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Yun HY, Kim IS, Shin KH. Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis Provides Direct Evidence for Identifying the Source of Residual Pesticides Diazinon and Procymidone in the Soil-Plant System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11980-11989. [PMID: 38758169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis stands as a promising tool for unveiling the behavior of pesticides in agricultural environments. Using the commercial formulations of persistent fungicide procymidone (PRO) and less persistent insecticide diazinon (DIA), respectively, we analyzed the concentration and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of the residual pesticides through soil incubation experiments in a greenhouse (for 150 days) and lab conditions (for 50-70 days). Our results showed that the magnitude of δ13C variation depends on pesticide specificity, in which PRO in the soil exhibited little variation in δ13C values over the entire incubation times, while DIA demonstrated an increased δ13C value, with the extent of δ13C variability affected by different spiking concentrations, plant presence, and light conditions. Moreover, the pesticides extracted from soils were isotopically overlapped with those from crop lettuce. Ultimately, the isotope composition of pesticides could infer the degradation and translocation processes and might contribute to identifying the source(s) of pesticide formulation in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Yun
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - In-Seon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
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2
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Liu X, Wu L, Kümmel S, Gehre M, Richnow HH. Determination of Stable Hydrogen Isotopic Composition and Isotope Enrichment Factor at Low Hydrogen Concentration. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16272-16278. [PMID: 37878670 PMCID: PMC10637740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Determination of stable hydrogen isotopic compositions (δ2H) is currently challenged to achieve a high detection limit for reaching the linear range where δ2H values are independent of concentration. Therefore, it is difficult to assess precise δ2H values for calculating the hydrogen isotope enrichment factor (εH) and for field application where the concentrations of contaminants are relatively low. In this study, a data treatment approach was developed to obtain accurate δ2H values below the linear range. The core concept was to use a logarithmic function to fit the δ2H values below the linear range and then adjust the δ2H values below the linear range into the linear range by using the fitted logarithmic equation. Moreover, the adjusted δ2H values were calibrated by using laboratory reference materials, e.g., n-alkanes. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers were selected as examples of complex heteroatom-bearing compounds to develop the data treatment approach. This data treatment approach was then tested using δ2H values from a TCEP transformation experiment with OH radicals. Comparable δ2H values and εH between the low-concentration experiment and the reference experiment were obtained using the developed approach. Therefore, the developed data treatment approach enables a possibility of determining the hydrogen isotopic compositions of organic components in low concentrations. It is especially valuable for determining organic contaminants in environmental samples, which are usually present in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research-UFZ,Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research-UFZ,Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Ecometrix
Incorporated, 6800 Campobello
Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2L8, Canada
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research-UFZ,Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehre
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research-UFZ,Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Hermann Richnow
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research-UFZ,Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Isodetect
GmbH, Deutscher Platz
5b, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Raj A, Dubey A, Malla MA, Kumar A. Pesticide pestilence: Global scenario and recent advances in detection and degradation methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117680. [PMID: 37011532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic activities are confronted as the main cause for rising environmental and health concerns globally, presenting an indisputable threat to both environment and human well-being. Modern-day industrialization has given rise to a cascade of concurrent environmental and health challenges. The global human population is growing at an alarming rate, posing tremendous pressure on future food security, and healthy and environmentally sustainable diets for all. To feed all, the global food production needs to increase by 50% by 2050, but this increase has to occur from the limited arable land, and under the present-day climate variabilities. Pesticides have become an integral component of contemporary agricultural system, safeguarding crops from pests and diseases and their use must be reduce to fulfill the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) agenda . However, their indiscriminate use, lengthy half-lives, and high persistence in soil and aquatic ecosystems have impacted global sustainability, overshot the planetary boundaries and damaged the pure sources of life with severe and negative impacts on environmental and human health. Here in this review, we have provided an overview of the background of pesticide use and pollution status and action strategies of top pesticide-using nations. Additionally, we have summarized biosensor-based methodologies for the rapid detection of pesticide residue. Finally, omics-based approaches and their role in pesticide mitigation and sustainable development have been discussed qualitatively. The main aim of this review is to provide the scientific facts for pesticide management and application and to provide a clean, green, and sustainable environment for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Raj
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, M.P., India
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, M.P., India
| | - Muneer Ahmad Malla
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, M.P, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, M.P., India; Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad (A Central University), Prayagraj, 211002, U.P., India.
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4
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Yang C, Liu C, Yan Y, Lu L, Ma R, Xiao X, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Li L. Efficient removal of Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate by biochar derived from shrimp shell: Adsorption performance and mechanism study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114728. [PMID: 36889208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) has been detected all over the world as a typical refractory organic phosphate, especially in groundwater. This work applied a calcium-rich biochar derived from shrimp shell as a low-cost adsorbent for TCEP removal. Based on the kinetics and isotherm studies, the adsorption of TCEP on biochar was monolayer adsorbed on a uniform surface, with SS1000 (the biochar was prepared at the carbonization temperature of 1000 °C) achieving the maximum adsorption capacity of 264.11 mg·g-1. The prepared biochar demonstrated stable TCEP removal ability throughout a wide pH range, in the presence of co-existing anions, and in diverse water bodies. A rapid removal rate of TCEP was observed during the adsorption process. When the dosage of SS1000 was 0.2 g·L-1, 95% of TCEP could be removed within the first 30 min. The mechanism analysis indicated that the calcium species and basic functional groups on the SS1000 surface were highly involved in the TCEP adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Yang
- School of Environment & Safety Engineering, ChangZhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yile Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xian Xiao
- School of Environment & Safety Engineering, ChangZhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Environment & Safety Engineering, ChangZhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of China, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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Dang Y, Tang K, Wang Z, Cui H, Lei J, Wang D, Liu N, Zhang X. Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) Flame Retardants in Water: A Review of Photocatalysis, Adsorption, and Biological Degradation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072983. [PMID: 37049746 PMCID: PMC10096410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a substitute for banned brominated flame retardants (BFRs), the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) increased year by year with the increase in industrial production and living demand. It was inevitable that OPEs would be discharged into wastewater in excess, which posed a great threat to the health of human beings and aquatic organisms. In the past few decades, people used various methods to remove refractory OPEs. This paper reviewed the photocatalysis method, the adsorption method with wide applicability, and the biological method mainly relying on enzymolysis and hydrolysis to degrade OPEs in water. All three of these methods had the advantages of high removal efficiency and environmental protection for various organic pollutants. The degradation efficiency of OPEs, degradation mechanisms, and conversion products of OPEs by three methods were discussed and summarized. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of OPEs’ degradation technology were discussed.
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6
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Min N, Yao J, Li H, Chen Z, Pang W, Zhu J, Kümmel S, Schaefer T, Herrmann H, Richnow HH. Humic Substance Photosensitized Degradation of Phthalate Esters Characterized by 2H and 13C Isotope Fractionation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1930-1939. [PMID: 36689325 PMCID: PMC9910037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photosensitized transformation of organic chemicals is an important degradation mechanism in natural surface waters, aerosols, and water films on surfaces. Dissolved organic matter including humic-like substances (HS), acting as photosensitizers that participate in electron transfer reactions, can generate a variety of reactive species, such as OH radicals and excited triplet-state HS (3HS*), which promote the degradation of organic compounds. We use phthalate esters, which are important contaminants found in wastewaters, landfills, soils, rivers, lakes, groundwaters, and mine tailings. We use phthalate esters as probes to study the reactivity of HS irradiated with artificial sunlight. Phthalate esters with different side-chain lengths were used as probes for elucidation of reaction mechanisms using 2H and 13C isotope fractionation. Reference experiments with the artificial photosensitizers 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodofluorescein (Rose Bengal), 3-methoxy-acetophenone (3-MAP), and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA) yielded characteristic fractionation factors (-4 ± 1, -4 ± 2, and -4 ± 1‰ for 2H; 0.7 ± 0.2, 1.0 ± 0.4, and 0.8 ± 0.2‰ for 13C), allowing interpretation of reaction mechanisms of humic substances with phthalate esters. The correlation of 2H and 13C fractions can be used diagnostically to determine photosensitized reactions in the environment and to differentiate among biodegradation, hydrolysis, and photosensitized HS reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Min
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Wancheng Pang
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute
for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans Hermann Richnow
- School
of Water Resources and Environment and Research Center of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental
Science and Health, China University of
Geosciences (Beijing), 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, 100083 Beijing, China
- Department
of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Isodetect
Leipzig GmbH, Deutscher
Platz 5b, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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7
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Tao K, Tian H, Wang Z, Shang X, Fan J, Megharaj M, Ma J, Jia H, He W. Ecotoxicity of parathion during its dissipation mirrored by soil enzyme activity, microbial biomass and basal respiration. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137116. [PMID: 36334756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The application of parathion (PTH) in agriculture can result in its entry into the soil and threaten the soil environment. Monitoring the PTH residues and assessing toxicity on soil health are of paramount importance to the public. Herein, the dissipation of PTH and concomitant influence on microbial activities [FDA hydrolase (FDA‒H), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal respiration (BR)] in coastal solonchaks were investigated. Results showed that the dissipation of PTH in tested soil declined linearly, and the half-lives varied from 5.6 to 56.8 days, depending on pollutant concentrations. The FDA‒H activity and MBC were negatively affected by PTH pollution and exhibited a significantly positive correlation. Two‒way ANOVA analysis demonstrated that microbial activities were affected not only by PTH dose and incubation time but also by their interactions. The integrated biomarker response (IBR/n) index values on day 120 were between 1.02 and 2.89, larger than those on day 1 during PTH dissipation. This implied that the soil quality did not recover though there was no PTH residue in the soil at the end of the experiment. These findings suggested that microbial activities integrated with IBR/n index could elucidate the hazardous impacts of PTH dissipation on biochemical cycling and microorganisms in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Tao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixia Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofu Shang
- Tianjin Huankelijia Environmental Remediation Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Jing Fan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jianli Ma
- Tianjin Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Blessing M, Baran N. A review on environmental isotope analysis of aquatic micropollutants: Recent advances, pitfalls and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Liu J, Wei L, Zhang D, Tang L, Liu Y, Jing L, Liu J, Yang S. The effects of inorganic anions on degradation kinetics and isotope fractionation during the transformation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) by UV/persulfate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157462. [PMID: 35868383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), as a typical chlorinated flame retardant, is attracting more attention as a carcinogen. Although persulfate-based oxidation exhibits good performance in removing refractory organic pollutants, the kinetics of persulfate-based remediation are affected by inorganic anions, which causes inaccurate remediation efficiency. This study combines steady-state radical concentration modelling with isotope fractionation to investigate the effects of inorganic anions on TCEP degradation by UV/persulfate (UV/PS). In the absence of anions during UV/PS system, the observed degradation rate was (9.7 ± 0.1) × 10-5 s-1, which was approximately 93 % attributed to sulfate radical (SO4-•) oxidation based on radical modelling. Carbon isotope fractionation, coupled with the identification of transformation products by mass spectrometry, suggests a carbon bond split during TCEP degradation with a carbon isotopic fractionation value (ε) of -1.6 ± 0.2 ‰ (± 95 % confidence intervals). With respect to co-existing anions in UV/PS system, the addition of chloride (Cl-) had a negligible effect on degradation rates, while the addition of hydrogencarbonate (HCO3-) caused them to decrease, and the addition of hydrogenphosphate (HPO42-) caused them to increase. Radical modelling suggested that SO4-• was transformed to chlorine radicals (Cl•/Cl2-•), phosphate radicals (HPO4-•), and carbonate radicals (CO3-•). Furthermore, the overlapping 95 % confidence intervals (C.I.) and the statistical tests (p > 0.05) both agree that Cl- and HPO42- gain identical ε values. Nevertheless, when HCO3- coexisted in the UV/PS system, the ε values were distinct. The addition of HCO3- would result in ε variation of TCEP in the UV activated PS process, which should receive more attention when applying remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- College of light industry and food engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liandong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junfei Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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10
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Ahmad S, Pinto AP, Hai FI, Badawy METI, Vazquez RR, Naqvi TA, Munis FH, Mahmood T, Chaudhary HJ. Dimethoate residues in Pakistan and mitigation strategies through microbial degradation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51367-51383. [PMID: 35616845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are used extensively for crop protection worldwide due to their high water solubility and relatively low persistence in the environment compared to other pesticides, such as organochlorines. Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the thio-organophosphate group of OPs. It is applied to cash crops, animal farms, and houses. It has been used in Pakistan since the 1960s, either alone or in a mixture with other OPs or pyrethroids. However, the uncontrolled use of this pesticide has resulted in residual accumulation in water, soil, and tissues of plants via the food chain, causing toxic effects. This review article has compiled and analyzed data reported in the literature between 1998 and 2021 regarding dimethoate residues and their microbial bioremediation. Different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have shown potential for bioremediation. However, an extensive role of bacteria has been observed compared to other microorganisms. Twenty bacterial, three fungal, and one algal genus with potential for the remediation of dimethoate have been assessed. Active bacterial biodegraders belong to four classes (i) alpha-proteobacteria, (ii) gamma-proteobacteria, (iii) beta-proteobacteria, and (iv) actinobacteria and flavobacteria. Microorganisms, especially bacterial species, are a sustainable technology for dimethoate bioremediation from environmental samples. Yet, new microbial species or consortia should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ana Paula Pinto
- Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Evora University, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Evora, Portugal
| | - Faisal Ibney Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mohamed El-Taher Ibrahim Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545-El Shatby, Aflaton St, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Refugio Rodriguez Vazquez
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatheer Alam Naqvi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Hussain Munis
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Javed Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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11
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Yang X, Yu G, Xu L, Wang J. Degradation of the mixed organic solvents of tributyl phosphate and n-dodecane by heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation using nanoscale zero-valent iron as the catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133449. [PMID: 34973247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and disposal of spent radioactive organic solvents, i.e., tributyl phosphate (TBP) and diluent (such as kerosene, n-dodecane, etc.), produced in the reprocessing of spent fuel in the closed cycle are crucial for the sustainable development of the nuclear industry. In this study, the synthesized nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was used as the heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst to promote the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by reacting with H2O2 to degrade the mixed organic solvents of TBP and n-dodecane. nZVI was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the micro-morphology, nano-particle size, and surface valence state. The change of Fe2+/Fe3+ concentration ratio during the reaction was measured to clarify the performance of nZVI. The effects of temperature, catalyst dosage, H2O2 dosage, and acidifier concentration on the degradation of TBP and n-dodecane were studied, and the results were complemented by the COD of the aqueous solution and the volume reduction rate of the organic phase. The mixed organic solvents of TBP and n-dodecane containing Co2+ were used to simulate the spent radioactive organic solvents and to study the distribution of nuclides after the reaction. The results showed that most of the radioactivity was in the residual solution, and the condensate contained almost no radioactivity. The degradation of TBP and n-dodecane was carried out separately, which showed that n-dodecane was more difficult to degrade. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to determine the adsorption energy of organic solvents and nZVI. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and their corresponding DFT calculations, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the sample after the reaction, the possible intermediates were analyzed, and the degradation mechanism was speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Yang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Guoce Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Lejin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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12
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Liu X, Li W, Kümmel S, Merbach I, Sood U, Gupta V, Lal R, Richnow HH. Soil from a Hexachlorocyclohexane Contaminated Field Site Inoculates Wheat in a Pot Experiment to Facilitate the Microbial Transformation of β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Examined by Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13812-13821. [PMID: 34609852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) is a remnant from former HCH pesticide production. Its removal from the environment gained attention in the last few years since it is the most stable HCH isomer. However, knowledge about the transformation of β-HCH in soil-plant systems is still limited. Therefore, experiments with a contaminated field soil were conducted to investigate the transformation of β-HCH in soil-plant systems by compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The results showed that the δ13C and δ37Cl values of β-HCH in the soil of the planted control remained stable, revealing no transformation due to a low bioavailability. Remarkably, an increase of the δ13C and δ37Cl values in soil and plant tissues of the spiked treatments were observed, indicating the transformation of β-HCH in both the soil and the plant. This was surprising as previously it was shown that wheat is unable to transform β-HCH when growing in hydroponic culture or garden soil. Thus, results of this work indicate for the first time that a microbial community of the soil inoculated the wheat and then facilitated the transformation of β-HCH in the wheat, which may have implications for the development of phytoremediation concepts. A high abundance of HCH degraders belonging to Sphingomonas sp., Mycobacterium sp., and others was detected in the β-HCH-treated bulk and rhizosphere soil, potentially supporting the biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wang Li
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Merbach
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06102 Halle, Germany
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Vipin Gupta
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Rup Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Torrentó C, Ponsin V, Lihl C, Hofstetter TB, Baran N, Elsner M, Hunkeler D. Triple-Element Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis (3D-CSIA): Added Value of Cl Isotope Ratios to Assess Herbicide Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13891-13901. [PMID: 34586806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multielement isotope fractionation studies to assess pollutant transformation are well-established for point-source pollution but are only emerging for diffuse pollution by micropollutants like pesticides. Specifically, chlorine isotope fractionation is hardly explored but promising, because many pesticides contain only few chlorine atoms so that "undiluted" position-specific Cl isotope effects can be expected in compound-average data. This study explored combined Cl, N, and C isotope fractionation to sensitively detect biotic and abiotic transformation of the widespread herbicides and groundwater contaminants acetochlor, metolachlor, and atrazine. For chloroacetanilides, abiotic hydrolysis pathways studied under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions as well as biodegradation in two soils resulted in pronounced Cl isotope fractionation (εCl from -5.0 ± 2.3 to -6.5 ± 0.7‰). The characteristic dual C-Cl isotope fractionation patterns (ΛC-Cl from 0.39 ± 0.15 to 0.67 ± 0.08) reveal that Cl isotope analysis provides a robust indicator of chloroacetanilide degradation. For atrazine, distinct ΛC-Cl values were observed for abiotic hydrolysis (7.4 ± 1.9) compared to previous reports for biotic hydrolysis and oxidative dealkylation (1.7 ± 0.9 and 0.6 ± 0.1, respectively). The 3D isotope approach allowed differentiating transformations that would not be distinguishable based on C and N isotope data alone. This first data set on Cl isotope fractionation in chloroacetanilides, together with new data in atrazine degradation, highlights the potential of using compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis for studying in situ pesticide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Torrentó
- Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Violaine Ponsin
- Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lihl
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas B Hofstetter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Baran
- BRGM, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 45060 Cedex 02 Orléans, France
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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14
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Wu L, Suchana S, Flick R, Kümmel S, Richnow H, Passeport E. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation allow characterizing the reaction mechanisms of 1H-benzotriazole aqueous phototransformation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117519. [PMID: 34391022 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1H-benzotriazole is part of a larger family of benzotriazoles, which are widely used as lubricants, polymer stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and anti-icing fluid components. It is frequently detected in urban runoff, wastewater, and receiving aquatic environments. 1H-benzotriazole is typically resistant to biodegradation and hydrolysis, but can be transformed via direct photolysis and photoinduced mechanisms. In this study, the phototransformation mechanisms of 1H-benzotriazole were characterized using multi-element compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The kinetics, transformation products, and isotope fractionation results altogether revealed that 1H-benzotriazole direct photolysis and indirect photolysis induced by OH radicals involved two alternative pathways. In indirect photolysis, aromatic hydroxylation dominated and was associated with small carbon (εC = -0.65 ± 0.03‰), moderate hydrogen (εH = -21.6‰), and negligible nitrogen isotope enrichment factors and led to hydroxylated forms of benzotriazole. In direct photolysis of 1H-benzotriazole, significant nitrogen (εN = -8.4 ± 0.4 to -4.2 ± 0.3‰) and carbon (εC = -4.3 ± 0.2 to -1.64 ± 0.04‰) isotope enrichment factors indicated an initial N-N bond cleavage followed by nitrogen elimination with a C-N bond cleavage. The results of this study highlight the potential for multi-element CSIA application to track 1H-benzotriazole degradation in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langping Wu
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Shamsunnahar Suchana
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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15
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Won EJ, Yun HY, Lee DH, Shin KH. Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues. Molecules 2021; 26:4412. [PMID: 34361564 PMCID: PMC8348328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Yun
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (E.-J.W.); (H.-Y.Y.); Korea; (D.-H.L.)
- Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea
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16
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Cui G, Lartey-Young G, Chen C, Ma L. Photodegradation of pesticides using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA): a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25122-25140. [PMID: 35478915 PMCID: PMC9037106 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are commonly applied in agriculture to protect crops from pests, weeds, and harmful pathogens. However, chronic, low-level exposure to pesticides can be toxic to humans. Photochemical degradation of pesticides in water, soil, and other environmental media can alter their environmental fate and toxicity. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is an advanced diagnostic tool to quantify the degradation of organic pollutants and provide insight into reaction mechanisms without the need to identify transformation products. CSIA allows for the direct quantification of organic degradation, including pesticides. This review summarizes the recent developments observed in photodegradation studies on different categories of pesticides using CSIA technology. Only seven pesticides have been studied using photodegradation, and these studies have mostly occurred in the last five years. Knowledge gaps in the current literature, as well as potential approaches for CSIA technology for pesticide monitoring, are discussed in this review. Furthermore, the CSIA analytical method is challenged by chemical element types, the accuracy of instrument analysis, reaction conditions, and the stability of degradation products. Finally, future research applications and the operability of this method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolu Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China
| | - George Lartey-Young
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Chong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Limin Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092 China
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17
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Xia H, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang W, Purchase D, Zhao C, Song X, Wang Y. Degradation mechanism of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an emerging contaminant in advanced oxidation processes: A DFT modelling approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129674. [PMID: 33571912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a typical toxic organophosphate and emerging contaminant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is resistant to conventional water treatment processes. Studies on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to degrade TCEP have received increasing attention, but the detailed mechanism is not yet fully understood. This study investigated the mechanistic details of TCEP degradation promoted by OH by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Our results demonstrated that in the initial step, energy barriers of the hydrogen abstraction pathways were no more than 7 kcal/mol. Cleavage of the P-O or C-Cl bond was possible to occur, whilst the C-O or C-C cleavage had to overcome an energy barrier above 50 kcal/mol, which was too high for mild experimental conditions. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) combined with the distortion/interaction energy (DIE) analysis disclosed origin of the various reactivities of each site of TCEP. The systematic calculations on the transformation of products generated in the initial step showed remarkable exothermic property. The novel information at molecular level provides insight on how these products are generated and offers valuable theoretical guidance to help develop more effective AOPs to degrade TCEP or other emerging environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Environment and Resources (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom.
| | - Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, UK
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Environment and Resources (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China
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18
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Wang T, Huang T, Jiang H, Ma R. Electrochemical degradation of atrazine by BDD anode: Evidence from compound-specific stable isotope analysis and DFT simulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129754. [PMID: 33524760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct charge transfer (DCT) and •OH attack played important roles in contaminant degradation by BDD electrochemical oxidation. Their separate contributions and potential bond-cleavage processes were required but lacking. Here, we carried out promising compound-specific isotope fractionation analysis (CSIA) to explore 13C and 2H isotope fractionation of atrazine (ATZ), followed by assessing the reaction pathway by BDD anode. The correlation of 2H and 13C fractionation allows to remarkably differentiate DCT process and •OH attack, with Λ values of 18.99 and 53.60, respectively. Radical quenching identified that •OH accounted for 79.0%-88.5% in the whole reaction. While CSIA methods provided biased results, which suggested that ATZ degradation exhibited two stages with •OH contributions of 24.6% and 84.3% respectively, confirming CSIA was more sensitive and provided more possibilities to estimate degradation processes. Combined with Fukui index and intermediate products identification, we deduced that dechlorination-hydroxylation mainly occurred in the first 30 min by DCT reaction. While lateral chain oxidation with C-N broken was the governing route once •OH was largely generated, with the production of DEA (m/z 188), DIA (m/z 174), DEIA (m/z 146) and DEIHA (m/z 128). Our results demonstrated that isotope fractionation can offer "isotopic footprints" for identifying the rate-limiting steps and bond breakage process, and opens new avenues for degradation pathways of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Taobo Huang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruoqi Ma
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
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19
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Xie E, Zhao X, Li K, Zhang P, Zhou X, Zhao X. Microbial community structure in the river sediments from upstream of Guanting Reservoir: Potential impacts of reclaimed water recharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142609. [PMID: 33069478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work systematically investigated the microbial community structure in the river sediments from upstream of Guanting Reservoir, Beijing, China. A total of 6 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) locate along the main rivers connected to the reservoir. Water and sediment samples were collected at sites near the effluents of WWTPs (regarded as W groups) or at the upstream/downstream rivers (R groups) to reveal the roles of the reclaimed water recharge. Multivariate techniques including typical statistical analysis, redundancy analysis (RDA), nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis, and molecular ecological network analysis were used to evaluate the results and their relationships. The representative C/N/P water parameters and concentrations of target organic contaminants kept stable for W and R sites, while the microbial community parameters varied greatly for two groups. The microbial population at W sites were higher but with a lower biological diversity (with a lower Shannon index) than that at R sites, indicating WWTPs greatly altered the microbial community structure at the local reach. RDA results revealed that total organic carbon (TOC) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) were two dominant factors affecting the function and composition of microbial communities at the phylum level. The network analysis revealed that the microbes with the most interactions mainly from R sites and they had closer relationships with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Xie
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Panwei Zhang
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhou
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Jin B, Zhang J, Xu W, Rolle M, Liu J, Zhang G. Simultaneous determination of stable chlorine and bromine isotopic ratios for bromochlorinated trihalomethanes using GC-qMS. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128529. [PMID: 33038736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bromochlorinated compounds are organic contaminants originating from different natural and anthropic sources and increasingly found in different environmental compartments. This work presents an online approach for compound specific stable isotope analysis of chlorine and bromine isotope ratios for bromochlorinated trihalomethanes using gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS). An evaluation scheme was developed to simultaneously determine stable chlorine and bromine isotope ratios based on the mass spectral data of two target compounds: dibromochloromethane and dichlorobromomethane. The analytical technique was optimized by assessing the impact of different instrumental parameters, including dwell time, split ratios, and ionization energy. Successively, static headspace samples containing the two target compounds at aqueous concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 5 mg/L were analyzed in order to test the precision and reproducibility of the proposed approach. The results showed a good precision under the optimized instrumental conditions, with relative standard deviations ranging between 0.05% and 0.5% for chlorine and bromine isotope analysis. Finally, the method was tested in a source identification problem in which the simultaneous determination of chlorine and bromine stable isotope ratios allowed the clear distinction of dibromochloromethane from three different manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China.
| | - Jiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Wenli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Massimo Rolle
- DTU Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jinzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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21
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Tudi M, Daniel Ruan H, Wang L, Lyu J, Sadler R, Connell D, Chu C, Phung DT. Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1112. [PMID: 33513796 PMCID: PMC7908628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 173.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are indispensable in agricultural production. They have been used by farmers to control weeds and insects, and their remarkable increases in agricultural products have been reported. The increase in the world's population in the 20th century could not have been possible without a parallel increase in food production. About one-third of agricultural products are produced depending on the application of pesticides. Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production. Therefore, pesticides play a critical role in reducing diseases and increasing crop yields worldwide. Thus, it is essential to discuss the agricultural development process; the historical perspective, types and specific uses of pesticides; and pesticide behavior, its contamination, and adverse effects on the natural environment. The review study indicates that agricultural development has a long history in many places around the world. The history of pesticide use can be divided into three periods of time. Pesticides are classified by different classification terms such as chemical classes, functional groups, modes of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemical ingredients; hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops. Moreover, pesticide contamination moves away from the target plants, resulting in environmental pollution. Such chemical residues impact human health through environmental and food contamination. In addition, climate change-related factors also impact on pesticide application and result in increased pesticide usage and pesticide pollution. Therefore, this review will provide the scientific information necessary for pesticide application and management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyesaier Tudi
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; (M.T.); (J.L.)
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.D.R.); (R.S.); (C.C.); (D.T.P.)
| | - Huada Daniel Ruan
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.D.R.); (R.S.); (C.C.); (D.T.P.)
- Environmental Science Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, 2000 Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; (M.T.); (J.L.)
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; (M.T.); (J.L.)
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ross Sadler
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.D.R.); (R.S.); (C.C.); (D.T.P.)
| | - Des Connell
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessel Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.D.R.); (R.S.); (C.C.); (D.T.P.)
| | - Dung Tri Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.D.R.); (R.S.); (C.C.); (D.T.P.)
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Liu J, Fan J, He T, Xu X, Ai Y, Tang H, Gu H, Lu T, Liu Y, Liu G. The mechanism of aquatic photodegradation of organophosphorus sensitized by humic acid-Fe 3+ complexes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121466. [PMID: 31679891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic phosphorus is an important source of eutrophication. In this study, to understand the mechanism of organophosphorus photodegradation, humic acid-Fe3+ (HA-Fe3+) complexes were prepared as a sensitizer, and glyphosate (GP) was used as a substrate for photodegradation. The effects of the initial GP concentration, HA concentration, Fe3+ concentration and microbial factors on photodegradation were investigated. The initial concentrations of GP, HA and Fe3+ could significantly affect the degradation rate of GP. Phosphate is the main product of GP photodegradation. Based on the identification of the active species in the reaction process, t-butanol was found to have the most significant inhibitory effect on the degradation. The reaction rate after t-butanol treatment was reduced from 0.017 to 0.003. This confirmed that OH was the main oxidant in the system, which was also demonstrated by EPR spectroscopy. A possible mechanism of GP photodegradation sensitized by HA-Fe3+ complexes was revealed for the first time. The HA-Fe3+ complexes in the reaction system were photodegraded and oxidized to finally produce OH, which promotes GP photodegradation. This study facilitates understanding the phosphorus cycle in a water environment and provides a scientific basis for the restoration of eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulu Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, People's Republic of China.
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Gilevska T, Sullivan Ojeda A, Renpenning J, Kümmel S, Gehre M, Nijenhuis I, Sherwood Lollar B. Requirements for Chromium Reactors for Use in the Determination of H Isotopes in Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Chlorinated Compounds. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2383-2387. [PMID: 31898453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong need for careful quality control in hydrogen compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of halogenated compounds. This arises in part due to the lack of universal design of the chromium (Cr) reactors. In this study, factors that optimize the critical performance parameter, linearity, for the Cr reduction method for hydrogen isotope analysis were identified and evaluated. These include the effects of short and long vertically mounted reactors and temperature profiles on trapping of Cl to ensure accurate and precise hydrogen isotope measurements. This paper demonstrates the critical parameters that need consideration to optimize any Cr reactor applications to ensure the accuracy of δ2H analysis for organic compounds and to enhance intercomparability for both international standards and reference materials run by continuous flow versus an elemental analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gilevska
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Ann Sullivan Ojeda
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Julian Renpenning
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Matthias Gehre
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
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24
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Liu Q, Liggio J, Wu D, Saini A, Halappanavar S, Wentzell JJB, Harner T, Li K, Lee P, Li SM. Experimental Study of OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14398-14408. [PMID: 31756294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks and health impacts associated with particulate organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which are ubiquitous in the global atmosphere, have not been adequately assessed due to the lack of data on the reaction kinetics, products, and toxicity associated with their atmospheric transformations. Here, the importance of such transformations for OPFRs are explored by investigating the reaction kinetics, degradation chemical mechanisms, and toxicological evolution of two OPFRs (2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP)) coated on (NH4)2SO4 particles upon heterogeneous OH oxidation. The derived reaction rate constants for the heterogeneous loss of EHDP and DPhP are (1.12 ± 0.22) × 10-12 and (2.33 ± 0.14) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1, respectively. Using recently developed real-time particle chemical composition measurements, particulate products from heterogeneous photooxidation and the associated degradation mechanisms for particulate OPFRs are reported for the first time. Subsequent cytotoxicity analysis of the unreacted and oxidized OPFR particles indicated that the overall particle cytotoxicity was reduced by up to 94% with heterogeneous photooxidation, likely due to a significantly lower cytotoxicity associated with the oxidized OPFR products relative to the parent OPFRs. The present work not only provides guidance for future field sampling for the detection of transformation products of OPFRs, but also strongly supports the ongoing risk assessment of these emerging chemicals and most critically, their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Jeremy J B Wentzell
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Kun Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
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25
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Lian S, Wu L, Nikolausz M, Lechtenfeld OJ, Richnow HH. 2H and 13C isotope fractionation analysis of organophosphorus compounds for characterizing transformation reactions in biogas slurry: Potential for anaerobic treatment of contaminated biomass. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114882. [PMID: 31352241 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of anaerobic digestion (AD) to eliminate organophosphorus model compounds (OPs) with structural elements of phosphate, phosphorothioate and phosphorodithioate esters was studied. The enzymatic mechanism of the first irreversible degradation reaction was characterized using metabolite pattern and kinetic 2H/13C-isotope effect in original, cell-free and heat sterilized biogas slurry. The isotope fractionation study suggests different modes of degradation reactions. Representatives for phosphate ester, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, were hydrolyzed in biogas slurry without carbon or hydrogen isotope fractionation. Representatives for phosphorodithioate, Dimethoate and Malathion, were degraded in original slurry yielding carbon enrichment factor (εC) of -0.6 ± 0.1‰ and -5.5 ± 0.1‰ (-0.9 ± 0.1‰ and -7.2 ± 0.5‰ in cell-free slurry), without hydrogen isotope fractionation. Phosphorothioate degradation represented by Parathion and Parathion-methyl yielded surprisingly different εC (-0.7 ± 0.2 and -3.6 ± 0.4‰) and εH (-33 ± 5 and -5 ± 1‰) in original slurry compared to cell-free slurry (εC = -2.5 ± 0.5 and -8.6 ± 1.4‰; εH = -61 ± 10 and -10 ± 3‰) suggesting H-C bond cleavage. Degradation of Parathion and Parathion-methyl in sterilized slurry gave carbon but not hydrogen fractionation implying relative thermostable enzymatic activity with different mechanism. The correlation of 2H and 13C stable isotope fractionation of Parathion in biogas slurry showed distinct pattern (Λoriginal = 31 ± 11, Λcell-free = 20 ± 2), indicating different mechanism from chemical hydrolysis. Overall, AD can be a potential treatment for OPs contaminated biomass or contaminated organic waste material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Lian
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marcell Nikolausz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Zhang D, Wu L, Yao J, Vogt C, Richnow HH. Carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during abiotic hydrolysis and aerobic biodegradation of phthalate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:559-566. [PMID: 30641383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the changes of carbon and hydrogen isotope signatures of three phthalate esters (PAEs) during (i) abiotic hydrolysis over the pH range of 2, 7 and 10, and (ii) aerobic biodegradation initiated by hydrolysis by Rhodococcus opacus strain DSM 43250. Significant carbon isotopic fractionation was exhibited under all investigated conditions. Hydrogen isotopic fractionation was observed in some experiments and is hypothesized to be a secondary isotope effect due to the absence of a hydrogen bond cleavage during hydrolysis. Dual stable isotope analysis (Λ = Δδ2H/Δδ13C) resulting from abiotic hydrolysis and aerobic biodegradation showed similar magnitudes for dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP). The calculated carbon apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEC) for the hydrolytic pathway (CO bond cleavage) of PAEs fall within an expected range of 1.03-1.09, with the exception of lower AKIEC values for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) during hydrolysis at pH 2 and aerobic biodegradation. The lower AKIEC of DBP at pH 2 and aerobic biodegradation is likely related to a transition state from reactant-like to tetrahedral intermediate-like structure. Abiotic and biotic hydrolysis of PAEs resulted in similar AKIEC and Λ values due to the CO bond cleavage pathway, indicating the potential of dual isotope analysis to detect and quantify hydrolytic processes of PAEs in the environment. The pronounced primary carbon and typically low secondary or absent hydrogen isotopic fractionation might form a typical pattern to identify the hydrolytic reaction of PAEs in the environment. The characteristic Λ values of the hydrolytic reaction were different from Λ values of chemical oxidation of PAEs and showed diagnostic potential of dual HC isotope analysis to analyze reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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27
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Liu J, Wu L, Kümmel S, Yao J, Schaefer T, Herrmann H, Richnow HH. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope analysis for characterizing the chemical degradation of tributyl phosphate. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:133-142. [PMID: 30144674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tributyl phosphate (TBP) belongs to the group of trialkyl substituted organophosphate esters. Its chemical reactivity depends on the stability of various chemical bonds. TBP was used as a model compound for the development of a concept using stable isotope fractionation associated with bond cleavage reactions for better understanding the fate of TBP in the environment. Carbon isotope enrichment factors (εC) of TBP hydrolysis were found to be pH dependent (-3.8 ± 0.3‰ at pH 2, -4.6 ± 0.5‰ at pH 7, -2.8 ± 0.1‰ at pH 9, no isotope fractionation at pH 12), which is in accordance with the mode of a SN2 hydrolytic bond cleavage. Hydrogen isotope fractionation was negligible as no H bond cleavage is involved during hydrolysis. The apparent carbon kinetic isotope effect (AKIEC) ranged from 1.045 to 1.058. In contrast to hydrolysis, both carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation were observed during radical oxidation of TBP by OH and SO4-, yielding εC from -0.9 ± 0.1‰ to -0.5 ± 0.1‰ and εH from -20 ± 2‰ to -11 ± 1‰. AKIEC and AKIEH varied from 1.007 to 1.011 and from 1.594 to 2.174, respectively. The correlation of 2H and 13C isotope fractionation revealed Λ values ranging from 17 ± 1 to 25 ± 6. Results demonstrated that the correlation of 2H and 13C isotope fractionation of TBP allowed to identify radical reactions and to distinguish them from hydrolysis. The presented dual isotope analysis approach has diagnostic value for characterizing the chemical transformation of TBP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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28
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Wu L, Verma D, Bondgaard M, Melvej A, Vogt C, Subudhi S, Richnow HH. Carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis of parathion for characterizing its natural attenuation by hydrolysis at a contaminated site. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:146-154. [PMID: 29945030 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for assessing in situ hydrolysis of parathion was investigated in a contaminated aquifer at a former pesticide wastes landfill site. Stable isotope analysis of parathion extracted from groundwater taken from different monitoring wells revealed a maximum enrichment in carbon isotope ratio of +4.9‰ compared to the source of parathion, providing evidence that in situ hydrolysis took place. Calculations based on the Rayleigh-equation approach indicated that the natural attenuation of parathion was up to 8.6% by hydrolysis under neutral and acidic conditions. In degradation experiments with aerobic and anaerobic parathion-degrading microbes, no carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation of parathion were observed. For the first time, CSIA has been applied for the exclusive assessment of the hydrolysis of phosphorothioate-containing organophosphorus pesticides at a contaminated field site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dipti Verma
- Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Morten Bondgaard
- Department of Environment, Central Denmark Region, Lægårdvej 10, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Anja Melvej
- Department of Environment, Central Denmark Region, Lægårdvej 10, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Carsten Vogt
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanjukta Subudhi
- Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Alvarez-Zaldívar P, Payraudeau S, Meite F, Masbou J, Imfeld G. Pesticide degradation and export losses at the catchment scale: Insights from compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). WATER RESEARCH 2018; 139:198-207. [PMID: 29649704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although pesticides undergo degradation tests prior to use, determining their export, degradation and persistence under field conditions remains a challenge for water resource management. Compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) can provide evidence of contaminant degradation extent, as it is generally independent of non-destructive dissipation (e.g., dilution, sorption, volatilization) regulating environmental concentrations. While this approach has been successfully implemented in subsurface environments, its application to pesticides in near-surface hydrological contexts at catchment scale is lacking. This study demonstrates the applicability of CSIA to track pesticide degradation and export at catchment scale and identify pesticide source areas contributing to changes in stable isotope signature in stream discharge under dynamic hydrological contexts. Based on maximum shifts in carbon stable isotope signatures (Δδ13C = 4.6 ± 0.5‰) of S-metolachlor (S-met), a widely used herbicide, we estimate maximum degradation to have reached 96 ± 3% two months after first application. Maximum shifts in nitrogen isotope signatures were small and inverse (Δδ15N=-1.3±0.6‰) indicating potential secondary isotope effects during degradation. In combination with a mass balance approach including S-met main degradation products, total catchment non-destructive dissipation was estimated to have reached 8 ± 7% of the applied product. Our results show that CSIA can be applied to evaluate natural attenuation of pesticides at catchment scale. By providing a more detailed account of pesticide dissipation and persistence under field conditions we anticipate the contribution of pesticide CSIA to the improvement of regulatory and monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Alvarez-Zaldívar
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Strasbourg University/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Strasbourg University/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fatima Meite
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Strasbourg University/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jeremy Masbou
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Strasbourg University/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Strasbourg University/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Passeport E, Zhang N, Wu L, Herrmann H, Sherwood Lollar B, Richnow HH. Aqueous photodegradation of substituted chlorobenzenes: Kinetics, carbon isotope fractionation, and reaction mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 135:95-103. [PMID: 29459118 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Substituted chlorobenzenes are the basic substructure of many surface water contaminants. In this study, the isotope fractionation and reaction mechanisms involved during the aqueous direct and indirect photodegradation of CH3-, Cl-, and NO2- substituted chlorobenzenes were investigated in laboratory experiments. Only 4-nitrochlorobenzene showed slow but isotopically fractionating direct photolysis. During indirect photodegradation using UV/H2O2-generated OH radicals, the pseudo first-order reaction rate constants increased in the order of the NO2- < Cl- < CH3- substituted chlorobenzenes. The most pronounced carbon enrichment factors were observed for nitrochlorobenzenes (up to -4.8 ± 0.5‰), whereas the lowest were for chlorotoluenes (≤-1.0 ± 0.1‰). As the substituents became more electron-withdrawing, the activation energy barrier increased, leading to slower reaction rates, and the transition state changed to a more symmetrical or less reactant-like structure, resulting in larger apparent kinetic isotope effects. The results suggest that the rate-determining step in the reaction with OH radicals was the addition of the electrophile to the benzene ring. Even though further research is needed to quantify isotope fractionation during other transformation processes, these results showed evidence that compound specific isotope analysis can be used as a diagnostic tool for the fate of substituted chlorobenzenes in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Passeport
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- TROPOS Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Sherwood Lollar
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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