Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Implications for human lung cancer

The competitive mediating role of basal metabolic rate in the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and depression risk

BACKGROUND

The effect of basal metabolic rate (BMR) on depression was unclear. This study investigated the potential role of BMR in the association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and depression.

METHODS

The study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). BMR was calculated using both the revised Harris-Benedict equation (BMR1) and the Mifflin-St Jeor equation (BMR2). Generalized linear and logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations between PAH metabolites, BMR, and depression. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were utilized to analyze the combined effects of multiple PAH metabolites. Mediation analysis was conducted to explore the role of BMR.

RESULTS

The study included 8323 participants. A 100 kcal/day increase in BMR1 and BMR2, the depression risk increased by 5 % (95%CI: 1.00, 1.10) and 7 % (95%CI: 1.02, 1.13), respectively. WQS model indicated that mixed PAH metabolites were negatively associated with BMR1 (β: -0.06, P = 0.020) and BMR2 (β: -0.06, P = 0.014). BKMR models showed that when all PAH metabolites were at P75 compared to P50, BMR1 and BMR2 decreased by 20.54 and 20.31 units, respectively, while the depression risk increased by 0.23 units (95 % CI: 0.07, 0.38). Mediation analyses suggested that BMR exerted a competitive mediation effect in the association between 1-NAP, 2-FLU, 1-PHE, 1-PYR, and depression.

CONCLUSION

PAH exposure led to a reduction in BMR and contributed to depression at high levels of exposure. An increase in BMR mitigated the impact of PAH exposure on depression.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of abnormal liver function: The mediating role of C-reactive protein

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure has been suggested to be linked to abnormal liver function (ALF). However, the conclusions are inconsistent, and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a cross-sectional design including 4935 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2003 and 2010 was conducted to quantify the PAHs-ALF associations, and to investigate the possible mediation role of systemic inflammation. Capillary gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was utilized to detect nine urinary levels of PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs). Plasma levels of systemic inflammation biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP), were measured by enhanced turbidimetry. ALF was diagnosed on the basis of any abnormities in albumin (ALB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Logistic regression model and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models indicated positive associations between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OH-PHE), and ALF risk. Significant synergistic effect of 1-OH-PYR and 2-OH-PHE on ALF was observed via additive interaction analysis. The weighted quantile sum (WQS) analysis and the quantile-based g computation (qgcomp) were employed to investigate the mixed effect of PAHs but no significant results were found. However, these two analyses consistently showed that 2-OH-PHE and 1-OH-PYR had top dominant weights in the positive association with ALF. Furthermore, mediation analysis indicated that plasma CRP mediated 13.4 % of the association between 1-OH-PYR and ALF risk. These results enhanced our comprehension of the health effects of PAHs exposure on liver function as well as the underlying mechanism.

Web server-based deep learning-driven predictive models for respiratory toxicity of environmental chemicals: Mechanistic insights and interpretability

Respiratory toxicity of chemicals is a common clinical and environmental health concern. Currently, most in silico prediction models for chemical respiratory toxicity are often based on a single or vague toxicity endpoint, and machine learning models always lack interpretability. In this study, we developed eight interpretable deep learning models to predict respiratory toxicity of chemicals, focusing on specific respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, respiratory infections, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary arterial hypertension, asthma, bronchospasm, bronchitis, and pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, we integrated data from eight respiratory toxicity endpoints into a comprehensive dataset and developed an overall respiratory system model. Model performance was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation and external validation, with area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy (ACC) values exceeding 0.85 for all eight toxicity endpoints. To enhance model interpretability, we employed the frequency ratio method to identify key structural fragments in Klekota-Roth fingerprints (KRFP) and utilized SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) game theory analysis to visualize critical features driving model predictions. This study demonstrates the role of interpretable deep learning models in predicting the respiratory toxicity of drugs and their environmental metabolites, offering valuable tools and information for early detection and risk assessment of pharmaceutical compounds and environmental pollutants with respiratory toxicity potential.

Multi-biomarker analysis of sub-chronic PAH mixture effects in fish at environmentally relevant levels

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, occurring as complex mixtures with unpredictable toxicity. Although PAHs are procarcinogenic, their harmful effects require metabolic activation, leading to reactive metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause DNA damage. This study assessed the toxic effects of individual PAHs (Phenanthrene and Benzo[a]pyrene) and their mixtures (1:2 and 2:1 ratios) on juvenile seabream (Sparus aurata) after 42 days of exposure at 0.2nmol.L-1 . Biomarkers related to oxidative stress, detoxification, and lipid peroxidation were analysed in the liver and gills (e.g., glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), lipoperoxidation (LPO). Liver gene expression (Cytochromes P450 (CYP1A), GST3, tumour protein p53 (TP53) and blood cell DNA damage were also studied. Correlation analyses and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) were used to relate treatments and biomarkers. Results suggested differences in organ responses, with the gills generally showing the most significant changes in GSH levels, GST activity, and LPO compared to the control group. DNA repair mechanisms appeared to prevent significant genotoxicity as assessed by the comet assay. However, erythrocytic nuclear anomalies (ENAs) were notably higher in fish exposed to Phe, B[a]P, and the 2:1 B[a]P:Phe mixture compared to the control group. Interestingly, the 2:1 Phe:B[a]P mixture appeared to have an enhanced effect, showing a marked upregulation of GST3 mRNA (up to 7-fold), possibly influenced by the higher proportion of Phe. MDS analysis proved to be a valuable tool in identifying patterns among biological responses, offering insight into how fish cope with PAH exposure and helping to uncover the unpredictable effects of chemical mixtures. This study highlights the need for further research into the interactions of PAH mixtures, employing multi-analysis approach and underscores the importance of revising environmental guidelines to account for their effects.

Bioinformatics identification of shared signaling pathways and core targets linking Benzo[a]pyrene exposure to HCC progression

With the increasing prevalence of environmental pollutants, there is growing concern about the potential effects of these substances in major diseases such as liver cancer. Previous studies have suggested that various chemicals, such as benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), produced by burning carbon containing fuels, may negatively affect liver health, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of BaP in the progression of liver cancer. Through an exhaustive study of databases such as ChEMBL, SwissTargetPrediction, STITCH and TCGA, we identified 169 potential targets that are closely related to BaP and liver cancer. Next, we conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses using the clusterProfiler package to study the biological functions and important pathways of potential targets induced by BaP, which showed that these targets were associated with mitochondrial function, cellular energy metabolism and REDOX reactions. The protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software to identify the core targets UBA52, NDUFS8, CYP1A2, NDUFS1 and CYP3A4. The interaction between BaP and these core proteins was further analyzed via molecular docking using the CB-Dock2 database, demonstrating high binding stability, which suggests their critical role in BaP-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) toxicity. Subsequently, we found significant differences in the expression of five core genes (UBA52, NDUFS8, CYP1A2, NDUFS1, CYP3A4) in HCC, and significant correlation between UBA52, NDUFS8 and CYP3A4 and survival of HCC patients. Single-cell sequencing analysis showed that the expression of UBA52 gene was particularly pronounced in the three immune cells.

Particulate matter air pollution as a cause of lung cancer: epidemiological and experimental evidence

Air pollution has a significant global impact on human health. Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that airborne particulate matter (PM), the dust components of polluted air, is associated with increased incidence and mortality of lung cancer. PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 µm) from various sources carries different toxic substances, such as sulfates, organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals, which are considered major carcinogens that increase lung cancer risk. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer caused by PM2.5 exposure may be due to significant geographical differences, and can be influenced by various factors, including local sources of air pollution, socioeconomic conditions, and public health measures. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the health implications of air pollution and to inform strategies for lung cancer prevention, by summarising the relationship between exposure to PM2.5 and lung cancer development. We explore the different sources of PM2.5 and relevant carcinogenic mechanisms in the context of epidemiological studies on the development of lung cancer from various geographical regions worldwide.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with sleep-related disorders in adults: the potential mediating role of inflammation

BACKGROUND

The evidence on the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on sleep disorders is limited. This study aimed to explore the association between PAH exposure and sleep-related disorders, and the potential mediating roles of inflammation in these relationships were further been examined.

METHODS

This study utilized data from adult participants (≥ 20 years of age) in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008. Weighted logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between each urinary PAH biomarker and sleep-related disorders. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was applied to evaluate the association between PAH exposure and sleep-related disorders and to assess the mediating effect of inflammatory markers that include C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell counts (WBC).

RESULTS

One or more urinary PAH metabolites were associated with an increased risk of long sleep-onset latency, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), sleep problems, and daytime sleepiness. The latent PAH exposure variable in SEM was positively associated to long sleep-onset latency (β = 0.054, p = 0.035), OSA (β = 0.071, p = 0.002), sleep problems (β = 0.089, p < 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (β = 0.066, p = 0.003). Mediation analysis suggested that WBC mediated the link between PAH exposure and sleep problems (Indirect effect = 0.009, 95%CI: 0.002 ~ 0.017, Proportion: 10.8%), as well as daytime sleepiness (Indirect effect = 0.011, 95%CI: 0.005 ~ 0.019, Proportion: 15.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

PAH exposure was associated with an increased risk of long sleep-onset latency, obstructive sleep apnea, sleep problems, and daytime sleepiness. Inflammation may be one potential mechanism by which PAH exposure contributes sleep problems and daytime sleepiness.

Air pollutants and lung regeneration: impact on the fate of lung stem cells

Inhalable airborne pollutants, including particulate matter, ozone, cigarette smoke, and emerging microparticles and nanoparticles can initiate or exacerbate various lung diseases. Their toxicological impact depends not only on their chemical composition, but also on the host's capacity for clearance and post-injury repair mechanisms. Studies have identified region-specific stem cells within the lung epithelial-mucosal barrier, which are pivotal for mucosal repair after damage. This review delineates the roles of airway and alveolar key stem cells in lung epithelial mucosal repair, details how traditional and emerging airborne pollutants affect their regenerative capabilities. Additionally, it discusses the transformative contributions of organoids and single-cell sequencing technologies to advance our understanding of how inhaled pollutants affect lung tissue toxicity. A tissue regeneration perspective on the interplay between inhaled pollutants and lung stem cells is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies to prevent and control lung diseases associated with exposure to airborne pollutants.

Advances in the mechanistic understanding, biological consequences, and measurement of DNA adducts induced by tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol: A review

Components in tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol form adducts with DNA, which can cause DNA mutations and affect repair of DNA damage. Numerous studies have shown a strong association between inhaled smoke and lung cancer. The presence of DNA adducts can indicate chemical components of smoke. Therefore, DNA adducts are significant biomarkers of tobacco exposure that might predict lung disease status and serve as precursors to lung cancer, since they trigger DNA mutations and impair biological processes such as DNA replication and transcription. To date, no systematic review has compared tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol in terms of the fate of DNA adducts. We reviewed recent studies comparing the formation of DNA adducts on exposure to components from conventional cigarette smoke versus e-cigarette aerosol. The aims of the review were threefold: (1) to summarize components of tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol in relation to mechanisms for the formation of DNA adducts; (2) to highlight the biological consequences of exposure to tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol; and (3) to summarize advances in understanding of the primary detection methods of DNA adducts in tobacco exposure studies. The findings of this review should benefit environmental toxicology studies of tobacco exposure.

Peptide-driven strategies against lung cancer

Lung cancer remains one of the most significant global health challenges, accounting for 18 % of all cancer-related deaths. While risk factors such as heavy metal exposure and cigarette smoking are well-known contributors, the limitations of conventional treatments including severe side effects and drug resistance highlight the urgent need for more targeted and safer therapeutic options. In this context, peptides have emerged as a novel, precise, and effective class of therapies for lung cancer treatment. They have shown promise in limiting lung cancer progression by targeting key molecular pathways involved in tumour growth. Anti-non-small cell lung cancer peptides that specifically target proteins such as EGFR, TP53, BRAF, MET, ROS1, and ALK have demonstrated potential in improving lung cancer outcomes. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing peptides offer further therapeutic benefits. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the peptides currently in use or under investigation for the treatment of lung cancer, highlighting their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. As research continues to advance, peptides are poised to become a promising new therapeutic option in the fight against lung cancer.

Update in Association between Lung Cancer and Air Pollution

A significant portion of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases occurs in populations exposed to air pollution. The World Health Organization has identified air pollution as a human carcinogen, prompting many countries to implement monitoring systems for ambient particulate matter (PM). PM is composed of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic particles, both solid and liquid, that are found in the air. Given the carcinogenic properties of PM and the high prevalence of lung cancer among exposed populations, exploring their connection and clinical implications is critical for effectively preventing lung cancer in this group. This review explores the relationship between ambient PM and lung cancer. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a dose-response relationship between PM exposure and lung cancer risk. PM exposure induces oxidative stress, disrupts the body's redox balance, and causes DNA damage, which is a crucial factor in cancer development. Recent findings on the strong correlation between ambient PM and adenocarcinoma highlight the importance of understanding the specific molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying pollution-related lung cancer. In addition to efforts to control emission sources at the international level, a more individualized approach is essential for preventing PM-related lung cancer.

Safety of Petroleum-Based Emollients in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that severely impacts the quality of life of both children and adults. Effectively managing AD entails addressing acute inflammatory symptoms, avoiding triggers, and preserving the homeostasis of the skin barrier with emollients. Petrolatum-based emollients are affordable occlusive agents that prevent moisture loss and create a protective layer on the skin to support healing; however, apprehensions, often stemming from safety-related information circulating on social media and mobile applications, have led to increased reluctance among parents and caregivers to use these products to treat their child's AD. This review aims to consolidate the available information in the literature concerning the safety of petrolatum-based emollients while comparing this with the information found in popular mobile applications used to check product safety and health information.

Bridging epigenomics and tumor immunometabolism: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Epigenomic modifications-such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and histone methylation-and their implications in tumorigenesis, progression, and treatment have emerged as a pivotal field in cancer research. Tumors undergo metabolic reprogramming to sustain proliferation and metastasis in nutrient-deficient conditions, while suppressing anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Concurrently, immune cells within the immunosuppressive TME undergo metabolic adaptations, leading to alterations in their immune function. The complicated interplay between metabolites and epigenomic modulation has spotlighted the significance of epigenomic regulation in tumor immunometabolism. In this review, characteristics of the epigenomic modification associated with tumors are systematically summarized alongside with their regulatory roles in tumor metabolic reprogramming and immunometabolism. Classical and emerging approaches are delineated to broaden the boundaries of research on the crosstalk research on the crosstalk between tumor immunometabolism and epigenomics. Furthermore, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target tumor immunometabolism to modulate epigenomic modifications, highlighting the burgeoning synergy between metabolic therapies and immunotherapy as a promising avenue for cancer treatment.

Machine learning-enhanced surface-enhanced spectroscopic detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the human placenta

The detection and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), are essential for environmental and health monitoring, for assessing toxicological exposure and their associated health risks. PAHs/PACs are the most dangerous chemicals found in tobacco smoke, and cigarette use during pregnancy can convey these molecules to the developing fetus through the placenta. This exposure is associated with many negative health outcomes, from premature birth to sudden infant death syndrome and adverse neurodevelopmental disorders. This study demonstrates the use of surface-enhanced Raman and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopies for direct detection of PAHs/PACs in human placental tissue. We applied two spectroscopy-informed machine learning algorithms, Characteristic Peak Extraction (CaPE) and Characteristic Peak Similarity (CaPSim), to identify the specific PAHs and PACs present in the placenta of women who smoked tobacco cigarettes in pregnancy compared to spectra of the placenta from self-reported nonsmokers. CaPE and CaPSim analysis enabled a clear distinction between these two groups. Independent verification was accomplished by detecting PAH-DNA and PAC-DNA adducts in the smoking group by means of a 32P-postlabeling assay. These findings highlight the effectiveness of combining surface-enhanced spectroscopies with informed ML analysis for the streamlined detection of hazardous environmental compounds in human tissues, suggesting broader applications in clinical diagnostics and public health surveillance.

Association of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with urinary incontinence in adults: A cross-sectional study

This study aims to investigate the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites and urinary incontinence (UI) in the general adult population. This study analyzed six urinary PAH metabolites in the general adult population from the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). UI was distinguished into stress UI (SUI), urgency UI (UUI), mixed UI (MUI), and any UI by self-reported questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression, and quantile g-computation (QG-C) were applied to assess the association between PAHs (individual and mixture exposure) and the prevalence of UI. A total of 8,136 participants were included in our study. The participants had a median age of 45.9 years, and 48.7 % of individuals were female. Most ln-transformed PAHs were positively and linearly related to the prevalence of SUI and any UI in women (P < 0.05). Increasing prevalence of SUI was associated with the highest quantiles of 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU) (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.27-2.33, P for trend = 0.002), 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) (OR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.29-2.38, P for trend = 0.008), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR) (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.05-1.96, P for trend = 0.012) compared with the lowest quantiles in women. The mixture of urinary PAH metabolites was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of SUI (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.01-1.19, P = 0.038) in women. Urinary 2-FLU had the greatest positive contribution to the overall effect, while 2-hydroxynapthalene (2-NAP) was the major negative contributor. Our study demonstrated that mixture exposure to PAHs is associated with the prevalence of SUI in adult women, which might be primarily driven by 2-FLU.

Degradation of anthracene and phenanthrene by strain Streptomyces sp. M-1 and its application in the treatment of PAHs-contaminated water

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants with mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity, widely distributed in the environment. Effective biodegradation of PAHs is highly required, especially in wastewater. An efficient PAHs degrading strain Streptomyces sp. M-1 was isolated from polluted kerosene. The degradation capacity of anthracene and phenanthrene was evaluated under various PAHs concentrations, pH, and temperatures by M-1. To find the degradation pathways, the key intermediates were detected by mass spectrometry and the enzyme-encoding genes were analyzed by many bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, the potential of the strain for bioremediation in PAH-contaminated water was evaluated. The results showed that the maximal degradation rate of anthracene and phenanthrene reached 93.14% (100 mg L-1, 7 days) and 49.25% (50 mg L-1, 7 days), respectively. Their average degradation rate increased within the concentration of 50-800 mg L-1 and reached 2.72 mg d-1 for anthracene and 1.28 mg d-1 for phenanthrene at 800 mg L-1. M-1 exhibited high and stable anthracene degradation rate under tested pH and temperatures, and high phenanthrene degradation under tested pH and higher temperatures. Based on the analysis of both intermediates and enzyme-encoding genes, it is proposed that anthracene undergoes degradation via the phthalic acid pathway, while phenanthrene follows the salicylic acid pathway. Finally, 98.98% degradation of anthracene and 72.77% degradation of phenanthrene in water was realized over 14 days. We thus propose that Streptomyces sp. M-1 is an effective degrader for bioremediation of PAHs pollution.

KCNJ15 inhibits chemical-induced lung carcinogenesis and progression through GNB1 mediated Hippo pathway

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important environmental carcinogens that can cause lung cancer. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanism during PAHs-induced lung carcinogenesis has remained largely unknown. Previously, we screened some novel epigenetic regulatory genes during 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA)-induced lung carcinogenesis, including the potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 15 (KCNJ15) gene. This study aimed to investigate the expression regulation, function, and mechanism of KCNJ15 through database analysis, malignant transformed cell model, and xenograft tumor models. We found that KCNJ15 was remarkably under-expressed during lung carcinogenesis and progression. High levels of DNA methylation led to low KCNJ15 expression in 3-MCA-induced malignantly transformed HBE cells. High expression of KCNJ15 was positively correlated with good survival prognosis in lung cancer patients. KCNJ15 overexpression significantly inhibited the growth, invasion, and migration of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of KCNJ15 resulted in an opposite phenotype. KCNJ15 regulated the Hippo pathway by activating YAP phosphorylation and inhibiting YAP expression. There was a significant protein-protein interaction between KCNJ15 and the G protein subunit beta 1 (GNB1). GNB1 overexpression effectively reduced the effect of KCNJ15 on Hippo pathway. Our data demonstrated that KCNJ15, as a novel epigenetic silencing tumor suppressor, regulates cell growth, invasion, and migration by interaction with GNB1 protein mediating the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway during chemical-induced lung carcinogenesis and progression. It provides novel insights into epigenetic regulation mechanism during carcinogenesis induced by environmental pollutants.

Biocatalytic Potential of Pseudomonas Species in the Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the major environmental pollutants, produced from incomplete combustion of materials like coal, oil, gas, wood, and charbroiled meat, that contaminate the air, soil, and water, necessitating urgent remediation. Understanding the metabolic pathways for PAHs degradation is crucial to preventing environmental damage and health issues. Biological methods are gaining increasing interest due to their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. These methods are particularly suitable for remediating PAHs contamination and mitigating associated risks. The paper also outlines the processes for biodegrading PAHs, emphasizing the function of Pseudomonas spp., a kind of bacterium recognized for its capacity to degrade PAHs. To eliminate PAHs from the environment and reduce threats to human health and the environment, Pseudomonas spp. is essential. Understanding the mechanism of PAH breakdown by means of microbes could lead to effective clean-up strategies. The review highlights the enzymatic capabilities, adaptability, and genetic versatility of the genes like nah and phn of Pseudomonas spp., which are involved in PAHs degradation pathways. Scientific evidence supports using Pseudomonas spp. as biocatalysts for PAHs clean-up, offering cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions.

Scrutinizing the evidence of anthracene toxicity on adrenergic receptor beta-2 and its bioremediation by fungal manganese peroxidase via in silico approaches

Exposure to anthracene can cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory issues, and potential long-term health risks, including carcinogenic effects. It is also toxic to aquatic and human life and has the potential for long-term environmental contamination. This study aims to alleviate the adverse environmental effects of anthracene through fungal degradation, focusing on bioremediation approaches using bioinformatics. Toxicity prediction using Pro-Tox 3.0 identified anthracene as a compound of toxicity class 4 with a LD50 of 316 mg/kg. Sequence of manganese peroxidase from Lachnellula suecica and human adrenergic receptor beta 2 were retrieved from NCBI databases. Secondary structure analysis using SOPMA indicated that both manganese peroxidase and adrenergic receptor beta 2 contain significant random coil content (56.57% and 51.57% respectively) followed by alpha-helix and beta-turns. The tertiary structure of both proteins was predicted using the SWISSMODEL tool and molecular docking using Autodock vina revealed strong binding affinities of anthracene with adrenergic receptor beta 2, showing a binding energy of - 6.6 kcal/mol with anthracene confirming the negative impacts on human health. To mitigate the anthracene pollution, further docking indicated Anthracene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid as the most vigorous ligand for manganese peroxidase of L. suecica with a binding energy of - 9.3 kcal/mol, suggesting its potential as a bioremediating agent. Visualization using Discovery Studio elucidated the molecular interactions within the docked complex. Molecular dynamics simulations using the OpenMM engine and AMBER force field confirmed stable enzyme-ligand complexes, highlighting the potential of manganese peroxidase for sustained enzymatic activity against anthracene.

An epigenetic memory at the CYP1A gene in cancer-resistant, pollution-adapted killifish

Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is a significant public health problem that will worsen with a warming climate and increased large-scale wildfires. Here, we characterize an epigenetic memory at the cytochrome P450 1 A (CYP1A) gene in wild Fundulus heteroclitus that have adapted to chronic, extreme PAH pollution. In wild-type fish, CYP1A is highly induced by PAH. In PAH-tolerant fish, CYP1A induction is blunted. Since CYP1A metabolically activates PAH, this memory protects these fish from PAH-mediated cancer. However, PAH-tolerant fish reared in clean water recover CYP1A inducibility, indicating a non-genetic effect. We observed epigenetic control of this reversible memory of generational PAH stress in F1 PAH-tolerant embryos. We detected a bivalent domain in the CYP1A promoter enhancer comprising both activating and repressive histone post-translational modifications. Activating modifications, relative to repressive ones, showed greater increases in response to PAH in sensitive embryos, relative to tolerant, consistent with greater gene activation. PAH-tolerant adult fish showed persistent induction of CYP1A long after exposure cessation, which is consistent with defective CYP1A shutoff. These results indicate that PAH-tolerant fish have epigenetic protection against PAH-induced cancer in early life that degrades in response to continuous gene activation.

Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and current asthma: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants that can cause a variety of health problems. This study sought to determine whether there was a relationship between PAHs and current asthma in adults.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2016 and employed multifactor logistic regression, subgroup analyses, and smoothed curve fitting to examine the linear and nonlinear associations between PAHs and current asthma.

RESULTS

A total of 8729 adult participants were included in the study. We found a linear positive association between current asthma and the six PAHs. In the fully adjusted model, log 3-Hydroxyfluorene, log 2-Hydroxyfluorene, and log 1-Hydroxypyrene remained significantly associated with current asthma. Subgroup analyses stratified by smoking status, gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) showed consistent associations between PAHs and current asthma, with some subgroups displaying stronger positive correlations. Specifically, positive correlations between log 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, log 3-Hydroxyfluorene, and log 2-Hydroxyfluorene with current asthma were independently significant in smokers. Among women, log 3-Hydroxyfluorene and log 2-Hydroxyfluorene were also significantly associated with current asthma. In participants with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, log 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, log 2-Hydroxynaphthalene, and log 1-Hydroxypyrene were significantly correlated with current asthma. For individuals aged 20-40 years, log 3-Hydroxyfluorene and log 1-Hydroxypyrene showed independent associations with current asthma, with age modifying the relationship between log 1-Hydroxypyrene and current asthma (p for interaction < 0.05), while p for interaction values in other subgroups were not statistically significant. Additionally, a variable relationship between log 1-Hydroxypyrene and current asthma was identified by smoothing curve fitting. The data suggested that below the inflection point of 1.87, the association fluctuates, while above this point, a linear increase in current asthma is observed, as indicated by a two-piecewise linear regression model.

CONCLUSIONS

We found a positive association between PAHs and current asthma in adults, with a variable relationship between log 1-Hydroxypyrene and current asthma, suggesting that high levels of 1-Hydroxypyrene exposure may increase the risk of current asthma. More prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Increased health risk from co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Epidemiological insight from e-waste workers in Hong Kong

The alarming surge in electronic waste (e-waste) in Hong Kong has heightened concerns regarding occupational exposure to a myriad of pollutants. Among these, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates (PAEs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are prevalent and known for their harmful effects, including the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage, thereby contributing to various diseases. This study addresses gaps in knowledge by investigating exposure levels of these pollutants-measured via hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs), phthalate metabolites (mPAEs), and PFASs-in urine from 101 e-waste workers and 100 office workers. E-waste workers exhibited higher concentrations of these substances compared to office workers. Elevated urinary levels of OH-PAHs, mPAEs, and PFASs correlated significantly with increased 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels (β = 2.53, 95 % CI: 2.12-3.02). The association between short-chain PFASs (Perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPeA) and DNA damage was discovered for the first time. Despite most participants (95 %) showing hazard index (HI) values below non-carcinogenic risk thresholds for PAHs and PAEs, certain pollutants posed higher risks among e-waste workers, necessitating enhanced protective measures. Moreover, the 95th percentile of carcinogenic risk associated with diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exceeded 10-4 in both groups, highlighting the urgent need for regulatory measures to mitigate DEHP exposure risks in Hong Kong.

Iron-doped diesel exhaust early-in-life inhalation-induced cardiopulmonary toxicity in chicken embryo: Roles of ferroptosis and acyl hydrocarbon signaling

Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major contributor to air pollution. Iron-doping could improve diesel burning efficacy and decrease emission, however, it will also change the composition of DE, potentially enhancing the toxicities. This study is aimed to assess iron-doped DE-induced cardiopulmonary toxicity in an established in ovo early-in-life inhalation exposure chicken embryo model, and to explore potential mechanisms. Ferrocene (205, 410, 820,1640 mg/L, equivalent to 75, 150, 300, 600 ppm iron mass) was added to diesel fuel, DE was collected from a diesel generator, and then exposed to embryonic day 18-19 chicken embryo via in ovo inhalation. Hatched chickens were kept for 0, 1, or 3 months, and then sacrificed. Histopathology, electrocardiography along with biochemical methods were used to assess cardiopulmonary toxicities. For mechanistic investigation, inhibitor for ferroptosis (ferrostatin-1) or Acyl hydrocarbon receptor (PDM2) were administered before DE (with or without iron-doping), and the cardiopulmonary toxicities were compared. Characterization of DE particles indicated that addition of ferrocene significantly elevated iron content. Additionally, the contents of major toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decreased following addition of 820 mg/L ferrocene, but increased at other doses. Remarkable cardiopulmonary toxicities, in the manifestation of elevated heart rates, cardiac remodeling and cardiac/pulmonary fibrosis were observed in animals exposed to iron-doped DEs, in which the addition of ferrocene significantly enhanced the toxicities. Both ferrostatin-1 and PDM2 pretreatment could effectively alleviate the observed effects in animals exposed to iron-doped DE. Inhibition of AhR signaling seems to be capable of alleviating changes to ferroptosis related molecules following exposure to iron-doped DE, while inhibition of ferroptosis does not seem to affect AhR signaling molecules. In summary, iron-doping with ferrocene to diesel enhanced DE-induced cardiopulmonary toxicities in chicken embryos. Ferroptosis and AhR signaling both seem to participate in this process, in which AhR signaling seems to affect ferroptosis.

Benzo (A) pyrene exposure alters alveolar epithelial and macrophage cells diversity and induces antioxidant responses in lungs

This study was designed to investigate the toxic effects of benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) in the lungs. Mice were repeatedly treated orally with BaP (50 mg/kg body weight, twice a week for four weeks) to induce a tumour. After 4 months of BaP administration, tumours were visible beneath the skin. The histopathological section of the lungs shows congestion of pulmonary blood vessels, alveolar hyperplasia, and concurrent epithelial hyperplasia with infiltrates of inflammatory cells also seen. Thereafter, a single-cell suspension of lung tissues was stained with fluorescently conjugated antibodies for the demarcation of alveolar epithelial (anti-mouse CD74 and podoplanin) and macrophage (F4/80 and CD11b) cells and measured by flow cytometry. The expression of antioxidant genes was assessed by qRT-PCR. The number of alveolar epithelial cells 1 (AEC1) increased, but the number of alveolar epithelial cells 2 (AEC2) and transitional alveolar epithelial cells (TAEC) was significantly decreased in tumour-bearing mice. The proportion of CD11b+ alveolar macrophages (AM) and interstitial macrophages (IM) was increased, but the proportion of F4/80+ AM cells was reduced. The BaP administration significantly increased the ROS production in alveolar cells. The relative expression levels of antioxidant genes (SOD1, catalase, GPX1, and HIF-1α) were increased, but NRF2 expression was decreased in BaP-treated alveolar cells. The expression of anti-inflammatory (NF-κB) was also significantly increased. In conclusion, BaP exposure induced an inflammatory response, altered alveolar epithelial cell and macrophage diversity, and increased antioxidant responses in the lungs.

Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and genetic variants in the cGAS-STING pathway affect the risk of colorectal cancer

The cGAS-STING pathway plays an essential role in the activation of tumor immune cells. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants with potential carcinogenicity, and their exposure is associated with the development of colorectal cancer. However, the impacts of genetic factors in the cGAS‒STING pathway and gene‒environment interactions on colorectal cancer remain understudied. We used logistic regression models and interaction analysis to evaluate the impact of genetic variants on colorectal cancer risk and gene‒environment interactions. We analysed the expression patterns of candidate genes based on the RNA-seq data. Molecular biology experiments were performed to investigate the impact of PAHs exposure on candidate gene expression and the progression of colorectal cancer. We identified the susceptibility locus rs3750511 in the cGAS‒STING pathway, which is associated with colorectal cancer risk. A negative interaction between TRAF2 rs3750511 and PAHs exposure was also identified. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed significantly elevated expression of TRAF2 in colorectal cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, especially in T cells. BPDE exposure increased TRAF2 expression and the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. The treatment also further increased the expression of the TRAF2 downstream gene NF-κB and decreased the expression of Caspase8. Our results suggest that the genetic variant of rs3750511 affects the expression of TRAF2, thereby increasing the risk of colorectal cancer through interaction with PAHs. Our study provides new insights into the influence of gene‒environment interactions on the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Nationwide monitoring of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using high speed rotation-type passive sampling device in Korean coastal waters

Measuring the concentration of PAHs in the freely dissolved phase is crucial for assessing ecological impacts in the marine environment. However, various environmental conditions make short-term monitoring challenging. This study used an optimized High Speed Rotation-Type Passive Sampling Device (HSR-PSD) equipped with linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) to conduct the first nationwide monitoring of freely dissolved PAHs in Korean coastal waters. The HSR-PSD enabled faster short-term monitoring by measuring Cfree of PAHs within 12 h and was less affected by environmental conditions compared to conventional PSDs. Σ15PAH concentrations ranged from 2.8 to 9.4 ng/L, with significantly higher levels on the western coast. Anthropogenic activities and oceanic conditions affected Cfree distribution in coastal areas. Based on Cfree, the estimated PAH levels in bivalves and fish were aligned with reported tissue concentrations, exhibiting low ecological risk to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the HSR-PSD with LLDPE is a suitable tool for nationwide short-term monitoring.

Machine Learning-Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection for Environmental Applications: A Review

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has gained significant attention for its ability to detect environmental contaminants with high sensitivity and specificity. The cost-effectiveness and potential portability of the technique further enhance its appeal for widespread application. However, challenges such as the management of voluminous quantities of high-dimensional data, its capacity to detect low-concentration targets in the presence of environmental interferents, and the navigation of the complex relationships arising from overlapping spectral peaks have emerged. In response, there is a growing trend toward the use of machine learning (ML) approaches that encompass multivariate tools for effective SERS data analysis. This comprehensive review delves into the detailed steps needed to be considered when applying ML techniques for SERS analysis. Additionally, we explored a range of environmental applications where different ML tools were integrated with SERS for the detection of pathogens and (in)organic pollutants in environmental samples. We sought to comprehend the intricate considerations and benefits associated with ML in these contexts. Additionally, the review explores the future potential of synergizing SERS with ML for real-world applications.

Circadian control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced dysregulation of endothelial tight junctions and mitochondrial bioenergetics

The study evaluates the impact of environmental toxicants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), on circadian regulations and functions of brain endothelial cells, which form the main structural element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). PAH are lipophilic and highly toxic environmental pollutants that accumulate in human and animal tissues. Environmental factors related to climate change, such as an increase in frequency and intensity of wildfires or enhanced strength of hurricanes or tropical cyclones, may lead to redistribution of these toxicants and enhanced human exposure. These natural disasters are also associated with disruption of circadian rhythms in affected populations, linking increased exposure to environmental toxicants to alterations of circadian rhythm pathways. Several vital physiological processes are coordinated by circadian rhythms, and disruption of the circadian clock can contribute to the development of several diseases. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is crucial for protecting the brain from blood-borne harmful substances, and its integrity is influenced by circadian rhythms. Exposure of brain endothelial cells to a human and environmentally-relevant PAH mixture resulted in dose-dependent alterations of expression of critical circadian modulators, such as Clock, Bmal1, Cry1/2, and Per1/2. Moreover, silencing of the circadian Clock gene potentiated the impact of PAHs on the expression of the main tight junction genes and proteins (namely, claudin-5, occludin, JAM-2, and ZO-2), as well as mitochondrial bioenergetics. Findings from this study contribute to a better understanding of pathological influence of PAH-induced health effects, especially those related to circadian rhythm disruption.

The individual and combined effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on asthma among US children: evidence from the NHANES study

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure has been linked to asthma, but their individual and combined effects in children remain unclear. Using data from the 2003-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we investigated the associations between PAHs and asthma through logistic regression, Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression, Quantile g Computation (qg computation), and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant impact of PAHs on asthma, particularly in males. The WQS model showed a marginally significant combined effect of 9 PAHs on asthma (Odds Ratio = 1.37, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.06-1.75). BKMR also indicated a positive association between combined PAH exposure and asthma. 2-Hydroxyfluorene and 1-Hydroxypyrene were identified as the most significant contributors. These findings suggest that mixed PAH exposure is associated with asthma risk in children.

Cytotoxicity of the exhaled aerosol particles from the usage of conventional cigarette and heated tobacco product as determined by a novel "Cells-on-Particles" exposure model in vitro

The exposure and health implications of exhaled aerosol particles from tobacco products remain a critical area of concern in public health. This research aimed to characterize the cytotoxicity of exhaled aerosol particles from conventional cigarettes (CC) and heated tobacco products (HTP) using a novel "Cells-on-Particles" integrated aerosol sampling and cytotoxicity in vitro testing platform. The research uniquely captures the physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols by depositing them onto fibrous matrixes, enabling a more accurate representation of exposure conditions. New insights were provided into the differences between CC and HTP in terms of particle size distributions, cell viability, metabolic activity, and the expression of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress. This approach marks a significant advancement in the field by offering a more direct and representative method to evaluate the potential health hazards of tobacco aerosol particles.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in Chinese pregnant women: Concentrations, variability, predictors, and association with oxidative stress biomarkers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of pervasive contaminants having adverse health effects. Urinary monohydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) are commonly employed as biomarkers to estimate PAH exposure levels in humans. However, little is understood about the variability in OH-PAHs among pregnant women across trimesters and their relationship with oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs). Based on a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Wuhan, China, we selected 644 women who donated (spot) urine samples across different trimesters and measured the urinary concentrations of eight OH-PAHs and three selected OSBs (8-OHG, 8-OHdG, and HNEMA) to explore the relationship between the OH-PAHs and OSBs. Pregnant women were found to be ubiquitously exposed to the PAHs, with detection rates of the OH-PAHs ranging from 86.3% to 100%. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-OH-Nap) had the highest urinary concentrations among the OH-PAHs during the three trimesters (specific gravity-adjusted median values for the first, second, and third trimesters: 1.86, 2.39, and 2.20 ng/mL, respectively). However, low reproducibility of the OH-PAHs was observed across the three trimesters with intraclass correlation coefficients ranged between 0.02 and 0.22. Most urinary OH-PAHs had the highest concentrations at the first trimester and the lowest at the third trimester. Some OH-PAH concentrations were higher in pregnant women with lower educational level [2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OH-Phen) and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OH-Phen)], those who were overweight [2-OH-Nap, 2/3-hydroxyfluorene (2/3-OH-Fluo), 2-OH-Phen, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-Phen)], those who were unemployed during pregnancy [1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1/9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 4-OH-Phen], and the samples donated in summer (most OH-PAHs, except for 2-OH-Nap). In multivariable linear mixed-effects model analyses, every OH-PAH was found to be significantly associated with increased levels of the three OSBs. For example, each interquartile range-fold increase in 2/3-OH-Fluo concentration was associated with the largest increase in 8-OHdG (65.4%) and 8-OHG (49.1%), while each interquartile range-fold increase in 3-OH-Phen concentration was associated with the largest increase in HNEMA (76.3%). Weighted quantile sum regression models, which were used to examine the joint effect of OH-PAH mixture on the OSBs, revealed positive associations between the OH-PAH mixture exposure and the OSBs. Specifically, 2/3-OH-Fluo and 2-OH-Nap were the major contributors in the association with oxidative damage of nucleic acids (8-OHdG and 8-OHG), while hydroxyphenanthrenes and 1-hydroxypyrene were the major contributors in the association with oxidative damage of lipid (HNEMA). Further work is required to examine the potential mediating role of oxidative stress in the relationship of adverse health outcomes with elevated PAH exposure among pregnant women.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of PAHs exposure with serum uric acid and hyperuricemia among Chinese urban residents: The potential role of oxidative damage

A few studies found polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were associated with serum uric acid (SUA) or hyperuricemia (HUA). However, the longitudinal study is vacant, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of urinary PAHs metabolites with SUA levels and HUA risk, and explore the mediating effects of oxidative stress and inflammation. 10 urinary mono-hydroxylated PAHs metabolites and SUA levels were measured among 4047 Chinese urban residents at baseline and 1496 individuals at 6-year follow-up. Biomarkers of oxidative damage and inflammation in urine/plasma were determined at baseline. We adopted generalized linear mixed models and logistic regression to assess the associations of PAHs metabolites with SUA and HUA, weighted quantile sum regression and adaptive elastic net regression to evaluate the overall effects of multi-PAHs mixture, and mediation analysis to estimate the mediating roles of the biomarkers. In the cross-sectional study, each 1-unit increase in the ln-transformed values of 2-OHNa, 2-OHFlu, 4-OHPh, 9-OHPh, 3-OHPh, 2-OHPh, ΣOHNa, ΣOHPh, and ΣOHPAHs was associated with a 4.10-, 3.90-, 6.42-, 7.33-, 4.85-, 5.43-, 4.47-, 7.67-, and 5.22-μmol/L increase in SUA, respectively. Meanwhile, each 1-unit increase in the ln-transformed values of 1-OHNa, 2-OHNa, 4-OHPh, 9-OHPh, 3-OHPh, 2-OHPh, ΣOHNa, ΣOHPh, and ΣOHPAHs was associated with a 17, 14, 15, 22, 14, 19, 18, 27, and 21% increment in HUA risk, respectively. After 6 years, individuals with persistent high level of 9-OHPh had a 12.5 μmol/L increase in SUA compared with those with persistent low level. The overall effects of multi-PAHs mixture on SUA and HUA remain positive. 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine mediated the associations of PAHs metabolites with SUA and HUA, and the mediated proportion ranged from 5.39% to 15.34%. PAHs exposure was associated with the elevated SUA levels and increased HUA risk, and oxidative DNA damage may be one of the underlying mechanisms.

PhenoMultiOmics: an enzymatic reaction inferred multi-omics network visualization web server

MOTIVATION

Enzymatic reaction play a pivotal role in regulating cellular processes with a high degree of specificity to biological functions. When enzymatic reactions are disrupted by gene, protein, or metabolite dysfunctions in diseases, it becomes crucial to visualize the resulting perturbed enzymatic reaction-induced multi-omics network. Multi-omics network visualization aids in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the functionality and regulatory mechanisms within biological systems.

RESULTS

In this study, we designed PhenoMultiOmics, an enzymatic reaction-based multi-omics web server designed to explore the scope of the multi-omics network across various cancer types. We first curated the PhenoMultiOmics database, which enables the retrieval of cancer-gene-protein-metabolite relationships based on the enzymatic reactions. We then developed the MultiOmics network visualization module to depict the interplay between genes, proteins, and metabolites in response to specific cancer-related enzymatic reactions. The biomarker discovery module facilitates functional analysis through differential omic feature expression and pathway enrichment analysis. PhenoMultiOmics has been applied to analyze the transcriptomics data of gastric cancer and the metabolomics data of lung cancer, providing mechanistic insights into interrupted enzymatic reactions and the associated multi-omics network.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

PhenoMultiOmics is freely accessed at https://phenomultiomics.shinyapps.io/cancer/ with a user-friendly and interactive web interface.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent toxicity by retene requires metabolic competence

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds frequently detected in the environment with widely varying toxicities. Many PAHs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), inducing the expression of a battery of genes, including xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes like cytochrome P450s (CYPs); however, not all PAHs act via this mechanism. We screened several parent and substituted PAHs in in vitro AHR activation assays to classify their unique activity. Retene (1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene) displays Ahr2-dependent teratogenicity in zebrafish, but did not activate human AHR or zebrafish Ahr2, suggesting a retene metabolite activates Ahr2 in zebrafish to induce developmental toxicity. To investigate the role of metabolism in retene toxicity, studies were performed to determine the functional role of cyp1a, cyp1b1, and the microbiome in retene toxicity, identify the zebrafish window of susceptibility, and measure retene uptake, loss, and metabolite formation in vivo. Cyp1a-null fish were generated using CRISPR-Cas9. Cyp1a-null fish showed increased sensitivity to retene toxicity, whereas Cyp1b1-null fish were less susceptible, and microbiome elimination had no significant effect. Zebrafish required exposure to retene between 24 and 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) to exhibit toxicity. After static exposure, retene concentrations in zebrafish embryos increased until 24 hpf, peaked between 24 and 36 hpf, and decreased rapidly thereafter. We detected retene metabolites at 36 and 48 hpf, indicating metabolic onset preceding toxicity. This study highlights the value of combining molecular and systems biology approaches with mechanistic and predictive toxicology to interrogate the role of biotransformation in AHR-dependent toxicity.

Exploration of microRNAs from blood extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ubiquitously environmental contaminant, leads to the development of major toxic effects on human health, such as carcinogenic and immunosuppressive alterations reported for the most studied PAH, i.e., benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). In order to assess the risk associated with this exposure, it is necessary to have predictive biomarkers. Thus, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their microRNA (miRNA) contents, have recently been proposed as potentially interesting biomarkers in Toxicology. Our study here explores the use of vesicles secreted and found in blood fluids, and their miRNAs, as biomarkers of exposure to B(a)P alone and within a realistic occupational mixture. We isolated EVs from primary human cultured blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and rat plasma after PAH exposure and reported an increased EV production by B(a)P, used either alone or in the mixture, in vitro and in vivo. We then investigated the association of this EV release with the blood concentration of the 7,8,9,10-hydroxy (tetrol)-B(a)P reactive metabolite, in rats. By performing RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of miRNAs in PBMC-derived EVs, we analyzed miRNA profiles and demonstrated the regulation of the expression of miR-342-3p upon B(a)P exposure. We then validated B(a)P-induced changes of miR-342-3p expression in vivo in rat plasma-derived EVs. Overall, our study highlights the feasibility of using EVs and their miRNA contents, as biomarkers of PAH exposure and discusses their potential in environmental Toxicology.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons promotes the progression of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A population-based cohort study in China

Low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1) is an early stage of cervical cancer development. Previously, we reported that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increases the risk of cervical precancerous lesions, especially in females with a high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. However, the effects of PAHs on CIN1 progression remain unclear. A community-based prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the role of exposure to PAHs in the progression of CIN1. A total of 564 patients diagnosed with CIN1 were followed-up at 6, 12, and 24 months, post-diagnosis, to determine CIN1 reversion, persistence, and progression. Exposure to PAHs was determined by the urine 1-hydroxipayrene (1-OHP) level. Our results showed that the 1-OHP level was significantly higher in patients with CIN1 persistence/progression than in those with reversion (P < .05). High exposure to PAHs increased the risk of CIN1 persistence/progression, with hazard ratios (HR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) of (1.62, 1.24-2.67), (1.98, 1.42-2.75), and (2.37, 1.61-3.49) at 6, 12, and 24 months, post-diagnosis, respectively. The effect was enhanced with HR-HPV positivity, as determined at 6 (1.82, 1.24-2.67), 12 (3.02, 1.74-5.23), and 24 (2.51, 1.48-4.26) months, post-diagnosis. Moreover, the predictive value of exposure to PAHs for CIN1 persistence/progression was higher in HR-HPV-positive patients than in HR-HPV-negative patients. The results revealed that exposure to PAHs facilitated the malignant progression of CIN1 and hindered its reversal, particularly in patients with HR-HPV infection. Our findings provide novel insights into early prevention and intervention targeting the initiation and progression of cervical neoplasia.

The toxic effects of Helicobacter pylori and benzo(a)pyrene in inducing atrophic gastritis and gut microbiota dysbiosis in Mongolian gerbils

Food chemical and microbiological contamination are major global food safety issues. This study investigated the combined effects of the food-borne pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and the pollutant benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) on atrophic gastritis and gut microbiota in Mongolian gerbils. The results demonstrated that simultaneous administration of H. pylori and Bap caused more severe weight loss, DNA damage, and gastritis in Mongolian gerbils compared with those exposed to H. pylori or Bap alone. The combination also significantly increased the serum level of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β (p < .05), IL-6 (p < .0001), and TNF-α (p < .05). Additionally, the H. pylori and Bap combination altered the composition of gut microbiota in Mongolian gerbils: the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus at the genus level (p < .05) was significantly reduced while the relative abundance of Allobaculum and Erysipelotrichaceae enhanced (p < .0001, p < .05). Our study revealed that the synergy of H. pylori and Bap can boost the development of atrophic gastritis and lead to gut microbiota dysbiosis in Mongolian gerbils, which provides essential implications for preventing contaminated foods to sustain life and promote well-being.

Status and frontier analysis of indoor PM2.5-related health effects: a bibliometric analysis

Epidemiological data indicate atmospheric particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has many negative effects on human health. Of note, people spend about 90% of their time indoors. More importantly, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, indoor air pollution causes nearly 1.6 million deaths each year, and it is considered as one of the major health risk factors. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the harmful effects of indoor PM2.5 on human health, we used bibliometric software to summarize articles in this field. In conclusion, since 2000, the annual publication volume has increased year by year. America topped the list for the number of articles, and Professor Petros Koutrakis and Harvard University were the author and institution with the most published in this research area, respectively. Over the past decade, scholars gradually paid attention to molecular mechanisms, therefore, the toxicity can be better explored. Particularly, apart from timely intervention and treatment for adverse consequences, it is necessary to effectively reduce indoor PM2.5 through technologies. In addition, the trend and keywords analysis are favorable ways to find out future research hotspots. Hopefully, various countries and regions strengthen academic cooperation and integration of multi-disciplinary.

Global research trends and hotspots on smoking and lung cancer from 1994-2023: A bibliometric analysis

INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer is a significant cause of mortality, especially among smokers. Lung cancer and smoking are strongly associated, according to numerous studies.

METHODS

Publications related to smoking and lung cancer were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) database of the Web of Science Core Collection for the period 1994-2023. Descriptive and visual analyses were performed on the topics, journals, countries, institutions, authors, and citations of the publications.

RESULTS

A total of 728 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) SCIE database for the period January 1994 to December 2023, and the number of publications in the relevant literature demonstrated a progressive increase with time. A total of 647 articles were classified as experimental, while 81 were classified as reviews. The studies were published in 200 journals. The three journals that published the most articles were the American Journal of Epidemiology with 82 articles, Lung Cancer with 34 articles, and Cancer Causes and Control with 26 articles. The three most prolific countries were the United States (286 articles, 38.3%; 15879 citations), China (116 articles, 15.9%; 2911 citations), and France (75 articles, 10.3%; 3694 citations). The four most popular keywords in this field are 'early cancer detection', 'experimental', 'CT', and 'survival rate'.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of our study revealed key areas for focus in smoking and lung cancer research, having a view of supplying important data and motivation for further investigations.

An epigenetic memory at the CYP1A gene in cancer-resistant, pollution-adapted killifish

Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is a significant and growing public health problem. Frequent, high dose exposures are likely to increase due to a warming climate and increased frequency of large-scale wildfires. Here, we characterize an epigenetic memory at the cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene in a population of wild Fundulus heteroclitus that has adapted to chronic, extreme PAH pollution. In wild-type fish, CYP1A is highly induced by PAH. In PAH-tolerant fish, CYP1A induction is blunted. Since CYP1A metabolically activates PAH, this memory protects these fish from PAH-mediated cancer. However, PAH-tolerant fish reared in clean water recover CYP1A inducibility, indicating that blunted induction is a non-genetic memory of prior exposure. To explore this possibility, we bred depurated wild fish from PAH-sensitive and - tolerant populations, manually fertilized exposure-naïve embryos, and challenged them with PAH. We observed epigenetic control of the reversible memory of generational PAH stress in F1 PAH-tolerant embryos. Specifically, we observed a bivalent domain in the CYP1A promoter enhancer comprising both activating and repressive histone post-translational modifications. Activating modifications, relative to repressive ones, showed greater increases in response to PAH in sensitive embryos, relative to tolerant, consistent with greater gene activation. Also, PAH-tolerant adult fish showed persistent induction of CYP1A long after exposure cessation, which is consistent with defective CYP1A shutoff and recovery to baseline. Since CYP1A expression is inversely correlated with cancer risk, these results indicate that PAH-tolerant fish have epigenetic protection against PAH-induced cancer in early life that degrades in response to continuous gene activation.

Increased mortality risk from airborne exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

BACKGROUND

The potential health effects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among general population remained extensively unstudied. This study sought to investigate the association of short-term exposure to low-level total and 7 carcinogenic PAHs with mortality risk.

METHODS

We conducted an individual-level time-stratified case-crossover study in Jiangsu province of eastern China, by investigating over 2 million death cases during 2016-2019. Daily concentrations of total PAH and its 7 carcinogenic species including benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), predicted by well-validated spatiotemporal models, were assigned to death cases according to their residential addresses. We estimated mortality risk associated with short-term exposure to increase of an interquartile range (IQR) for aforementioned PAHs using conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS

An IQR increase (16.9 ng/m3) in 2-day (the current and prior day) moving average of total PAH concentration was associated with risk increases of 1.90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71-2.09) in all-cause mortality, 1.90% (95% CI: 1.70-2.10) in nonaccidental mortality, 2.01% (95% CI: 1.72-2.29) in circulatory mortality, and 2.53% (95% CI: 2.03-3.02) in respiratory mortality. Risk increases of cause-specific mortality ranged between 1.42-1.90% for BaA (IQR: 1.6 ng/m3), 1.94-2.53% for BaP (IQR: 1.6 ng/m3), 2.45-3.16% for BbF (IQR: 2.8 ng/m3), 2.80-3.65% for BkF (IQR: 1.0 ng/m3), 1.36-1.77% for Chr (IQR: 1.8 ng/m3), 0.77-1.24% for DahA (IQR: 0.8 ng/m3), and 2.96-3.85% for IcdP (IQR: 1.7 ng/m3).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provided suggested evidence for heightened mortality risk in relation to short-term exposure to airborne PAHs in general population. Our findings suggest that airborne PAHs may pose a potential threat to public health, emphasizing the need of more population-based evidence to enhance the understanding of health risk under the low-dose exposure scenario.

Inflammatory biomarkers mediate the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and dyslipidemia: A national population-based study

Exploring the association between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the risk of dyslipidemia and possible mediating effects is essential for conducting epidemiological health studies on related lipid disorders. Therefore, our study aimed to elucidate the potential association between PAH exposure and dyslipidemia risk and further identify the mediating effects based on blood cell-based inflammatory biomarkers. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 8380 individuals with complete survey data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2016). Multiple models (generalized linear regression model, restricted cubic spline model, Bayesian kernel machine regression, weighted quantiles sum regression) were used to assess the relationship between PAH co-exposure and the dyslipidemia risk and further identify potential mediating effects. Among the 8380 subjects, 2886 (34.44 %) had dyslipidemia. After adjusting for the confounding factors, the adjusted OR and 95% CI for dyslipidemia in the highest quartile of subjects were 1.30 (1.11, 1.51), 1. 22 (1.04, 1.43), 1.21 (1.03, 1.42), 1.29 (1.10, 1.52), 1.18 (1.01, 1.37), and 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) for 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene. The Bayesian kernel machine regression model also showed a positive correlation between PAH mixtures and dyslipidemia, and 2-FLU has the highest contribution. Mediation effect analyses showed that white blood cells and neutrophils were statistically significant in the association between PAHs and dyslipidemia. The present study suggests that individual and mixed PAH exposures may increase the risk of dyslipidemia in adults. Inflammatory biomarkers significantly mediated the relationship between PAH exposure and dyslipidemia. Environmental pollutants and their mechanisms should be more intensively monitored and studied.

Circular RNA circNIPBL regulates TP53-H179R mutations in NNK-induced bronchial epithelial carcinogenesis

Exposure to environmental carcinogens is a significant contributor to cancer development, with genetic and epigenetic alterations playing pivotal roles in the carcinogenic process. However, the interplay between epigenetic regulation and genetic changes in carcinogenesis has yet to receive comprehensive attention. This study investigates the impact of continuous exposure to the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on bronchial epithelial cells, leading to malignant transformation. Our findings reveal the down-regulation of the tumor suppressor-like circular RNA circNIPBL during oncogenic processes concomitant with the accumulation of the TP53-H179R, a single nucleotide variant. Diminished circNIPBL expression enhances the proliferative, distant metastatic, and tumor-forming capabilities of NNK-induced cancerous cells and lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299), while also promoting the accumulation of TP53-H179R during NNK-induced carcinogenesis. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that circNIPBL interacts with HSP90α to regulate the translocation of AHR into the nucleus, which may be a potential regulatory mechanism for NNK-induced carcinogenesis and TP53-H179R accumulation. This study introduces a novel perspective on the interplay between genetic alterations and epigenetic regulation in chemical carcinogenesis, which provides novel insight into the etiology of cancer.

Lactobacillus murinus alleviated lung inflammation induced by PAHs in mice

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism that Lactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) alleviated lung inflammation induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure based on metabolomics.

METHODS

Female mice were administrated with PAHs mix, L. murinus and indoleacrylic acid (IA) or indolealdehyde (IAId). Microbial diversity in feces was detected by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis in urine samples and targeted analysis of tryptophan metabolites in serum by UPLC-Orbitrap-MS and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces by GC-MS were performed, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to determine T helper immune cell differentiation in gut and lung tissues. The levels of IgE, IL-4 and IL-17A in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or serum were detected by ELISA. The expressions of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1a1) and forkheadbox protein 3 (Foxp3) genes and the histone deacetylation activity were detected by qPCR and by ELISA in lung tissues, respectively.

RESULTS

PAHs exposure induced lung inflammation and microbial composition shifts and tryptophan metabolism disturbance in mice. L. murinus alleviated PAHs-induced lung inflammation and inhibited T helper cell 17 (Th17) cell differentiation and promoted regulatory T cells (Treg) cell differentiation. L. murinus increased the levels of IA and IAId in the serum and regulated Th17/Treg imbalance by activating AhR. Additionally, L. murinus restored PAHs-induced decrease of butyric acid and valeric acid which can reduce the histone deacetylase (HDAC) level in the lung tissues, enhancing the expression of the Foxp3 gene and promoting Treg cell differentiation.

CONCLUSION

our study illustrated that L. murinus alleviated PAHs-induced lung inflammation and regulated Th17/Treg cell differentiation by regulating host tryptophan metabolism and SCFA levels. The study provided new insights into the reciprocal influence between gut microbiota, host metabolism and the immune system, suggesting that L. murinus might have the potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for lung diseases caused by environmental pollution in the future.

Effects of Naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene Exposure on CYP1A1 Expression: An in Vivo and in Vitro Mechanistic Study Exploring the Role of m6A Posttranscriptional Modification

BACKGROUND

Currently, many emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been found to be widely present in the environment. However, little has been reported about their toxicity, particularly in relation to CYP1A1.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to explore the toxicity of naphtho[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP) and elucidate the mechanism underlying N21aP-induced expression of CYP1A1.

METHODS

The concentration and sources of N21aP were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and diagnostic ratio analysis. Then the effects of CYP1A1 on the toxicity of N21aP were conducted in male wild-type (WT) and Cyp1a1 knockout mice exposed to N21aP (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg / kg ) through intratracheal instillation. Further, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway was examined through luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A ) modification levels were measured on global RNA and specifically on CYP1A1 mRNA using dot blotting and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (MeRIP qRT-PCR), with validation by m 6 A inhibitors, DAA and SAH. m 6 A sites on CYP1A1 were identified by bioinformatics and luciferase assays, and CYP1A1 mRNA's interaction with IGF2BP3 was confirmed by RNA pull-down, luciferase, and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

RESULTS

N21aP was of the same environmental origin as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) but was more stably present in the environment. N21aP could be metabolically activated by CYP1A1 to produce epoxides, causing DNA damage and further leading to lung inflammation. Importantly, in addition to the classical AhR pathway (i.e., BaP), N21aP also induced CYP1A1 expression with a posttranscriptional modification of m 6 A in CYP1A1 mRNA via the METTL14-IGF2BP3-CYP1A1 axis. Specifically, in the two recognition sites of METTL14 on the CYP1A1 mRNA transcript (position at 2700 and 5218), a methylation site (position at 5218) in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) was recognized by IGF2BP3, enhanced the stability of CYP1A1 mRNA, and finally resulted in an increase in CYP1A1 expression.

DISCUSSION

This study systematically demonstrated that in addition to AhR-mediated transcriptional regulation, N21aP, had a new additional mechanism of m 6 A -mediated posttranscriptional modification, jointly contributing to CYP1A1 expression. Given that PAHs are the metabolic substrates of CYP1A1, this study not only helps to understand the significance of environment-genetic interactions for the toxicity of PAHs but also helps to better understand the health risks of the emerging PAHs at environmental exposure levels. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14055.

Associations of multiple hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with serum levels of lipids in the workers from coking and non-ferrous smelting industries

Epidemiological evidence indicates that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with certain metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between PAHs and serum lipid profiles in exposed subjects remain unknown. Herein, the associations of multiple (8) urinary hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in workers of coking (n = 655) and non-ferrous smelting (n = 614) industries with serum lipid levels (marking lipid metabolism) were examined. Multivariable linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression, and quantile g-computation were used. Most urinary OH-PAHs were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in coking workers than in non-ferrous smelting workers. In workers of both industries, OH-PAH exposure was associated with elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein, as well as reduced high-density lipoprotein levels. Specifically, urinary 4-hydroxyphenanthrene was significantly positively associated with serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels in non-ferrous smelting workers; however, the completely opposite association of 4-hydroxyphenanthrene with these lipid levels was observed in coking workers. The results of this pioneering examination suggest that exposure to OH-PAHs may contribute to dyslipidemia in coking and non-ferrous smelting workers, and distinct patterns of change were observed. Further prospective studies involving larger sample sizes are needed to further validate the findings.

Possible relationship between respiratory diseases and urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites - a pilot study

This study investigates the potential relationship between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), specifically monohydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs), in urine, and the prevalence of respiratory diseases in 2-year-old children residing in two locations within the Czech Republic - České Budějovice (control location) and the historically contaminated mining district of Most. Despite current air quality and lifestyle similarities between the two cities, our research aims to uncover potential long-term health effects, building upon previous data indicating distinctive patterns in the Most population. A total of 248 urine samples were analysed for the presence of 11 OH-PAHs. Employing liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and clean-up through dispersive solid-phase extraction, instrumental analysis was conducted using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of respiratory diseases was assessed through questionnaires administered by paediatricians. The concentrations of OH-PAHs were elevated in urine samples from 2-year-olds in Most compared to those from České Budějovice. The incidence of respiratory diseases showed statistically significant higher levels of OH-PAHs in children from Most, together with a higher incidence of influenza. This association underlines the impact of environmental PAH exposure on children's respiratory health. It suggests that elevated urinary OH-PAH levels indicate an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases in the affected population. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible long-term health effects and to contribute to sound public health strategies.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and hyperlipidemia: NHANES 2007-2016

BACKGROUND

The relationships between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites and hyperlipidemia have not been thoroughly studied. The primary goal of this research focused on investigating the linkage between PAH metabolite concentrations in urine and hyperlipidemia prevalence within US adults.

METHODS

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Logistic regression models were used to assess correlations between urinary PAH metabolite levels and the risk of hyperlipidemia, while restricted cubic spline models were used to examine dose‒response relationships. Subgroup and interaction analyses were performed to further elucidate these associations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyzed the cumulative impact of various urinary PAH metabolites on hyperlipidemia risk.

RESULTS

This study included 7,030 participants. Notably, individuals in the highest quintile of urinary PAH metabolite concentrations exhibited a significantly elevated prevalence of hyperlipidemia, even after comprehensive adjustments (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.75). Moreover, elevated levels of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene in the fourth quintile and 2-hydroxyfluorene in the third, fourth, and fifth quintiles demonstrated positive correlations with the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. These associations persisted across subgroup analyses. Additionally, a positive correlation between the urinary PAH metabolite mixture and hyperlipidemia (positive model: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09) was observed in the WQS model, and 2-hydroxynaphthalene showed the most substantial contribution.

CONCLUSION

The cross-sectional analysis identified a significant correlation between urinary PAH metabolite and hyperlipidemia prevalence within the US demographic, with 2-hydroxynaphthalene being the predominant influencer. These findings underscore the need to mitigate PAH exposure as a preventive measure for hyperlipidemia.

Roles of AhR/CYP1s signaling pathway mediated ROS production in uremic cardiomyopathy

PURPOSE

Uremic cardiomyopathy (UCM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) related mortality. Uremic toxins including indoxyl sulfate (IS) play important role during the progression of UCM. This study was to explore the underlying mechanism of IS related myocardial injury.

METHODS

UCM rat model was established through five-sixths nephrectomy to evaluate its effects on blood pressure, cardiac impairment, and histological changes using echocardiography and histological analysis. Additionally, IS was administered to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and the human cardiomyocyte cell line AC16. DHE staining and peroxide-sensitive dye 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) was conducted to assess the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was estimated using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining and immunofluorescence. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) translocation was observed by immunofluorescence. The activation of AhR was evaluated by immunoblotting of cytochrome P450 1 s (CYP1s) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of AHRR and PTGS2. Additionally, the pro-oxidative and pro-hypertrophic effects were evaluated using the AhR inhibitor CH-223191, the CYP1s inhibitor Alizarin and the ROS scavenger N-Acetylcysteine (NAC).

RESULTS

UCM rat model was successfully established, and cardiac hypertrophy, accompanied by increased blood pressure, and myocardial fibrosis. Further research confirmed the activation of the AhR pathway in UCM rats including AhR translocation and downstream protein CYP1s expression, accompanied with increasing ROS production detected by DHE staining. In vitro experiment demonstrated a translocation of AhR triggered by IS, leading to significant increase of downstream gene expression. Subsequently study indicated a close relationship between the production of ROS and the activation of AhR/CYP1s, which was effectively blocked by applying AhR inhibitor, CYP1s inhibitor and siRNA against AhR. Moreover, the inhibition of AhR/CYP1s/ROS pathway collectively blocked the pro-hypertrophic effect of IS-mediated cardiomyopathy.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence that the AhR/CYP1s pathway is activated in UCM rats, and this activation is correlated with the uremic toxin IS. In vitro studies indicate that IS can stimulate the AhR translocation in cardiomyocyte, triggering to the production of intracellular ROS via CYP1s. This process leads to prolonged oxidative stress stimulation and thus contributes to the progression of uremic toxin-mediated cardiomyopathy.

Microalgae enhanced co-metabolism of sulfamethoxazole using aquacultural feedstuff components: Co-metabolic pathways and enzymatic mechanisms

The application of antibiotics in freshwater aquaculture leads to increased contamination of aquatic environments. However, limited information is available on the co-metabolic biodegradation of antibiotics by microalgae in aquaculture. Feedstuffs provide multiple organic substrates for microalgae-mediated co-metabolism. Herein, we investigated the co-metabolism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by Chlorella pyrenoidosa when adding main components of feedstuff (glucose and lysine). Results showed that lysine had an approximately 1.5-fold stronger enhancement on microalgae-mediated co-metabolism of SMX than glucose, with the highest removal rate (68.77% ± 0.50%) observed in the 9-mM-Lys co-metabolic system. Furthermore, we incorporated reactive sites predicted by density functional theory calculations, 14 co-metabolites identified by mass spectrometry, and the roles of 18 significantly activated enzymes to reveal the catalytic reaction mechanisms underlying the microalgae-mediated co-metabolism of SMX. In lysine- and glucose-treated groups, five similar co-metabolic pathways were proposed, including bond breaking on the nucleophilic sulfur atom, ring cleavage and hydroxylation at multiple free radical reaction sites, together with acylation and glutamyl conjugation on electrophilic nitrogen atoms. Cytochrome P450, serine hydrolase, and peroxidase play crucial roles in catalyzing hydroxylation, bond breaking, and ring cleavage of SMX. These findings provide theoretical support for better utilization of microalgae-driven co-metabolism to reduce sulfonamide antibiotic residues in aquaculture.