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Terzi Cizmecioglu N. Roles and Regulation of H3K4 Methylation During Mammalian Early Embryogenesis and Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38231346 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
From generation of germ cells, fertilization, and throughout early mammalian embryonic development, the chromatin undergoes significant alterations to enable precise regulation of gene expression and genome use. Methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) correlates with active regions of the genome, and it has emerged as a dynamic mark throughout this timeline. The pattern and the level of H3K4 methylation are regulated by methyltransferases and demethylases. These enzymes, as well as their protein partners, play important roles in early embryonic development and show phenotypes in embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. The various roles of H3K4 methylation are interpreted by dedicated chromatin reader proteins, linking this modification to broader molecular and cellular phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the regulation of different levels of H3K4 methylation, their distinct accumulation pattern, and downstream molecular roles with an early embryogenesis perspective.
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2
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Swegen A, Appeltant R, Williams SA. Cloning in action: can embryo splitting, induced pluripotency and somatic cell nuclear transfer contribute to endangered species conservation? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1225-1249. [PMID: 37016502 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The term 'cloning' refers to the production of genetically identical individuals but has meant different things throughout the history of science: a natural means of reproduction in bacteria, a routine procedure in horticulture, and an ever-evolving gamut of molecular technologies in vertebrates. Mammalian cloning can be achieved through embryo splitting, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and most recently, by the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. Several emerging biotechnologies also facilitate the propagation of genomes from one generation to the next whilst bypassing the conventional reproductive processes. In this review, we examine the state of the art of available cloning technologies and their progress in species other than humans and rodent models, in order to provide a critical overview of their readiness and relevance for application in endangered animal conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleona Swegen
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ruth Appeltant
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Suzannah A Williams
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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3
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Mammalian gastrulation: signalling activity and transcriptional regulation of cell lineage differentiation and germ layer formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1619-1631. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of signalling input and downstream transcriptional activity is the key molecular attribute driving the differentiation of germ layer tissue and the specification of cell lineages within each germ layer during gastrulation. This review delves into the current understanding of signalling and transcriptional control of lineage development in the germ layers of mouse embryo and non-human primate embryos during gastrulation and highlights the inter-species conservation and divergence of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of germ layer development in the human embryo.
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4
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Medina-Cano D, Corrigan EK, Glenn RA, Islam MT, Lin Y, Kim J, Cho H, Vierbuchen T. Rapid and robust directed differentiation of mouse epiblast stem cells into definitive endoderm and forebrain organoids. Development 2022; 149:dev200561. [PMID: 35899604 PMCID: PMC10655922 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a powerful model system for deconstructing embryonic development. Although mice are the most advanced mammalian model system for genetic studies of embryonic development, state-of-the-art protocols for directed differentiation of mouse PSCs into defined lineages require additional steps and generates target cell types with lower purity than analogous protocols for human PSCs, limiting their application as models for mechanistic studies of development. Here, we examine the potential of mouse epiblast stem cells cultured in media containing Wnt pathway inhibitors as a starting point for directed differentiation. As a proof of concept, we focused our efforts on two specific cell/tissue types that have proven difficult to generate efficiently and reproducibly from mouse embryonic stem cells: definitive endoderm and neural organoids. We present new protocols for rapid generation of nearly pure definitive endoderm and forebrain-patterned neural organoids that model the development of prethalamic and hippocampal neurons. These differentiation models present new possibilities for combining mouse genetic tools with in vitro differentiation to characterize molecular and cellular mechanisms of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Cano
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily K. Corrigan
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rachel A. Glenn
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammed T. Islam
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juliet Kim
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Vierbuchen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Identification of the central intermediate in the extra-embryonic to embryonic endoderm transition through single-cell transcriptomics. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:833-844. [PMID: 35681011 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution maps of embryonic development suggest that acquisition of cell identity is not limited to canonical germ layers but proceeds via alternative routes. Despite evidence that visceral organs are formed via embryonic and extra-embryonic trajectories, the production of organ-specific cell types in vitro focuses on the embryonic one. Here we resolve these differentiation routes using massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing to generate datasets from FOXA2Venus reporter mouse embryos and embryonic stem cell differentiation towards endoderm. To relate cell types in these datasets, we develop a single-parameter computational approach and identify an intermediate en route from extra-embryonic identity to embryonic endoderm, which we localize spatially in embryos at embryonic day 7.5. While there is little evidence for this cell type in embryonic stem cell differentiation, by following the extra-embryonic trajectory starting with naïve extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells we can generate embryonic gut spheroids. Exploiting developmental plasticity therefore offers alternatives to pluripotent cells and opens alternative avenues for in vitro differentiation.
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6
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Metabolic and epigenetic regulation of endoderm differentiation. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:151-164. [PMID: 34607773 PMCID: PMC8760149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoderm, one of the three primary germ layers, gives rise to lung, liver, stomach, intestine, colon, pancreas, bladder, and thyroid. These endoderm-originated organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases. However, primary cells/tissues from endodermal organs are often difficult to grow in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), therefore, hold great promise for generating endodermal cells and their derivatives for the development of new therapeutics against these human diseases. Although a wealth of research has provided crucial information on the mechanisms underlying endoderm differentiation from hPSCs, increasing evidence has shown that metabolism, in connection with epigenetics, actively regulates endoderm differentiation in addition to the conventional endoderm inducing signals. Here we review recent advances in metabolic and epigenetic regulation of endoderm differentiation.
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7
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Ribeiro RP, Aguado MT. Effects of GSK3β inhibition in the regeneration of Syllis malaquini (Syllidae, Annelida). Dev Genes Evol 2021; 231:141-146. [PMID: 34635948 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-021-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been widely associated to the reestablishment of anteroposterior body polarities in the embryonic development and regeneration in animals. For instance, in annelids, cellular proliferation, wound healing, and blastema development can be affected when this pathway is disrupted. However, very little is known about the genetic regulatory processes involved in these anomalies. Here, we investigate the morphological effects of 1-azakenpaullone, a pharmacological inhibitor of GSK3β that is supposed to over-activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, during the anterior and posterior regeneration of the annelid Syllis malaquini. The results showed that high concentrations of 1-azakenpaullone affect the stages of blastema differentiation and resegmentation. Therefore, GSK3β-associated gene regulatory networks are candidate to investigate the genetic mechanisms involved in the regular course of S. malaquini regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Teresa Aguado
- Biodiversitätsmuseum, Animal Evolution & Biodiversity, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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8
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Luce E, Messina A, Duclos-Vallée JC, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Advanced Techniques and Awaited Clinical Applications for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation into Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2021; 74:1101-1116. [PMID: 33420753 PMCID: PMC8457237 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the only curative treatment for several liver diseases such as acute liver failure, end-stage liver disorders, primary liver cancers, and certain genetic conditions. Unfortunately, despite improvements to transplantation techniques, including live donor transplantation, the number of organs available remains insufficient to meet patient needs. Hepatocyte transplantation has enabled some encouraging results as an alternative to organ transplantation, but primary hepatocytes are little available and cannot be amplified using traditional two-dimensional culture systems. Indeed, although recent studies have tended to show that three-dimensional culture enables long-term hepatocyte culture, it is still agreed that, like most adult primary cell types, hepatocytes remain refractory to in vitro expansion. Because of their exceptional properties, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be amplified indefinitely and differentiated into any cell type, including liver cells. While many teams have worked on hepatocyte differentiation, there has been a consensus that cells obtained after hPSC differentiation have more fetal than adult hepatocyte characteristics. New technologies have been used to improve the differentiation process in recent years. This review discusses the technical improvements made to hepatocyte differentiation protocols and the clinical approaches developed to date and anticipated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléanor Luce
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
| | - Antonietta Messina
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
| | - Jean-Charles Duclos-Vallée
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERMUniversité Paris-SaclayUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193VillejuifFrance.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire HépatinovHôpital Paul-BrousseVillejuifFrance
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9
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Scheibner K, Schirge S, Burtscher I, Büttner M, Sterr M, Yang D, Böttcher A, Ansarullah, Irmler M, Beckers J, Cernilogar FM, Schotta G, Theis FJ, Lickert H. Epithelial cell plasticity drives endoderm formation during gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:692-703. [PMID: 34168324 PMCID: PMC8277579 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that epiblast cells ingress into the primitive streak by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to give rise to the mesoderm; however, it is less clear how the endoderm acquires an epithelial fate. Here, we used embryonic stem cell and mouse embryo knock-in reporter systems to combine time-resolved lineage labelling with high-resolution single-cell transcriptomics. This allowed us to resolve the morphogenetic programs that segregate the mesoderm from the endoderm germ layer. Strikingly, while the mesoderm is formed by classical EMT, the endoderm is formed independent of the key EMT transcription factor Snail1 by mechanisms of epithelial cell plasticity. Importantly, forkhead box transcription factor A2 (Foxa2) acts as an epithelial gatekeeper and EMT suppressor to shield the endoderm from undergoing a mesenchymal transition. Altogether, these results not only establish the morphogenetic details of germ layer formation, but also have broader implications for stem cell differentiation and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Scheibner
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Schirge
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sterr
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Dapeng Yang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anika Böttcher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ansarullah
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Filippo M Cernilogar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Oss-Ronen L, Redden RA, Lelkes PI. Enhanced Induction of Definitive Endoderm Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Simulated Microgravity. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1275-1284. [PMID: 32731794 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells toward definitive endoderm (DE) offers great research and therapeutic potential since these cells can further differentiate into cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as associated organs such as pancreas, liver, and thyroid. We hypothesized that culturing mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) under simulated microgravity (SMG) conditions in rotary bioreactors (BRs) will enhance the induction of directed DE differentiation. To test our hypothesis, we cultured the cells for 6 days in two-dimensional monolayer colony cultures or as embryoid bodies (EBs) in either static conditions or, dynamically, in the rotary BRs. We used flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze the expression of marker proteins and genes, respectively, for pluripotency (Oct3/4) and mesendodermal (Brachyury T), endodermal (FoxA2, Sox17, CxCr4), and mesodermal (Vimentin, Meox1) lineages. Culture in the form of EBs in maintenance media in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor, in static or SMG conditions, induced expression of some of the differentiation markers, suggesting heterogeneity of the cells. This is in line with previous studies showing that differentiation is initiated as cells are aggregated into EBs even without supplementing differentiation factors to the media. Culturing EBs in static conditions in differentiation media (DM) in the presence of activin A reduced Oct3/4 expression and significantly increased Brachyury T and CxCr4 expression, but downregulated FoxA2 and Sox17. However, culturing in SMG BRs in DM upregulated Brachyury T and all of the DE markers and reduced Oct3/4 expression, indicating the advantage of dynamic cultures in BRs to specifically enhance directed DE differentiation. Given the potential discrepancies between the SMG conditions on earth and actual microgravity conditions, as observed in other studies, future experiments in space flight are required to validate the effects of reduced gravity on mESC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Oss-Ronen
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A Redden
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Chen ACH, Lee KF, Yeung WSB, Lee YL. Human embryonic stem cells as an in vitro model for studying developmental origins of type 2 diabetes. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:761-775. [PMID: 32952857 PMCID: PMC7477660 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and diseases (DOHaD) is a concept stating that adverse intrauterine environments contribute to the health risks of offspring. Since the theory emerged more than 30 years ago, many epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed that in utero exposure to environmental insults, including hyperglycemia and chemicals, increased the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These NCDs include metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Studying the effects of different environmental insults on early embryo development would aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms by which these insults promote NCD development. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have also been utilized by researchers to study the DOHaD. ESCs have pluripotent characteristics and can be differentiated into almost every cell lineage; therefore, they are excellent in vitro models for studying early developmental events. More importantly, human ESCs (hESCs) are the best alternative to human embryos for research because of ethical concerns. In this review, we will discuss different maternal conditions associated with DOHaD, focusing on the complications of maternal diabetes. Next, we will review the differentiation protocols developed to generate different cell lineages from hESCs. Additionally, we will review how hESCs are utilized as a model for research into the DOHaD. The effects of environmental insults on hESC differentiation and the possible involvement of epigenetic regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chun-Hang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
| | - William Shu Biu Yeung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Aravalli RN, Collins DP, Hapke JH, Crane AT, Steer CJ. Hepatic Differentiation of Marmoset Embryonic Stem Cells and Functional Characterization of ESC-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells. Hepat Med 2020; 12:15-27. [PMID: 32104112 PMCID: PMC7026140 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s243277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the ideal candidates for studying critical liver functions such as drug metabolism and toxicity. However, as they are isolated from discarded livers that are unsuitable for transplantation, they possess limited expansion ability in vitro and their enzymatic functions deteriorate rapidly because they are often of poor quality. Therefore, there is a compelling reason to find reliable alternative sources of hepatocytes. Methods In this study, we report on efficient and robust differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) from the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) using a simple, and reproducible three-step procedure. ESC-derived HLCs were examined by morphological analysis and tested for their expression of hepatocyte-specific markers using a combination of immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and biochemical assays. Primary human hepatocytes were used as controls. Results ESC-derived HLCs expressed each of the hepatocyte-specific markers tested, including albumin; α-fetoprotein; asialoglycoprotein receptor 1; α-1 antitrypsin; hepatocyte nuclear factors 1α and 4; cytokeratin 18; hepatocyte growth factor receptor; transferrin; tyrosine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; c-reactive protein; cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4; and coagulation factors FVII and FIX. They were functionally competent as demonstrated by biochemical assays in addition to producing urea. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that marmoset HLCs possess characteristics similar to those of PHHs. They could, therefore, be invaluable for studies on drug metabolism and cell transplantation therapy for a variety of liver disorders. Because of the similarities in the anatomical and physiological features of the common marmoset to that of humans, Callithrix jacchus is an appropriate animal model to study human disease conditions and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Joel H Hapke
- Cytomedical Design Group LLC, St. Paul, MN 55127, USA
| | - Andrew T Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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13
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Liew LC, Gailhouste L, Tan GC, Yamamoto Y, Takeshita F, Nakagama H, Ochiya T. MicroRNA-124a inhibits endoderm lineage commitment by targeting Sox17 and Gata6 in mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2019; 38:504-515. [PMID: 31828873 PMCID: PMC7187259 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) during mouse early development, especially in endoderm germ layer formation, is largely unknown. Here, via miRNA profiling during endoderm differentiation, we discovered that miR‐124a negatively regulates endoderm lineage commitment in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). To further investigate the functional role of miR‐124a in early stages of differentiation, transfection of embryoid bodies with miR‐124a mimic was performed. We showed that overexpression of miR‐124a inhibits endoderm differentiation in vitro through targeting the 3′‐untranslated region (UTR) of Sox17 and Gata6, revealing the existence of interplay between miR‐124a and the Sox17/Gata6 transcription factors in hepato‐specific gene regulation. In addition, we presented a feasible in vivo system that utilizes teratoma and gene expression profiling from microarray to quantitatively evaluate the functional role of miRNA in lineage specification. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of miR‐124a in teratomas by intratumor delivery of miR‐124a mimic and Atelocollagen, significantly suppressed endoderm and mesoderm lineage differentiation while augmenting the differentiation into ectoderm lineage. Collectively, our findings suggest that miR‐124a plays a significant role in mESCs lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuen Liew
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Luc Gailhouste
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Takeshita
- Department of Functional Analysis, FIOC, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Cao J, Wang X, Wang D, Ma R, Li X, Feng H, Wang J, Liu S, Wang L. PGC-1β cooperating with FOXA2 inhibits proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:93. [PMID: 31007610 PMCID: PMC6458718 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancy among females from the worldwide cancer incidence statistics. Peroxisome gamma coactivator-1β (PGC-1β) has long been identified to be involved in this type of tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms of PGC-1β in human breast cancer have not been fully understood and the function requires to be further elucidated. Methods mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1β and FOXA2 in breast cancer tissues and cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR and Western Blotting, respectively. To further visualize the expression and localization of PGC-1β and FOXA2, immunochemistry and immunofluorescence staining methods were employed. The effect of PGC-1β and FOXA2 on cell proliferation and migration were evaluated by CCK8, clone formation, transwell and wound-healing assays, which has been done either with stable PGC-1β knockdown or FOXA2 overexpression in vitro. Xenografts model of nude mice were used to evaluate tumor growth in vivo. In addition, proteins expression of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway involved in the regulation of breast cancer were detected by Western Blotting. Results Our results showed that PGC-1β was upregulated and FOXA2 was downregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. These two proteins can be interacted with each other to form the complex. Also, we found the combination of PGC-1β interference with FOXA2 overexpression significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. We further identified that PGC-1β and FOXA2 strongly correlated with the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, and they exerted their biological functions by activating this pathway. Conclusions We demonstrated that downregulation of PGC-1β combined with overexpression of FOXA2 obviously inhibited the function of breast cancer cells through regulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cao
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Xi Wang
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Danni Wang
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Rong Ma
- 2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Huimin Feng
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Jia Wang
- 2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
| | - Shihai Liu
- 3Medical Animal Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Libin Wang
- 1School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China.,2Beijing National Biochip Research Center Sub-Center in Ningxia, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
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15
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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16
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Hashemitabar M, Heidari E. Redefining the signaling pathways from pluripotency to pancreas development: In vitro β-cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7811-7827. [PMID: 30480819 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are destroyed by the immune system, in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and are impaired by glucose insensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Islet-cells transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach based on in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to insulin-producing cells (IPCs). According to evolutionary stages in β-cell development, there are several distinct checkpoints; each one has a unique characteristic, including definitive endoderm (DE), primitive gut (PG), posterior foregut (PF), pancreatic epithelium (PE), endocrine precursor (EP), and immature β-cells up to functional β-cells. A better understanding of the gene regulatory networks (GRN) and associated transcription factors in each specific developmental stage, guarantees the achievement of the next successful checkpoints and ensures an efficient β-cell differentiation procedure. The new findings in signaling pathways, related to the development of the pancreas are discussed here, including Wnt, Activin/Nodal, FGF, BMP, retinoic acid (RA), sonic hedgehog (Shh), Notch, and downstream regulators, required for β-cell commitment. We also summarized different approaches in the IPCs protocol to conceptually define a standardized system, leading to the creation of a reproducible method for β-cell differentiation. To normalize blood glucose level in diabetic mice, the replacement therapy in the early differentiation stage, such as EP stages was associated with better outcome when compared with the fully differentiated β-cells' graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hashemitabar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Joundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Heidari
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Joundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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Duffy C, Prugue C, Glew R, Smith T, Howell C, Choi G, Cook AD. Feasibility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:482-492. [PMID: 29947303 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caden Duffy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Cesar Prugue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Rachel Glew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Taryn Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Calvin Howell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Gina Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Alonzo D Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
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18
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Rothová M, Hölzenspies JJ, Livigni A, Villegas SN, Brickman JM. Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Ventral Foregut Precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 36:1G.3.1-1G.3.12. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01g03s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandra Livigni
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Nahuel Villegas
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche Alicante Spain
| | - Joshua M. Brickman
- Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
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19
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Peng Q, Qin J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Wang X, Lu W, Xie X, Zhang S. Autophagy maintains the stemness of ovarian cancer stem cells by FOXA2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:171. [PMID: 29187221 PMCID: PMC5707869 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regarded as the main cell type responsible for the initiation, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence of cancer. But the mechanism by which cancer stem cells maintain their stemness remains unclear. Methods and Results In the present study, ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) were revealed to have an enhanced autophagic flux. Furthermore, their chemoresistance and ability to self-renewal in vitro were decreased when autophagy was inhibited by Bafilomycin A1(BafA1), Chloroquine(CQ) or autophagy related 5(ATG5) knockdown. PCR array screening determined that Forkhead Box A2(FOXA2) was highly expressed in OCSCs, and correspondingly regulated by autophagy activity. In addition, the self-renewal ability was decreased in the case of FOXA2 knockdown by shRNA in OCSCs. Overexpression of FOXA2 from the pEGFP(+)-FOXA2 plasmid partially reversed the depressed self-renewal ability of OCSCs during autophagy inhibition. Conclusions Our findings suggest that autophagy, through participation of FOXA2, maintains the characteristics of OCSCs. Autophagy and FOXA2 are therefore potential targets for ovarian cancer stem cell directed therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0644-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohua Peng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jiale Qin
- Department of Ultrasound; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Songfa Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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20
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Hu R, Liu Y, Su M, Song Y, Rood D, Lai L. Transplantation of Donor-Origin Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Thymic Epithelial Progenitors Prevents the Development of Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease in Mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:121-130. [PMID: 28170174 PMCID: PMC5442732 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy for many malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a significant cause of late morbidity and mortality after allogeneic HSCT. cGVHD often manifests as autoimmune syndrome. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) play a critical role in supporting negative selection and regulatory T-cell (Treg) generation. Studies have shown that damage in TECs is sufficient to induce cGVHD. We have previously reported that mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can be selectively induced to generate thymic epithelial progenitors (TEPs) in vitro. When transplanted in vivo, mESC-TEPs further develop into TECs that support T-cell development. We show here that transplantation of donor-origin mESC-TEPs into cGVHD recipients induces immune tolerance to both donor and host antigens and prevents the development of cGVHD. This is associated with more TECs and Tregs. Our results suggest that embryonic stem cell-derived TEPs may offer a new tool to control cGVHD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:121-130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhong Song
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Debra Rood
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Tang Y, Hong YZ, Bai HJ, Wu Q, Chen CD, Lang JY, Boheler KR, Yang HT. Plant Homeo Domain Finger Protein 8 Regulates Mesodermal and Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells Through Mediating the Histone Demethylation of pmaip1. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1527-40. [PMID: 26866517 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone demethylases have emerged as key regulators of biological processes. The H3K9me2 demethylase plant homeo domain finger protein 8(PHF8), for example, is involved in neuronal differentiation, but its potential function in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of PHF8 during mesodermal and cardiac lineage commitment of mouse ESCs (mESCs). Using a phf8 knockout (ph8(-/Y) ) model, we found that deletion of phf8 in ESCs did not affect self-renewal, proliferation or early ectodermal/endodermal differentiation, but it did promote the mesodermal lineage commitment with the enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation. The effects were accompanied by a reduction in apoptosis through a caspase 3-independent pathway during early ESC differentiation, without significant differences between differentiating wide-type (ph8(+/Y) ) and ph8(-/Y) ESCs in cell cycle progression or proliferation. Functionally, PHF8 promoted the loss of a repressive mark H3K9me2 from the transcription start site of a proapoptotic gene pmaip1 and activated its transcription. Furthermore, knockdown of pmaip1 mimicked the phenotype of ph8(-/Y) by showing the decreased apoptosis during early differentiation of ESCs and promoted mesodermal and cardiac commitment, while overexpression of pmaip1 or phf8 rescued the phenotype of ph8(-/Y) ESCs by increasing the apoptosis and weakening the mesodermal and cardiac differentiation. These results reveal that the histone demethylase PHF8 regulates mesodermal lineage and cell fate decisions in differentiating mESCs through epigenetic control of the gene critical to programmed cell death pathways. Stem Cells 2016;34:1527-1540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Hong
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Jun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Charlie Degui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yu Lang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenneth R Boheler
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Hoepfner J, Kleinsorge M, Papp O, Ackermann M, Alfken S, Rinas U, Solodenko W, Kirschning A, Sgodda M, Cantz T. Biphasic modulation of Wnt signaling supports efficient foregut endoderm formation from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:534-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hoepfner
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Mandy Kleinsorge
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Oliver Papp
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Mania Ackermann
- iPSC Based Gene Therapy; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Susanne Alfken
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Wladimir Solodenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibniz University Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Malte Sgodda
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Cell and Developmental Biology; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster Germany
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23
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Histone H4 acetylation and the epigenetic reader Brd4 are critical regulators of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:95. [PMID: 26847871 PMCID: PMC4740988 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pluripotent cells can be differentiated into many different cell types in vitro. Successful differentiation is guided in large part by epigenetic reprogramming and regulation of critical gene expression patterns. Recent genome-wide studies have identified the distribution of different histone-post-translational modifications (PTMs) in various conditions and during cellular differentiation. However, our understanding of the abundance of histone PTMs and their regulatory mechanisms still remain unknown. Results Here, we present a quantitative and comprehensive study of the abundance levels of histone PTMs during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using mass spectrometry (MS). We observed dynamic changes of histone PTMs including increased H3K9 methylation levels in agreement with previously reported results. More importantly, we found a global decrease of multiply acetylated histone H4 peptides. Brd4 targets acetylated H4 with a strong affinity to multiply modified H4 acetylation sites. We observed that the protein levels of Brd4 decreased upon differentiation together with global histone H4 acetylation. Inhibition of Brd4:histone H4 interaction by the BET domain inhibitor (+)-JQ1 in ESCs results in enhanced differentiation to the endodermal lineage, by disrupting the protein abundance dynamics. Genome-wide ChIP-seq mapping showed that Brd4 and H4 acetylation are co-occupied in the genome, upstream of core pluripotency genes such as Oct4 and Nanog in ESCs and lineage-specific genes in embryoid bodies (EBs). Conclusions Together, our data demonstrate the fundamental role of Brd4 in monitoring cell differentiation through its interaction with acetylated histone marks and disruption of Brd4 may cause aberrant differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2414-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Wang H, Luo X, Yao L, Lehman DM, Wang P. Improvement of Cell Survival During Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Definitive Endoderm Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2536-46. [PMID: 26132288 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive endoderm (DE) is a vital precursor for internal organs such as liver and pancreas. Efficient protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to DE is essential for regenerative medicine and for modeling diseases; yet, poor cell survival during DE differentiation remains unsolved. In this study, our use of B27 supplement in modified differentiation protocols has led to a substantial improvement. We used an SOX17-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter hESC line to compare and modify established DE differentiation protocols. Both total live cell numbers and the percentages of eGFP-positive cells were used to assess differentiation efficiency. Among tested protocols, three modified protocols with serum-free B27 supplement were developed to generate a high number of DE cells. Massive cell death was avoided during DE differentiation and the percentage of DE cells remained high. When the resulting DE cells were further differentiated toward the pancreatic lineage, the expression of pancreatic-specific markers was significantly increased. Similar high DE differentiation efficiency was observed in H1 hESCs and iPSCs through the modified protocols. In B27 components, bovine serum albumin was found to facilitate DE differentiation and cell survival. Using our modified DE differentiation protocols, satisfactory quantities of quality DE can be produced as primary material for further endoderm lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xie Luo
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Li Yao
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Donna M Lehman
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,2 Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pei Wang
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
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25
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Both BMP4 and serum have significant roles in differentiation of embryonic stem cells to primitive and definitive endoderm. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1315-24. [PMID: 26008149 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells is a heterogeneous process which is influenced by different parameters, including growth and differentiation factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) signaling on differentiation of mouse ES cells to endodermal lineages. For this purpose, differentiation of the ES cells was induced by embryoid body (EB) formation through hanging drop method. During the suspension stage, EBs were treated with BMP4 in a medium containing either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or knockout serum replacement (KoSR). After plating, EBs showed differentiation to a heterogeneous population of specialized cell types. Two weeks after plating, all the experimental groups expressed three germ layer markers and some primitive and definitive endoderm-specific genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed higher expression levels of Sox17, Pdx1, Cdx2 and Villin mRNAs in the KoSR plus BMP4 condition and higher Gata4 and Afp expression levels in the FBS plus BMP4 condition. Formation of visceral endoderm and derivatives of definitive endoderm was detected in the BMP4 treated EBs. In conclusion, we demonstrated that both BMP4 signaling and serum composition have significant roles in differentiation of mouse ES cells towards endodermal lineages.
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26
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Afelik S, Pool B, Schmerr M, Penton C, Jensen J. Wnt7b is required for epithelial progenitor growth and operates during epithelial-to-mesenchymal signaling in pancreatic development. Dev Biol 2015; 399:204-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Condic ML. Totipotency: what it is and what it is not. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:796-812. [PMID: 24368070 PMCID: PMC3991987 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is surprising confusion surrounding the concept of biological totipotency, both within the scientific community and in society at large. Increasingly, ethical objections to scientific research have both practical and political implications. Ethical controversy surrounding an area of research can have a chilling effect on investors and industry, which in turn slows the development of novel medical therapies. In this context, clarifying precisely what is meant by "totipotency" and how it is experimentally determined will both avoid unnecessary controversy and potentially reduce inappropriate barriers to research. Here, the concept of totipotency is discussed, and the confusions surrounding this term in the scientific and nonscientific literature are considered. A new term, "plenipotent," is proposed to resolve this confusion. The requirement for specific, oocyte-derived cytoplasm as a component of totipotency is outlined. Finally, the implications of twinning for our understanding of totipotency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Condic
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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