1
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Fernández S, Díaz E, Rita CG, Estévez M, Montalbán C, García JF. BET inhibitors induce NF-κB and E2F downregulation in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Exp Cell Res 2023; 430:113718. [PMID: 37468057 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with relapsed and/or refractory classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) continues to be poor. Therefore, there is a continuing need to develop novel therapies and to rationalize the use of target combinations. In recent years there has been growing interest in epigenetic targets for hematological malignancies under the rationale of the presence of common alterations in epigenetic transcriptional regulation. Since Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells have frequent inactivating mutations of the CREBBP and EP300 acetyltransferases, bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors can be a rational therapy for cHL. Here we aimed to confirm the efficacy of BET inhibitors (iBETs) using representative cell models and functional experiments, and to further explore biological mechanisms under iBET treatment using whole-transcriptome analyses. Our results reveal cytostatic rather than cytotoxic activity through the induction of G1/S and G2/M cell-cycle arrest, in addition to variable MYC downregulation. Additionally, massive changes in the transcriptome induced by the treatment include downregulation of relevant pathways in cHL disease: NF-kB and E2F, among others. Our findings support the therapeutic use of iBETs in selected cHL patients and reveal previously unknown biological mechanisms and consequences of pan-BET inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernández
- Translational Research Laboratory, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz
- Translational Research Laboratory, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia G Rita
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Eurofins-Megalab, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Estévez
- Department of Hematology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Montalbán
- Department of Hematology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F García
- Translational Research Laboratory, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain.
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2
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Hammond T, Sage J. Monitoring the Cell Cycle of Tumor Cells in Mouse Models of Human Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041383. [PMID: 37460156 PMCID: PMC10691483 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is obligatory to tumor growth. However, both cancer cells and noncancer cells in tumors can be found in distinct stages of the cell cycle, which may inform the growth potential of these tumors, their propensity to metastasize, and their response to therapy. Hence, it is of utmost importance to monitor the cell cycle of tumor cells. Here we discuss well-established methods and new genetic advances to track the cell cycle of tumor cells in mouse models of human cancer. We also review recent genetic studies investigating the role of the cell-cycle machinery in the growth of tumors in vivo, with a focus on the machinery regulating the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylar Hammond
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, and Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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3
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de Morree A, Rando TA. Regulation of adult stem cell quiescence and its functions in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:334-354. [PMID: 36922629 PMCID: PMC10725182 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are important for mammalian tissues, where they act as a cell reserve that supports normal tissue turnover and can mount a regenerative response following acute injuries. Quiescent stem cells are well established in certain tissues, such as skeletal muscle, brain, and bone marrow. The quiescent state is actively controlled and is essential for long-term maintenance of stem cell pools. In this Review, we discuss the importance of maintaining a functional pool of quiescent adult stem cells, including haematopoietic stem cells, skeletal muscle stem cells, neural stem cells, hair follicle stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells such as fibro-adipogenic progenitors, to ensure tissue maintenance and repair. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate the entry into, maintenance of, and exit from the quiescent state in mice. Recent studies revealed that quiescent stem cells have a discordance between RNA and protein levels, indicating the importance of post-transcriptional mechanisms, such as alternative polyadenylation, alternative splicing, and translation repression, in the control of stem cell quiescence. Understanding how these mechanisms guide stem cell function during homeostasis and regeneration has important implications for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Morree
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Greenberg ZJ, Paracatu LC, Monlish DA, Dong Q, Rettig M, Roundy N, Gaballa R, Li W, Yang W, Luke CJ, Schuettpelz LG. The tetraspanin CD53 protects stressed hematopoietic stem cells via promotion of DREAM complex-mediated quiescence. Blood 2023; 141:1180-1193. [PMID: 36542833 PMCID: PMC10023726 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cycle responds to inflammatory and other proliferative stressors; however, these cells must quickly return to quiescence to avoid exhaustion and maintain their functional integrity. The mechanisms that regulate this return to quiescence are not well understood. Here, we show that tetraspanin CD53 is markedly upregulated in HSCs in response to a variety of inflammatory and proliferative stimuli and that the loss of CD53 is associated with prolonged cycling and reduced HSC function in the context of inflammatory stress. Mechanistically, CD53 promotes the activity of the dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F, and multi-vulva class B (DREAM) transcriptional repressor complex, which downregulates genes associated with cycling and division. Proximity labeling and confocal fluorescence microscopy studies showed that CD53 interacts with DREAM-associated proteins, specifically promoting the interaction between Rbl2/p130 and its phosphatase protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), effectively stabilizing p130 protein availability for DREAM binding. Together, these data identified a novel mechanism by which stressed HSCs resist cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zev J. Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Darlene A. Monlish
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael Rettig
- Department of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nate Roundy
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rofaida Gaballa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cliff J. Luke
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Laura G. Schuettpelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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5
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Shaikh A, Wesner AA, Abuhattab M, Kutty RG, Premnath P. Cell cycle regulators and bone: development and regeneration. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 36810262 PMCID: PMC9942316 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulators act as inhibitors or activators to prevent cancerogenesis. It has also been established that they can play an active role in differentiation, apoptosis, senescence, and other cell processes. Emerging evidence has demonstrated a role for cell cycle regulators in bone healing/development cascade. We demonstrated that deletion of p21, a cell cycle regulator acting at the G1/S transition enhanced bone repair capacity after a burr-hole injury in the proximal tibia of mice. Similarly, another study has shown that inhibition of p27 can increase bone mineral density and bone formation. Here, we provide a concise review of cell cycle regulators that influence cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, during development and/or healing of bone. It is imperative to understand the regulatory processes that govern cell cycle during bone healing and development as this will pave the way to develop novel therapies to improve bone healing after injury in instances of aged or osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Shaikh
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA
| | - Austin A. Wesner
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA
| | - Mohanad Abuhattab
- grid.267468.90000 0001 0695 7223Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI 53211 USA
| | - Raman G. Kutty
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health System, Batesville, AR USA
| | - Priyatha Premnath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3200 N Cramer St, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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6
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Fong BC, Chakroun I, Iqbal MA, Paul S, Bastasic J, O’Neil D, Yakubovich E, Bejjani AT, Ahmadi N, Carter A, Clark A, Leone G, Park DS, Ghanem N, Vandenbosch R, Slack RS. The Rb/E2F axis is a key regulator of the molecular signatures instructing the quiescent and activated adult neural stem cell state. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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Cell-intrinsic factors governing quiescence vis-à-vis activation of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1361-1382. [PMID: 36309884 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a highly complex process, regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Often, these two regulatory arms work in tandem to maintain the steady-state condition of hematopoiesis. However, at times, certain intrinsic attributes of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) override the external stimuli and dominate the outcome. These could be genetic events like mutations or environmentally induced epigenetic or transcriptomic changes. Since leukemic stem cells (LSCs) share molecular pathways that also regulate normal HSCs, identifying specific, dominantly acting intrinsic factors could help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here we have reviewed such dominantly acting intrinsic factors governing quiescence vis-à-vis activation of the HSCs in the face of external forces acting on them. For brevity, we have restricted our review to the articles dealing with adult HSCs of human and mouse origin that have been published in the last 10 years. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are closely associated with various stromal cells in their microenvironment and, thus, constantly receive signaling cues from them. The illustration depicts some dominantly acting intrinsic or cell-autonomous factors operative in the HSCs. These fall into various categories, such as epigenetic regulators, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, tumor suppressor genes, signaling pathways, and metabolic regulators, which counteract the outcome of extrinsic signaling exerted by the HSC niche.
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8
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Flores M, Goodrich DW. Retinoblastoma Protein Paralogs and Tumor Suppression. Front Genet 2022; 13:818719. [PMID: 35368709 PMCID: PMC8971665 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.818719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) is the first tumor suppressor gene discovered and a prototype for understanding regulatory networks that function in opposition to oncogenic stimuli. More than 3 decades of research has firmly established a widespread and prominent role for RB1 in human cancer. Yet, this gene encodes but one of three structurally and functionally related proteins that comprise the pocket protein family. A central question in the field is whether the additional genes in this family, RBL1 and RBL2, are important tumor suppressor genes. If so, how does their tumor suppressor activity overlap or differ from RB1. Here we revisit these questions by reviewing relevant data from human cancer genome sequencing studies that have been rapidly accumulating in recent years as well as pertinent functional studies in genetically engineered mice. We conclude that RBL1 and RBL2 do have important tumor suppressor activity in some contexts, but RB1 remains the dominant tumor suppressor in the family. Given their similarities, we speculate on why RB1 tumor suppressor activity is unique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. Goodrich
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, NY, United States
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9
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A Long Journey before Cycling: Regulation of Quiescence Exit in Adult Muscle Satellite Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031748. [PMID: 35163665 PMCID: PMC8836154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle harbors a pool of stem cells called muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) that are mainly responsible for its robust regenerative capacities. Adult satellite cells are mitotically quiescent in uninjured muscles under homeostasis, but they exit quiescence upon injury to re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate. While most of the expanded satellites cells differentiate and fuse to form new myofibers, some undergo self-renewal to replenish the stem cell pool. Specifically, quiescence exit describes the initial transition of MuSCs from quiescence to the first cell cycle, which takes much longer than the time required for subsequent cell cycles and involves drastic changes in cell size, epigenetic and transcriptomic profiles, and metabolic status. It is, therefore, an essential period indispensable for the success of muscle regeneration. Diverse mechanisms exist in MuSCs to regulate quiescence exit. In this review, we summarize key events that occur during quiescence exit in MuSCs and discuss the molecular regulation of this process with an emphasis on multiple levels of intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of how quiescence exit is regulated will facilitate satellite cell-based muscle regenerative therapies and advance their applications in various disease and aging conditions.
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10
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Wang J, Tu C, Zhang H, Huo Y, Menu E, Liu J. Single-cell analysis at the protein level delineates intracellular signaling dynamic during hematopoiesis. BMC Biol 2021; 19:201. [PMID: 34503511 PMCID: PMC8428103 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) subsets in mice have previously been studied using cell surface markers, and more recently single-cell technologies. The recent revolution of single-cell analysis is substantially transforming our understanding of hematopoiesis, confirming the substantial heterogeneity of cells composing the hematopoietic system. While dynamic molecular changes at the DNA/RNA level underlying hematopoiesis have been extensively explored, a broad understanding of single-cell heterogeneity in hematopoietic signaling programs and landscapes, studied at protein level and reflecting post-transcriptional processing, is still lacking. Here, we accurately quantified the intracellular levels of 9 phosphorylated and 2 functional proteins at the single-cell level to systemically capture the activation dynamics of 8 signaling pathways, including EGFR, Jak/Stat, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK1/2, MAPK/p38, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, and mTOR pathways, during mouse hematopoiesis using mass cytometry. RESULTS With fine-grained analyses of 3.2 million of single hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and lineage cells in conjunction with multiparameter cellular phenotyping, we mapped trajectories of signaling programs during HSC differentiation and identified specific signaling biosignatures of cycling HSPC and multiple differentiation routes from stem cells to progenitor and lineage cells. We also investigated the recovery pattern of hematopoietic cell populations, as well as signaling regulation in these populations, during hematopoietic reconstruction. Overall, we found substantial heterogeneity of pathway activation within HSPC subsets, characterized by diverse patterns of signaling. CONCLUSIONS These comprehensive single-cell data provide a powerful insight into the intracellular signaling-regulated hematopoiesis and lay a solid foundation to dissect the nature of HSC fate decision. Future integration of transcriptomics and proteomics data, as well as functional validation, will be required to verify the heterogeneity in HSPC subsets during HSC differentiation and to identify robust markers to phenotype those HSPC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Chenggong Tu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yongliang Huo
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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11
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Dias IB, Bouma HR, Henning RH. Unraveling the Big Sleep: Molecular Aspects of Stem Cell Dormancy and Hibernation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624950. [PMID: 33867999 PMCID: PMC8047423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells may enter a dormant state, also known as quiescence, which allows them to withstand metabolic stress and unfavorable conditions. Similarly, hibernating mammals can also enter a state of dormancy used to evade hostile circumstances, such as food shortage and low ambient temperatures. In hibernation, the dormant state of the individual and its cells is commonly known as torpor, and is characterized by metabolic suppression in individual cells. Given that both conditions represent cell survival strategies, we here compare the molecular aspects of cellular quiescence, particularly of well-studied hematopoietic stem cells, and torpor at the cellular level. Critical processes of dormancy are reviewed, including the suppression of the cell cycle, changes in metabolic characteristics, and cellular mechanisms of dealing with damage. Key factors shared by hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and torpor include a reversible activation of factors inhibiting the cell cycle, a shift in metabolism from glucose to fatty acid oxidation, downregulation of mitochondrial activity, key changes in hypoxia-inducible factor one alpha (HIF-1α), mTOR, reversible protein phosphorylation and autophagy, and increased radiation resistance. This similarity is remarkable in view of the difference in cell populations, as stem cell quiescence regards proliferating cells, while torpor mainly involves terminally differentiated cells. A future perspective is provided how to advance our understanding of the crucial pathways that allow stem cells and hibernating animals to engage in their 'great slumbers.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar B. Dias
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R. Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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12
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Lodewijk I, Nunes SP, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Dueñas M, Paramio JM. Tackling tumor microenvironment through epigenetic tools to improve cancer immunotherapy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:63. [PMID: 33761971 PMCID: PMC7992805 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations are known contributors to cancer development and aggressiveness. Additional to alterations in cancer cells, aberrant epigenetic marks are present in cells of the tumor microenvironment, including lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, which are often overlooked but known to be a contributing factor to a favorable environment for tumor growth. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to give an overview of the epigenetic alterations affecting immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to provoke an immunosuppressive function and contribute to cancer development. Moreover, immunotherapy is briefly discussed in the context of epigenetics, describing both its combination with epigenetic drugs and the need for epigenetic biomarkers to predict response to immune checkpoint blockage. MAIN BODY Combining both topics, epigenetic machinery plays a central role in generating an immunosuppressive environment for cancer growth, which creates a barrier for immunotherapy to be successful. Furthermore, epigenetic-directed compounds may not only affect cancer cells but also immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which could be beneficial for the clinical response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Thus, modulating epigenetics in combination with immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic option to improve the success of this therapy. Further studies are necessary to (1) understand in depth the impact of the epigenetic machinery in the tumor microenvironment; (2) how the epigenetic machinery can be modulated according to tumor type to increase response to immunotherapy and (3) find reliable biomarkers for a better selection of patients eligible to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra P. Nunes
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Yuan S, Sun G, Zhang Y, Dong F, Cheng H, Cheng T. Understanding the "SMART" features of hematopoietic stem cells and beyond. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2030-2044. [PMID: 34341896 PMCID: PMC8328818 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the huge success of bone marrow transplantation technology in clinical practice, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have become the gold standard for defining the properties of adult stem cells (ASCs). Here, we describe the "self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, apoptosis, rest, and trafficking" or "SMART" model, which has been developed based on data derived from studies of HSCs as the most well-characterized stem cell type. Given the potential therapeutic applications of ASCs, we delineate the key characteristics of HSCs using this model and speculate on the physiological relevance of stem cells identified in other tissues. Great strides are being made in understanding the biology of ASCs, and efforts are now underway to develop safe and effective ASC-based therapies in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Yuan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China
| | - Guohuan Sun
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China
| | - Fang Dong
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China
| | - Hui Cheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China
| | - Tao Cheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, 300020 China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020 China
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14
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Johnson C, Belluschi S, Laurenti E. Beyond “to divide or not to divide”: Kinetics matters in hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2020; 92:1-10.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Olson OC, Kang YA, Passegué E. Normal Hematopoiesis Is a Balancing Act of Self-Renewal and Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a035519. [PMID: 31988205 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is highly organized to maintain its functional integrity and to meet lifelong organismal demands. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must balance self-renewal with differentiation and the regeneration of the blood system. It is a complex balancing act between these competing HSC functions. Although highly quiescent at steady state, HSCs become activated in response to inflammatory cytokines and regenerative challenges. This activation phase leads to many intrinsic stresses such as replicative, metabolic, and oxidative stress, which can cause functional decline, impaired self-renewal, and exhaustion of HSCs. To cope with these insults, HSCs use both built-in and emergency-triggered stress-response mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and to defend against disease development. In this review, we discuss how the hematopoietic system operates in steady state and stress conditions, what strategies are used to maintain functional integrity, and how deregulation in the balance between self-renewal and regeneration can drive malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oakley C Olson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yoon-A Kang
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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16
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Zluhan-Martínez E, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Sánchez MDLP, García-Ponce B, Miguel-Hernández S, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Beyond What Your Retina Can See: Similarities of Retinoblastoma Function between Plants and Animals, from Developmental Processes to Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4925. [PMID: 32664691 PMCID: PMC7404004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb's functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved. Here, we present examples of pRb/RBR participation in cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and in the regulation of epigenetic changes and chromatin remodeling machinery, highlighting the similarities that exist between the composition of such networks in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330. Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Martha Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda, Manuel Stampa 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
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17
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Cho HJ, Lee J, Yoon SR, Lee HG, Jung H. Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fate and Malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134780. [PMID: 32640596 PMCID: PMC7369689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate decision, whether they keep quiescence, self-renew, or differentiate into blood lineage cells, is critical for maintaining the immune system throughout one’s lifetime. As HSCs are exposed to age-related stress, they gradually lose their self-renewal and regenerative capacity. Recently, many reports have implicated signaling pathways in the regulation of HSC fate determination and malignancies under aging stress or pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of signaling pathways that regulate HSC fate including quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation during aging, and additionally introduce pharmacological approaches to rescue defects of HSC fate determination or hematopoietic malignancies by kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.J.C.); (S.R.Y.)
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.J.C.); (S.R.Y.)
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.J.C.); (S.R.Y.)
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 113 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.G.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.J.C.); (S.R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.G.L.); (H.J.)
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18
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Waclawiczek A, Hamilton A, Rouault-Pierre K, Abarrategi A, Albornoz MG, Miraki-Moud F, Bah N, Gribben J, Fitzgibbon J, Taussig D, Bonnet D. Mesenchymal niche remodeling impairs hematopoiesis via stanniocalcin 1 in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3038-3050. [PMID: 32364536 PMCID: PMC7260026 DOI: 10.1172/jci133187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) disrupts the generation of normal blood cells, predisposing patients to hemorrhage, anemia, and infections. Differentiation and proliferation of residual normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are impeded in AML-infiltrated bone marrow (BM). The underlying mechanisms and interactions of residual hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the leukemic niche are poorly understood, especially in the human context. To mimic AML infiltration and dissect the cellular crosstalk in human BM, we established humanized ex vivo and in vivo niche models comprising AML cells, normal HSPCs, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Both models replicated the suppression of phenotypically defined HSPC differentiation without affecting their viability. As occurs in AML patients, the majority of HSPCs were quiescent and showed enrichment of functional HSCs. HSPC suppression was largely dependent on secreted factors produced by transcriptionally remodeled MSCs. Secretome analysis and functional validation revealed MSC-derived stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) and its transcriptional regulator HIF-1α as limiting factors for HSPC proliferation. Abrogation of either STC1 or HIF-1α alleviated HSPC suppression by AML. This study provides a humanized model to study the crosstalk among HSPCs, leukemia, and their MSC niche, and a molecular mechanism whereby AML impairs normal hematopoiesis by remodeling the mesenchymal niche.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- HL-60 Cells
- Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Waclawiczek
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Hamilton
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ander Abarrategi
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Farideh Miraki-Moud
- Haemato-Oncology Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nourdine Bah
- Bioinformatic Core Facility, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Gribben
- Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Taussig
- Haemato-Oncology Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Windmueller R, Leach JP, Babu A, Zhou S, Morley MP, Wakabayashi A, Petrenko NB, Viatour P, Morrisey EE. Direct Comparison of Mononucleated and Binucleated Cardiomyocytes Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Distinct Proliferative Competencies. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3105-3116.e4. [PMID: 32130910 PMCID: PMC7194103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian heart is incapable of regenerating a sufficient number of cardiomyocytes to ameliorate the loss of contractile muscle after acute myocardial injury. Several reports have demonstrated that mononucleated cardiomyocytes are more responsive than are binucleated cardiomyocytes to pro-proliferative stimuli. We have developed a strategy to isolate and characterize highly enriched populations of mononucleated and binucleated cardiomyocytes at various times of development. Our results suggest that an E2f/Rb transcriptional network is central to the divergence of these two populations and that remnants of the differences acquired during the neonatal period remain in adult cardiomyocytes. Moreover, inducing binucleation by genetically blocking the ability of cardiomyocytes to complete cytokinesis leads to a reduction in E2f target gene expression, directly linking the E2f pathway with nucleation. These data identify key molecular differences between mononucleated and binucleated mammalian cardiomyocytes that can be used to leverage cardiomyocyte proliferation for promoting injury repair in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Windmueller
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John P Leach
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aoi Wakabayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nataliya B Petrenko
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Viatour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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20
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The cell cycle in stem cell proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1060-1067. [PMID: 31481793 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and other components of the core cell cycle machinery drive cell division. Growing evidence indicates that this machinery operates in a distinct fashion in some mammalian stem cell types, such as pluripotent embryonic stem cells. In this Review, we discuss our current knowledge of how cell cycle proteins mechanistically link cell proliferation, pluripotency and cell fate specification. We focus on embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells.
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21
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Mastio J, Condamine T, Dominguez G, Kossenkov AV, Donthireddy L, Veglia F, Lin C, Wang F, Fu S, Zhou J, Viatour P, Lavilla-Alonso S, Polo AT, Tcyganov EN, Mulligan C, Nam B, Bennett J, Masters G, Guarino M, Kumar A, Nefedova Y, Vonderheide RH, Languino LR, Abrams SI, Gabrilovich DI. Identification of monocyte-like precursors of granulocytes in cancer as a mechanism for accumulation of PMN-MDSCs. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2150-2169. [PMID: 31239386 PMCID: PMC6719429 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastio et al. describe monocytic precursors of granulocytes. These precursors are barely detectable in steady state conditions and are not consequential for differentiation of granulocytes. However, they accumulate in cancer and substantially contribute to PMN-MDSC expansion. We have identified a precursor that differentiates into granulocytes in vitro and in vivo yet belongs to the monocytic lineage. We have termed these cells monocyte-like precursors of granulocytes (MLPGs). Under steady state conditions, MLPGs were absent in the spleen and barely detectable in the bone marrow (BM). In contrast, these cells significantly expanded in tumor-bearing mice and differentiated to polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). Selective depletion of monocytic cells had no effect on the number of granulocytes in naive mice but decreased the population of PMN-MDSCs in tumor-bearing mice by 50%. The expansion of MLPGs was found to be controlled by the down-regulation of Rb1, but not IRF8, which is known to regulate the expansion of PMN-MDSCs from classic granulocyte precursors. In cancer patients, putative MLPGs were found within the population of CXCR1+CD15−CD14+HLA-DR−/lo monocytic cells. These findings describe a mechanism of abnormal myelopoiesis in cancer and suggest potential new approaches for selective targeting of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mastio
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thomas Condamine
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - George Dominguez
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Anixa Diagnostic Corporation, San Jose, CA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Filippo Veglia
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fang Wang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shuyu Fu
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick Viatour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sergio Lavilla-Alonso
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Evgenii N Tcyganov
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles Mulligan
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
| | - Brian Nam
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
| | - Joseph Bennett
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
| | - Gregory Masters
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
| | - Michael Guarino
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
| | - Amit Kumar
- Anixa Diagnostic Corporation, San Jose, CA
| | - Yulia Nefedova
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Scott I Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Dmitry I Gabrilovich
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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22
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Cho IJ, Lui PP, Obajdin J, Riccio F, Stroukov W, Willis TL, Spagnoli F, Watt FM. Mechanisms, Hallmarks, and Implications of Stem Cell Quiescence. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1190-1200. [PMID: 31189093 PMCID: PMC6565921 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a dormant but reversible cellular state in which cell-cycle entry and proliferation are prevented. Recent studies both in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that quiescence is actively maintained through synergistic interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Subtypes of adult mammalian stem cells can be maintained in this poised, quiescent state, and subsequently reactivated upon tissue injury to restore homeostasis. However, quiescence can become deregulated in pathological settings. In this review, we discuss the recent advances uncovering intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional changes, and extracellular cues within the stem cell niche that control induction and exit from quiescence in tissue stem cells. We discuss the implications of quiescence as well as the pharmacological and genetic approaches that are being explored to either induce or prevent quiescence as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inchul J Cho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Prudence PokWai Lui
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jana Obajdin
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Federica Riccio
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Wladislaw Stroukov
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thea Louise Willis
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Francesca Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 28, Tower Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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23
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Mohammad K, Dakik P, Medkour Y, Mitrofanova D, Titorenko VI. Quiescence Entry, Maintenance, and Exit in Adult Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092158. [PMID: 31052375 PMCID: PMC6539837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes can respond to certain environmental cues by arresting the cell cycle and entering a reversible state of quiescence. Quiescent cells do not divide, but can re-enter the cell cycle and resume proliferation if exposed to some signals from the environment. Quiescent cells in mammals and humans include adult stem cells. These cells exhibit improved stress resistance and enhanced survival ability. In response to certain extrinsic signals, adult stem cells can self-renew by dividing asymmetrically. Such asymmetric divisions not only allow the maintenance of a population of quiescent cells, but also yield daughter progenitor cells. A multistep process of the controlled proliferation of these progenitor cells leads to the formation of one or more types of fully differentiated cells. An age-related decline in the ability of adult stem cells to balance quiescence maintenance and regulated proliferation has been implicated in many aging-associated diseases. In this review, we describe many traits shared by different types of quiescent adult stem cells. We discuss how these traits contribute to the quiescence, self-renewal, and proliferation of adult stem cells. We examine the cell-intrinsic mechanisms that allow establishing and sustaining the characteristic traits of adult stem cells, thereby regulating quiescence entry, maintenance, and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamat Mohammad
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Paméla Dakik
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Younes Medkour
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Darya Mitrofanova
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Vladimir I Titorenko
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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24
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Tamirisa S, Papagiannouli F, Rempel E, Ermakova O, Trost N, Zhou J, Mundorf J, Brunel S, Ruhland N, Boutros M, Lohmann JU, Lohmann I. Decoding the Regulatory Logic of the Drosophila Male Stem Cell System. Cell Rep 2018; 24:3072-3086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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25
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Goriki A, Seiler R, Wyatt AW, Contreras-Sanz A, Bhat A, Matsubara A, Hayashi T, Black PC. Unravelling disparate roles of NOTCH in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:345-357. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Minas TZ, Surdez D, Javaheri T, Tanaka M, Howarth M, Kang HJ, Han J, Han ZY, Sax B, Kream BE, Hong SH, Çelik H, Tirode F, Tuckermann J, Toretsky JA, Kenner L, Kovar H, Lee S, Sweet-Cordero EA, Nakamura T, Moriggl R, Delattre O, Üren A. Combined experience of six independent laboratories attempting to create an Ewing sarcoma mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34141-34163. [PMID: 27191748 PMCID: PMC5470957 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) involves a tumor-specific chromosomal translocation that produces the EWS-FLI1 protein, which is required for the growth of ES cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, an EWS-FLI1-driven transgenic mouse model is not currently available. Here, we present data from six independent laboratories seeking an alternative approach to express EWS-FLI1 in different murine tissues. We used the Runx2, Col1a2.3, Col1a3.6, Prx1, CAG, Nse, NEFL, Dermo1, P0, Sox9 and Osterix promoters to target EWS-FLI1 or Cre expression. Additional approaches included the induction of an endogenous chromosomal translocation, in utero knock-in, and the injection of Cre-expressing adenovirus to induce EWS-FLI1 expression locally in multiple lineages. Most models resulted in embryonic lethality or developmental defects. EWS-FLI1-induced apoptosis, promoter leakiness, the lack of potential cofactors, and the difficulty of expressing EWS-FLI1 in specific sites were considered the primary reasons for the failed attempts to create a transgenic mouse model of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsion Zewdu Minas
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Didier Surdez
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL Research University, Île-de-France, Paris, France.,INSERM U830, Institut Curie Research Center, Île-de-France, Paris, France
| | | | - Miwa Tanaka
- Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Howarth
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Hong-Jun Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Han
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Zhi-Yan Han
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL Research University, Île-de-France, Paris, France.,INSERM U830, Institut Curie Research Center, Île-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Sax
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara E Kream
- Department of Medicine, and Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Science Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hyeok Hong
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Haydar Çelik
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Franck Tirode
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL Research University, Île-de-France, Paris, France.,INSERM U830, Institut Curie Research Center, Île-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Toretsky
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kovar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Children´s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sean Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, Institut Curie Research Center, PSL Research University, Île-de-France, Paris, France.,INSERM U830, Institut Curie Research Center, Île-de-France, Paris, France.,Unité de génétique somatique, Institut Curie, Île-de-France, Paris, France
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
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27
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Sunshine JC, Jahchan NS, Sage J, Choi J. Are there multiple cells of origin of Merkel cell carcinoma? Oncogene 2018; 37:1409-1416. [PMID: 29321666 PMCID: PMC5854515 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but lethal cancer with the highest case-by-case fatality rate among all skin cancers. 80% of cancers are associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). 20% of MCCs are virus negative. Recent epidemiological data suggest that there are important, clinically relevant differences between these two subtypes of MCC. Recent studies in cancer genomics, mouse genetics, and virology experiments have transformed our understanding of MCC pathophysiology. Importantly, dramatic differences in the genetics of these two MCC subtypes suggest fundamental differences in their pathophysiology. We review these recent works and find that they provocatively suggest that MCPyV-positive and MCPyV-negative MCCs arise from two different cells of origin: the MCPyV-negative MCC from epidermal keratinocytes and the MCPyV-positive MCC from dermal fibroblasts. If true, this would represent the first cancer that we are aware of that evolves from cells of origin from two distinct germ layers: MCPyV-negative MCCs from ectodermal keratinocytes and MCPyV-positive MCCs from mesodermal fibroblasts. Future epigenetic experiments may prove valuable in confirming these distinct lineages for these MCC subtypes, especially for the clinical importance the cell of origin has on MCC treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sunshine
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - N S Jahchan
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Sage
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics, and the Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Chen X, Deng H, Churchill MJ, Luchsinger LL, Du X, Chu TH, Friedman RA, Middelhoff M, Ding H, Tailor YH, Wang ALE, Liu H, Niu Z, Wang H, Jiang Z, Renders S, Ho SH, Shah SV, Tishchenko P, Chang W, Swayne TC, Munteanu L, Califano A, Takahashi R, Nagar KK, Renz BW, Worthley DL, Westphalen CB, Hayakawa Y, Asfaha S, Borot F, Lin CS, Snoeck HW, Mukherjee S, Wang TC. Bone Marrow Myeloid Cells Regulate Myeloid-Biased Hematopoietic Stem Cells via a Histamine-Dependent Feedback Loop. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:747-760.e7. [PMID: 29198940 PMCID: PMC5975960 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells (MB-HSCs) play critical roles in recovery from injury, but little is known about how they are regulated within the bone marrow niche. Here we describe an auto-/paracrine physiologic circuit that controls quiescence of MB-HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors marked by histidine decarboxylase (Hdc). Committed Hdc+ myeloid cells lie in close anatomical proximity to MB-HSCs and produce histamine, which activates the H2 receptor on MB-HSCs to promote their quiescence and self-renewal. Depleting histamine-producing cells enforces cell cycle entry, induces loss of serial transplant capacity, and sensitizes animals to chemotherapeutic injury. Increasing demand for myeloid cells via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment specifically recruits MB-HSCs and progenitors into the cell cycle; cycling MB-HSCs fail to revert into quiescence in the absence of histamine feedback, leading to their depletion, while an H2 agonist protects MB-HSCs from depletion after sepsis. Thus, histamine couples lineage-specific physiological demands to intrinsically primed MB-HSCs to enforce homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Huan Deng
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Pathology, and Molecular Medicine and Genetics Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330003, China
| | - Michael J. Churchill
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Larry L. Luchsinger
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Xing Du
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Timothy H. Chu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Richard A. Friedman
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Moritz Middelhoff
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Hongxu Ding
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Yagnesh H. Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Alexander L. E. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Haibo Liu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Zhengchuan Niu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Simon Renders
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH) 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Siu-Hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Pavel Tishchenko
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Wenju Chang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Theresa C. Swayne
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Laura Munteanu
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Karan K. Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Bernhard W. Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel L. Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia,Cancer Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - C. Benedikt Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Florence Borot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Siddhartha Mukherjee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Correspondence: (S.M.), (T.C.W.)
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA,Correspondence: (S.M.), (T.C.W.)
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29
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Kim HK, Fuchs G, Wang S, Wei W, Zhang Y, Park H, Roy-Chaudhuri B, Li P, Xu J, Chu K, Zhang F, Chua MS, So S, Zhang QC, Sarnow P, Kay MA. A transfer-RNA-derived small RNA regulates ribosome biogenesis. Nature 2017; 552:57-62. [PMID: 29186115 PMCID: PMC6066594 DOI: 10.1038/nature25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs; also called tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs)) are an abundant class of small non-coding RNAs whose biological roles are not well defined. We show that inhibition of a specific tsRNA, LeuCAG3′tsRNA, induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells in vitro and in a patient-derived orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma model in mice. This tsRNA binds at least two ribosomal protein mRNAs (for RPS28 and RPS15) to enhance their translation. Reduction of RPS28 mRNA translation blocks pre-18S ribosomal RNA processing, resulting in a decrease in the number of 40S ribosomal subunits. These data establish another post-transcriptional mechanism that can fine-tune gene expression during different physiological states and provide a potential new target for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Kyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shengchun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hyesuk Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Biswajoy Roy-Chaudhuri
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianpeng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kirk Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Feijie Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mei-Sze Chua
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Samuel So
- Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Qiangfeng Cliff Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peter Sarnow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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30
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Yao C, Kobayashi M, Chen S, Nabinger SC, Gao R, Liu SZ, Asai T, Liu Y. Necdin modulates leukemia-initiating cell quiescence and chemotherapy response. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87607-87622. [PMID: 29152105 PMCID: PMC5675657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating illness which carries a very poor prognosis, with most patients living less than 18 months. Leukemia relapse may occur because current therapies eliminate proliferating leukemia cells but fail to eradicate quiescent leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) that can reinitiate the disease after a period of latency. While we demonstrated that p53 target gene Necdin maintains hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence, its roles in LIC quiescence and response to chemotherapy are unclear. In this study, we utilized two well-established murine models of human AML induced by MLL-AF9 or AML1-ETO9a to determine the role of Necdin in leukemogenesis. We found that loss of Necdin decreased the number of functional LICs and enhanced myeloid differentiation in vivo, leading to delayed development of leukemia induced by MLL-AF9. Importantly, Necdin null LICs expressing MLL-AF9 were less quiescent than wild-type LICs. Further, loss of Necdin enhanced the response of MLL-AF9+ leukemia cells to chemotherapy treatment, manifested by decreased viability and enhanced apoptosis. We observed decreased expression of Bcl2 and increased expression of p53 and its target gene Bax in Necdin null leukemia cells following chemotherapy treatment, indicating that p53-dependent apoptotic pathways may be activated in the absence of Necdin. In addition, we found that loss of Necdin decreased the engraftment of AML1-ETO9a+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in transplantation assays. However, Necdin-deficiency did not affect the response of AML1-ETO9a+ hematopoietic cells to chemotherapy treatment. Thus, Necdin regulates leukemia-initiating cell quiescence and chemotherapy response in a context-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of Necdin may hold potential as a novel therapy for leukemia patients with MLL translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Yao
- Department of Rheumatism, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah C Nabinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen Z Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Takashi Asai
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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31
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Bellio MA, Pinto MT, Florea V, Barrios PA, Taylor CN, Brown AB, Lamondin C, Hare JM, Schulman IH, Rodrigues CO. Hypoxic Stress Decreases c-Myc Protein Stability in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Inducing Quiescence and Compromising Their Proliferative and Vasculogenic Potential. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9702. [PMID: 28851980 PMCID: PMC5575078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have been shown to promote cardiac regeneration and improve heart function. However, evidence suggests that their regenerative capacity may be limited in conditions of severe hypoxia. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in CPC protection against hypoxic stress is essential to maximize their cardioprotective and therapeutic potential. We investigated the effects of hypoxic stress on CPCs and found significant reduction in proliferation and impairment of vasculogenesis, which were associated with induction of quiescence, as indicated by accumulation of cells in the G0-phase of the cell cycle and growth recovery when cells were returned to normoxia. Induction of quiescence was associated with a decrease in the expression of c-Myc through mechanisms involving protein degradation and upregulation of p21. Inhibition of c-Myc mimicked the effects of severe hypoxia on CPC proliferation, also triggering quiescence. Surprisingly, these effects did not involve changes in p21 expression, indicating that other hypoxia-activated factors may induce p21 in CPCs. Our results suggest that hypoxic stress compromises CPC function by inducing quiescence in part through downregulation of c-Myc. In addition, we found that c-Myc is required to preserve CPC growth, suggesting that modulation of pathways downstream of it may re-activate CPC regenerative potential under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bellio
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mariana T Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victoria Florea
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paola A Barrios
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christy N Taylor
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ariel B Brown
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Courtney Lamondin
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ivonne H Schulman
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Claudia O Rodrigues
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America.
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32
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Downregulation of PARP1 transcription by promoter-associated E2F4-RBL2-HDAC1-BRM complex contributes to repression of pluripotency stem cell factors in human monocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9483. [PMID: 28842672 PMCID: PMC5572705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of certain cell types is followed by a downregulation of PARP1 expression. We show that the reduction in the abundance of PARP1 in hematopoietic progenitor cells and monocytes is tightly controlled by the cell cycle. The differentiation-associated cell cycle exit induces E2F1 replacement with E2F4 at the PARP1 promoter and the assembly of an E2F4-RBL2-HDAC1-BRM(SWI/SNF) repressor complex which deacetylates nucleosomes and compacts chromatin. In G1 arrested cells, PARP1 transcription is reduced by the recruitment of E2F1-RB1-HDAC1-EZH2(PRC2)-BRM/BRG1(SWI/SNF), which additionally trimethylates H3K27 and causes an even higher increase in nucleosome density. The re-establishment of an active chromatin structure by treating post-mitotic monocytes with the HDAC inhibitor and G1 arrested cells with a combination of HDAC and EZH2 inhibitors restores PARP1 expression completely but does not affect the interaction between the components of the repressor complex with chromatin. This suggests that RB1 and RBL2, as well as PRC2, SWI/SNF and HDAC1, do not interfere with the transcription machinery. Interestingly, reinstatement of PARP1 expression by the silencing of RBL2 or by the inhibition of HDACs in monocytes and by transfection with the PARP1 expression vector in differentiated THP-1 cells substantially increased transcription of pluripotency stem cell factors such as POU5F1, SOX2 and NANOG.
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33
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Kim E, Cheng Y, Bolton-Gillespie E, Cai X, Ma C, Tarangelo A, Le L, Jambhekar M, Raman P, Hayer KE, Wertheim G, Speck NA, Tong W, Viatour P. Rb family proteins enforce the homeostasis of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells by repressing Socs3 expression. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1901-1912. [PMID: 28550162 PMCID: PMC5502420 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the homeostasis of HSCs remain poorly understood. Here, Kim et al. identify the Rb/E2f module as a central molecular hub in the regulation of cell cycle and homeostasis in HSCs. This mechanism drives the enforced differentiation of proliferative HSCs to avoid their unnecessary accumulation. Prolonged exit from quiescence by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) progressively impairs their homeostasis in the bone marrow through an unidentified mechanism. We show that Rb proteins, which are major enforcers of quiescence, maintain HSC homeostasis by positively regulating thrombopoietin (Tpo)-mediated Jak2 signaling. Rb family protein inactivation triggers the progressive E2f-mediated transactivation of Socs3, a potent inhibitor of Jak2 signaling, in cycling HSCs. Aberrant activation of Socs3 impairs Tpo signaling and leads to impaired HSC homeostasis. Therefore, Rb proteins act as a central hub of quiescence and homeostasis by coordinating the regulation of both cell cycle and Jak2 signaling in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Kim
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ying Cheng
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Xiongwei Cai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Connie Ma
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Tarangelo
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Linh Le
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Madhumita Jambhekar
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pichai Raman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katharina E Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gerald Wertheim
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nancy A Speck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wei Tong
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick Viatour
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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34
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Fong BC, Slack RS. RB: An essential player in adult neurogenesis. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1270382. [PMID: 28229086 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1270382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms underlying adult neurogenesis remain to be fully clarified. Members of the cell cycle machinery have demonstrated key roles in regulating adult neural stem cell (NSC) quiescence and the size of the adult-born neuronal population. The retinoblastoma protein, Rb, is known to possess CNS-specific requirements that are independent from its classical role as a tumor suppressor. The recent study by Vandenbosch et al. has clarified distinct requirements for Rb during adult neurogenesis, in the restriction of proliferation, as well as long-term adult-born neuronal survival. However, Rb is no longer believed to be the main cell cycle regulator maintaining the quiescence of adult NSCs. Future studies must consider Rb as part of a larger network of regulatory effectors, including the other members of the Rb family, p107 and p130. This will help elucidate the contribution of Rb and other pocket proteins in the context of adult neurogenesis, and define its crucial role in regulating the size and fate of the neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensun C Fong
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
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35
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Song Y, Sullivan T, Klarmann K, Gilbert D, O’Sullivan TN, Lu L, Wang S, Haines DC, Van Dyke T, Keller JR. RB inactivation in keratin 18 positive thymic epithelial cells promotes non-cell autonomous T cell hyperproliferation in genetically engineered mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171510. [PMID: 28158249 PMCID: PMC5291521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TEC), as part of thymic stroma, provide essential growth factors/cytokines and self-antigens to support T cell development and selection. Deletion of Rb family proteins in adult thymic stroma leads to T cell hyperplasia in vivo. To determine whether deletion of Rb specifically in keratin (K) 18 positive TEC was sufficient for thymocyte hyperplasia, we conditionally inactivated Rb and its family members p107 and p130 in K18+ TEC in genetically engineered mice (TgK18GT121; K18 mice). We found that thymocyte hyperproliferation was induced in mice with Rb inactivation in K18+ TEC, while normal T cell development was maintained; suggesting that inactivation of Rb specifically in K18+ TEC was sufficient and responsible for the phenotype. Transplantation of wild type bone marrow cells into mice with Rb inactivation in K18+ TEC resulted in donor T lymphocyte hyperplasia confirming the non-cell autonomous requirement for Rb proteins in K18+ TEC in regulating T cell proliferation. Our data suggests that thymic epithelial cells play an important role in regulating lymphoid proliferation and thymus size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Song
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Klarmann
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debra Gilbert
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - T. Norene O’Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucy Lu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sophie Wang
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Pathology/ Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Interchangeable Roles for E2F Transcriptional Repression by the Retinoblastoma Protein and p27KIP1-Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Regulation in Cell Cycle Control and Tumor Suppression. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00561-16. [PMID: 27821477 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00561-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian G1-S phase transition is controlled by the opposing forces of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Here, we present evidence for systems-level control of cell cycle arrest by pRB-E2F and p27-CDK regulation. By introducing a point mutant allele of pRB that is defective for E2F repression (Rb1G) into a p27KIP1 null background (Cdkn1b-/-), both E2F transcriptional repression and CDK regulation are compromised. These double-mutant Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- mice are viable and phenocopy Rb1+/- mice in developing pituitary adenocarcinomas, even though neither single mutant strain is cancer prone. Combined loss of pRB-E2F transcriptional regulation and p27KIP1 leads to defective proliferative control in response to various types of DNA damage. In addition, Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- fibroblasts immortalize faster in culture and more frequently than either single mutant genotype. Importantly, the synthetic DNA damage arrest defect caused by Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- mutations is evident in the developing intermediate pituitary lobe where tumors ultimately arise. Our work identifies a unique relationship between pRB-E2F and p27-CDK control and offers in vivo evidence that pRB is capable of cell cycle control through E2F-independent effects.
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37
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Unnikrishnan A, Guan YF, Huang Y, Beck D, Thoms JAI, Peirs S, Knezevic K, Ma S, de Walle IV, de Jong I, Ali Z, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Taghon T, Larsson J, MacKenzie KL, Van Vlierberghe P, Wong JWH, Pimanda JE. A quantitative proteomics approach identifies ETV6 and IKZF1 as new regulators of an ERG-driven transcriptional network. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10644-10661. [PMID: 27604872 PMCID: PMC5159545 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant stem cell-like gene regulatory networks are a feature of leukaemogenesis. The ETS-related gene (ERG), an important regulator of normal haematopoiesis, is also highly expressed in T-ALL and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, the transcriptional regulation of ERG in leukaemic cells remains poorly understood. In order to discover transcriptional regulators of ERG, we employed a quantitative mass spectrometry-based method to identify factors binding the 321 bp ERG +85 stem cell enhancer region in MOLT-4 T-ALL and KG-1 AML cells. Using this approach, we identified a number of known binders of the +85 enhancer in leukaemic cells along with previously unknown binders, including ETV6 and IKZF1. We confirmed that ETV6 and IKZF1 were also bound at the +85 enhancer in both leukaemic cells and in healthy human CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Knockdown experiments confirmed that ETV6 and IKZF1 are transcriptional regulators not just of ERG, but also of a number of genes regulated by a densely interconnected network of seven transcription factors. At last, we show that ETV6 and IKZF1 expression levels are positively correlated with expression of a number of heptad genes in AML and high expression of all nine genes confers poorer overall prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Consensus Sequence
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Ikaros Transcription Factor/physiology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Protein Binding
- Proteome
- Proteomics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Regulator ERG/physiology
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Unnikrishnan
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yi F Guan
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Dominik Beck
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie A I Thoms
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Sofie Peirs
- Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Software, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Kathy Knezevic
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shiyong Ma
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Inge V de Walle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ineke de Jong
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zara Ali
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Software, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Jason W H Wong
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - John E Pimanda
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031, Australia
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38
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Jian Z, Strait A, Jimeno A, Wang XJ. Cancer Stem Cells in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:31-37. [PMID: 27638386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are found in many cancer types, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). CSCs initiate cancer formation and are linked to metastasis and resistance to therapies. Studies have revealed that several distinct CSC populations coexist in SCC and that tumor initiation and metastatic potential of these populations can be uncoupled. Therefore, it is critical to understand CSC biology to develop novel CSC-targeted therapies for patients with SCC with poor prognoses. This review compares the properties of CSCs in SCC with normal stem cells in the skin, summarizes current advances and characteristics of CSCs, and considers the challenges for CSC-targeted treatment of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jian
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Alexander Strait
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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39
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The chromatin-associated Sin3B protein is required for hematopoietic stem cell functions in mice. Blood 2016; 129:60-70. [PMID: 27806947 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-721746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy and are the origin of all blood cells produced throughout an individual's life. The balance between HSC self-renewal and differentiation is maintained by various intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Among these, the molecular pathways that restrict cell cycle progression are critical to the maintenance of functional HSCs. Alterations in the regulation of cell cycle progression in HSCs invariably lead to the development of hematologic malignancies or bone marrow failure syndromes. Here we report that hematopoietic-specific genetic inactivation of Sin3B, an essential component of the mammalian Sin3-histone deacetylase corepressor complex, severely impairs the competitive repopulation capacity of HSCs. Sin3B-deleted HSCs accumulate and fail to properly differentiate following transplantation. Moreover, Sin3B inactivation impairs HSC quiescence and sensitizes mice to myelosuppressive therapy. Together, these results identify Sin3B as a novel and critical regulator of HSC functions.
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40
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Hutcheson J, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES. The RB tumor suppressor at the intersection of proliferation and immunity: relevance to disease immune evasion and immunotherapy. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3812-9. [PMID: 25714546 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1010922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) was the first identified tumor suppressor based on germline predisposition to the pediatric eye tumor. Since these early studies, it has become apparent that the functional inactivation of RB is a common event in nearly all human malignancy. A great deal of research has gone into understanding how the loss of RB promotes tumor etiology and progression. Since malignant tumors are characterized by aberrant cell division, much of this research has focused upon the ability of RB to regulate the cell cycle by repression of proliferation-related genes. However, it is progressively understood that RB is an important mediator of multiple functions. One area that is gaining progressive interest is the emerging role for RB in regulating diverse features of immune function. These findings suggest that RB is more than simply a regulator of cellular proliferation; it is at the crossroads of proliferation and the immune response. Here we review the data related to the functional roles of RB on the immune system, relevance to immune evasion, and potential significance to the response to immune-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hutcheson
- a Department of Pathology ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas , TX USA
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- a Department of Pathology ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas , TX USA.,b Simmons Cancer Center ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas , TX USA
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- a Department of Pathology ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas , TX USA.,b Simmons Cancer Center ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center ; Dallas , TX USA
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41
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Zhang J, Loyd MR, Randall MS, Morris JJ, Shah JG, Ney PA. Repression by RB1 characterizes genes involved in the penultimate stage of erythroid development. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3441-53. [PMID: 26397180 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1090067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma-1 (RB1), and the RB1-related proteins p107 and p130, are key regulators of the cell cycle. Although RB1 is required for normal erythroid development in vitro, it is largely dispensable for erythropoiesis in vivo. The modest phenotype caused by RB1 deficiency in mice raises questions about redundancy within the RB1 family, and the role of RB1 in erythroid differentiation. Here we show that RB1 is the major pocket protein that regulates terminal erythroid differentiation. Erythroid cells lacking all pocket proteins exhibit the same cell cycle defects as those deficient for RB1 alone. RB1 has broad repressive effects on gene transcription in erythroid cells. As a group, RB1-repressed genes are generally well expressed but downregulated at the final stage of erythroid development. Repression correlates with E2F binding, implicating E2Fs in the recruitment of RB1 to repressed genes. Merging differential and time-dependent changes in expression, we define a group of approximately 800 RB1-repressed genes. Bioinformatics analysis shows that this list is enriched for terms related to the cell cycle, but also for terms related to terminal differentiation. Some of these have not been previously linked to RB1. These results expand the range of processes potentially regulated by RB1, and suggest that a principal role of RB1 in development is coordinating the events required for terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA.,b Current address: Cancer Biology & Genetics; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ; New York , NY USA
| | - Melanie R Loyd
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA.,c Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
| | - Mindy S Randall
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
| | - John J Morris
- c Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
| | - Jayesh G Shah
- d Cell & Molecular Biology; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York Blood Center ; New York , NY USA
| | - Paul A Ney
- a Department of Biochemistry ; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA.,d Cell & Molecular Biology; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute; New York Blood Center ; New York , NY USA.,e Current address: 1735 York Ave., New York , NY USA
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42
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Kohno S, Kitajima S, Sasaki N, Takahashi C. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor functions shared by stem cell and cancer cell strategies. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:170-84. [PMID: 27114748 PMCID: PMC4835675 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic transformation of somatic cells resembles nuclear reprogramming toward the generation of pluripotent stem cells. These events share eternal escape from cellular senescence, continuous self-renewal in limited but certain population of cells, and refractoriness to terminal differentiation while maintaining the potential to differentiate into cells of one or multiple lineages. As represented by several oncogenes those appeared to be first keys to pluripotency, carcinogenesis and nuclear reprogramming seem to share a number of core mechanisms. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor product retinoblastoma (RB) seems to be critically involved in both events in highly complicated manners. However, disentangling such complicated interactions has enabled us to better understand how stem cell strategies are shared by cancer cells. This review covers recent findings on RB functions related to stem cells and stem cell-like behaviors of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kohno
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobunari Sasaki
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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43
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Lechman ER, Gentner B, Ng SWK, Schoof EM, van Galen P, Kennedy JA, Nucera S, Ciceri F, Kaufmann KB, Takayama N, Dobson SM, Trotman-Grant A, Krivdova G, Elzinga J, Mitchell A, Nilsson B, Hermans KG, Eppert K, Marke R, Isserlin R, Voisin V, Bader GD, Zandstra PW, Golub TR, Ebert BL, Lu J, Minden M, Wang JCY, Naldini L, Dick JE. miR-126 Regulates Distinct Self-Renewal Outcomes in Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:214-28. [PMID: 26832662 PMCID: PMC4749543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate miRNA function in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells (LSC), we generated a prognostic LSC-associated miRNA signature derived from functionally validated subpopulations of AML samples. For one signature miRNA, miR-126, high bioactivity aggregated all in vivo patient sample LSC activity into a single sorted population, tightly coupling miR-126 expression to LSC function. Through functional studies, miR-126 was found to restrain cell cycle progression, prevent differentiation, and increase self-renewal of primary LSC in vivo. Compared with prior results showing miR-126 regulation of normal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cycling, these functional stem effects are opposite between LSC and HSC. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis demonstrates that miR-126 targets the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway, preserving LSC quiescence and promoting chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lechman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Stanley W K Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Erwin M Schoof
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter van Galen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - James A Kennedy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Silvia Nucera
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Kerstin B Kaufmann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Naoya Takayama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Dobson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aaron Trotman-Grant
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gabriela Krivdova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Janneke Elzinga
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Karin G Hermans
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Rene Marke
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Netherlands
| | - Ruth Isserlin
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Todd R Golub
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jean C Y Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Room 8-301, 101 College Street, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada.
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Richmond CA, Shah MS, Carlone DL, Breault DT. Factors regulating quiescent stem cells: insights from the intestine and other self-renewing tissues. J Physiol 2016; 594:4805-13. [PMID: 26670741 DOI: 10.1113/jp271653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lived and self-renewing adult stem cells (SCs) are essential for homeostasis in a wide range of tissues and can include both rapidly cycling and quiescent (q)SC populations. Rapidly cycling SCs function principally during normal tissue maintenance and are highly sensitive to stress, whereas qSCs exit from their quiescent state in response to homeostatic imbalance and regenerative pressure. The regulatory mechanisms underlying the quiescent state include factors essential for cell cycle control, stress response and survival pathways, developmental signalling pathways, and post-transcriptional modulation. Here, we review these regulatory mechanisms citing observations from the intestine and other self-renewing tissues.
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45
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Recruitment of Pontin/Reptin by E2f1 amplifies E2f transcriptional response during cancer progression. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10028. [PMID: 26639898 PMCID: PMC4686657 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene expression during tumorigenesis are often considered the consequence of de novo mutations occurring in the tumour. An alternative possibility is that the transcriptional response of oncogenic transcription factors evolves during tumorigenesis. Here we show that aberrant E2f activity, following inactivation of the Rb gene family in a mouse model of liver cancer, initially activates a robust gene expression programme associated with the cell cycle. Slowly accumulating E2f1 progressively recruits a Pontin/Reptin complex to open the chromatin conformation at E2f target genes and amplifies the E2f transcriptional response. This mechanism enhances the E2f-mediated transactivation of cell cycle genes and initiates the activation of low binding affinity E2f target genes that regulate non-cell-cycle functions, such as the Warburg effect. These data indicate that both the physiological and the oncogenic activities of E2f result in distinct transcriptional responses, which could be exploited to target E2f oncogenic activity for therapy. E2F transcription factors are primarily known for the regulation of the cell cycle and are often dysregulated in cancer. Here, the authors show that during cancer progression E2F1 recruits a Pontin/Reptin complex to E2F target genes to open chromatin and increase E2F transcriptional response.
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46
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Rumman M, Dhawan J, Kassem M. Concise Review: Quiescence in Adult Stem Cells: Biological Significance and Relevance to Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2903-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rumman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem); Bangalore Karnataka India
- Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem); Bangalore Karnataka India
- CSIR-Center for Cell and Molecular Biology (CCMB); Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; University Hospital of Odense; Odense Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Stem cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine; King Saud University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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47
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Mende N, Kuchen EE, Lesche M, Grinenko T, Kokkaliaris KD, Hanenberg H, Lindemann D, Dahl A, Platz A, Höfer T, Calegari F, Waskow C. CCND1-CDK4-mediated cell cycle progression provides a competitive advantage for human hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1171-83. [PMID: 26150472 PMCID: PMC4516798 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of stem cell properties is associated with reduced proliferation but it is unknown whether the transition kinetics through distinct cell cycle phases influences the function of HSCs. Mende et al examine the effects of increasing two cell cycle complexes CCND1–CDK4 and CCNE1–CDK2 on the transition kinetics of human HSCs and their maintenance and functional alterations in vivo. Maintenance of stem cell properties is associated with reduced proliferation. However, in mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), loss of quiescence results in a wide range of phenotypes, ranging from functional failure to extensive self-renewal. It remains unknown whether the function of human HSCs is controlled by the kinetics of cell cycle progression. Using human HSCs and human progenitor cells (HSPCs), we report here that elevated levels of CCND1–CDK4 complexes promoted the transit from G0 to G1 and shortened the G1 cell cycle phase, resulting in protection from differentiation-inducing signals in vitro and increasing human leukocyte engraftment in vivo. Further, CCND1–CDK4 overexpression conferred a competitive advantage without impacting HSPC numbers. In contrast, accelerated cell cycle progression mediated by elevated levels of CCNE1–CDK2 led to the loss of functional HSPCs in vivo. Collectively, these data suggest that the transition kinetics through the early cell cycle phases are key regulators of human HSPC function and important for lifelong hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mende
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erika E Kuchen
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatyana Grinenko
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models in Hematopoiesis, Institute for Immunology, Institute of Virology, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine; Deep Sequencing Group SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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48
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Julian LM, Blais A. Transcriptional control of stem cell fate by E2Fs and pocket proteins. Front Genet 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 25972892 PMCID: PMC4412126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors and their regulatory partners, the pocket proteins (PPs), have emerged as essential regulators of stem cell fate control in a number of lineages. In mammals, this role extends from both pluripotent stem cells to those encompassing all embryonic germ layers, as well as extra-embryonic lineages. E2F/PP-mediated regulation of stem cell decisions is highly evolutionarily conserved, and is likely a pivotal biological mechanism underlying stem cell homeostasis. This has immense implications for organismal development, tissue maintenance, and regeneration. In this article, we discuss the roles of E2F factors and PPs in stem cell populations, focusing on mammalian systems. We discuss emerging findings that position the E2F and PP families as widespread and dynamic epigenetic regulators of cell fate decisions. Additionally, we focus on the ever expanding landscape of E2F/PP target genes, and explore the possibility that E2Fs are not simply regulators of general ‘multi-purpose’ cell fate genes but can execute tissue- and cell type-specific gene regulatory programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Schaal C, Pillai S, Chellappan SP. The Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:147-182. [PMID: 24889531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein Rb plays a major role in regulating G1/S transition and is a critical regulator of cell proliferation. Rb protein exerts its growth regulatory properties mainly by physically interacting with the transcriptionally active members of the E2F transcription factor family, especially E2Fs 1, 2, and 3. Given its critical role in regulating cell proliferation, it is not surprising that Rb is inactivated in almost all tumors, either through the mutation of Rb gene itself or through the mutations of its upstream regulators including K-Ras and INK4. Recent studies have revealed a significant role for Rb and its downstream effectors, especially E2Fs, in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, components of the Rb-E2F pathway have been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF and VEGFR, genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition including E-cadherin and ZEB proteins, and genes involved in invasion and migration like matrix metalloproteinases. Rb has also been shown to play a major role in the functioning of normal and cancer stem cells; further, Rb and E2F appear to play a regulatory role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells. These findings raise the possibility that mutational events that initiate tumorigenesis by inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation might also contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancers through the mediation of the Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway. This review highlights these recent studies on tumor promoting functions of the Rb-E2F pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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50
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Yaswen P, MacKenzie KL, Keith WN, Hentosh P, Rodier F, Zhu J, Firestone GL, Matheu A, Carnero A, Bilsland A, Sundin T, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Helferich B, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Niccolai E, Aquilano K, Ashraf SS, Nowsheen S, Yang X. Therapeutic targeting of replicative immortality. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S104-S128. [PMID: 25869441 PMCID: PMC4600408 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of malignant cell populations is the ability to undergo continuous proliferation. This property allows clonal lineages to acquire sequential aberrations that can fuel increasingly autonomous growth, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. Innate cellular mechanisms have evolved to regulate replicative potential as a hedge against malignant progression. When activated in the absence of normal terminal differentiation cues, these mechanisms can result in a state of persistent cytostasis. This state, termed “senescence,” can be triggered by intrinsic cellular processes such as telomere dysfunction and oncogene expression, and by exogenous factors such as DNA damaging agents or oxidative environments. Despite differences in upstream signaling, senescence often involves convergent interdependent activation of tumor suppressors p53 and p16/pRB, but can be induced, albeit with reduced sensitivity, when these suppressors are compromised. Doses of conventional genotoxic drugs required to achieve cancer cell senescence are often much lower than doses required to achieve outright cell death. Additional therapies, such as those targeting cyclin dependent kinases or components of the PI3K signaling pathway, may induce senescence specifically in cancer cells by circumventing defects in tumor suppressor pathways or exploiting cancer cells’ heightened requirements for telomerase. Such treatments sufficient to induce cancer cell senescence could provide increased patient survival with fewer and less severe side effects than conventional cytotoxic regimens. This positive aspect is countered by important caveats regarding senescence reversibility, genomic instability, and paracrine effects that may increase heterogeneity and adaptive resistance of surviving cancer cells. Nevertheless, agents that effectively disrupt replicative immortality will likely be valuable components of new combinatorial approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | | | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, HUVR, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universdad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amr Amin
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - S Salman Ashraf
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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