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Zhu Y, Alqahtani S, Hu X. An Assessment of Dispersion-Corrected DFT Methods for Modeling Nonbonded Interactions in Protein Kinase Inhibitor Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:304. [PMID: 38257217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate modeling of nonbonded interactions between protein kinases and their small molecule inhibitors is essential for structure-based drug design. Quantum chemical methods such as density functional theory (DFT) hold significant promise for quantifying the strengths of these key protein-ligand interactions. However, the accuracy of DFT methods can vary substantially depending on the choice of exchange-correlation functionals and associated basis sets. In this study, a comprehensive benchmarking of nine widely used DFT methods was carried out to identify an optimal approach for quantitative modeling of nonbonded interactions, balancing both accuracy and computational efficiency. From a database of 2139 kinase-inhibitor crystal structures, a diverse library of 49 nonbonded interaction motifs was extracted, encompassing CH-π, π-π stacking, cation-π, hydrogen bonding, and salt bridge interactions. The strengths of nonbonded interaction energies for all 49 motifs were calculated at the advanced CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory, which serve as references for a systematic benchmarking of BLYP, TPSS, B97, ωB97X, B3LYP, M062X, PW6B95, B2PLYP, and PWPB95 functionals with D3BJ dispersion correction alongside def2-SVP, def2-TZVP, and def2-QZVP basis sets. The RI, RIJK, and RIJCOSX approximations were used for selected functionals. It was found that the B3LYP/def2-TZVP and RIJK RI-B2PLYP/def2-QZVP methods delivered the best combination of accuracy and computational efficiency, making them well-suited for efficient modeling of nonbonded interactions responsible for molecular recognition of protein kinase inhibitors in their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Saad Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiche Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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2
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Anderson B, Rosston P, Ong HW, Hossain MA, Davis-Gilbert ZW, Drewry DH. How many kinases are druggable? A review of our current understanding. Biochem J 2023; 480:1331-1363. [PMID: 37642371 PMCID: PMC10586788 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
There are over 500 human kinases ranging from very well-studied to almost completely ignored. Kinases are tractable and implicated in many diseases, making them ideal targets for medicinal chemistry campaigns, but is it possible to discover a drug for each individual kinase? For every human kinase, we gathered data on their citation count, availability of chemical probes, approved and investigational drugs, PDB structures, and biochemical and cellular assays. Analysis of these factors highlights which kinase groups have a wealth of information available, and which groups still have room for progress. The data suggest a disproportionate focus on the more well characterized kinases while much of the kinome remains comparatively understudied. It is noteworthy that tool compounds for understudied kinases have already been developed, and there is still untapped potential for further development in this chemical space. Finally, this review discusses many of the different strategies employed to generate selectivity between kinases. Given the large volume of information available and the progress made over the past 20 years when it comes to drugging kinases, we believe it is possible to develop a tool compound for every human kinase. We hope this review will prove to be both a useful resource as well as inspire the discovery of a tool for every kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Anderson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Peter Rosston
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Zachary W. Davis-Gilbert
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
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3
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Cooney LN, O’Shea KD, Winfield HJ, Cahill MM, Pierce LT, McCarthy FO. Bisindolyl Maleimides and Indolylmaleimide Derivatives-A Review of Their Synthesis and Bioactivity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1191. [PMID: 37764999 PMCID: PMC10534823 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of bisindolyl maleimides and indolyl maleimide derivatives and their unique biological activities have stimulated great interest in medicinal chemistry programs. Bisindolylmaleimide (BIM)-type compounds arise from natural sources such as arcyriarubin and are biosynthetically related to indolocarbazoles. BIMs are commonly the immediate synthetic precursors of indolocarbazoles, lacking a central bond between the two aromatic units and making them more flexible and drug-like. Synthetic endeavours within this class of compounds are broad and have led to the development of both remarkably potent and selective protein kinase inhibitors. Clinical BIM examples include ruboxistaurin and enzastaurin, which are highly active inhibitors of protein kinase C-β. While BIMs are widely recognised as protein kinase inhibitors, other modes of activity have been reported, including the inhibition of calcium signalling and antimicrobial activity. Critically, structural differences can be used to exploit new bioactivity and therefore it is imperative to discover new chemical entities to address new targets. BIMs can be highly functionalised or chemically manipulated, which provides the opportunity to generate new derivatives with unique biological profiles. This review will collate new synthetic approaches to BIM-type compounds and their associated bioactivities with a focus on clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Florence O. McCarthy
- School of Chemistry and ABCRF, University College Cork, Western Road, T12K8AF Cork, Ireland; (L.N.C.); (K.D.O.); (H.J.W.); (M.M.C.); (L.T.P.)
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4
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Atiya A, Alhumaydhi FA, Sharaf SE, Al Abdulmonem W, Elasbali AM, Al Enazi MM, Shamsi A, Jawaid T, Alghamdi BS, Hashem AM, Ashraf GM, Shahwan M. Identification of 11-Hydroxytephrosin and Torosaflavone A as Potential Inhibitors of 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PDPK1): Toward Anticancer Drug Discovery. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1230. [PMID: 36009858 PMCID: PMC9405294 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDPK1) has a significant role in cancer progression and metastasis as well as other inflammatory disorders, and has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target for several malignancies. In this work, we conducted a systematic virtual screening of natural compounds from the IMPPAT database to identify possible PDPK1 inhibitors. Primarily, the Lipinski rules, ADMET, and PAINS filter were applied and then the binding affinities, docking scores, and selectivity were carried out to find effective hits against PDPK1. Finally, we identified two natural compounds, 11-Hydroxytephrosin and Torosaflavone A, bearing substantial affinity with PDPK1. Both compounds showed drug-likeness as predicted by the ADMET analysis and their physicochemical parameters. These compounds preferentially bind to the ATP-binding pocket of PDPK1 and interact with functionally significant residues. The conformational dynamics and complex stability of PDPK1 with the selected compounds were then studied using interaction analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns. The simulation results revealed that PDPK1 forms stable docked complexes with the elucidated compounds. The findings show that the newly discovered 11-Hydroxytephrosin and Torosaflavone A bind to PDPK1 in an ATP-competitive manner, suggesting that they could one day be used as therapeutic scaffolds against PDPK1-associated diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger St., Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharaf E. Sharaf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Research Administration, Executive Administration of Research and Innovation, King Abdullah Medical City in the Holy Capital, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6655, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M. Al Enazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdelaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Talha Jawaid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13317, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Romero-Pinedo S, Barros DIR, Ruiz-Magaña MJ, Maganto-García E, Moreno de Lara L, Abadía-Molina F, Terhorst C, Abadía-Molina AC. SLAMF8 Downregulates Mouse Macrophage Microbicidal Mechanisms via PI3K Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910112. [PMID: 35837407 PMCID: PMC9273976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 8 (SLAMF8) is involved in the negative modulation of NADPH oxidase activation. However, the impact of SLAMF8 downregulation on macrophage functionality and the microbicide mechanism remains elusive. To study this in depth, we first analyzed NADPH oxidase activation pathways in wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages upon different stimulus. Herein, we describe increased phosphorylation of the Erk1/2 and p38 MAP kinases, as well as increased phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase subunits in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Furthermore, using specific inhibitors, we observed that specific PI3K inhibition decreased the differences observed between wild-type and SLAMF8-deficient macrophages, stimulated with either PMA, LPS, or Salmonella typhimurium infection. Consequently, SLAMF8-deficient macrophages also showed increased recruitment of small GTPases such as Rab5 and Rab7, and the p47phox subunit to cytoplasmic Salmonella, suggesting an impairment of Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) progression in SLAMF8-deficient macrophages. Enhanced iNOS activation, NO production, and IL-6 expression were also observed in the absence of SLAMF8 upon Salmonella infection, either in vivo or in vitro, while overexpression of SLAMF8 in RAW264.7 macrophages showed the opposite phenotype. In addition, SLAMF8-deficient macrophages showed increased activation of Src kinases and reduced SHP-1 phosphate levels upon IFNγ and Salmonella stimuli in comparison to wild-type macrophages. In agreement with in vitro results, Salmonella clearance was augmented in SLAMF8-deficient mice compared to that in wild-type mice. Therefore, in conclusion, SLAMF8 intervention upon bacterial infection downregulates mouse macrophage activation, and confirmed that SLAMF8 receptor could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of severe or unresolved inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Romero-Pinedo
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Domingo I Rojas Barros
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Magaña
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Maganto-García
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno de Lara
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Abadía-Molina
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Nutrición Y Tecnología de los Alimentos "José Mataix", (INYTIA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana C Abadía-Molina
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Bioqu´ımica y Biolog´ıa Molecular III e Inmunolog´ıa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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6
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Hitz E, Wiedemar N, Passecker A, Graça BAS, Scheurer C, Wittlin S, Brancucci NMB, Vakonakis I, Mäser P, Voss TS. The 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 is an essential upstream activator of protein kinase A in malaria parasites. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001483. [PMID: 34879056 PMCID: PMC8687544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signalling is essential for the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria blood stage parasites. The mechanisms regulating the activity of the catalytic subunit PfPKAc, however, are only partially understood, and PfPKAc function has not been investigated in gametocytes, the sexual blood stage forms that are essential for malaria transmission. By studying a conditional PfPKAc knockdown (cKD) mutant, we confirm the essential role for PfPKAc in erythrocyte invasion by merozoites and show that PfPKAc is involved in regulating gametocyte deformability. We furthermore demonstrate that overexpression of PfPKAc is lethal and kills parasites at the early phase of schizogony. Strikingly, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of parasite mutants selected to tolerate increased PfPKAc expression levels identified missense mutations exclusively in the gene encoding the parasite orthologue of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PfPDK1). Using targeted mutagenesis, we demonstrate that PfPDK1 is required to activate PfPKAc and that T189 in the PfPKAc activation loop is the crucial target residue in this process. In summary, our results corroborate the importance of tight regulation of PfPKA signalling for parasite survival and imply that PfPDK1 acts as a crucial upstream regulator in this pathway and potential new drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hitz
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armin Passecker
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz A. S. Graça
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas M. B. Brancucci
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Vakonakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till S. Voss
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C (PKC): Their Applications in Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111748. [PMID: 34834162 PMCID: PMC8621927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is classed into three subfamilies based on their structural and activation characteristics: conventional or classic PKC isozymes (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic PKC isozymes (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKC isozymes (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ). PKC inhibitors and activators are used to understand PKC-mediated intracellular signaling pathways and for the diagnosis and treatment of various PKC-associated diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many clinical trials of PKC inhibitors in cancers showed no significant clinical benefits, meaning that there is a limitation to design a cancer therapeutic strategy targeting PKC alone. This review will focus on the activators and inhibitors of PKC and their applications in clinical trials.
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Lippert LG, Ma N, Ritt M, Jain A, Vaidehi N, Sivaramakrishnan S. Kinase inhibitors allosterically disrupt a regulatory interaction to enhance PKCα membrane translocation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100339. [PMID: 33508318 PMCID: PMC7949123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic kinase domain has multiple intrinsically disordered regions whose conformation dictates kinase activity. Small molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) rely on disrupting the active conformations of these disordered regions to inactivate the kinase. While SMKIs are selected for their ability to cause this disruption, the allosteric effects of conformational changes in disordered regions is limited by a lack of dynamic information provided by traditional structural techniques. In this study, we integrated multiscale molecular dynamics simulations with FRET sensors to characterize a novel allosteric mechanism that is selectively triggered by SMKI binding to the protein kinase Cα domain. The indole maleimide inhibitors BimI and sotrastaurin were found to displace the Gly-rich loop (G-loop) that normally shields the ATP-binding site. Displacement of the G-loop interferes with a newly identified, structurally conserved binding pocket for the C1a domain on the N lobe of the kinase domain. This binding pocket, in conjunction with the N-terminal regulatory sequence, masks a diacylglycerol (DAG) binding site on the C1a domain. SMKI-mediated displacement of the G-loop released C1a and exposed the DAG binding site, enhancing protein kinase Cα translocation both to synthetic lipid bilayers and to live cell membranes in the presence of DAG. Inhibitor chemotype determined the extent of the observed allosteric effects on the kinase domain and correlated with the extent of membrane recruitment. Our findings demonstrate the allosteric effects of SMKIs beyond the confines of kinase catalytic conformation and provide an integrated computational-experimental paradigm to investigate parallel mechanisms in other kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Lippert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Michael Ritt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abhinandan Jain
- The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Shkodra B, Press AT, Vollrath A, Nischang I, Schubert S, Hoeppener S, Haas D, Enzensperger C, Lehmann M, Babic P, Benecke KJ, Traeger A, Bauer M, Schubert US. Formulation of Liver-Specific PLGA-DY-635 Nanoparticles Loaded with the Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Bisindolylmaleimide I. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111110. [PMID: 33218172 PMCID: PMC7698893 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM-I) is a competitive pan protein kinase C inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic properties, suggested to treat inflammatory diseases and various cancer entities. However, despite its therapeutic potential, BIM-I has two major drawbacks, i.e., it has a poor water solubility, and it binds the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) ion channels, potentially causing deadly arrhythmias. In this case, a targeted delivery of BIM-I is imperative to minimize peripheral side effects. To circumvent these drawbacks BIM-I was encapsulated into nanoparticles prepared from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) functionalized by the near-infrared dye DY-635. DY-635 served as an active targeting moiety since it selectively binds the OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters that are highly expressed in liver and cancer cells. PLGA-DY-635 (BIM-I) nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation and characterized using dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Particle sizes were found to be in the range of 20 to 70 nm, while a difference in sizes between the drug-loaded and unloaded particles was observed by all analytical techniques. In vitro studies demonstrated that PLGA-DY-635 (BIM-I) NPs prevent the PKC activation efficiently, proving the efficacy of the inhibitor after its encapsulation, and suggesting that BIM-I is released from the PLGA-NPs. Ultimately, our results present a feasible formulation strategy that improved the cytotoxicity profile of BIM-I and showed a high cellular uptake in the liver as demonstrated in vivo by intravital microscopy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blerina Shkodra
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Adrian T. Press
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.T.P.); (P.B.); (K.J.B.)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Vollrath
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Dorothee Haas
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Marc Lehmann
- SmartDyeLivery GmbH, Botzstrasse 5, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Petra Babic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.T.P.); (P.B.); (K.J.B.)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Kay Jovana Benecke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.T.P.); (P.B.); (K.J.B.)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Bauer
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (A.T.P.); (P.B.); (K.J.B.)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (B.S.); (A.V.); (I.N.); (S.H.); (D.H.); (A.T.)
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-3641-9482-00
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10
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Syngaevsky V, Karkhut A, Polovkovych S, Gzella A, Lesyk R, Novikov V. Study of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of amino-acid azomethines and Juglone. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1795880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Syngaevsky
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrew Karkhut
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Sviatoslav Polovkovych
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Gzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Volodymyr Novikov
- Department of Technology of Biologically Active Substances, Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
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11
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Reinhardt R, Truebestein L, Schmidt HA, Leonard TA. It Takes Two to Tango: Activation of Protein Kinase D by Dimerization. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900222. [PMID: 31997382 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery and structure determination of a novel ubiquitin-like dimerization domain in protein kinase D (PKD) has significant implications for its activation. PKD is a serine/threonine kinase activated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG). It is an essential and highly conserved protein that is implicated in plasma membrane directed trafficking processes from the trans-Golgi network. However, many open questions surround its mechanism of activation, its localization, and its role in the biogenesis of cargo transport carriers. In reviewing this field, the focus is primarily on the mechanisms that control the activation of PKD at precise locations in the cell. In light of the new structural findings, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying PKD activation is critically evaluated, with particular emphasis on the role of dimerization in PKD autophosphorylation, and the provenance and recognition of the DAG that activates PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Reinhardt
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Truebestein
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heiko A Schmidt
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Dächert J, Ehrenfeld V, Habermann K, Dolgikh N, Fulda S. Targeting ferroptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:510-520. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dächert
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe‐University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Vanessa Ehrenfeld
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe‐University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Karoline Habermann
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe‐University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Nadezda Dolgikh
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe‐University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe‐University Frankfurt Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany
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13
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Assessment of PKA and PKC inhibitors on force and kinetics of non-failing and failing human myocardium. Life Sci 2018; 215:119-127. [PMID: 30399377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent disease that is considered the foremost reason for hospitalization in the United States. Most protein kinases (PK) are activated in heart disease and their inhibition has been shown to improve cardiac function in both animal and human studies. However, little is known about the direct impact of PKA and PKC inhibitors on human cardiac contractile function. MATERIAL AND METHODS We investigated the ex vivo effect of such inhibitors on force as well as on kinetics of left ventricular (LV) trabeculae dissected from non-failing and failing human hearts. In these experiments, we applied 0.5 μM of H-89 and GF109203X, which are PKA and PKC inhibitors, respectively, in comparison to their vehicle DMSO (0.05%). KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Statistical analyses revealed no significant effect for H-89 and GF109203X on either contractile force or kinetics parameters of both non-failing and failing muscles even though they were used at a concentration higher than the reported IC50s and Kis. Therefore, several factors such as selectivity, concentration, and treatment time, which are related to these PK inhibitors according to previous studies require further exploration.
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14
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Winfield HJ, Cahill MM, O'Shea KD, Pierce LT, Robert T, Ruchaud S, Bach S, Marchand P, McCarthy FO. Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel bisindolylhydroxymaleimide derivatives with potent GSK-3 kinase inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4209-4224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Pedicini L, Miteva KT, Hawley V, Gaunt HJ, Appleby HL, Cubbon RM, Marszalek K, Kearney MT, Beech DJ, McKeown L. Homotypic endothelial nanotubes induced by wheat germ agglutinin and thrombin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7569. [PMID: 29765077 PMCID: PMC5953990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial barrier formation is maintained by intercellular communication through junctional proteins. The mechanisms involved in maintaining endothelial communication subsequent to barrier disruption remain unclear. It is known that low numbers of endothelial cells can be interconnected by homotypic actin-driven tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) which could be important for intercellular transfer of information in vascular physiology. Here we sought insight into the triggers for TNT formation. Wheat germ agglutinin, a C-type lectin and known label for TNTs, unexpectedly caused striking induction of TNTs. A succinylated derivative was by contrast inactive, suggesting mediation by a sialylated protein. Through siRNA-mediated knockdown we identified that this protein was likely to be CD31, an important sialylated membrane protein normally at endothelial cell junctions. We subsequently considered thrombin as a physiological inducer of endothelial TNTs because it reduces junctional contact. Thrombin reduced junctional contact, redistributed CD31 and induced TNTs, but its effect on TNTs was CD31-independent. Thrombin-induced TNTs nevertheless required PKCα, a known mediator of thrombin-dependent junctional remodelling, suggesting a necessity for junctional proteins in TNT formation. Indeed, TNT-inducing effects of wheat germ agglutinin and thrombin were both correlated with cortical actin rearrangement and similarly Ca2+-dependent, suggesting common underlying mechanisms. Once formed, Ca2+ signalling along TNTs was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pedicini
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katarina T Miteva
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Verity Hawley
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hannah J Gaunt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hollie L Appleby
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Marszalek
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Beech
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lynn McKeown
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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16
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Protein kinase C phosphorylates AMP-activated protein kinase α1 Ser487. Biochem J 2016; 473:4681-4697. [PMID: 27784766 PMCID: PMC5147050 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The key metabolic regulator, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is reported to be down-regulated in metabolic disorders, but the mechanisms are poorly characterised. Recent studies have identified phosphorylation of the AMPKα1/α2 catalytic subunit isoforms at Ser487/491, respectively, as an inhibitory regulation mechanism. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates AMPK and protein kinase B (Akt) in cultured human endothelial cells. As Akt has been demonstrated to be an AMPKα1 Ser487 kinase, the effect of VEGF on inhibitory AMPK phosphorylation in cultured primary human endothelial cells was examined. Stimulation of endothelial cells with VEGF rapidly increased AMPKα1 Ser487 phosphorylation in an Akt-independent manner, without altering AMPKα2 Ser491 phosphorylation. In contrast, VEGF-stimulated AMPKα1 Ser487 phosphorylation was sensitive to inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC activation using phorbol esters or overexpression of PKC-stimulated AMPKα1 Ser487 phosphorylation. Purified PKC and Akt both phosphorylated AMPKα1 Ser487 in vitro with similar efficiency. PKC activation was associated with reduced AMPK activity, as inhibition of PKC increased AMPK activity and phorbol esters inhibited AMPK, an effect lost in cells expressing mutant AMPKα1 Ser487Ala. Consistent with a pathophysiological role for this modification, AMPKα1 Ser487 phosphorylation was inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in human muscle. These data indicate a novel regulatory role of PKC to inhibit AMPKα1 in human cells. As PKC activation is associated with insulin resistance and obesity, PKC may underlie the reduced AMPK activity reported in response to overnutrition in insulin-resistant metabolic and vascular tissues.
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17
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Sestito S, Daniele S, Nesi G, Zappelli E, Di Maio D, Marinelli L, Digiacomo M, Lapucci A, Martini C, Novellino E, Rapposelli S. Locking PDK1 in DFG-out conformation through 2-oxo-indole containing molecules: Another tools to fight glioblastoma. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:47-63. [PMID: 27123901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is one of the main components of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Also named the "master kinase" of the AGC family, PDK1 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, by enhancing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, as well as in cell invasion and metastasis formation. Although there have been done huge efforts in discovering specific compounds targeting PDK1, nowadays no PDK1 inhibitor has yet entered the clinic. With the aim to pick out novel and potent PDK1 inhibitors, herein we report the design and synthesis of a new class of molecules obtained by merging the 2-oxo-indole nucleus with the 2-oxo-pyridonyl fragment, two moieties with high affinity for the PDK1 hinge region and its DFG-out binding site, respectively. To this purpose, a small series of compounds were synthesised and a tandem application of docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) was employed to get insight into their mode of binding. The OXID-pyridonyl hybrid 8, possessing the lower IC50 (IC50 = 112 nM), was also tested against recombinant kinases involved in the PI3K/PDK1/Akt pathway and was subjected to vitro studies to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the inhibition of tumour cell migration. All together the results let us to consider 8, as a lead compound of a new generation of PDK1 inhibitors and encourage us to further studies in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Nesi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Di Maio
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Digiacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalina Lapucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Dachineni R, Ai G, Kumar DR, Sadhu SS, Tummala H, Bhat GJ. Cyclin A2 and CDK2 as Novel Targets of Aspirin and Salicylic Acid: A Potential Role in Cancer Prevention. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:241-52. [PMID: 26685215 PMCID: PMC4794403 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Data emerging from the past 10 years have consolidated the rationale for investigating the use of aspirin as a chemopreventive agent; however, the mechanisms leading to its anticancer effects are still being elucidated. We hypothesized that aspirin's chemopreventive actions may involve cell-cycle regulation through modulation of the levels or activity of cyclin A2/cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2). In this study, HT-29 and other diverse panel of cancer cells were used to demonstrate that both aspirin and its primary metabolite, salicylic acid, decreased cyclin A2 (CCNA2) and CDK2 protein and mRNA levels. The downregulatory effect of either drugs on cyclin A2 levels was prevented by pretreatment with lactacystin, an inhibitor of proteasomes, suggesting the involvement of 26S proteasomes. In-vitro kinase assays showed that lysates from cells treated with salicylic acid had lower levels of CDK2 activity. Importantly, three independent experiments revealed that salicylic acid directly binds to CDK2. First, inclusion of salicylic acid in naïve cell lysates, or in recombinant CDK2 preparations, increased the ability of the anti-CDK2 antibody to immunoprecipitate CDK2, suggesting that salicylic acid may directly bind and alter its conformation. Second, in 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS)-CDK2 fluorescence assays, preincubation of CDK2 with salicylic acid dose-dependently quenched the fluorescence due to ANS. Third, computational analysis using molecular docking studies identified Asp145 and Lys33 as the potential sites of salicylic acid interactions with CDK2. These results demonstrate that aspirin and salicylic acid downregulate cyclin A2/CDK2 proteins in multiple cancer cell lines, suggesting a novel target and mechanism of action in chemoprevention. IMPLICATIONS Biochemical and structural studies indicate that the antiproliferative actions of aspirin are mediated through cyclin A2/CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Dachineni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Guoqiang Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - D Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Satya S Sadhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Hemachand Tummala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - G Jayarama Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, Brookings, South Dakota.
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Chang FY, Ternei MA, Calle PY, Brady SF. Targeted metagenomics: finding rare tryptophan dimer natural products in the environment. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6044-52. [PMID: 25872030 PMCID: PMC4839266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural product discovery from environmental genomes (metagenomics) has largely been limited to the screening of existing environmental DNA (eDNA) libraries. Here, we have coupled a chemical-biogeographic survey of chromopyrrolic acid synthase (CPAS) gene diversity with targeted eDNA library production to more efficiently access rare tryptophan dimer (TD) biosynthetic gene clusters. A combination of traditional and synthetic biology-based heterologous expression efforts using eDNA-derived gene clusters led to the production of hydroxysporine (1) and reductasporine (2), two bioactive TDs. As suggested by our phylogenetic analysis of CPAS genes, identified in our survey of crude eDNA extracts, reductasporine (2) contains an unprecedented TD core structure: a pyrrolinium indolocarbazole core that is likely key to its unusual bioactivity profile. This work demonstrates the potential for the discovery of structurally rare and biologically interesting natural products using targeted metagenomics, where environmental samples are prescreened to identify the most phylogenetically unique gene sequences and molecules associated with these genes are accessed through targeted metagenomic library construction and heterologous expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Chang
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Melinda A. Ternei
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paula Y. Calle
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sean F. Brady
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
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20
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Singh S, Srivastava P. Molecular Docking Studies of Myricetin and Its Analogues against Human PDK-1 Kinase as Candidate Drugs for Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2015.52004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Baglai I, Maraval V, Voitenko ZV, Duhayon C, Volovenko YM, Chauvin R. First Evidence of 1,3-Bis-indolylallenes: Generation by a Sequential Double Nucleophilic Process from Ynones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.961198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslav Baglai
- a CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , Toulouse , France
- b Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
- c Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University , Kiev , Ukraine
| | - Valérie Maraval
- a CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , Toulouse , France
- b Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Carine Duhayon
- a CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , Toulouse , France
- b Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Remi Chauvin
- a CNRS , LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , Toulouse , France
- b Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
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22
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Chang FY, Brady SF. Characterization of an environmental DNA-derived gene cluster that encodes the bisindolylmaleimide methylarcyriarubin. Chembiochem 2014; 15:815-21. [PMID: 24648189 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisindolylmaleimides represent a naturally occurring class of metabolites that are of interest because of their protein kinase inhibition activity. From a metagenomic library constructed with soil DNA, we identified the four gene mar cluster, a bisindolylmaleimide gene cluster that encodes for methylarcyriarubin (1) production. Heterologous expression of the mar gene cluster in E. coli revealed that the Rieske dioxygenase MarC facilitates the oxidative decarboxylation of a chromopyrrolic acid (CPA) intermediate to yield the bisindolylmaleimide core. The characterization of the mar cluster defines a new role for CPA in the biosynthesis of structurally diverse bacterial tryptophan dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Chang
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
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23
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Lorenz K, Stathopoulou K, Schmid E, Eder P, Cuello F. Heart failure-specific changes in protein kinase signalling. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1151-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Dangelmaier C, Manne BK, Liverani E, Jin J, Bray P, Kunapuli SP. PDK1 selectively phosphorylates Thr(308) on Akt and contributes to human platelet functional responses. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:508-17. [PMID: 24352480 DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), a member of the protein A,G and C (AGC) family of proteins, is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that can phosphorylate and activate other protein kinases from the AGC family, including Akt at Thr308, all of which play important roles in mediating cellular responses. The functional role of PDK1 or the importance of phosphorylation of Akt on Thr308 for its activity has not been investigated in human platelets. In this study, we tested two pharmacological inhibitors of PDK1, BX795 and BX912, to assess the role of Thr308 phosphorylation on Akt. PAR4-induced phosphorylation of Akt on Thr308 was inhibited by BX795 without affecting phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473. The lack of Thr308 phosphorylation on Akt also led to the inhibition of PAR4-induced phosphorylation of two downstream substrates of Akt, viz. GSK3β and PRAS40. In vitro kinase activity of Akt was completely abolished if Thr308 on Akt was not phosphorylated. BX795 caused inhibition of 2-MeSADP-induced or collagen-induced aggregation, ATP secretion and thromboxane generation. Primary aggregation induced by 2-MeSADP was also inhibited in the presence of BX795. PDK1 inhibition also resulted in reduced clot retraction indicating its role in outside-in signalling. These results demonstrate that PDK1 selectively phosphorylates Thr308 on Akt thereby regulating its activity and plays a positive regulatory role in platelet physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - S P Kunapuli
- Satya P. Kunapuli, PhD, Department of Physiology, Temple University, Rm. 217 MRB, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA, Tel.: +1 215 707 4615, Fax: +1 215 707 4003, E-mail:
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25
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Kotasthane A, Mulakala C, Viswanadhan VN. Applying conformational selection theory to improve crossdocking efficiency in 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1. Proteins 2013; 82:436-51. [PMID: 23999908 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The emerging picture of biomolecular recognition is that of conformational selection followed by induced-fit. Conformational selection theory states that binding partners exist in various conformations in solution, with binding involving a "selection" between complementary conformers. In this study, we devise a docking protocol that mimics conformational selection in protein-ligand binding and demonstrate that it significantly enhances crossdocking accuracy over Glide's flexible docking protocol, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Our protocol uses a pregenerated conformational ensemble to simulate ligand flexibility. The ensemble was generated by thorough conformational sampling coupled with conformer minimization. The generated conformers were then rigidly docked in the active site of the protein along with a postdocking minimization step that allows limited induced fit effects to be modeled for the ligand. We illustrate the improved performance of our protocol through crossdocking of 31 ligands to cocomplexed proteins of the kinase 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 extracted from the crystal structures 1H1W (ATP bound), 1OKY (staurosporine bound) and 3QD0 (bound to a potent inhibitor). Consistent with conformational selection theory, the performance of our protocol was the best for crossdocking to the cognate protein bound to the natural ligand, ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Kotasthane
- Department of Computational Chemistry, Jubilant Biosys Limited, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, 560 022, Karnataka, India
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van Linden OPJ, Kooistra AJ, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. KLIFS: a knowledge-based structural database to navigate kinase-ligand interaction space. J Med Chem 2013; 57:249-77. [PMID: 23941661 DOI: 10.1021/jm400378w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases regulate the majority of signal transduction pathways in cells and have become important targets for the development of designer drugs. We present a systematic analysis of kinase-ligand interactions in all regions of the catalytic cleft of all 1252 human kinase-ligand cocrystal structures present in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The kinase-ligand interaction fingerprints and structure database (KLIFS) contains a consistent alignment of 85 kinase ligand binding site residues that enables the identification of family specific interaction features and classification of ligands according to their binding modes. We illustrate how systematic mining of kinase-ligand interaction space gives new insights into how conserved and selective kinase interaction hot spots can accommodate the large diversity of chemical scaffolds in kinase ligands. These analyses lead to an improved understanding of the structural requirements of kinase binding that will be useful in ligand discovery and design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar P J van Linden
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang W, Zhou L, Li ZC. 3D QSAR pharmacophore-based virtual screening and molecular docking studies for the discovery of potential PDK1 inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Byrne DP, Dart C, Rigden DJ. Evaluating caveolin interactions: do proteins interact with the caveolin scaffolding domain through a widespread aromatic residue-rich motif? PLoS One 2012; 7:e44879. [PMID: 23028656 PMCID: PMC3444507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolins are coat proteins of caveolae, small flask-shaped pits of the plasma membranes of most cells. Aside from roles in caveolae formation, caveolins recruit, retain and regulate many caveolae-associated signalling molecules. Caveolin-protein interactions are commonly considered to occur between a ∼20 amino acid region within caveolin, the caveolin scaffolding domain (CSD), and an aromatic-rich caveolin binding motif (CBM) on the binding partner (фXфXXXXф, фXXXXфXXф or фXфXXXXфXXф, where ф is an aromatic and X an unspecified amino acid). The CBM resembles a typical linear motif - a short, simple sequence independently evolved many times in different proteins for a specific function. Here we exploit recent improvements in bioinformatics tools and in our understanding of linear motifs to critically examine the role of CBMs in caveolin interactions. We find that sequences conforming to the CBM occur in 30% of human proteins, but find no evidence for their statistical enrichment in the caveolin interactome. Furthermore, sequence- and structure-based considerations suggest that CBMs do not have characteristics commonly associated with true interaction motifs. Analysis of the relative solvent accessible area of putative CBMs shows that the majority of their aromatic residues are buried within the protein and are thus unlikely to interact directly with caveolin, but may instead be important for protein structural stability. Together, these findings suggest that the canonical CBM may not be a common characteristic of caveolin-target interactions and that interfaces between caveolin and targets may be more structurally diverse than presently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P. Byrne
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dart
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Diraimondo TR, Klöck C, Khosla C. Interferon-γ activates transglutaminase 2 via a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent pathway: implications for celiac sprue therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:104-14. [PMID: 22228808 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism for activation of extracellular transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the small intestine remains a fundamental mystery in our understanding of celiac sprue pathogenesis. Using the T84 human enterocytic cell line, we show that interferon-γ (IFN-γ), the predominant cytokine secreted by gluten-reactive T cells in the celiac intestine, activates extracellular TG2 in a dose-dependent manner. IFN-γ mediated activation of TG2 requires phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activity, but is uninfluenced by a number of other kinases reported to be active in T84 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K in the presence of IFN-γ prevents TG2 activation as well as the previously characterized increase in transepithelial permeability. Our findings therefore establish PI3K as an attractive target for celiac sprue therapy, a possibility that is underscored by the encouraging safety profiles of several PI3K inhibitors undergoing human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Diraimondo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ferreira JCB, Brum PC, Mochly-Rosen D. βIIPKC and εPKC isozymes as potential pharmacological targets in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:479-84. [PMID: 21035454 PMCID: PMC3135714 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a complex adaptive response to mechanical and neurohumoral stimuli and under continual stressor, it contributes to maladaptive responses, heart failure and death. Protein kinase C (PKC) and several other kinases play a role in the maladaptative cardiac responses, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and inflammation. Identifying specific therapies that regulate these kinases is a major focus of current research. PKC, a family of serine/threonine kinases, has emerged as potential mediators of hypertrophic stimuli associated with neurohumoral hyperactivity in heart failure. In this review, we describe the role of PKC isozymes that is involved in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure".
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Batista Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, Rm 3145A, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chakur Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR, Rm 3145A, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
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31
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Li YY, An J, Jones SJM. A computational approach to finding novel targets for existing drugs. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002139. [PMID: 21909252 PMCID: PMC3164726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Repositioning existing drugs for new therapeutic uses is an efficient approach to drug discovery. We have developed a computational drug repositioning pipeline to perform large-scale molecular docking of small molecule drugs against protein drug targets, in order to map the drug-target interaction space and find novel interactions. Our method emphasizes removing false positive interaction predictions using criteria from known interaction docking, consensus scoring, and specificity. In all, our database contains 252 human protein drug targets that we classify as reliable-for-docking as well as 4621 approved and experimental small molecule drugs from DrugBank. These were cross-docked, then filtered through stringent scoring criteria to select top drug-target interactions. In particular, we used MAPK14 and the kinase inhibitor BIM-8 as examples where our stringent thresholds enriched the predicted drug-target interactions with known interactions up to 20 times compared to standard score thresholds. We validated nilotinib as a potent MAPK14 inhibitor in vitro (IC50 40 nM), suggesting a potential use for this drug in treating inflammatory diseases. The published literature indicated experimental evidence for 31 of the top predicted interactions, highlighting the promising nature of our approach. Novel interactions discovered may lead to the drug being repositioned as a therapeutic treatment for its off-target's associated disease, added insight into the drug's mechanism of action, and added insight into the drug's side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Y Li
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Jena NR. Binding of BIS like and other ligands with the GSK-3β kinase: a combined docking and MM-PBSA study. J Mol Model 2011; 18:631-44. [PMID: 21559963 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihar R Jena
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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Jain K, Ajay D, Sobhia ME. Targeting PKC-β II and PKB Connection: Design of Dual Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2011; 30:329-44. [PMID: 27466950 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has been the center of many cell signaling pathways. PKC isoforms, specifically PKC-β II is linked to both diabetic complications as well as in promotion of angiogenesis and regulation of cancers. PKC-β II activates the PKB/Akt pathway. Enzastaurin, a selective PKC-β II inhibitor has been found to inhibit PKB/Akt by suppressing the regulation of various cancerous pathways. In the present work, we carried out an in depth study on the binding mode of inhibitors of PKC-β II, enzastaurin and ruboxistaurin with the active site residues of PKB and PKC-β II. A ligand based approach has been further used to determine the pharmacophoric features and spatial arrangement of molecules, having common properties necessary for appropriate binding to the active site of both targets. Virtual screening of the respective pharmacophores of both proteins led to identification of hits which may be useful for treatment of diabetic complications and cancer. The study has highlighted important features that may be considered in the future for designing novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Jain
- Centre for Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S Nagar - 160062, Punjab, India phone: +91-172-221468286-2025; fax: +91-172-2214692
| | - Dara Ajay
- Centre for Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S Nagar - 160062, Punjab, India phone: +91-172-221468286-2025; fax: +91-172-2214692
| | - M Elizabeth Sobhia
- Centre for Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S Nagar - 160062, Punjab, India phone: +91-172-221468286-2025; fax: +91-172-2214692.
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Turning a protein kinase on or off from a single allosteric site via disulfide trapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6056-61. [PMID: 21430264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102376108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant interest in identifying and characterizing allosteric sites in enzymes such as protein kinases both for understanding allosteric mechanisms as well as for drug discovery. Here, we apply a site-directed technology, disulfide trapping, to interrogate structurally and functionally how an allosteric site on the Ser/Thr kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)--the PDK1-interacting-fragment (PIF) pocket--is engaged by an activating peptide motif on downstream substrate kinases (PIFtides) and by small molecule fragments. By monitoring pairwise disulfide conjugation between PIFtide and PDK1 cysteine mutants, we defined the PIFtide binding orientation in the PIF pocket of PDK1 and assessed subtle relationships between PIFtide positioning and kinase activation. We also discovered a variety of small molecule fragment disulfides (< 300 Da) that could either activate or inhibit PDK1 by conjugation to the PIF pocket, thus displaying greater functional diversity than is displayed by PIFtides conjugated to the same sites. Biochemical data and three crystal structures provided insight into the mechanism of action of the best fragment activators and inhibitors. These studies show that disulfide trapping is useful for characterizing allosteric sites on kinases and that a single allosteric site on a protein kinase can be exploited for both activation and inhibition by small molecules.
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Masters TA, Calleja V, Armoogum DA, Marsh RJ, Applebee CJ, Laguerre M, Bain AJ, Larijani B. Regulation of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 activity by homodimerization in live cells. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra78. [PMID: 20978239 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a central role in regulating the activity of protein kinases that are essential for signaling; however, how PDK1 itself is regulated is largely unknown. We found that homodimerization of PDK1 is a spatially and temporally regulated mechanism for controlling PDK1 activity. We used Förster resonance energy transfer monitored by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to observe PDK1 homodimerization in live cells. A pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-dependent, basal dimeric association of PDK1 was increased upon cell stimulation with growth factors; this association was prevented by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor and by a mutation in, or a complete deletion of, the PH domain of PDK1. The distinct spatial distribution of PDK1 homodimers relative to that of heterodimers of PDK1 and protein kinase B (PKB), and the ability of monomeric mutants of PDK1 to phosphorylate PKB, suggested that the monomer was the active conformation. Mutation of the autophosphorylation residue threonine-513 to glutamate, which was predicted to destabilize the homodimer interface, enhanced the interaction between PDK1 and PKB and the activity of PKB. Through in vitro, time-resolved fluorescence intensity and anisotropy measurements, combined with existing crystal structures and computational molecular modeling, we determined the geometrical arrangement of the PDK1 homodimer. With this approach, we calculated the size of the population of PDK1 dimers in cells. This description of a previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism for the activation of PDK1 offers possibilities for controlling PDK1 activity therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Masters
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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36
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Bobkova EV, Weber MJ, Xu Z, Zhang YL, Jung J, Blume-Jensen P, Northrup A, Kunapuli P, Andersen JN, Kariv I. Discovery of PDK1 kinase inhibitors with a novel mechanism of action by ultrahigh throughput screening. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18838-46. [PMID: 20385558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, and angiogenesis. Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) acts at a focal point in this pathway immediately downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and PTEN, where it phosphorylates numerous AGC kinases. The PDK1 kinase domain has at least three ligand-binding sites: the ATP-binding pocket, the peptide substrate-binding site, and a groove in the N-terminal lobe that binds the C-terminal hydrophobic motif of its kinase substrates. Based on the unique PDK1 substrate recognition system, ultrahigh throughput TR-FRET and Alphascreen screening assays were developed using a biotinylated version of the PDK1-tide substrate containing the activation loop of AKT fused to a pseudo-activated hydrophobic motif peptide. Using full-length PDK1, K(m) values were determined as 5.6 mum for ATP and 40 nm for the fusion peptide, revealing 50-fold higher affinity compared with the classical AKT(Thr-308)-tide. Kinetic and biophysical studies confirmed the PDK1 catalytic mechanism as a rapid equilibrium random bireactant reaction. Following an ultrahigh throughput screen of a large library, 2,000 compounds were selected from the reconfirmed hits by computational analysis with a focus on novel scaffolds. ATP-competitive hits were deconvoluted by dose-response studies at 1x and 10x K(m) concentrations of ATP, and specificity of binding was assessed in thermal shift assay. Inhibition studies using fusion PDK1-tide1 substrate versus AKT(Thr-308)-tide and kinase selectivity profiling revealed a novel selective alkaloid scaffold that evidently binds to the PDK1-interacting fragment pocket. Molecular modeling suggests a structural paradigm for the design of inhibitory versus activating allosteric ligands of PDK1.
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37
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Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates protein kinase CbetaII expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2010; 115:4447-54. [PMID: 20164467 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-229872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant disease of mature B lymphocytes. We have previously shown that a characteristic feature of CLL cells are high levels of expression and activity of protein kinase CbetaII (PKCbetaII), and that this might influence disease progression by modulating signaling in response to B-cell receptor engagement. The aim of the present work was to investigate the factors involved in stimulating PKCbetaII expression in CLL cells. Here we show that the activation of PKCbetaII in CLL cells stimulated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can drive expression of the gene for PKCbeta, PRKCB1. We found that this effect of VEGF on PRKCB1 transcription is paralleled by high expression of PKCbetaII protein and therefore probably contributes to the malignant phenotype of CLL cells. Taken together, the data presented in this study demonstrate that VEGF, in addition to its role in providing prosurvival signals, also plays a role in overexpression of PKCbetaII, an enzyme with a specific pathophysiologic role in CLL.
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Elkins JM, Amos A, Niesen FH, Pike ACW, Fedorov O, Knapp S. Structure of dystrophia myotonica protein kinase. Protein Sci 2009; 18:782-91. [PMID: 19309729 DOI: 10.1002/pro.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase composed of a kinase domain and a coiled-coil domain involved in the multimerization. The crystal structure of the kinase domain of DMPK bound to the inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide VIII (BIM-8) revealed a dimeric enzyme associated by a conserved dimerization domain. The affinity of dimerisation suggested that the kinase domain alone is insufficient for dimerisation in vivo and that the coiled-coil domains are required for stable dimer formation. The kinase domain is in an active conformation, with a fully-ordered and correctly positioned alphaC helix, and catalytic residues in a conformation competent for catalysis. The conserved hydrophobic motif at the C-terminal extension of the kinase domain is bound to the N-terminal lobe of the kinase domain, despite being unphosphorylated. Differences in the arrangement of the C-terminal extension compared to the closely related Rho-associated kinases include an altered PXXP motif, a different conformation and binding arrangement for the turn motif, and a different location for the conserved NFD motif. The BIM-8 inhibitor occupies the ATP site and has similar binding mode as observed in PDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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Liu Q, Chen X, Macdonnell SM, Kranias EG, Lorenz JN, Leitges M, Houser SR, Molkentin JD. Protein kinase C{alpha}, but not PKC{beta} or PKC{gamma}, regulates contractility and heart failure susceptibility: implications for ruboxistaurin as a novel therapeutic approach. Circ Res 2009; 105:194-200. [PMID: 19556521 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.195313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase (PK)Calpha, PKCbeta, and PKCgamma comprise the conventional PKC isoform subfamily, which is thought to regulate cardiac disease responsiveness. Indeed, mice lacking the gene for PKCalpha show enhanced cardiac contractility and reduced susceptibility to heart failure. Recent data also suggest that inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms with Ro-32-0432 or Ro-31-8220 enhances heart function and antagonizes failure, although the isoform responsible for these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated mice lacking PKCalpha, PKCbeta, and PKCgamma for effects on cardiac contractility and heart failure susceptibility. PKCalpha(-/-) mice, but not PKCbetagamma(-/-) mice, showed increased cardiac contractility, myocyte cellular contractility, Ca(2+) transients, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) load. PKCalpha(-/-) mice were less susceptible to heart failure following long-term pressure-overload stimulation or 4 weeks after myocardial infarction injury, whereas PKCbetagamma(-/-) mice showed more severe failure. Infusion of ruboxistaurin (LY333531), an orally available PKCalpha/beta/gamma inhibitor, increased cardiac contractility in wild-type and PKCbetagamma(-/-) mice, but not in PKCalpha(-/-) mice. More importantly, ruboxistaurin prevented death in wild-type mice throughout 10 weeks of pressure-overload stimulation, reduced ventricular dilation, enhanced ventricular performance, reduced fibrosis, and reduced pulmonary edema comparable to or better than metoprolol treatment. Ruboxistaurin was also administered to PKCbetagamma(-/-) mice subjected to pressure overload, resulting in less death and heart failure, implicating PKCalpha as the primary target of this drug in mitigating heart disease. As an aside, PKCalphabetagamma triple-null mice showed no defect in cardiac hypertrophy following pressure-overload stimulation. In conclusion, PKCalpha functions distinctly from PKCbeta and PKCgamma in regulating cardiac contractility and heart failure, and broad-acting PKC inhibitors such as ruboxistaurin could represent a novel therapeutic approach in treating human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghang Liu
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, 3333 Burnet Ave, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Abstract
Signal transduction of many growth factors and oncogenes is mediated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), a master regulator of a number of downstream signal protein kinase cascades. Hence, PDK1 represents a convergence point for receptor tyrosine kinase and cytokine-mediated pathways for the regulation of vital cell processes such as cell survival and proliferation. Pathological upregulation of PDK1 signalling due to constitutive growth factor receptor activation and/or PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) mutations significantly triggers downstream signalling, e.g. PKB/Akt, which subsequently promote proliferative events such as tumour invasiveness, angiogenesis, and progression. Consistent with this, a mouse model expressing low levels of PDK1 is protected from tumourigenesis resulting from loss of PTEN. Because more than 50 % of all human cancers possess significant overstimulation of the PDK1 signalling pathway, inhibition of this protein kinase by small molecules is predicted to result in effective inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and thus be therapeutically beneficial. Various classes of small-molecule PDK1 inhibitors have been published in patents and papers. Herein we present for the first time a comprehensive collection of small molecules reported to interact with PDK1, and we refer to their biological characterisation in terms of activity and selectivity for PDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, UK.
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Danilenko VN, Simonov AY, Lakatosh SA, Kubbutat MHG, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Elizarov SM, Bekker OB, Printsevskaya SS, Luzikov YN, Reznikova MI, Shtil AA, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Search for inhibitors of bacterial and human protein kinases among derivatives of diazepines[1,4] annelated with maleimide and indole cycles. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7731-6. [PMID: 19053831 DOI: 10.1021/jm800758s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminomethylation of 9b,10-dihydro-1H-indolo[1,7:4,5,6]pyrrolo[3,4:2,3][1,4]diazepino-[1,7-a]indole-1,3(2H)-diones or 1H-indolo[1,7:4,5,6]pyrrolo[3,4:2,3][1,4]diazepino[1,7-a]indole-1,3(2H)-diones resulted in dialkylaminomethyl derivatives. Alkylation of the nitrogen atom of maleimide moiety of polyannelated diazepines with 1,3-dibromopropane and subsequent reaction with thiourea or its N-alkyl derivatives gave isothiourea-carrying compounds. The compounds containing isothiourea moiety were active against individual human serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases at low micromolar concentrations. Dialkylaminomethyl derivatives of diazepines sensitized Streptomyces lividans with overexpressed aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type VIII (aphVIII) to kanamycin by inhibiting serine/threonine kinase(s) mediated aphVIII phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery N Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 3 Gubkin Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
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42
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Backes AC, Zech B, Felber B, Klebl B, Müller G. Small-molecule inhibitors binding to protein kinases. Part I: exceptions from the traditional pharmacophore approach of type I inhibition. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:1409-25. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440802579975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lavrentyev EN, Malik KU. High glucose-induced Nox1-derived superoxides downregulate PKC-betaII, which subsequently decreases ACE2 expression and ANG(1-7) formation in rat VSMCs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 296:H106-18. [PMID: 18978194 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00239.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In rat diabetic animal models, ANG(1-7) treatment prevents the development of cardiovascular complications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 is a major ANG(1-7)-generating enzyme in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and its expression is decreased by a prolonged exposure to high glucose (HG), which is reflected by lower ANG(1-7) levels. However, the underlying mechanism of its downregulation is unknown and was the subject of this study. Rat aortic VSMCs were maintained in normal glucose (NG) or HG ( approximately 4.1 and approximately 23.1 mmol/l, respectively) for up to 72 h. Several PKC and NADPH oxidase inhibitors and short interfering (si)RNAs were used to determine the mechanism of HG-induced ACE2 downregulation. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, and ANG(1-7) radioimmunodetection. At 72 h of HG exposure, ACE2 mRNA, protein, and ANG(1-7) levels were decreased (0.17 +/- 0.01-, 0.47 +/- 0.03-, and 0.16 +/- 0.01-fold, respectively), and the expression of NADPH oxidase subunit Nox1 was increased (1.70 +/- 0.2-fold). The HG-induced ACE2 decrease was reversed by antioxidants and Nox1 siRNA as well as by inhibitors of glycotoxin formation. ACE2 expression was PKC-betaII dependent, and PKC-betaII protein levels were reduced in the presence of HG (0.32 +/- 0.03-fold); however, the PKC-betaII inhibitor CG-53353 prevented the HG-induced ACE2 loss and Nox1 induction, suggesting a nonspecific effect of the inhibitor. Our data suggest that glycotoxin-induced Nox1 expression is regulated by conventional PKCs. ACE2 expression is PKC-betaII dependent. Nox1-derived superoxides reduce PKC-betaII expression, which lowers ACE2 mRNA and protein levels and consequently decreases ANG(1-7) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard N Lavrentyev
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Ave., Crowe Bldg. 217, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Winfield LL, Smith DM, Halemano K, Leggett CS. A Preliminary Assessment of the Structure-Activity Relationship of Benzimidazole-Based Anti-Proliferative Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2008; 5:369-376. [PMID: 25568641 DOI: 10.2174/157018008785777324#sthash.5mpkacrr.dpuf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PDK1 is pivotal in the development and progression of several cancers. A 3D pharmacophore was developed for pyrazole derivatives displaying anti-proliferative activity and PDK1 inhibition. The pharmacophore was utilized in the design of benzimidazole analogs. Our preliminary results indicate the pharmacophore should be useful in designing PDK1 inhibitors and anti-proliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyte L Winfield
- Department of Chemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Dayle M Smith
- Department of Physics, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
| | - Kalani Halemano
- Department of Physics, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
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45
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Tang S, Xiao V, Wei L, Whiteside CI, Kotra LP. Protein kinase C isozymes and their selectivity towards ruboxistaurin. Proteins 2008; 72:447-60. [PMID: 18214957 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are an important class of enzymes in cell signaling and as drug targets. They are involved in specific pathways and have selectivity towards certain ligands, despite their high sequence similarities. Ruboxistaurin is a specific inhibitor of PKC-beta. To understand the molecular determinants for the selectivity of ruboxistaurin, we derived the three-dimensional structures of the kinase domains of PKC-alpha, -betaI, and -zeta using homology modeling. Several binding orientations of ruboxistaurin in the binding sites of these PKC catalytic domains were analyzed, and a putative alternative binding site for PKC-zeta was identified in its kinase domain. The calculated free energy of binding correlates well with the IC(50) of the inhibitor against each PKC isozyme. A residue-based energy decomposition analysis attributed the binding free energy to several key residues in the catalytic sites of these enzymes, revealing potential protein-ligand interactions responsible for ligand binding. The contiguous binding site revealed in the catalytic domain of PKC-zeta provides avenues for selective drug design. The details of structural nuances for specific inhibition of PKC isozymes are presented in the context of the three-dimensional structures of this important class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishi Tang
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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Abstract
PKCtheta (protein kinase Ctheta) is a central signalling molecule in the T-cell receptor activation pathway and is a target for treatment of a number of diseases. Several PKC inhibitors are in the drug-discovery pharmaceutical programmes today for the treatment of cancer, diabetes and arthritis. CD4(+) T-lymphocytes also play a critical role in the initiation and progression of allergic airway inflammation. Our goal is the development of PKCtheta antagonists as a means to control asthma and autoimmune diseases, using the strategy based on developing small-molecule agents that would block the enzyme's catalytic activity. Here, we discuss our work on the discovery of lead chemical series and review our X-ray structural and modelling approaches, including a structure-surrogate strategy that helped guide us in the lead compound optimizations.
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47
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Fiorenza MT, Torcia S, Canterini S, Bevilacqua A, Narducci MG, Ragone G, Croce CM, Russo G, Mangia F. TCL1 promotes blastomere proliferation through nuclear transfer, but not direct phosphorylation, of AKT/PKB in early mouse embryos. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:420-2. [PMID: 17901877 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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48
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Page CS, Bates PA. Can MM-PBSA calculations predict the specificities of protein kinase inhibitors? J Comput Chem 2007; 27:1990-2007. [PMID: 17036304 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An application of the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) protocol to the prediction of protein kinase inhibitor selectivity is presented. Six different inhibitors are placed in equivalent orientations in each of six different receptors. Fully solvated molecular dynamics is then run for 1 ns on each of the 36 complexes, and the resulting trajectories scored, using the implicit solvent model. The results show some correlation with experimentally-determined specificities; anomalies may be attributed to a variety of causes, including difficulties in quantifying induced fit penalties and variabilities in normal modes calculations. Decomposing interaction energies on a per-residue basis yields more useful insights into the natures of the binding modes and suggests that the real value of such calculations lies in understanding interactions rather than outright prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Page
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, GB-WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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49
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Trapp J, Jochum A, Meier R, Saunders L, Marshall B, Kunick C, Verdin E, Goekjian P, Sippl W, Jung M. Adenosine mimetics as inhibitors of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, from kinase to sirtuin inhibition. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7307-16. [PMID: 17149860 DOI: 10.1021/jm060118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, sirtuins, cleave acetyl groups from lysines of histones and other proteins to regulate their activity. Identification of potent selective inhibitors would help to elucidate sirtuin biology and could lead to useful therapeutic agents. NAD+ has an adenosine moiety that is also present in the kinase cofactor ATP. Kinase inhibitors based upon adenosine mimesis may thus also target NAD+-dependent enzymes. We present a systematic approach using adenosine mimics from one cofactor class (kinase inhibitors) as a viable method to generate new lead structures in another cofactor class (sirtuin inhibitors). Our findings have broad implications for medicinal chemistry and specifically for sirtuin inhibitor design. Our results also raise a question as to whether selectivity profiling for kinase inhibitors should be limited to ATP-dependent targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Trapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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50
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Rogers SJ, Box C, Harrington KJ, Nutting C, Rhys-Evans P, Eccles SA. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathway as a therapeutic target in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:769-90. [PMID: 16083342 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.4.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite significant surgical advances and refinement in the delivery of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, prognosis has improved little in recent decades. Better local control has led to the late presentation of distant metastases and novel therapeutic agents are urgently required to prevent relapse, control disseminated disease and thus improve survival. PIK3CA encodes the p110alpha isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) and is important in SCCHN, aberrations in its activity occurring early in the oncogenic process. PI3-K signalling promotes cell survival, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis, all contributing to tumour progression. Activation of the PI3-K pathway may also mediate resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and novel therapeutic agents such as epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Elements of this signalling matrix, therefore, offer attractive therapeutic targets in SCCHN as inhibition of many malignant characteristics, as well as sensitisation to multiple treatment modalities, could be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J Rogers
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Tumour Biology and Metastasis Team, Institute of Cancer Research, McElwain Laboratories, Cotswold Rd, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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