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Wang F, Zhao D, Lu P, Zhang D, Guo Z, Rose NL, Zhang G. Air-plant interaction and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a large human-influenced reservoir in southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124216. [PMID: 38797350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is totally manmade, strongly influenced by anthropogenic activity, and lies on the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The periodic storage and discharge of water from the Three Gorges Dam could have altered the original air-plant/soil interactions of contaminants in TGR. Herein, paired atmospheric gas-particle, air-plant, and air-soil samples were collected to investigate the air-plant interaction and air-soil exchange of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The air-plant interaction based on McLachlan's framework to our datasets suggests that PAHs were absorbed via gaseous deposition that was restricted by the plant-gas dynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium indicates a dynamic balance between the gaseous phase and plant surface in PAH absorption. The main limiting factor influencing the PAH uptake was the plant species rather than the atmospheric PAH concentration. The air-soil exchange of PAHs exhibited a net volatilization flux of 16.71 ng/m2/d from the soil to the air based on annual average. There was more volatilization and less deposition in summer and more deposition and less volatilization in autumn and winter. The soil serves as a secondary source of atmospheric PAHs. As the first attempt on probing the multi-interface geochemical process of PAHs, this study highlights the influence of manual water level manipulation from the TGD and environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, and soil properties) on the regional fate of PAHs in the TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Observation and Research Station of Ecological Restoration for Chongqing Typical Mining Areas, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 401120, China.
| | - Daiyin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peili Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Tarigholizadeh S, Sushkova S, Rajput VD, Ranjan A, Arora J, Dudnikova T, Barbashev A, Mandzhieva S, Minkina T, Wong MH. Transfer and Degradation of PAHs in the Soil-Plant System: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:46-64. [PMID: 38108272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly toxic, persistent organic pollutants that threaten ecosystems and human health. Consistent monitoring is essential to minimize the entry of PAHs into plants and reduce food chain contamination. PAHs infiltrate plants through multiple pathways, causing detrimental effects and triggering diverse plant responses, ultimately increasing either toxicity or tolerance. Primary plant detoxification processes include enzymatic transformation, conjugation, and accumulation of contaminants in cell walls/vacuoles. Plants also play a crucial role in stimulating microbial PAHs degradation by producing root exudates, enhancing bioavailability, supplying nutrients, and promoting soil microbial diversity and activity. Thus, synergistic plant-microbe interactions efficiently decrease PAHs uptake by plants and, thereby, their accumulation along the food chain. This review highlights PAHs uptake pathways and their overall fate as contaminants of emerging concern (CEC). Understanding plant uptake mechanisms, responses to contaminants, and interactions with rhizosphere microbiota is vital for addressing PAH pollution in soil and ensuring food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Jayati Arora
- Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Tamara Dudnikova
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Barbashev
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
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3
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Tian S, Liu Q, Qu J, Yang M, Ma Q, Liu J, Shao P, Liu Y. Whole-Transcriptome Analysis on the Leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. under Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. TOXICS 2023; 11:610. [PMID: 37505575 PMCID: PMC10386715 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of plants can be recommended as a cheap and sustainable environmental protection tool to mitigate PAHs with high toxicity in the ambient environment because they can serve as a reactor to remove ambient PAHs. Although previous studies have demonstrated that PAHs exhibit toxicological features, our knowledge about how ambient PAHs influence the leaves of plants is limited regarding the leaves of plants reducing ambient PAHs as a reactor. In this study, 1-year-old Rosa chinensis Jacq. with good growth potential was selected as a model plant. The leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were exposed to 16 types of PAHs in the environmental concentration exposure group (0.1 μg L-1) and high-concentration exposure group (5 μg L-1) for seven days. In comparison, the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were exposed to de-ionized water and were chosen as the control group. During the exposure periods, the physiological parameters of leaves including, chlorophyll value, water content, temperature and nitrogen, were monitored using a chlorophyll meter. After 7 days of exposure, the leaves in the control and exposure groups were collected and used for whole-transcriptome analysis. Our results demonstrate that significant differentially expressed genes were observed in the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. exposed to individual PAHs at 5 μg L-1 compared to the control group. These differentially expressed genes were involved in seven main pathways using bioinformatic analyses. In contrast, the levels of PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations had negligible impacts on the physiological parameters and the gene transcription levels of the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. Our results may provide direct evidence to remove ambient PAHs using terrestrial trees without considering the risk of PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations on the leaves of terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Tian
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingming Qu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qiaoyun Ma
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
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4
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Monaci F, Ancora S, Paoli L, Loppi S, Franzaring J. Air quality in post-mining towns: tracking potentially toxic elements using tree leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:843-859. [PMID: 35338402 PMCID: PMC10014763 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, leaves of the evergreen holm oak Quercus ilex were used to assess airborne contamination of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) at five towns located on the slopes of the Mt. Amiata (central Italy), an area with a long history of mining and, more recently, an important district for the industrial exploitation of geothermal energy. PTE composition and covariance of washed and unwashed Q. ilex leaves of three different ages (6, 12 and 24 month-old) were used to identify atmospheric inputs of PTEs at residential areas, evaluate long-term adsorption and retention of PTEs by the leaves, thus providing an indication of potential human exposure. Moreover, the determination of foliar concentrations of major elements (C, N, S and P) allowed an assessment of the nutritional status of the investigated urban tree stands which excluded the existence of stress condition caused by air pollution or other disturbances. Results indicated that overall Pb, Cu, and Cd concentration were low in the investigated urban sites, if compared with similar studies conducted in larger Italian cities, denoting a low contribution of vehicular traffic to the atmospheric pathway. The five urban settlements were characterized by a specific profile of elements (Al, Ba, Hg and Sb) enriched in unwashed leaves, resulting from the distinct geochemical characteristics of the area and from diffuse (i.e., urban activity) and point sources of PTEs emission (i.e., brownfields, geothermal power plants). The latter sources primarily govern the distribution of Hg, whose contamination was found to be very localized close to a major abandoned mining area. Our data provided quantitative evidence of the spectrum of PTEs potentially impacting resident population and may prove useful in support of follow-up instrumental monitoring campaigns of air quality, as well as for human health and ecological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Monaci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ancora
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Paoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Jürgen Franzaring
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Ottilie-Zeller-Weg 2, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Yang M, Tian S, Liu Q, Yang Z, Yang Y, Shao P, Liu Y. Determination of 31 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Plant Leaves Using Internal Standard Method with Ultrasonic Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. TOXICS 2022; 10:634. [PMID: 36355925 PMCID: PMC9698594 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The method for the determination of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plant leaves has been studied extensively, yet the quantitativemethod for measuring non-priority PAHs in plant leaves is limited. A method for the simultaneous determination of 31 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plant leaves was established using an ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-internal standard method. The samples of plant leaves were extracted with ultrasonic extraction and purified with solid-phase extraction columns. The PAHs were separated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry equipped with a DB-EUPAH capillary column (20 m × 0.18 mm × 0.14 μm) with a selective ion monitoring (SIM) detection mode, and quantified with an internal standard. The method had good linearity in the range of 0.005~1.0 μg/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99, and the method detection limit and maximum quantitative detection limit were in the ranges of 0.2~0.7 μg/kg and 0.8~2.8 μg/kg, respectively. The method was verified with spiked recovery experiments. The average spiked recovery ranged from 71.0% to 97.6% and relative standard deviations (n = 6) were less than 14%. Herein, we established a quantitativemethod for the simultaneous determination of priority and non-priority PAHs in plant leaves using GC-MS. The method is highly sensitive and qualitatively accurate, and it is suitable for the determination of PAHs in plant leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shili Tian
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing 100089, China
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6
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Picariello E, Baldantoni D, De Nicola F. Investigating natural attenuation of
PAHs
by soil microbial communities: insights by a machine learning approach. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Picariello
- Department of Sciences and Technologies University of Sannio Benevento 82100 Italy
| | - D. Baldantoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambelli” University of Salerno Fisciano SA 84084 Italy
| | - F. De Nicola
- Department of Sciences and Technologies University of Sannio Benevento 82100 Italy
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7
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Hisamuddin NH, Jalaludin J, Abu Bakar S, Latif MT. The Influence of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Exposure on DNA Damage among School Children in Urban Traffic Area, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042193. [PMID: 35206377 PMCID: PMC8872109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between particulate PAHs exposure and DNA damage in Malaysian schoolchildren in heavy traffic (HT) and low traffic (LT) areas. PAH samples at eight schools were collected using a low volume sampler for 24 h and quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Two hundred and twenty-eight buccal cells of children were assessed for DNA damage using Comet Assay. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to determine incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and to check the uncertainty and sensitivity of the estimated risk. Total PAH concentrations in the schools in HT area were higher than LT area ranging from 4.4 to 5.76 ng m-3 and 1.36 to 3.79 ng m-3, respectively. The source diagnostic ratio showed that PAHs in the HT area is pyrogenic, mainly from diesel emission. The 95th percentile of the ILCR for children in HT and LT area were 2.80 × 10-7 and 1.43 × 10-7, respectively. The degree of DNA damage was significantly more severe in children in the HT group compared to LT group. This study shows that total indoor PAH exposure was the most significant factor that influenced the DNA damage among children. Further investigation of the relationship between PAH exposure and genomic integrity in children is required to shed additional light on potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Suhaili Abu Bakar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
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Diener A, Mudu P. How can vegetation protect us from air pollution? A critical review on green spaces' mitigation abilities for air-borne particles from a public health perspective - with implications for urban planning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148605. [PMID: 34271387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution causes the largest death toll among environmental risks globally, but interventions to purify ambient air remain inadequate. Vegetation and green spaces have shown reductive effects on air-borne pollutants concentrations, especially of particulate matter (PM). Guidance on green space utilisation for air quality control remains scarce, however, as does its application in practise. To strengthen the foundation for research and interventions, we undertook a critical review of the state of science from a public health perspective. We used inter-disciplinary search strategies for published reviews on green spaces and air pollution in key scientific databases. Using the PRISMA checklist, we systematically identified reviews with quantitative analyses. For each of the presented PM mitigation mechanisms, we conducted additional searches focused on the most recent articles published between 2016 and early 2021. The included reviews differentiate three mitigation mechanisms of green spaces for PM: deposition, dispersion and modification. The most studied mechanism is deposition, particularly measures of mass and settling velocity of PM on plant leaves. We consolidate how green space setups differ by scale and context in their potentials to reduce peak exposures, stationary (point) or mobile (line) pollution sources, and the potentially most harmful PM components. The assessed findings suggest diverse optimisation options for green space interventions, particularly concerning plant selection, spatial setup, ventilation and maintenance - all alongside the consideration of supplementary vegetation effects like on temperature or water. Green spaces' reductive effects on air-borne PM concentrations are considerable, multi-mechanistic and varied by scale, context and vegetation characteristics. Such effect-modifying factors must be considered when rethinking public space design, as accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Weak linkages amid involved disciplines motivate the development of a research framework to strengthen health-oriented guidance. We conclude on an urgent need for an integrated and risk-based approach to PM mitigation through green space interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnt Diener
- European Centre for Environment and Health, Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Gurlittstr 55/II, 40223 Düsseldorf, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.
| | - Pierpaolo Mudu
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; European Centre for Environment and Health, Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany
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Abstract
Cities are producers of high quantities of secondary liquid and solid streams that are still poorly utilized within urban systems. In order to tackle this issue, there has been an ever-growing push for more efficient resource management and waste prevention in urban areas, following the concept of a circular economy. This review paper provides a characterization of urban solid and liquid resource flows (including water, nutrients, metals, potential energy, and organics), which pass through selected nature-based solutions (NBS) and supporting units (SU), expanding on that characterization through the study of existing cases. In particular, this paper presents the currently implemented NBS units for resource recovery, the applicable solid and liquid urban waste streams and the SU dedicated to increasing the quality and minimizing hazards of specific streams at the source level (e.g., concentrated fertilizers, disinfected recovered products). The recovery efficiency of systems, where NBS and SU are combined, operated at a micro- or meso-scale and applied at technology readiness levels higher than 5, is reviewed. The importance of collection and transport infrastructure, treatment and recovery technology, and (urban) agricultural or urban green reuse on the quantity and quality of input and output materials are discussed, also regarding the current main circularity and application challenges.
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10
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Terzaghi E, Posada-Baquero R, Di Guardo A, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Microbial degradation of pyrene in holm oak (Quercus ilex) phyllosphere: Role of particulate matter in regulating bioaccessibility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147431. [PMID: 33964783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we first measured the mineralization of pyrene on leaves of urban holm oak (Quercus ilex) by autochthonous microorganisms and an inoculated PAH degrading bacterium (i.e., Mycobacterium gilvum), selected as a model phyllosphere species, as well as the leaf-water (KLW) and leaf-air (KLA) partition coefficients for this chemical. Mineralization was investigated in two different experimental systems in terms of leaf and microorganism environment. Additionally, the influence on pyrene partitioning and mineralization when particulate matter (PM) was present on the leaf surface or removed was studied. Mineralization of 14C-labeled pyrene by autochthonous microorganisms was lower than 1% after approximately two weeks, while M. gilvum mineralized 5% to 17% of pyrene. These extents corresponded to mineralization half-lives that ranged between ~30 to ~200 days. We proposed that PM present at the leaf surface reduced the accumulation of pyrene by inner compartments (cuticle) distantly located from microbial cells and enhanced the bioaccessibility of pyrene, speeding up microbial activity and therefore mineralization. These results highlight that plant-phyllosphere microorganism interaction is more complex than currently established and deserves additional studies to further comprehend the air purification ecosystem service of phyllosphere microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Terzaghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologıá de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), E-41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Josè-J Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologıá de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), E-41080 Seville, Spain
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