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Sanchez D, Zapata C, Romero Y, Flores-Huarco NH, Oros O, Alvarado W, Quilcate C, Guevara-Alvarado HM, Estrada R, Coila P. Parasitism-Induced Changes in Microbial Eukaryotes of Peruvian Alpaca Gastrointestinal Tract. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:187. [PMID: 38398696 PMCID: PMC10890412 DOI: 10.3390/life14020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpacas, important genetic resources in the Andean region of Peru, are vulnerable to diarrhea caused by pathogenic parasites such as Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp., which can be fatal, especially in neonates, due to their physiological immaturity and limited adaptability. The study investigated the diversity and abundance of intestinal fungi and protists in alpacas infected with Eimeria lamae and Giardia sp. compared to healthy alpacas. A total of 19 alpacas, aged between one and two months, were included. They were divided into two groups, one with pathological conditions (nine) and the other healthy (ten). Parasitological analyses for the detection of parasites and subsequent molecular analysis were performed on the collected fecal samples. The results revealed a greater diversity and abundance of protists in infected alpacas in comparison with healthy alpacas, while the fungal composition did not show significant changes. Therefore, parasitic infections affect the protist component of the alpaca gut microbiota. Also, it was observed that Blastocystis was identified in all healthy alpacas, serving as a possible marker of the health of the intestinal microbiota; in addition, Prussia and Pichia are beneficial fungi that help control diseases. This groundbreaking study in neonatal alpacas is the first to explore potential changes in the intestinal microbiota during an infectious state, underscoring the importance of further research to comprehend its effects on alpaca health and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sanchez
- Unidad de Post Grado de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru; (D.S.); (N.H.F.-H.)
| | - Celso Zapata
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru; (C.Z.); (O.O.)
| | - Yolanda Romero
- Instituto de Investigación en Bioinformática y Bioestadistica (BIOINFO), Av. Raúl Ferrero 21, Lima 15024, Peru;
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru;
| | - Nils H. Flores-Huarco
- Unidad de Post Grado de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru; (D.S.); (N.H.F.-H.)
| | - Oscar Oros
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru; (C.Z.); (O.O.)
| | - Wigoberto Alvarado
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Cl. Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (W.A.); (H.M.G.-A.)
| | - Carlos Quilcate
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru;
| | - Hada M. Guevara-Alvarado
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Cl. Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; (W.A.); (H.M.G.-A.)
| | - Richard Estrada
- Instituto de Investigación en Bioinformática y Bioestadistica (BIOINFO), Av. Raúl Ferrero 21, Lima 15024, Peru;
- Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Av. La Molina 1981, Lima 15024, Peru;
| | - Pedro Coila
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, P.O. Box 291, Puno 21001, Peru; (C.Z.); (O.O.)
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Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
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Gómez-Quispe O, Rodríguez E, Benites R, Valenzuela S, Moscoso-Muñoz J, Ibañez V, Youngs C. Analysis of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) cria survival under extensive management conditions in the high elevations of the Andes Mountains of Peru. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Gastrointestinal Emergencies in Neonates: A Review Article. Cureus 2022; 14:e30538. [PMID: 36415351 PMCID: PMC9674196 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous emergencies that are life-threatening might present in the newborn period of life. Thus, physicians need an in-depth understanding of such circumstances in order to treat critically ill neonates. Identification of these illnesses and choosing the appropriate course of action, which includes patient stabilization, differential diagnosis based on laboratory and imaging results, and well-guided therapy, are the responsibility of the emergency department staff. The most typical diagnoses in this kind of situation are severe bacterial infections, congenital heart illness, gastrointestinal crises (including malrotation with midgut volvulus, necrotizing enterocolitis, etc.), respiratory problems, neurologic abnormalities, and child abuse. Reviewing the most prevalent ailments of a severely unwell newborn in the emergency room is the major goal of this review article. In developing countries, neonatal mortality rates are a crucial determinant of their development. Management of emergencies especially in neonates can be very difficult and fatal if misdiagnosed. In this article, we will be discussing neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) emergencies.
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Clarke LL, Breuer RM. Postmortem diagnoses in South American camelids and factors influencing diagnostic rate in the Upper Midwest USA, 2009-2019. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:727-732. [PMID: 35394374 PMCID: PMC9266521 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
South American camelids (SACs) have become increasingly popular as livestock and companion animals in the Midwestern United States. With increased ownership, postmortem evaluations and samples available for diagnostic assessment are being submitted more frequently to veterinary diagnostic laboratories. We searched archived pathology records at the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (WVDL) between 2009-2019 for SAC cases. Postmortem records from 166 alpacas and 27 llamas were included, with an average of 1.42 diagnoses per animal. The overall average diagnostic rate was 79.8%. Abortion and neonatal cases (fetus to 1-wk-old) had the lowest diagnostic rate (33.3%) and was the only group with a diagnostic rate statistically significantly lower than the average. The most common diagnoses were gastrointestinal parasitism and suboptimal nutritional status or inanition; 78% of cases diagnosed with suboptimal nutritional status were also parasitized. The gastrointestinal parasites identified most frequently were Eimeria sp. and strongyles, especially Nematodirus sp. Our findings may aid allocation of diagnostic resources to better serve regional SAC populations and provide a framework for practitioners who send samples to laboratories for analysis. Submission of whole bodies, euthanized animals, fresh tissue, and inclusion of placental tissues in abortion cases are recommended for optimal diagnostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei L Clarke
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan M Breuer
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO EPSILON TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN CAPTIVE ADULT SPRINGBOK ( ANTIDORCAS MARSUPIALIS), IMPALA ( AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS), ALPACA ( VICUGNA PACOS), AND RED-NECKED WALLABY ( MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS) OVER A YEAR. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:192-199. [PMID: 33827176 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxemia is an important issue in various zoological taxa. In this study, serologic responses over a 1-yr period after vaccination with a multivalent clostridial vaccine were evaluated in 10 adult springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis), 12 impalas (Aepyceros melampus), seven alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and five red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). Antibody production to the Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin component of the vaccine was measured using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and determined as the percentage of inhibition (% inhib). Initial % inhib was (0.01-18.9)%. All animals received initial vaccination with a booster vaccine 4 weeks apart. Serum samples were collected at T0 (nonvaccinated), 15, 30, 60, 180, and 360 days postvaccination (dpv) for analysis. The vaccine induced a high antibody response that peaked at 15, 30, and 60 dpv in springboks, 30 and 60 dpv in impalas (P < 0.01), and 60 dpv in alpacas and wallabies (P < 0.01). The booster vaccine was followed by a high antibody response, which slowly decreased with time. The antibody response was significantly higher at 360 dpv than at T0 in wallabies and alpacas (P < 0.01). In impalas and springboks, it appeared that a booster every 6 mo might be required to maintain an antibody response above baseline (P < 0.01). Because no challenge studies were performed, it is unknown whether the measured humoral immune responses would have been protective. Further research is warranted to investigate protective effects of antibodies to inoculation challenge in nondomestic species.
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Siuce J, Maturrano L, Wheeler JC, Rosadio R. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from neonatal alpacas mainly display F17 fimbriae adhesion gene. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3917-3921. [PMID: 32990930 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal domestic South American Camelid llamas and alpacas suffer from an enteric disease complex characterized by abdominal distention, lethargy, dehydration, and eventual fatal septicemia. Analysis of rectal swabs from neonatal alpacas suffering clinical diarrheas has constantly isolated Escherichia coli, mainly the EPEC and EHEC pathotypes. The present communication reports the results of molecular analysis of 226 E. coli strains from neonatal alpaca rectal swabs. The isolates were initially tested by multiple PCR, to identify E. coli virulence genes eae, bfp, Lt, Stx1, Stx2, sta, stab, and lt genes and a similar test to detect F4, F5, F6, F17, and F41fimbriae adhesin genes. Forty-two of the 226 (18.5%) isolates tested positive for at least one pathogenic gene, 25 of the 42 were classified as EPEC (3 positives for only eae and 22 for both eae and bfp) and the remaining 17 were classified as EHEC. Twenty-four (57%) of the 42 isolates tested positive to F17 adhesin while one was positive for both F6 and F17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Siuce
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Major San Marcos University, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru.
| | - Lenin Maturrano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Major San Marcos University, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Jane C Wheeler
- CONOPA- Institute for Research and Development of South American Camelids, Av. Reusche M4, Pachacamac, Lima, Peru
| | - Raul Rosadio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National Major San Marcos University, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
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Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in alpacas ( Vicugna pacos) in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:181-184. [PMID: 32612927 PMCID: PMC7316868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a ubiquitous protozoan in human and animals. To investigate the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in China, 484 fecal samples from alpacas were collected at nine sites, and Cryptosporidium spp. were screened with PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosome RNA (SSU rRNA) locus. Cryptosporidium spp. infected 2.9% (14/484) of the alpacas. Of the nine collection sites, two were positive for Cryptosporidium, Wensu (3.0%, 3/100) and Qinghe (31.4%, 11/35). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. parvum (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 1), and C. occultus (n = 11). Cryptosporidium parvum and C. ubiquitum were further subtyped with the 60-kDa glycoprotein locus (gp60). The two C. parvum isolates were subtype IIdA15G1, but the one C. ubiquitum isolate was not subtyped successfully. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium isolates clustered with previously identified species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptosporidium infections in alpacas in China and provides baseline data for the study of Cryptosporidium in alpacas in China. First report of Cryptosporidium spp. infections (with 2.9%) in alpacas in China. Three zoonotic Cryptosporidium species were identified in alpacas. It provides the molecular characteristic data for the study of Cryptosporidium in alpacas.
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Gomez-Puerta LA, Gonzalez AE, Vargas-Calla A, Lopez-Urbina MT, Cama V, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium parvum as a risk factor of diarrhea occurrence in neonatal alpacas in Peru. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:243-248. [PMID: 31754858 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis has been reported as an important cause of neonatal diarrhea and mortality in cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, but its impact on alpaca health has not been studied thoroughly. In this study, we have determined the prevalence and evaluated the role of cryptosporidiosis as a risk factor for diarrhea occurrence in newborn alpacas. During the calving season (January-March) of 2006, stool specimens (N = 1312) were collected from 24 herds of newborn alpacas in Puno and Cuzco, departments that account for the largest populations of alpacas in Peru. All the specimens were microscopically screened for Cryptosporidium spp. using the acid-fast technique. The association between Cryptosporidium detection and diarrhea was analyzed using χ2 test and generalized lineal model. Cryptosporidium species were determined by PCR-RFLP analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 159 of 1312 (12.4%) newborn alpacas. Results of the analyses demonstrated that crypstosporidiosis was significantly associated with diarrhea (PR = 3.84; CI95% 2.54-5.81; p < 0.0001). Only Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in the 153 Cryptosporidium-infected animals. Thus, there is an association of C. parvum infection with diarrhea in neonatal alpacas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, 41, Lima, Peru.
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, 41, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana Vargas-Calla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, 41, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria T Lopez-Urbina
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Circunvalacion 2800, San Borja, 41, Lima, Peru
| | - Vitaliano Cama
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Jones KR, Garcia GW. Endoparasites of Domesticated Animals That Originated in the Neo-Tropics (New World Tropics). Vet Sci 2019; 6:E24. [PMID: 30845667 PMCID: PMC6466418 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review serves to summarize parasites found in Domesticated animals which were found in the Neo-Tropics. Indigenous domesticated Neo-tropical animals include South American camelids, (Lama gunacoa, Lama glama, Lama pacos, Vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (Cairina moschata, Anas platyrhynchos, Dendrocyga autumnalis). These animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (Neo-tropics) and over time these animals became domesticated and were distributed throughout the world. Over eighty (80) references were collected for this review and the papers spanned over eighty (80) years from 1934 to 2018. The gastrointestinal parasites reported for each animal were tabulated and their effects in the animal noted. Parasites reported in domesticated Neo-tropical animals had little to no effect on wild and free ranging animals with a few cases of illness and decreased productivity. The majority of articles viewed these animals as reservoir host which can infect humans and other domesticated livestock. It must also be noted that research done in the past did not focus on the effect these parasites had on these animals but only observed their potential as reservoirs for parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegan Romelle Jones
- The Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences (DBVS), School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS), The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
- The Open Tropical Forage-Animal Production Laboratory (OTF-APL), Department of Food Production (DFP), Faculty of Food and Agriculture (FFA), The University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Gary Wayne Garcia
- The Open Tropical Forage-Animal Production Laboratory (OTF-APL), Department of Food Production (DFP), Faculty of Food and Agriculture (FFA), The University of the West Indies (UWI), St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Koehler AV, Rashid MH, Zhang Y, Vaughan JL, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. First cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:498. [PMID: 30185227 PMCID: PMC6126005 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic pathogens, including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon, have been implicated in neonatal diarrhoea, leading to marked morbidity and mortality in the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama) around the world. Australia has the largest population of alpacas outside of South America, but very little is known about these pathogens in alpaca populations in this country. Here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in V. pacos in Australia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 81 herds, comprising alpacas of 6 weeks to 26 years of age, were sampled from the six Australian states (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia) across the four seasons. PCR-based sequencing was employed, utilising genetic markers in the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU) and 60-kilodalton glycoprotein (gp60) genes for Cryptosporidium, triose-phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene for Giardia duodenalis and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) for Enterocytozoon bieneusi. RESULTS PCR-based analyses of 81 faecal DNA samples representing 1421 alpaca individuals detected Cryptosporidium, Giardia and/or Enterocytozoon on 15 farms in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, equating to 18.5% of all samples/herds tested. Cryptosporidium was detected on three (3.7%) farms, G. duodenalis on six (7.4%) and E. bieneusi on eight (9.9%) in two or all of these three states, but not in Queensland, Tasmania or Western Australia. Molecular analyses of selected faecal DNA samples from individual alpacas for Cryptosporidium, Giardia and/or Enterocytozoon consistently showed that alpacas of ≤ 6 months of age harboured these pathogens. CONCLUSIONS This first molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon in alpaca subpopulations in Australia has identified species and genotypes that are of likely importance as primary pathogens of alpacas, particularly young crias, and some genotypes with zoonotic potential. Although the prevalence established here in the alpaca subpopulations studied is low, the present findings suggest that crias are likely reservoirs of infections to susceptible alpacas and/or humans. Future studies should focus on investigating pre-weaned and post-weaned crias, and on exploring transmission patterns to establish what role particular genotypes play in neonatal or perinatal diarrhoea in alpacas and in zoonotic diseases in different states of Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V. Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Mohammed H. Rashid
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jane L. Vaughan
- Cria Genesis, PO Box 406, Ocean Grove, Victoria 3226 Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Rubio-Langre S, Aguilar-Sola S, Lorenzutti AM, San Andrés MI, De Lucas JJ, Litterio NJ. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration at different ages in llama crias, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:861-870. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rubio-Langre
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Soledad Aguilar-Sola
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Augusto Matías Lorenzutti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Manuel I. San Andrés
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - José J. De Lucas
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Nicolás J. Litterio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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Abstract
Camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of South America and Eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. Of the five most prevalent species of Eimeria in South American camelids, Eimeria macusaniensis, Eimeria lamae, Eimeria alpacae, Eimeria punoensis, and Eimeria ivitaensis, E. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. There is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of Eimeria spp. in camelids. Many papers on camelid coccidiosis were published in local Peruvian journals, not easily accessible to wider audience. The objective of the present paper is to summarize information on history, validity of Eimeria species, life cycle, pathogenicity, prevalence, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of coccidiosis in camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
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Gametogony of Eimeria macusaniensis Guerrero, Hernandez, Bazalar and Alva, 1971 in llama (Lama glama). Parasitology 2018; 145:1540-1547. [PMID: 29642969 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of South America and Eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. Of the six species of Eimeria in camelids, Eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all Eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. Although, E. macusaniensis gametogonic stages are found associated with enteritis in naturally infected camelids, the schizogonic stages are unknown and clinical disease has been reported in some camelids with no oocysts in feces. Described herein are morphological details of gametogonic development and oocyst formation of E. macusaniensis in a naturally infected llama (Lama lama), solely infected with this parasite. Microgamonts, macrogamonts and oocysts were located in large (up to 300 µm diameter) parasitophorous vacuoles of enterocytes in the ileum. Schizonts were not found. Review of previous reports suggests that multinucleated microgamonts have been mistaken for schizonts. Gametogonic development described in the present study can serve as a guide for differential diagnosis of Eimeria species in the histological sections of intestines.
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15
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Himelfarb MA, Lorenzutti AM, Litterio NJ, Zarazaga MDP, Aguilar-Sola MS, De Lucas JJ, San Andrés MI, Rubio-Langre S. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by Monte Carlo simulation of cefquinome in llamas, following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in serum and tissue cage fluid. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The number of South American camelids (SACs) in England and Wales is increasing and with this comes a risk of new and emerging infections. Although classified as livestock, these animals are also treated as pets and may be in regular contact with humans. This paper reviews zoonotic diseases that have been identified in SACs in England and Wales, and which pose a potential risk to human health. We also highlight the importance of surveillance continuing to capture information on infections in SACs for the protection of both public and animal health.
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17
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Garmendia AE, Lopez W, Ortega N, Chamorro MJ. Molecular characterization of rotavirus isolated from alpaca (Vicugna pacos) crias with diarrhea in the Andean Region of Cusco, Peru. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:109-12. [PMID: 26243695 PMCID: PMC7117529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alpacas (Vicugna pacos), a species of South American camelids (SAC), suffer high morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of alpaca cria mortality in Peru and elsewhere. In order to develop appropriate control and/or treatment, it is necessary to identify infectious pathogens that cause diarrhea in crias. Rotavirus was isolated in cell culture from feces collected from crias with acute diarrhea that tested positive to rotaviral antigen by rapid immunochromatographic methods in an earlier study. The isolates were identified as rotaviruses by RT-PCR run with specific primers for human rotavirus VP7 coding sequences using total RNA extracted from cells displaying cytopathic effects as template. These alpaca isolates were further identified as group A rotaviruses by means of a VP6-specific PCR and were designated as ALRVA-K'ayra/Perú/3368-10 and ALRVA-K'ayra/Perú/3386-10. Molecular G and P typing, placed the former as G3/P11 and the latter as G3/P?. Sequence analysis of two genome segments (coding for VP4 and VP7) from the alpaca isolates revealed partial homologies to swine and human rotaviruses, respectively. These results demonstrate that rotaviruses are associated with a proportion of cases of diarrhea in crias, although prevalence and impact remain to be determined. The isolation of rotaviruses from alpaca crias with diarrhea will contribute positively to further understand the pathogen and its role in the diarrhea complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut.
| | - Wellington Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigación K'ayra, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cuzco
| | - Nastassja Ortega
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut
| | - Marycris J Chamorro
- Laboratorio de Investigación K'ayra, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cuzco
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18
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Franz S, Wittek T, Joachim A, Hinney B, Dadak AM. Llamas and alpacas in Europe: Endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. Vet J 2015; 204:255-62. [PMID: 25933827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are distinctive specifications for veterinary medical care of South American camelids (SACs), namely, llamas, alpacas, vicunas and guanacos. Camelids are classified as food-producing animals, but as veterinary medicinal products are often only licensed for domestic food-producing species such as horses, goats, sheep and cattle, treatment of SACs generally requires off-label use of drugs. Endoparasitism is a major health concern in camelids and can result in severe clinical diseases and economic losses. There is still a lack of work on the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy for most antiparasitic drugs used in SACs. Even when choosing an appropriate route of administration, several aspects must be considered such as the fact that pour-on formulations are largely ineffective in camelids due to the unique features of llama and alpaca skin and hair that result in extremely low drug bioavailability. This review focuses on the main endoparasites of the digestive tract in llamas and alpacas in Europe and pharmacotherapeutic options based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Franz
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes M Dadak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Bertin F, Squires J, Kritchevsky J, Taylor S. Clinical findings and survival in 56 sick neonatal New World camelids. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:368-74. [PMID: 25319312 PMCID: PMC4858106 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information pertaining to clinical presentation and outcome of neonatal New World camelids (NWC) is limited when compared to calves and foals. HYPOTHESIS Values of variables at admission and subsequent treatment would predict survival in sick neonatal NWC. ANIMALS Fifty-six client-owned sick neonatal NWC presented over a 10-year period to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. METHODS A retrospective study was performed. Inclusion criteria were NWC less than 30 days of age with complete medical records that presented between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS The median age at presentation was 1 day (range 1-20). The most common diagnoses were systemic inflammatory response syndrome (50%), congenital defects (41%), ophthalmic lesions (21%), sepsis (16%), and gastrointestinal diseases (16%). Sixty-six percent of NWC survived to discharge. Clinicopathologic findings on admission were variable and not specific for disorders. Factors associated with survival were absence of choanal atresia (P = .001, OR: 55.9 [2.5-1,232]), administration of llama plasma (P = .013, OR: 4.9 [1.4-17.7]), and antimicrobial treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) (P = .016, OR: 6.5 [1.3-32.2]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The use of antibiotics, particularly TMS, and llama plasma are recommended in sick neonatal NWC. Results from this study could contribute toward defining a NWC-specific sepsis scoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.R. Bertin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
- Present address: 3999, chemin de la Côte Sainte‐CatherineMontréalQC
| | - J.M. Squires
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - J.E. Kritchevsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - S.D. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
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20
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Papp H, Malik YS, Farkas SL, Jakab F, Martella V, Bányai K. Rotavirus strains in neglected animal species including lambs, goats and camelids. Virusdisease 2014; 25:215-22. [PMID: 25674588 PMCID: PMC4188177 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of rotavirus infections and circulating strains in small ruminants (i.e. lambs, goats and camelids) has been a neglected research area in the past. However, recent years that have seen an intensification of surveillance in humans and livestock animals, where vaccines to reduce disease burden caused by Rotavirus A (RVA) are available, led to the efforts to better understand the epidemiology, ecology and evolution of RVA strains in other hosts, including lambs, goats and camelids. The aim of this review is to provide an update of the epidemiology and strain diversity of RV strains in these species through searching for relevant information in public data bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Papp
- />Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143 Hungary
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- />Division of Biological Standardisation, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Szilvia L. Farkas
- />Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- />Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- />Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- />Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143 Hungary
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21
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Wessels J, Wessels M, Featherstone C, Pike R. Cryptosporidiosis in eight-month-old weaned alpacas. Vet Rec 2014; 173:426-7. [PMID: 24186998 DOI: 10.1136/vr.f6395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wessels
- AHVLA - Preston, Barton Hall, Garstang Road, Barton, Preston, Lancashire PR3 5HE
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23
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Thomas SM, Morgan ER. Effect on performance of weanling alpacas following treatments against gastro-intestinal parasites. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:244-9. [PMID: 24021542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes and coccidia are common parasites of alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and important causes of disease in this increasingly popular livestock species. Endoparasitic infestation is thought to increase at times of natural or imposed stress, and antiparasitic treatments are often administered, although to date there is little evidence regarding their effect. Thirty-one alpaca juvenilles (cria) were divided into four groups at weaning, and received either no treatment as a control (C), fenbendazole anthelmintic (FB), toltrazuril coccidiostat (T), or both treatments (FBT). Body weights and faecal egg/oocyst counts were recorded weekly for six weeks following treatment. Although the prophylactic treatments decreased faecal egg/oocyst counts of the target organisms in the short term, there was no significant difference in egg/oocyst output over the course of the trial from animals given wormer, coccidiostat or both treatments. The group receiving anthelmintic only showed a significant reduction in live weight gain (LWG), with no significant difference in LWG between the other groups. At the conclusion of the trial, 'wormed only' alpacas weighed 3.3% less than at weaning, losing an average 1.3 kg over six weeks, whereas average LWG in the control group was 2.5 kg. Antiparasitics transiently reduced egg/oocyst output but results suggest that further investigation is required on the action of anthelmintics administered to alpaca cria at weaning and their effect on animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom; Pathology & Pathogen Biology (PPB) Hawkshead, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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24
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Cacciò SM, Widmer G, Axén C, Fayer R. Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: PARASITE AND DISEASE 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis was first identified as a disease of veterinary, rather than human medical, importance, and infection of farmed animals with different species of Cryptosporidium continues to be of veterinary clinical concern. This chapter provides insights into Cryptosporidium infection in a range of farmed animals – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cervids, camelids, rabbits, water buffalo and poultry – presenting not only an updated overview of the infection in these animals, but also information on clinical disease, infection dynamics and zoonotic potential. Although extensive data have been accrued on, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves, and calf cryptosporidiosis continues to be a major veterinary concern especially in temperate regions, there remains a paucity of data for other farmed animals, despite Cryptosporidium infection causing significant clinical disease and also, for some species, with the potential for transmission of infection to people, either directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M. Cacciò
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, North Grafton, Massachusetts USA
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25
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26
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Knafo SE, Getman LM, Richardson DW, Fecteau ME. Long-bone fractures in llamas and alpacas: 28 cases (1998-2008). THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2012; 53:775-9. [PMID: 23277645 PMCID: PMC3377461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment and outcome of camelids with long-bone fractures are described. Medical records (1998-2008) of camelids (n = 28) with long-bone fractures were reviewed for signalment, time to presentation, fracture type, method of repair, duration of hospitalization, and post-operative complications. Follow-up information was obtained via telephone interviews with owners. Mean age and weight at presentation were 3.4 years and 56.3 kg, respectively. Twenty-six fractures were treated with internal fixation (n = 11), external fixation (n = 10), combination of internal and external fixation (n = 3), amputation (n = 1), and external fixation followed by amputation (n = 1). Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 19 of the 26 animals. The post-operative complication rate was 23% and owner satisfaction was high. Animals with open fractures were more likely to experience complications. Internal fixation was associated with superior alignment and outcome. Internal fixation techniques should be recommended for camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Emmanuelle Knafo
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
| | - Liberty M. Getman
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
| | - Dean W. Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Fecteau
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA
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27
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Pharmacokinetics of sodium and trihydrate amoxicillin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in llamas (Lama glama). Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Gómez-Couso H, Ortega-Mora LM, Aguado-Martínez A, Rosadio-Alcántara R, Maturrano-Hernández L, Luna-Espinoza L, Zanabria-Huisa V, Pedraza-Díaz S. Presence and molecular characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from Peru. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:414-20. [PMID: 22341616 PMCID: PMC7125553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was investigated in 274 faecal samples of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from 12 herds from Peru by immunofluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of the ssu-rRNA and β-giardin genes from Giardia spp., as well as the ssu-rRNA gene from Cryptosporidium spp. A total of 137 samples (50.0%) were positive for Giardia spp., and 12 samples (4.4%) for Cryptosporidium spp. In ten samples (3.6%), co-infection by both pathogens was found. Herd prevalence was found to be 91.7% (11/12 herds) for Giardia and 58.3% (7/12 herds) for Cryptosporidium. Regarding the age of the animals, although Giardia was detected in animals as young as 1 week, the prevalence increased with age, reaching 80% by 8 weeks. Similarly, the highest percentage of Cryptosporidium detection (20%) was also found in the 8 week-old group. By PCR, 92 of the 274 analysed samples were positive for Giardia. Sequencing of the amplicons showed the existence of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in 67 samples; G. duodenalis assemblage E in 24 samples; and inconsistent results between the two molecular markers used in a further sample. Cryptosporidium was only detected by PCR in 3 of the 274 samples; Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in two samples and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in one sample. This study is the first performing molecular characterisation of both parasites in Peruvian alpacas, and the first report of C. ubiquitum in this host. The identification of G. duodenalis assemblage A, C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, suggests that zoonotic transmission of these enteropathogens between alpacas and humans is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Prado ME, Ryman JT, Boileau MJ, Martin-Jimenez T, Meibohm B. Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after oral administration to healthy llamas (Lama glama). Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1386-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.10.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Treydte A, Salvatierra A, Sauerborn J, Lamers M. Modelling llama population development under environmental and market constraints in the Bolivian highlands. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Nour-Mohammadzadeh F, Baradaran Seyed Z, Hesaraki S, Yadegari Z, Alidadi N, Sattari Tabrizi S. Septicemic salmonellosis in a two-humped camel calf (Camelus bactrianus). Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1601-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapil
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Farm and Ridge Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Abstract
The area of herd health is particularly important when considering camelid operations because of the high frequency of travel for exhibition, breeding, and boarding. This article outlines the considerations for routine husbandry, facility and animal maintenance, and infectious disease control in the form of biosecurity, vaccination, and health testing that should be included in any farm's herd-health plan. Veterinary input into the design of programs for biosecurity and infectious disease prevention is critical and requires an active veterinary client-patient relationship with identification of the goals of the operation. Risk assessments should be made based on farm activities and should be the foundation for herd-health program design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredyth Jones
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Abstract
This article attempts to cover the most common problems likely to present in neonatal crias and to give guidance on how to approach these cases, particularly how to stabilize the acute presentation of a sick neonate. It is impossible to cover every eventuality and it is important to keep an open mind when evaluating and treating sick neonatal camelids. Despite the often moribund presentation of sick neonatal crias, they may be highly rewarding to treat, although hospitalization and 24-hour care is recommended.
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36
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Foster AP, Otter A, Barlow AM, Pearson GR, Woodward MJ, Higgins RJ. Naturally occurring intestinal lesions in three alpacas (Vicugna pacos) caused by attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. Vet Rec 2008; 162:318-20. [PMID: 18326846 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.10.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A P Foster
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Shrewsbury, Kendal Road, Harlescott, Shrewsbury SY1 4HD, UK
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37
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Twomey DF, Barlow AM, Bell S, Chalmers RM, Elwin K, Giles M, Higgins RJ, Robinson G, Stringer RM. Cryptosporidiosis in two alpaca (Lama pacos) holdings in the South-West of England. Vet J 2008; 175:419-22. [PMID: 17374496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis was investigated on two alpaca (Lama pacos) holdings in the South-West of England. Diagnosis was initially confirmed in a cria with diarrhoea from each holding. Cohort faeces samples were subsequently collected and examined for presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by immunofluorescence microscopy. On the first holding, 30 samples (24 adults, 6 crias) were tested, and oocysts were detected in three of the cria samples but in none of the adults. On the second holding, 14 floor faeces samples representing apparently healthy crias and one faeces sample from a cria with diarrhoea were collected. Oocysts were detected in four of the "healthy" faeces samples and the sample of diarrhoeic faeces. All isolates were confirmed as Cryptosporidium parvum using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism of the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) and ssu rRNA genes. Sequence analysis of a 741bp region of ssu rDNA was carried out on nine of these and revealed high sequence homology with previously reported C. parvum isolates. This investigation highlights the possibility of alpaca crias subclinically shedding oocysts, which has implications for epidemiology and transmission in animals as well as raising zoonotic concerns for human contacts. Gene sequencing of UK isolates from South American camelids is also described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Twomey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon, UK.
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38
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Trout JM, Santín M, Fayer R. Detection of Assemblage A, Giardia duodenalis and Eimeria spp. in alpacas on two Maryland farms. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:203-8. [PMID: 18387745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-one fecal samples were collected from adult alpacas and crias (ages 10 weeks to 10 years) on two farms in central Maryland. The farms raised both suri (silky-haired) and huacaya (crimpy-haired) breeds. Females and crias were housed together on pasture, whereas older/breeding males were maintained on separate pastures. Samples were subjected to a density gradient centrifugation protocol to concentrate parasites and remove fecal debris and were examined by immuno-fluorescent and differential interference contrast microscopy. Oocysts of Eimeria spp. were noted in 14 fecal samples, 6 on MD-1 and 8 on MD-2. Based on oocyst morphometrics two species of Eimeria were present: E. punoensis (19.2 microm x 16.5 microm) and E. alpacae (23.7 microm x 19.5 microm). Five animals shed exclusively E. punoensis, seven shed exclusively E. alpacae, and two had mixed infections. The Eimeria infections were not associated with obvious clinical signs. To determine the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes, DNA was extracted from feces and subjected to PCR utilizing specific primers for the ssu-rRNA gene for both parasites. All PCR positive samples were further analyzed by DNA sequencing to identify the species or genotypes that were present. Assemblage A, G. duodenalis was detected in fecal samples from two alpacas on MD-1 and in one alpaca on MD-2. Assemblage E, G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected on either farm. Although the prevalence on these two farms was low, alpacas can harbor zoonotic G. duodenalis, and this should be borne in mind by persons interacting with the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Trout
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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