by atmospheric stagnation alleviated long-term decreases in PM2.5 and carbon species concentrations. The long-term decreases in EC concentration were the most consistent and rapid, strongly suggesting that atmospheric policies related to mobile in South Korea were effective in reducing EC concentration. Future air quality management should focus on the secondary formation of air pollutants based on regional trends in air pollutant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, 955 Jungangdae-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47210, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sicard P, Paoletti E, Agathokleous E, Araminienė V, Proietti C, Coulibaly F, De Marco A. Ozone weekend effect in cities: Deep insights for urban air pollution control. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110193. [PMID: 32919964 PMCID: PMC7483290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studying weekend-weekday variation in ground-level ozone (O3) allows one to better understand O3 formation conditions, with a potential for developing effective strategies for O3 control. Reducing inappropriately the O3 precursors emissions can either produce no reduction or increase surface O3 concentrations. This paper analyzes the weekend-weekday differences of O3 at 300 rural and 808 urban background stations worldwide from 2005 to 2014, in order to investigate the O3 weekend effect over time and assess the effectiveness of the precursors emissions control policies for reducing O3 levels. Data were analyzed with the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Theil-Sen estimator. Rural sites typically did not experience a weekend-weekday effect. In all urban stations, the mean O3 concentration on the weekend was 12% higher than on weekdays. Between 2005 and 2014, the annual mean of daily O3 concentrations increased at 74% of urban sites worldwide (+ 0.41 ppb year-1) and decreased in the United Kingdom (- 0.18 ppb year-1). Over this time period, emissions of O3 precursors declined significantly. However, a greater decline in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions caused an increase in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to NOx ratios leading to O3 formation. In France, South Korea and the United Kingdom, most urban stations showed a significant upward trend (+ 1.15% per year) for O3 weekend effect. Conversely, in Canada, Germany, Japan, Italy and the United States, the O3 weekend effect showed a significant downward trend (- 0.26% per year). Further or inappropriate control of anthropogenic emissions in Canada, Southern Europe, Japan, South Korea and the United States might result in increased daily O3 levels in urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 Route Du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agro-meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Valda Araminienė
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Chiara Proietti
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA, Via Brancati 48, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, C.R. Casaccia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen L, Zhu J, Liao H, Yang Y, Yue X. Meteorological influences on PM 2.5 and O 3 trends and associated health burden since China's clean air actions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140837. [PMID: 32693282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stringent clean air actions have been implemented to improve air quality in China since 2013. In addition to anthropogenic emission abatements, the changes in air quality may be modulated also by meteorology. In this study, we developed multiple linear regression models to quantify meteorological influences on the trends in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) concentrations and associated health burden over three polluted regions of China, i.e., North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, and Fen-wei Plain during 2014-2018, with a novel focus on the contributions of the most influential meteorological factors to PM2.5 and O3 trends as well as the meteorological contributions to PM2.5- and O3-related mortality trends. The meteorology-driven PM2.5 (O3) trends for the three regions were -0.5~-2.0 (+0.7~+0.8) μg m-3 yr-1, contributing 10- 26% (12- 18%) of the observed five-year decreasing PM2.5 (increasing O3) trends. The decreased relative humidity (increased daytime planetary boundary layer height) was identified to be the most influential meteorological factor and explained 55% (42%) of the largest meteorology-driven PM2.5 (O3) trend among all regions and seasons. The meteorology-driven decreases in PM2.5 (increases in O3) concentrations led to overall decreases in PM2.5-related (increases in O3-related) mortalities with trends of -2.2~-7.4 (+0.5~+0.9) thousand yr-1 for the three regions, accounting for 10- 26% (15- 31%) of the total decreasing (increasing) trends in PM2.5-related (O3-related) mortalities. The results emphasize the important role of meteorology in PM2.5 and O3 air quality and associated health burden over China, and have important implications for China's air quality planning. In particular, more efforts in emission control should be taken to offset the adverse effects on ozone caused by meteorology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen H, Huo J, Fu Q, Duan Y, Xiao H, Chen J. Impact of quarantine measures on chemical compositions of PM 2.5 during the COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140758. [PMID: 32653718 PMCID: PMC7336916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic broke out in Wuhan, Hubei in December 2019 and in January 2020 and was later transmitted to the entire country. Quarantine measures during Chinese New Year effectively alleviated the spread of the epidemic, but they simultaneously resulted in a decline in anthropogenic emissions from industry, transportation, and import and export of goods. Herein, we present the major chemical composition of non-refractory PM2.5 (NR-PM2.5) and the concentrations of gaseous pollutants in an urban site in Shanghai before and during the quarantine period of the COVID-19 epidemic, which was Jan. 8-23 and Jan. 24-Feb. 8, respectively. The observed results show that the reduction in PM2.5 can be mainly attributed to decreasing concentrations of nitrate and primary aerosols. Nitrate accounted for 37% of NR-PM2.5 before the quarantine period when there was no emission reduction. During the quarantine period, the nitrate concentration decreased by approximately 60%, which is attributed to a reduction in the NOx concentration. Ammonium, as the main balancing cation, showed an approximately 45% simultaneous decrease in concentration. The concentrations of chloride and hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols from primary emissions also declined due to limited human activities. By contrast, sulphate and oxygenated organic aerosols showed a slight decrease in concentration, with their contributions increasing to 27% and 18%, respectively, during the quarantine period, which resulted in two pollution episodes with PM2.5 exceeding 100 μg/m3. This study provides a better understanding of the impact of quarantine measures on variations of the PM2.5 concentration and chemical compositions. Atmospheric oxidation capacities based on the oxidant (Ox = O3 + NO2) and oxidation ratios have been discussed for elucidating the source and formation of haze in an environment with lower anthropogenic emissions. With increasing contribution of secondary aerosols, lower NOx and nitrate concentrations did not completely avoid haze in Shanghai during the epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitor Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Salvador P, Pandolfi M, Tobías A, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Molero F, Barreiro M, Pérez N, Revuelta MA, Marco IM, Querol X, Artíñano B. Impact of mixing layer height variations on air pollutant concentrations and health in a European urban area: Madrid (Spain), a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41702-41716. [PMID: 32696403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of local high-pollution episodes in densely populated urban areas, which have huge fleets of vehicles, is currently one of the most worrying problems associated with air pollution worldwide. Such episodes are produced under specific meteorological conditions, which favour the sudden increase of levels of air pollutants. This study has investigated the influence of the mixing layer height (MLH) on the concentration levels of atmospheric pollutants and daily mortality in Madrid, Spain, during the period 2011-2014. It may help to understand the causes and impact of local high-pollution episodes. MLH at midday over Madrid was daily estimated from meteorological radio soundings. Then, days with different MLH over this urban area were characterized by meteorological parameters registered at different levels of an instrumented tower and by composite sea level pressure maps, representing the associated synoptic meteorological scenarios. Next, statistically significant associations between MLH and levels of PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, CO and ultra-fine particles number concentrations registered at representative monitoring stations were evaluated. Finally, associations between all-natural cause daily mortality in Madrid, MLH, and air pollutants were estimated using conditional Poisson regression models. The reduction of MLH to values below 482 m above-ground level under strong atmospheric stagnation conditions was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in levels of NO, NO2, CO, PM2.5 and ultra-fine particle number concentrations at urban-traffic and suburban monitoring sites. The decrease of the MLH was also associated to a linear increase of the daily number of exceedances of the UE NO2 hourly limit value (200 μg/m3) and levels of air pollutants at hotspot urban-traffic monitoring stations. Also, a statistically significant association of the MLH with all-natural cause daily mortality was obtained. When the MLH increased by 830 m, the risk of mortality decreased by 2.5% the same day and by 3.3% the next day, when African dust episodic days were excluded. They were also higher in absolute terms than the increases in risk of mortality that were determined for the exposition to any other air pollutant. Our results suggest that when the prediction models foresee values of MLH below 482 m above-ground level in Madrid, the evolution of high-contamination episodes will be very favourable. Therefore, short-term policy measures will have to be implemented to reduce NO, NO2, CO, PM2.5 and ultra-fine particle emissions from anthropogenic sources in this southern European urban location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salvador
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gómez-Moreno
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Molero
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Barreiro
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Martínez Marco
- Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET), c. Leonardo Prieto Castro 8, 28071, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, c. Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Artíñano
- Department of Environment - Joint Research Unit Atmospheric Pollution CIEMAT-CSIC, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Q, Fang J, Shi W, Dong X. Distribution characteristics and policy-related improvements of PM 2.5 and its components in six Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115299. [PMID: 32818727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the distribution characteristics and possible sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components, as well as policy-related pollution reduction in the Chinese cities of Jinan, Shijiazhuang (SJZ), Chengdu, Wuxi, Wuhan, and Harbin (HRB). PM2.5 samples were collected using mid-volume samplers during the autumn of 2017 in all six cities. The samples were analyzed to determine the ambient PM2.5 compositions, including the concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), carbonaceous aerosols, and elements concentrations. The chemical ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon and nitrate to sulfate as well as the enrichment factors of elements were calculated to establish the possible sources of PM2.5 in all six cities. The highest PM2.5 concentration was 152 μg/m3 in SJZ, while the lowest concentration was 47 μg/m3 in HRB. During the sampling period in these six cities, the PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization recommended daily average air quality guidelines by 2.4-6.1 times, and WSIIs, carbonaceous aerosols, and elements accounted for 31.8%-61.6%, 9.8%-35.1%, and 0.9%-2.5% of the PM2.5, respectively. In 2013, the Chinese government formulated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) for controlling air pollution, and effective measures have been implemented since then. Compared with previous studies conducted during 2009-2013 before the implementation of the APPCAP, the concentrations of PM2.5 and most of its components decreased to varying degrees, and large changes in the chemical ratios of PM2.5 components were observed. These results indicate that PM2.5 sources vary among these six cities and that China has improved the ambient air quality in these cities through the implementation of air pollution control policies. The APPCAP have achieved considerable results in continuously reducing pollution concentrations, although the air pollution concentrations observed in this study remain high compared with those of other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wanying Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Viana M, de Leeuw F, Bartonova A, Castell N, Ozturk E, González Ortiz A. Air quality mitigation in European cities: Status and challenges ahead. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105907. [PMID: 32645487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cities are currently at the core of air quality (AQ) improvement. The present work provides an overview of AQ management strategies and outcomes in 10 European cities (Antwerp, Berlin, Dublin, Madrid, Malmö, Milan, Paris, Plovdiv, Prague, Vienna) in 2018, and their evolution since 2013 (same cities, plus Ploiesti and Vilnius), based on first-hand input from AQ managers. The status of AQ mitigation in 2018, and its evolution since 2013, were assessed. While results evidenced that the majority of mitigation strategies targeted road traffic, emerging sources such as inland shipping, construction/demolition and recreational wood burning were identified. Several cities had in 2018 the ambition to continue decreasing air pollution concentrations to meet WHO guidelines, an ambition which had not yet been identified in 2013. Specific needs identified by all of the cities assessed were tools to quantify the effectiveness of mitigation strategies and for cost-benefit analysis, as well as specific and up to date technical guidance on real-world road vehicle emissions. The cities also requested guidance to identify mitigation measures promoting co-benefits, e.g., in terms of AQ, climate change, and noise. Support from administrations at local-regional-national-EU scales, and especially involving local policy-makers early on in the air quality management process, was considered essential. This work provides insight into the drivers of successful/unsuccessful AQ policies as well as on the challenges faced during their implementation. We identify knowledge gaps and provide input to the research and policy-making communities as to specific needs of cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Viana
- IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oduber F, Calvo AI, Castro A, Blanco-Alegre C, Alves C, Barata J, Nunes T, Lucarelli F, Nava S, Calzolai G, Cerqueira M, Martín-Villacorta J, Esteves V, Fraile R. Chemical composition of rainwater under two events of aerosol transport: A Saharan dust outbreak and wildfires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139202. [PMID: 32460070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A one-year campaign of joint sampling of aerosols and precipitation, carried out in León, Spain, allowed to study the impact of two special events that affected the air quality in the north of the country, on rainfall in the city: a period with wildfires and a Saharan dust intrusion. The wildfires that occurred in northern Portugal and northwestern Spain in August 2016 affected the chemistry of rainfall on 15 August 2016, causing an increase in concentrations of NH4+, Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42- and NO3- and in the concentrations of organic acids, which was reflected in the levels of soluble and insoluble organic carbon. This led to acidification of rainwater (pH = 4.8). The second precipitation event was registered between 11 and 14 February 2017, during which the rainwater was collected in four daily fractions (P1, P2, P3 and P4). The rain sample of 12 February (P2) coincided with a Saharan dust intrusion that reached northern Iberia that day. The chemical composition of P2 showed an increase in the Ca2+ (>800%), Mg2+ (71%), Cl- (62%), and SO42- (33%) concentrations, with respect to P1. The input of crustal elements to the atmosphere helped to neutralize the P2 rainwater, causing pH values higher than 6.5. Once the dust intrusion left the north of the Peninsula, the composition of rainwater P3 and P4 revealed a mixture of marine contribution with local anthropogenic emissions, as well as a decrease in ion concentrations and conductivity, and an increase in pH values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, León, Spain
| | - A I Calvo
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, León, Spain
| | - A Castro
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, León, Spain
| | - C Blanco-Alegre
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, León, Spain
| | - C Alves
- Department of Environmental and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Barata
- Department of Environmental and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - T Nunes
- Department of Environmental and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Nava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Cerqueira
- Department of Environmental and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - V Esteves
- Department of Environmental and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Fraile
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cerro JC, Cerdà V, Querol X, Alastuey A, Bujosa C, Pey J. Variability of air pollutants, and PM composition and sources at a regional background site in the Balearic Islands: Review of western Mediterranean phenomenology from a 3-year study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137177. [PMID: 32062273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study discloses the results of a comprehensive 3-years campaign (2010-2012) of air pollution measurements over an regional island background area (Can Llompart-Balearic Islands, Spain), contextualized with other measurements in the western Mediterranean region. Gaseous pollutants and particulate matter fractions were measured in real time; and PM10 and PM1 daily samples were obtained regularly from which chemical analyses were performed. Furthermore, during three intensive observation periods, real-time concentrations of particle number, black carbon and ammonia were additionally measured. Our results display particular diurnal and seasonal patterns for certain pollutants such as O3 and particle number concentration. Our study reveals that concentrations of air pollutants and aerosol chemical composition are rather similar all over the central and western Mediterranean basin. The most abundant chemical components in PM10 were mineral dust, followed by organic matter, sea spray and SO42-; in PM1 organic matter and SO42- dominated, with significant contribution of mineral dust. Furthermore, a source apportionment Positive Matrix Factorization analysis was conducted. Natural sources exert most of the impact on the coarse-mode fraction, while most of fine-mode aerosols are linked to anthropogenic sources coming from local, regional or long range transport emissions. Prevalence of Atlantic air masses in 2010 had a positive effect in air quality, lowering mineral dust, SO42- and EC concentrations. On the contrary, the high incidence of African dust and regional recirculation situations during the 2012 warm season favoured an overall PM load increase governed by mineral dust, SO42- and trace elements associated to dust aerosols. The continuous increase in tourists in the Balearic Islands, and in general all around the Mediterranean, is clearly changing air quality patterns: while urban air pollution has strongly decreased since 2010, such downward trend is less pronounced at the regional scale, thus related to crescent sources such as maritime and air transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José C Cerro
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Illes Balears University, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain; Laboratory of the Atmosphere, Govern Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca 07009, Spain.
| | - Víctor Cerdà
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Illes Balears University, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDÆA-CSIC, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDÆA-CSIC, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Pey
- ARAID-Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología - CSIC, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pacca L, Antonarakis A, Schröder P, Antoniades A. The effect of financial crises on air pollutant emissions: An assessment of the short vs. medium-term effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:133614. [PMID: 31518780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper empirically investigates the impact of financial crises on air pollutant emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx and PM2.5). A panel data approach is used, including 419 financial crisis episodes in >150 countries over the period 1970-2014. The short- and medium-term effects of crises are estimated, using a GMM specification (for short-term) and the estimation of impulse response functions (for medium-term). Results show that in the short-term, as a consequence financial crises, emissions decrease for all gases except for PM2.5. In particular, emissions of CO2, SO2 and NOx decrease by 2.6, 1.8, and 1.7% respectively. However, in the medium-term, financial crises cause insignificant effect on emissions, or in some cases even lead to a 1-2% increase, cancelling out the initial benefit. Our analysis also shows that the effect of crises is larger in high income and upper-middle income countries. Moreover, recent crises had a larger short-term impact on air pollutants than crises in previous decades. Our results suggest that the beneficial impact of financial crises on air quality is short-lived. To preserve this beneficial impact in the long run and avert new negative post-crisis emission patterns and dynamics, policy responses to financial crises should encompass tighter environmental regulations and green investments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pacca
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Borge R, Requia WJ, Yagüe C, Jhun I, Koutrakis P. Impact of weather changes on air quality and related mortality in Spain over a 25 year period [1993-2017]. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105272. [PMID: 31675571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major public health concern. In addition to its direct impacts on temperature patterns and extreme weather events, climate change affects public health indirectly through its influence on air quality. Pollution trends are not only affected by emissions changes but also by weather changes. In this paper we analyze air quality trends in Spain of important air pollutants (C6H6, CO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2) recorded during the last 25 years, from 1993 to 2017. We found substantial reductions in ambient concentration levels for all the pollutants studied except for O3. To assess the influence of recent weather changes on air quality trends we applied generalized additive models (GAMs) using nonparametric smoothing; with and without adjusting for weather parameters including temperature, wind speed, humidity and precipitation frequency. The difference of annual slopes estimated by the models without and with adjusting for these meteorological variables represents the impact of weather changes on pollutant trends, i.e. the 'weather penalty'. The analyses were seasonally and geographically stratified to account for temporal and regional differences across Spain. The results were meta-analyzed to estimate weather penalties on ambient concentration trends at a national level as well as the impact on mortality for the most relevant pollutants. We found significant penalties for most pollutants, implying that air quality would have improved even more during our study period if weather conditions had remained constant. The largest weather influences were found for PM10, with seasonal penalties up to 22 μg⋅m-3 accumulated over the 25-year period in some regions. The national meta-analysis shows penalties of 0.060 μg⋅m-3 per year (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 0.004, 0.116) in cold months and 0.127 μg⋅m-3 per year (95% CI: 0.089, 0.164) in warm months. Penalties of this magnitude would correspond to 129 annual deaths (95% CI: 25, 233), i.e. approximately 3200 deaths over the 25-year period in Spain. According to our results, the health benefits of recent emission abatements for this pollutant in Spain would have been up to 10% greater if weather conditions had remained constant during the last 25 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Borge
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Carlos Yagüe
- Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, University Complutense of Madrid, Faculty of Physical Sciences, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iny Jhun
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Oduber F, Calvo AI, Blanco-Alegre C, Castro A, Nunes T, Alves C, Sorribas M, Fernández-González D, Vega-Maray AM, Valencia-Barrera RM, Lucarelli F, Nava S, Calzolai G, Alonso-Blanco E, Fraile B, Fialho P, Coz E, Prevot ASH, Pont V, Fraile R. Unusual winter Saharan dust intrusions at Northwest Spain: Air quality, radiative and health impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:213-228. [PMID: 30878930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Saharan air masses can transport high amounts of mineral dust particles and biological material to the Iberian Peninsula. During winter, this kind of events is not very frequent and usually does not reach the northwest of the Peninsula. However, between 21 and 22 February 2016 and between 22 and 23 February 2017, two exceptional events were registered in León (Spain), which severely affected air quality. An integrative approach including: i) typical synoptic conditions; ii) aerosol chemical composition; iii) particle size distributions; iv) pollen concentration; v) aerosol optical depth (AOD); vi) radiative forcing and vii) estimation of the impact of aerosols in the respiratory tract, was carried out. In the global characterization of these events, the exceedance of the PM10 daily limit value, an increase in the coarse mode and a rise in the iron concentration were observed. On the 2016 event, an AOD and extinction-related Ångström exponent clearly characteristic of desert aerosol (1.1 and 0.05, respectively) were registered. Furthermore, pollen grains not typical of flowering plants in this period were identified. The chemical analysis of the aerosol from the 2017 event allowed us to confirm the presence of the main elements associated with mineral sources (aluminum, calcium, and silica concentrations). An increase in the SO42-, NO3- and Cl- concentrations during the Saharan dust intrusion was also noted. However, in this event, there was no presence of atypical pollen types. The estimated dust radiative forcing traduced a cooling effect for surface and atmosphere during both events, corroborated by trends of radiative flux measurements. The estimated impact on the respiratory tract regions of the high levels of particulate matter during both Saharan dust intrusions showed high levels for the respirable fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain
| | - A I Calvo
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain
| | - C Blanco-Alegre
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain
| | - A Castro
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain
| | - T Nunes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Sorribas
- El Arenosillo-Atmospheric Sounding Station, Atmospheric Research and Instrumentation Branch, INTA, Mazagón, Huelva, Spain
| | - D Fernández-González
- Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León, Spain; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-CNR, Bologna, Italy
| | - A M Vega-Maray
- Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León, Spain
| | | | - F Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and I.N.F.N., Florence, Italy
| | - S Nava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and I.N.F.N., Florence, Italy
| | - G Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and I.N.F.N., Florence, Italy
| | - E Alonso-Blanco
- Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology Research (CIEMAT), Department of the Environment, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Fraile
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - P Fialho
- Research Institute for Volcanology and Risk Assessment-IVAR, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - E Coz
- Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology Research (CIEMAT), Department of the Environment, Madrid, Spain
| | - A S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - V Pont
- Laboratory of Aerology, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R Fraile
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Royé D, Zarrabeitia MT, Riancho J, Santurtún A. A time series analysis of the relationship between apparent temperature, air pollutants and ischemic stroke in Madrid, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:349-358. [PMID: 30953949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the role of environment on the pathogenesis of stroke is gaining importance in the context of climate change. This study analyzes the temporal pattern of ischemic stroke (IS) in Madrid, Spain, during a 13-year period (2001-2013), and the relationship between ischemic stroke (admissions and deaths) incidence and environmental factors on a daily scale by using a quasi-Poisson regression model. To assess potential delayed and non-linear effects of air pollutants and Apparent Temperature (AT), a biometeorological index which represents human thermal comfort on IS, a lag non-linear model was fitted in a generalized additive model. The mortality rate followed a downward trend over the studied period, however admission rates progressively increased. Our results show that both increases and decreases in AT had a marked relationship with IS deaths, while hospital admissions were only associated with low AT. When analyzing the cumulative effects (for lag 0-14 days), with an AT of 1.7 °C (percentile 5%) a RR of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.05-1.37) for IS mortality and a RR of 1.09 (95% CI, 0.91-1.29) for morbidity is estimated. Concerning gender differences, men show higher risks of mortality in low temperatures and women in high temperatures. No significant relationship was found between air pollutant concentrations and IS morbi-mortality, but this result must be interpreted with caution, since there are strong spatial fluctuations of the former between nearby geographical areas that make it difficult to perform correlation analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Royé
- Department of Geography, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Geography, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - María T Zarrabeitia
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Riancho
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sierrallana-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIVAL), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades (CIBERNED), Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Santurtún
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess E. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 5:CD010919. [PMID: 31106396 PMCID: PMC6526394 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010919.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is associated with a large burden of disease in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no systematic review has assessed the effectiveness of interventions aiming to reduce ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution in reducing pollutant concentrations and improving associated health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases with diverse focuses, including health and biomedical research (CENTRAL, Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO), multidisciplinary research (Scopus, Science Citation Index), social sciences (Social Science Citation Index), urban planning and environment (Greenfile), and LMICs (Global Health Library regional indexes, WHOLIS). Additionally, we searched grey literature databases, multiple online trial registries, references of included studies and the contents of relevant journals in an attempt to identify unpublished and ongoing studies, and studies not identified by our search strategy. The final search date for all databases was 31 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs, including controlled interrupted time-series studies (cITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies adhering to EPOC standards (ITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies not adhering to EPOC standards (ITS), controlled before-after studies adhering to EPOC standards (CBA-EPOC), and controlled before-after studies not adhering to EPOC standards (CBA); these were classified as main studies. Additionally, we included uncontrolled before-after studies (UBA) as supporting studies. We included studies that evaluated interventions to reduce ambient air pollution from industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and several air pollutant concentrations. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS After a calibration exercise among the author team, two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment and evidence synthesis only for main studies; we mapped supporting studies with regard to the types of intervention and setting. To assess risk of bias, we used the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the Centre for Public Health Excellence at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For each intervention category, i.e. those targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, we synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 main studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These were heterogeneous with respect to setting; interventions were implemented in countries across the world, but most (79%) were implemented in HICs, with the remaining scattered across LMICs. Most interventions (76%) were implemented in urban or community settings.We identified a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial (n = 5), residential (n = 7), vehicular (n = 22), and multiple sources (n = 4). Some specific interventions, such as low emission zones and stove exchanges, were assessed by several studies, whereas others, such as a wood burning ban, were only assessed by a single study.Most studies assessing health and air quality outcomes used routine monitoring data. Studies assessing health outcomes mostly investigated effects in the general population, while few studies assessed specific subgroups such as infants, children and the elderly. No identified studies assessed unintended or adverse effects.The judgements regarding the risk of bias of studies were mixed. Regarding health outcomes, we appraised eight studies (47%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, five studies (29%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and four studies (24%) as having serious risk of bias concerns. Regarding air quality outcomes, we judged 11 studies (31%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, 16 studies (46%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and eight studies (23%) as having serious risk of bias concerns.The evidence base, comprising non-randomized studies only, was of low or very low certainty for all intervention categories and primary outcomes. The narrative and graphical synthesis showed that evidence for effectiveness was mixed across the four intervention categories. For interventions targeting industrial, residential and multiple sources, a similar pattern emerged for both health and air quality outcomes, with essentially all studies observing either no clear association in either direction or a significant association favouring the intervention. The evidence base for interventions targeting vehicular sources was more heterogeneous, as a small number of studies did observe a significant association favouring the control. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that the assessed interventions do not worsen air quality or health. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Most included studies observed either no significant association in either direction or an association favouring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing a causal relationship between specific air pollution interventions and outcomes. In light of these challenges, the results on effectiveness should be interpreted with caution; it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.We identified limited evidence for several world regions, notably Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia; decision-makers should prioritize the development and implementation of interventions in these settings. In the future, as new policies are introduced, decision-makers should consider a built-in evaluation component, which could facilitate more systematic and comprehensive evaluations. These could assess effectiveness, but also aspects of feasibility, fidelity and acceptability.The production of higher quality and more uniform evidence would be helpful in informing decisions. Researchers should strive to sufficiently account for confounding, assess the impact of methodological decisions through the conduct and communication of sensitivity analyses, and improve the reporting of methods, and other aspects of the study, most importantly the description of the intervention and the context in which it is implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | | | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Anke C Rohwer
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownSouth Africa7505
| | | | - Ruth Turley
- Cardiff UniversityCentre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer)1 Museum PlaceCardiffUKCF10 3BD
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Turner MC, Gracia‐Lavedan E, Cirac M, Castaño‐Vinyals G, Malats N, Tardon A, Garcia‐Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Jones RR, Rothman N, Silverman DT, Kogevinas M. Ambient air pollution and incident bladder cancer risk: Updated analysis of the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:894-900. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk AssessmentUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Canada
| | - Esther Gracia‐Lavedan
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Cirac
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño‐Vinyals
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Malats
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and CIBERONC Madrid Spain
| | - Adonina Tardon
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
- IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Consol Serra
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- Consorci Hospitalari Parc Tauli Sabadell Spain
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Alcalá University, IRYCIS, CIBERONC Madrid Spain
| | - Rena R. Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer Institute Bethesda MD
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer Institute Bethesda MD
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer Institute Bethesda MD
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Casquero-Vera JA, Lyamani H, Titos G, Borrás E, Olmo FJ, Alados-Arboledas L. Impact of primary NO 2 emissions at different urban sites exceeding the European NO 2 standard limit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1117-1125. [PMID: 30235598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A large part of the European population is still exposed to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels exceeding the European Union (EU) air quality standards, being a key challenge to reduce NO2 concentrations across many European urban areas, particularly close to roads. In this work, a trend analysis of pollutants involved in NO2 processes was done for the period 2003-2014 in traffic sites from three Spanish cities (Barcelona, Madrid and Granada) that still exceed the European NO2 air quality standard limits. We also estimated the contributions of primary NO2 emissions and photo-chemically formed NO2 to the observed ambient NO2 concentrations in order to explore their possible role in the observed NO2 concentration trends. The NOx and NO concentrations at these traffic sites showed significant decreasing trends during the period 2003-2014, especially at Barcelona (BARTR) and Madrid (MADTR) traffic stations. The NO2 concentrations showed statistically significant downward trends at BARTR and MADTR and remained unchanged at Granada traffic station (GRATR) during the study period. Despite the significant decrease in NO2 concentrations in BCNTR and MADTR during the analysed period, the NO2 concentrations observed over these sites still above the annual NO2 standard limit of 40 μg m-3 and, therefore, more efficient measures are still needed. Primary NO2 emissions significantly influence NO2 concentrations at the three analysed sites. However, as no drastic changes are expected in the after-exhaust treatment technology that can reduce primary NO2 emissions to zero in the near future, only a substantial reduction in NOx emissions will help to comply with the NO2 European air quality standards. Reduction of 78%, 56% and 16% on NOx emissions in Barcelona, Madrid and Granada were estimated to be necessary to comply with the NO2 annual limit of 40 μg m-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Casquero-Vera
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - H Lyamani
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E Borrás
- Fundación CEAM, Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - F J Olmo
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - L Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Esbrí JM, Izquierdo C, Martínez-Coronado A, Miteva I, Higueras PL. Particulate matter and particulate-bound mercury in a heavily polluted site related to ancient mining and metallurgy: a proposal for dry deposition modeling based on micrometeorological conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35312-35321. [PMID: 30341760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reported data for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), particle-bound mercury (PBM), and total gaseous mercury (TGM) in Almadenejos, a rural zone of ancient Hg mining and metallurgical works. Concentrations of TSPM characterize the study site as being a rural area, with levels below 40 μg m-3 during most of the year and sporadic events involving dust intrusions from Africa. Mercury speciation of PM and nearby soils, which contain both cinnabar and organic Hg, confirms that the PM comes from local soil emissions involving the soils polluted by ancient metallurgical works. Conversely, PBM and TGM levels (average 1.8 ng m-3 and 88 ng m-3, respectively) define Almadenejos as a contaminated site similar to urban areas. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that evapotranspiration is the micrometeorological parameter that best explains the TSPM and PBM data, with the creation of a diurnal mixing layer being the main process involved in Hg emissions in the solid and gaseous states. Based on these findings, a micrometeorological-based model has been developed to acquire a complete set of daily PBM data and these were used to obtain dry deposition rates (317 μg m-2 year-1), which were seasonally distributed as 40% in summer, 33% in autumn, 16% in spring, and 11% in winter. In addition, an estimation of PBM emissions showed that 335 g year-1 can be suspended in the Almadenejos environment. A large proportion of this PBM should be removed from the atmosphere through dry deposition in a continuous Hg exchange at the soil-atmosphere interface. Mercury fractionation (cinnabar and organic Hg) can increase the risk to the human population and nearby ecosystems of Almadenejos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Mª Esbrí
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Celia Izquierdo
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alba Martínez-Coronado
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iva Miteva
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
- University of Mining and Geology "St. Ivan Rilski", 1700, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pablo L Higueras
- Instituto de Geología Aplicada, Escuela de Ingeniería Minera e Industrial de Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza M. Meca 1, Almadén, 13400, Ciudad Real, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Borge R, Artíñano B, Yagüe C, Gomez-Moreno FJ, Saiz-Lopez A, Sastre M, Narros A, García-Nieto D, Benavent N, Maqueda G, Barreiro M, de Andrés JM, Cristóbal Á. Application of a short term air quality action plan in Madrid (Spain) under a high-pollution episode - Part I: Diagnostic and analysis from observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1561-1573. [PMID: 29605235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exceedances of NO2 hourly limit value (200 μg·m-3) imply the need to implement short term action plans to avoid adverse effects on human health in urban areas. The Madrid City Council applied the stage 3 of the NO2 protocol during a high-pollution episode under stable meteorological conditions on December 2016 for the first time. This included road traffic access restrictions to the city centre (50% of conventional private vehicles based on plate numbers). In this contribution we analyse different meteorological and air quality observations, including non-standard parameters (such as number of ultrafine particles and remote sensing techniques MAXDOAS) for a better understanding of the effectivity of short-term emission abatement measures under real conditions and to identify options to improve the NO2 protocol in the future. According to our results, the inversion base height computed from vertical temperature soundings is a meaningful index to anticipate very unfavourable conditions and trigger the actions included in the protocol. The analysis of the concentration levels of the main pollutants from the Madrid air quality monitoring network indicate that only stage 3 of the protocol had a significant effect on NO2 maximum concentrations. The restrictions applied may have prevented NO2 concentrations to further increase in the city centre (up to 15%) although pollution levels in the city outskirts, outside the area directly affected by the traffic restrictions, remained unchanged or may have been slightly increased. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to estimate more precisely the effect of the measures taken and to assess potential trade-offs. Our results suggest that emissions play an important role also under very strong stability conditions although drastic measures are needed to achieve a significant impact. This highlights the importance of an appropriate timing for short-term actions and the need of permanent abatement measures related to air quality plans and policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Borge
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Carlos Yagüe
- Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, University Complutense of Madrid, Faculty of Physical Sciences, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Mariano Sastre
- Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, University Complutense of Madrid, Faculty of Physical Sciences, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Narros
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-Nieto
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Nuria Benavent
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Gregorio Maqueda
- Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, University Complutense of Madrid, Faculty of Physical Sciences, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel de Andrés
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, UPM, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cristóbal
- General Directorate of Sustainability and Environmental Control. Madrid City Council, 28045 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Linares C, Falcón I, Ortiz C, Díaz J. An approach estimating the short-term effect of NO 2 on daily mortality in Spanish cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:18-28. [PMID: 29635093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic is the most significant source of urban air pollution. PM2.5 is the air pollutant whose health effects have been most closely studied, and is the variable most commonly used as a proxy indicator of exposure to air pollution, whereas evidence on NO2 concentrations per se is still under study. In the case of Spain, there are no specific updated studies which calculate short-term NO2-related mortality. OBJECTIVE To quantify the relative risks (RRs) and attributable risks (ARs) of daily mortality associated with NO2 concentrations recorded in Spain across the study period, 2000-2009; and to calculate the number of NO2-related deaths. MATERIAL AND METHODS We calculated daily mortality due to natural causes (ICD-10: A00 R99), circulatory causes (ICD-10: I00 I99) and respiratory causes (ICD-10: J00 J99) for each province across the period 2000-2009, using data supplied by the National Statistics Institute. Mean daily NO2 concentrations in μg/m3 for each provincial capital were furnished by the Ministry of Agriculture & Environment, along with the equivalent figures for the control pollutants (PM10). To estimate RRs and ARs, we used generalised linear models with a Poisson link, controlling for maximum and minimum daily temperature, trend of the series, seasonalities, and the autoregressive nature of the series. A meta-analysis with random effects was used to estimate RRs and ARs nationwide. RESULTS The overall RRs obtained for Spain, corresponding to increases of 10 μg/m3 in NO2 concentrations were 1.012 (95% CI: 1.010 1.014) for natural-cause mortality, 1.028 (95% CI: 1.019 1.037) for respiratory-cause mortality, and 1.016 (95% CI: 1.012 1.021) for circulatory-cause mortality. This amounted to an annual overall 6085 deaths (95% CI: 3288 9427) due to natural causes, 1031 (95% CI: 466 1585) due to respiratory causes, and 1978 (95% CI: 828 3197) due to circulatory causes. CONCLUSION By virtue of the number of cities involved and the nature of the analysis performed, with quantification of the RRs and ARs of the short-term impact of NO2 on daily mortality in Spain, this study provides an updated estimate of the effect had by this type of pollutant on causes of mortality, and constitutes an important basis for reinforcing public health measures at a national level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Falcón
- Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cristina Ortiz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li J, Chen B, de la Campa AMS, Alastuey A, Querol X, de la Rosa JD. 2005-2014 trends of PM10 source contributions in an industrialized area of southern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:570-579. [PMID: 29428711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) using receptor modelling was determined at an urban (La Linea, LL) and an industrial area (Puente Mayorga, PMY) in Southern Spain with samples collected during 2005-2014. The concentrations of PM10 had been decreasing at both sites in three distinctive periods: 1) the initial PM10 levels approached or exceeded the Spain and EU PM10 annual guidelines of 40 μg/m3 during 2005-2007 at LL and 2005-2009 at PMY; 2) then PM10 dropped by 25%-∼30 μg/m3 during 2008-2011 at LL and during 2010-2011 at PMY; 3) since 2012, the PM10 concentrations gradually decreased to <30 μg/m3. Chemical compositions of PM10 revealed the important contributions of water soluble ions (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride), carbonaceous aerosols, and other major elements. These PM components generally showed a decrease trend, in accord with the trend of PM10 reduction. A PMF model identified seven sources to PM10 contributions. Secondary sulfate, soil/urban/construction dust, and secondary nitrate showed significantly decreasing trends with reduction of 40-60% comparing to the initial levels. The road traffic contribution decreased by 14% from the first to third period. However, sea salt, oil combustion, and industrial metallurgical process had relative stable contributions. These source contribution changes are reasonably governed by the PM emission abatement actions implemented during the past decade, as well as the financial crisis, that accounted for a significant decrease of PM pollution in Southern Spain. THE MAIN FINDING OF THE WORK We identified that the mitigation efforts on industry, fossil fuel combustion, and urban transportation during the past decade were successful for air quality improvement in a highly industrialized area in Southern Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ana M Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, E21071 Huelva, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CEIA3, Spain; Campus of International Excellence of the Sea CEIMAR, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, E21071 Huelva, Spain; Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, E21071 Huelva, Spain; Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jesus D de la Rosa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), University of Huelva, E21071 Huelva, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence CEIA3, Spain; Campus of International Excellence of the Sea CEIMAR, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yang S, Sui J, Liu T, Wu W, Xu S, Yin L, Pu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Shen B, Liang G. Trends on PM 2.5 research, 1997-2016: a bibliometric study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12284-12298. [PMID: 29623642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Faridi S, Shamsipour M, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, Amini H, Azimi F, Malkawi M, Momeniha F, Gholampour A, Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K. Long-term trends and health impact of PM 2.5 and O 3 in Tehran, Iran, 2006-2015. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:37-49. [PMID: 29477017 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were (1) investigation of the temporal variations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground level ozone (O3) concentrations in Tehran megacity, the capital and most populous city in Iran, over a 10-year period from 2006 to 2015, and (2) estimation of their long-term health effects including all-cause and cause-specific mortality. For the first goal, the data of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations, measured at 21 regulatory monitoring network stations in Tehran, were obtained and the temporal trends were investigated. The health impact assessment of PM2.5 and O3 was performed using the World Health Organization (WHO) AirQ+ software updated in 2016 by WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. Local baseline incidences in Tehran level were used to better reveal the health effects associated with PM2.5 and O3. Our study showed that over 2006-2015, annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 varied from 24.7 to 38.8 μg m-3 and 35.4 to 76.0 μg m-3, respectively, and were significantly declining in the recent 6 years (2010-2015) for PM2.5 and 8 years (2008-2015) for O3. However, Tehran citizens were exposed to concentrations of annual PM2.5 exceeding the WHO air quality guideline (WHO AQG) (10 μg m-3), U.S. EPA and Iranian standard levels (12 μg m-3) during entire study period. We estimated that long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 contributed to between 24.5% and 36.2% of mortality from cerebrovascular disease (stroke), 19.8% and 24.1% from ischemic heart disease (IHD), 13.6% and 19.2% from lung cancer (LC), 10.7% and 15.3% from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 15.0% and 25.2% from acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), and 7.6% and 11.3% from all-cause annual mortality in the time period. We further estimated that deaths from IHD accounted for most of mortality attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5. The years of life lost (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 was estimated to vary from 67,970 to 106,706 during the study period. In addition, long-term exposure to O3 was estimated to be responsible for 0.9% to 2.3% of mortality from respiratory diseases. Overall, long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and O3 contributed substantially to mortality in Tehran megacity. Air pollution is a modifiable risk factor. Appropriate sustainable control policies are recommended to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Faridi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heresh Amini
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Faramarz Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazen Malkawi
- Environmental Health Exposures Centre for Environmental Health Action (CEHA), World Health Organization (WHO), Jordan
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Gholampour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Santurtún A, Ruiz PB, López-Delgado L, Sanchez-Lorenzo A, Riancho J, Zarrabeitia MT. Stroke: Temporal Trends and Association with Atmospheric Variables and Air Pollutants in Northern Spain. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:360-367. [PMID: 27990617 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, the second cause of death and the most frequent cause of severe disability among adults in developed countries, is related to a large variety of risk factors. This paper assesses the temporal patterns in stroke episodes in a city in Northern Spain during a 12-year period and analyzes the possible effects that atmospheric pollutants and meteorological variables may have on stroke on a daily scale. Our results show that there is an increase in stroke admissions (r = 0.818, p = 0.001) especially in patients over 85 years old. On a weekly scale, the number of hospital admissions due to stroke remains stable from Monday to Friday, whereas it abruptly decreases during the weekends, reaching its minimum values on Sunday (p < 0.005); however, mortality in patients admitted to the hospital is higher on Sundays than on other days of the week. Finally, a statistically significant positive correlation between the number of stroke hospital admissions and NO2 levels (p = 0.012) and an inverse correlation with relative humidity (p = 0.032) were found. The analysis of the relationship between ischemic strokes and atmospheric circulation shows a higher frequency of the former in Santander with enhanced negative air pressure anomalies over western Spain; the fact that under these conditions the region studied registers very low values of relative humidity is in line with the aforementioned inverse correlation, which has not been described elsewhere in the literature. This study could be a first step for implementing stroke alert protocols depending on air pollution levels and circulation patterns forecasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santurtún
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Av Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| | - Patricia Bolivar Ruiz
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Av Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Laura López-Delgado
- Service of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Saragossa, Spain
| | - Javier Riancho
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla - IDIVAL (CIBERNED), Santander, Spain
| | - María T Zarrabeitia
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Av Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ochoa-Hueso R, Munzi S, Alonso R, Arróniz-Crespo M, Avila A, Bermejo V, Bobbink R, Branquinho C, Concostrina-Zubiri L, Cruz C, Cruz de Carvalho R, De Marco A, Dias T, Elustondo D, Elvira S, Estébanez B, Fusaro L, Gerosa G, Izquieta-Rojano S, Lo Cascio M, Marzuoli R, Matos P, Mereu S, Merino J, Morillas L, Nunes A, Paoletti E, Paoli L, Pinho P, Rogers IB, Santos A, Sicard P, Stevens CJ, Theobald MR. Ecological impacts of atmospheric pollution and interactions with climate change in terrestrial ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin: Current research and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:194-206. [PMID: 28460237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean Basin ecosystems, their unique biodiversity, and the key services they provide are currently at risk due to air pollution and climate change, yet only a limited number of isolated and geographically-restricted studies have addressed this topic, often with contrasting results. Particularities of air pollution in this region include high O3 levels due to high air temperatures and solar radiation, the stability of air masses, and dominance of dry over wet nitrogen deposition. Moreover, the unique abiotic and biotic factors (e.g., climate, vegetation type, relevance of Saharan dust inputs) modulating the response of Mediterranean ecosystems at various spatiotemporal scales make it difficult to understand, and thus predict, the consequences of human activities that cause air pollution in the Mediterranean Basin. Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement coordinated research and experimental platforms along with wider environmental monitoring networks in the region. In particular, a robust deposition monitoring network in conjunction with modelling estimates is crucial, possibly including a set of common biomonitors (ideally cryptogams, an important component of the Mediterranean vegetation), to help refine pollutant deposition maps. Additionally, increased attention must be paid to functional diversity measures in future air pollution and climate change studies to establish the necessary link between biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services in Mediterranean ecosystems. Through a coordinated effort, the Mediterranean scientific community can fill the above-mentioned gaps and reach a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the combined effects of air pollution and climate change in the Mediterranean Basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
- Autonomous University of Madrid, Department of Ecology, 2 Darwin Street, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Silvana Munzi
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rocío Alonso
- Air Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22 (edif. 70), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Arróniz-Crespo
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Avila
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victoria Bermejo
- Air Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22 (edif. 70), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Roland Bobbink
- B-WARE Research Centre, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Laura Concostrina-Zubiri
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Teresa Dias
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Elustondo
- LICA, Department of Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Navarre, Irunlarrea, 1-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Elvira
- Air Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22 (edif. 70), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Belén Estébanez
- Departamento de Biología, Unidad de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lina Fusaro
- Dept. of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gerosa
- Dept. of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of Brescia, Via dei Musei 41, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sheila Izquieta-Rojano
- LICA, Department of Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Navarre, Irunlarrea, 1-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mauro Lo Cascio
- Department of Science for Nature and Natural Resources, University of Sassari, Via Enrico De Nicola 1, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marzuoli
- Dept. of Mathematics and Physics, Catholic University of Brescia, Via dei Musei 41, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paula Matos
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Simone Mereu
- Department of Science for Nature and Natural Resources, University of Sassari, Via Enrico De Nicola 1, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - José Merino
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lourdes Morillas
- Department of Science for Nature and Natural Resources, University of Sassari, Via Enrico De Nicola 1, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alice Nunes
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Paoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pedro Pinho
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; CERENA-IST-UL, Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel B Rogers
- Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Arthur Santos
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-ST, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Mark R Theobald
- Air Pollution Division, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 22 (edif. 70), Madrid 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Renzi M, Stafoggia M, Faustini A, Cesaroni G, Cattani G, Forastiere F. Analysis of Temporal Variability in the Short-term Effects of Ambient Air Pollutants on Nonaccidental Mortality in Rome, Italy (1998-2014). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:067019. [PMID: 28657539 PMCID: PMC5761706 DOI: 10.1289/ehp19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between short-term air pollution exposure and daily mortality has been widely investigated, but little is known about the temporal variability of the effect estimates. We examined the temporal relationship between exposure to particulate matter (PM) (PM10, PM2.5) and gases (NO2, SO2, and CO) with mortality in a large metropolitan area over the last 17 y. METHODS Our analysis included 359,447 nonaccidental deaths among ≥35-y-old individuals in Rome, Italy, over the study period 1998–2014. We related daily concentrations to mortality counts with a time-series Poisson regression analysis adjusted for long-term trends, meteorology, and population dynamics. RESULTS Annual average concentrations decreased over the study period for all pollutants (e.g., from 42.9 to 26.6 μg/m3 for PM10). Each pollutant was positively associated with mortality, with estimated percentage increases over the entire study period ranging from 0.19% (95% CI: 0.13, 0.26) for a 1-Mg/m3 increase in CO (0–1 d lag) to 3.03% (95% CI: 2.44, 3.63) for a 10-μg/m3 increase in NO2 (0–5 d lag). We did not observe clear temporal patterns in year- or period-specific effect estimates for any pollutant. For example, we estimated that a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10 was associated with 1.16% (95% CI: 0.53, 1.79), 0.99% (95% CI: 0.23, 1.77), and 1.87% (95% CI: 1.00, 2.74) increases in mortality for the periods 2001–2005, 2006–2010, and 2011–2014, respectively, and corresponding estimates for a 10-μg/m3 increase in NO2 were 4.20% (95% CI: 3.15, 5.25), 1.78% (95% CI: 0.73, 2.85), and 3.32% (95% CI: 2.03, 4.63). CONCLUSIONS Mean concentrations of air pollutants have decreased over the last two decades in Rome, but effect estimates for a fixed increment in each exposure were generally consistent. These findings suggest that there has been little or no change in the overall toxicity of the air pollution mixture over time. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1 , Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1 , Rome, Italy
| | - Annunziata Faustini
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1 , Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cesaroni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1 , Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cattani
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) , Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1 , Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Unexpected increase in the oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere of Madrid, Spain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45956. [PMID: 28397785 PMCID: PMC5387723 DOI: 10.1038/srep45956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidants such as ozone (O3), hydroxyl and nitrate radicals (OH and NO3) determine the ability of the urban atmosphere to process organic and inorganic pollutants, which have an impact on air quality, environmental health and climate. Madrid city has experienced an increase of 30-40% in ambient air O3 levels, along with a decrease of 20-40% in NO2, from 2007 to 2014. Using air pollution observations and a high-resolution air quality model, we find a large concentration increase of up to 70% and 90% in OH and NO3, respectively, in downtown Madrid (domain-wide average increase of 10% and 32% for OH and NO3, respectively). The results also show an 11% reduction in the nitric acid concentrations, leading to a remarkable denoxification of this urban atmosphere with implications for lower PM2.5 levels and nitrogen input into ecosystems. This study suggests that projected worldwide NOx emission reductions, following air quality standards, will lead to important changes in the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere in and around large cities.
Collapse
|