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Lagadec E, Mjølnerød EB, Jensen ØM, Plarre H, Nylund A. Multiple Aeromonas strains isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) displaying red skin disease signs in Scandinavian rivers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13870. [PMID: 37800856 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2014, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) displaying clinical signs of red skin disease (RSD), including haemorrhagic and ulcerative skin lesions, have been repeatedly observed in Swedish rivers. Although the disease has since been reported in other countries, including Norway, Denmark, Ireland and the UK, no pathogen has so far been conclusively associated with RSD. In this study, the presence of 17 fish pathogens was investigated through qPCR in 18 returning Atlantic salmon with clinical signs of the disease in rivers in Sweden and Norway between 2019 and 2021. Several potential pathogens were repeatedly detected, including a protozoan (Ichthyobodo spp.), an oomycete (Saprolegnia spp.) and several bacteria (Yersinia ruckeri, Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Aeromonas spp.). Cultivation on different media from ulcers and internal organs revealed high concentrations of rod-shaped bacteria typical of Aeromonadaceae. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of different clones and single gene phylogenies of sequences obtained from the fish revealed concurrent isolation of several bacterial strains belonging to the species A. bestiarum, A. piscicola and A. sobria. While these bacterial infections may be secondary, these findings are significant for future studies on RSD and should guide the investigation of future outbreaks. However, the involvement of Aeromonas spp. as putative primary etiological agents of the disease cannot be ruled out and needs to be assessed by challenge experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Lagadec
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Bysveen Mjølnerød
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øyvind Marius Jensen
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidrun Plarre
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Song H, Yang B, Kang Y, Cong W. Critical roles of VipB protein on virulence and oxidative stress tolerance in Aeromonas veronii. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:487-497. [PMID: 36708291 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing sepsis and ulceration in freshwater fish. Recently, reports of numerous cases indicate a marked increase in pathogenicity. Nonetheless, little is known about the pathogenesis of A. veronii infections. In this study, an in-frame mutant of the A. veronii vipB gene was generated to investigate its biological function. Deletion of the vipB gene resulted in a significant 204.71-fold decrease in the LD50 of A. veronii against zebrafish and a 2-fold and 4-fold reduction in the toxicity to EPC cells at 1 h and 2 h of infection, respectively. The virulence-related genes of the mutant ΔvipB all showed significantly reduced expression levels compared to the wild strain. In addition, the motility of the mutant ΔvipB decreased significantly, the adhesion ability to EPC cells was 3.25-fold lower than that of the parental strain, and the oxidative stress tolerance was 2.31-fold lower than that of TH0426 strain. In contrast, the biofilm formation amount of ΔvipB strain increased by 1.65-fold at both 12 h and 24 h. Our findings suggest that the vipB gene is associated with flagella stability, virulence, and oxidative stress tolerance and plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of A. veronii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Bintong Yang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | | | - Wei Cong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
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3
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The first detection of two Aeromonas strains in mice of the genus Apodemus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4315. [PMID: 36922567 PMCID: PMC10017686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacilli recovered mainly from aquatic environments. Aeromonas spp. were reported to be associated with infections primarily in aquatic and to a lesser extent in terrestrial animals as well as in humans. Up-to-date little is known about aeromonads associated with wild animals, especially with rodents. This study reported the first isolation and characterization of two Aeromonas spp. from internal organs of apparently healthy wild rodents Apodemus uralensis and Apodemus flavicollis captured in the wild environment in the European part of Russia. Isolates were identified as A. hydrophila M-30 and A. encheleia M-2 using the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach. The isolation of the A. encheleia from rodents is the first described case. Both strains demonstrated beta-hemolytic activity towards human erythrocytes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that both Aeromonas strains were resistant and intermediate to carbapenems and piperacillin-tazobactam, which was caused by the expression of the genus-specific CphA carbapenemases. A. hydrophila M-30 also demonstrated trimethoprim resistant phenotype. This is usually caused by the carriage of the dfrA or dfrB genes in aeromonads which are frequently associated with integron class I. The latter however was absent in both isolates. Our results expand our understanding of possible aeromonad reservoirs and demonstrate the likelihood of the formation of natural foci of Aeromonas infection and a new link in the chain of the spread of antimicrobial resistance as well.
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Lee HJ, Tokle IF, Lunestad BT, Lerfall J, Hoel S, Jakobsen AN. The effect of food processing factors on the growth kinetics of Aeromonas strains isolated from ready-to-eat seafood. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 384:109985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Soto-Dávila M, Chakraborty S, Santander J. Relative expression and validation of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida reference genes during ex vivo and in vivo fish infection. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105320. [PMID: 35753622 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas is found worldwide in freshwater and marine environments and has been implicated in the etiology of human and animal diseases. In fish, among Aeromonas species, A. salmonicida causes massive mortality and great economic losses in marine and continental aquaculture species. Currently, several aspects of the clinical signs and pathogenesis of this Gram-negative bacterium have been described; however, determination of an appropriate reference gene is essential to normalize cellular mRNA data remain unknown. Here we evaluate the stability of seven candidate reference genes to be used for data normalization during ex vivo and in vivo experiments conducted in Atlantic cod, Atlantic salmon, and lumpfish. To assess this, raw Ct values obtained were evaluated by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct comparison, and the comprehensive ranking, through the bioinformatic open-access portal RefFinder. We determined that fabD and era were most suitable reference genes in Atlantic cod primary macrophages, hfq and era in Atlantic salmon primary macrophages, rpoB and fabD in lumpfish head kidney samples, and hfq and era in lumpfish spleen. Our study demonstrates that use of multiple reference genes and its validation before measurements helps to minimize variability arising in qPCR studies that evaluate A. salmonicida gene expression in fish tissues. Overall, this study provided with an expanded list of reliable reference genes for A. salmonicida gene expression using qPCR during fish infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Fernández-Bravo A, Figueras MJ. Immune Response of the Monocytic Cell Line THP-1 Against Six Aeromonas spp. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875689. [PMID: 35874671 PMCID: PMC9304557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas are autochthonous bacteria of aquatic environments that are considered to be emerging pathogens to humans, producing diarrhea, bacteremia, and wound infections. Genetic identification shows that 95.4% of the strains associated with clinical cases correspond to the species Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). However, few studies have investigated the human immune response against some Aeromonas spp. such as A. hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, and A. veronii. The present study aimed to increase the knowledge about the innate human immune response against six Aeromonas species, using, for the first time, an in vitro infection model with the monocytic human cell line THP-1, and to evaluate the intracellular survival, the cell damage, and the expression of 11 immune-related genes (TLR4, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL20, JUN, RELA, BAX, TP53, CASP3, NLRP3, and IL-1β). Transcriptional analysis showed an upregulated expression of a variety of the monocytic immune-related genes, with a variable response depending upon the Aeromonas species. The species that produced the highest cell damage, independently of the strain origin, coincidentally induced a higher expression of immune-related genes and corresponded to the more prevalent clinical species A. dhakensis, A. veronii, and A. caviae. Additionally, monocytic cells showed an overexpression of the apoptotic and pyroptotic genes involved in cell death after A. dhakensis, A. caviae, and Aeromonas media infection. However, the apoptosis route seemed to be the only way of producing cell damage and death in the case of the species Aeromonas piscicola and Aeromonas jandaei, while A. veronii apparently only used the pyroptosis route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Bravo
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Unit, Reus, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Fernández-Bravo,
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Unit, Reus, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Reus, Spain
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7
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Surface Glucan Structures in Aeromonas spp. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110649. [PMID: 34822520 PMCID: PMC8625153 DOI: 10.3390/md19110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are generally found in aquatic environments, although they have also been isolated from both fresh and processed food. These Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria are mostly infective to poikilothermic animals, although they are also considered opportunistic pathogens of both aquatic and terrestrial homeotherms, and some species have been associated with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal septicemic infections in humans. Among the different pathogenic factors associated with virulence, several cell-surface glucans have been shown to contribute to colonization and survival of Aeromonas pathogenic strains, in different hosts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsule and α-glucan structures, for instance, have been shown to play important roles in bacterial–host interactions related to pathogenesis, such as adherence, biofilm formation, or immune evasion. In addition, glycosylation of both polar and lateral flagella has been shown to be mandatory for flagella production and motility in different Aeromonas strains, and has also been associated with increased bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and induction of the host proinflammatory response. The main aspects of these structures are covered in this review.
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Nawaz MS, Arshad A, Rajput L, Fatima K, Ullah S, Ahmad M, Imran A. Growth-Stimulatory Effect of Quorum Sensing Signal Molecule N-Acyl-Homoserine Lactone-Producing Multi-Trait Aeromonas spp. on Wheat Genotypes Under Salt Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:553621. [PMID: 33117303 PMCID: PMC7550764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity worldwide. Soil and plant management practices, along with inoculation with plant-beneficial bacteria, play a key role in the plant’s tolerance toward salinity stress. The present study demonstrates the potential of acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains of Aeromonas sp., namely, SAL-17 (accession no. HG763857) and SAL-21 (accession no. HG763858), for growth promotion of two wheat genotypes inherently different for salt tolerance potential. AHLs are the bacterial signal molecules that regulate the expression of various genes in bacteria and plants. Both Aeromonas spp., along with innate plant-growth-promoting (PGP) and salt tolerance traits, showed AHL production which was identified on tandem mass spectrometry as C6-HSL, 3-OH-C5-HSL, 3-OH-C6-HSL, 3-oxo-C7-HSL C10-HSL, 3-oxo-C10-HSL, 3-OH-C10-HSL, 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C6-HSL, and 3-oxo-C10-HSL. The exogenous application of purified AHLs (mix) significantly improved various root parameters at 200 mM NaCl in both salt-sensitive (SSG) and salt-tolerant (STG) genotypes, where the highest increase (≈80%) was observed where a mixture of both strains of AHLs was used. Confocal microscopic observations and root overlay assay revealed a strong root colonization potential of the two strains under salt stress. The inoculation response of both STG and SSG genotypes was evaluated with two AHL-producing strains (SAL-17 and SAL-21) and compared to non-AHL-producing Aeromonas sp. SAL-12 (accession no. HG763856) in saline (EC = 7.63 ms/cm2) and non-saline soil. The data reveal that plants inoculated with the bacterial consortium (SAL-21 + SAL-17) showed a maximum increase in leaf proline content, nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll a/b, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, root length, shoot length, and grain weight over non-inoculated plants grown in saline soil. Both STG and SSG showed relative effectiveness toward inoculation (percent increase for STG: 165–16%; SSG: 283–14%) and showed a positive correlation of grain yield with proline and nitrate reductase activity. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and categorical PCA analysis clearly showed an inoculation response in both genotypes, revealing the effectiveness of AHL-producing Aeromonas spp. than the non-AHL-producing strain. The present study documents that the consortium of salt-tolerant AHL-producing Aeromonas spp. is equally effective for sustaining the growth of STG as well as SSG wheat genotypes in saline soil, but biosafety should be fully ensured before field release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoib Nawaz
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Arshad
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lubna Rajput
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Bagh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Imran
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Lim J, Hong S. Characterization of Aeromonas salmonicida and A. sobria isolated from cultured salmonid fish in Korea and development of a vaccine against furunculosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:609-620. [PMID: 32196710 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously, Aeromonas sobria and A. salmonicida were identified to be the most prevalent species in salmonid farms in Korea. In this study, we evaluated the biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. salmonicida (3 isolates) and A. sobria (8 isolates) isolated from salmonids, and further investigated efficacy of A. salmonicida vaccine. In antibiotic susceptibility test, all of A. sobria isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin. Six A. sobria and two A. salmonicida isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline. In challenge test, A. sobria isolates exhibited low pathogenicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) while one A. salmonicida isolate showed high pathogenicity with LD50 of 6.4 × 103 CFU/fish in rainbow trout and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Among virulence factors, secretion apparatus (ascV and ascC) and transcription regulatory protein (exsA) of type 3 secretion system and A-layer protein genes were differentially detected in DNA or cDNA of A. salmonicida isolates, indicating their contribution to the pathogenicity. A formalin-killed vaccine of highly pathogenic A. salmonicida isolate exhibited a protective effect with relative survival rate of 81.8% and 82.9% at 8 weeks and 16 weeks post-vaccination, respectively, in challenge test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Lim
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Suhee Hong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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10
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Fernández-Bravo A, Figueras MJ. An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010129. [PMID: 31963469 PMCID: PMC7022790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like gyrB and rpoD or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus Aeromonas of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). Since aeromonads were first associated with human disease, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated. The literature shows that the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas is considered multifactorial and the presence of several virulence factors allows these bacteria to adhere, invade, and destroy the host cells, overcoming the immune host response. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that the infections these bacteria produce will remain a great health problem in the future. The ubiquitous distribution of these bacteria and the increasing elderly population, to whom these bacteria are an opportunistic pathogen, will facilitate this problem. In addition, using data from outbreak studies, it has been recognized that in cases of diarrhea, the infective dose of Aeromonas is relatively low. These poorly known bacteria should therefore be considered similarly as enteropathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter.
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Reyes-Rodríguez NE, Salgado-Miranda C, Flores-Valle IT, González-Gómez M, Soriano-Vargas E, Peláez-Acero A, Vega-Sánchez V. Molecular Identification and Virulence Potential of the Genus Aeromonas Isolated from Wild Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Mexico. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1706-1713. [PMID: 31536418 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The members of the Aeromonas genus are important foodborne pathogens, with a worldwide distribution. Wild rainbow trout, from the national protected area Santuario del Agua State Park, Corral de Piedra, were analyzed. Species of Aeromonas were isolated from the trout, and their pathogenic potential was analyzed based on different pathogenicity and virulence factors. The isolates were identified as A. allosaccharophila (n = 15), A. sobria (n = 8), A. veronii (n = 3), A. rivipollensis (n = 2), A. piscicola (n = 2), and A. popoffii (n = 1), by RNA polymerase sigma factor (rpoD) gene sequencing. Sequence similarity with the type strain was 92.2 to 99.6% for A. sobria isolates, 97.8 to 98.0% for A. allosaccharophila isolates, 99.2% for the A. popoffii isolate, 99.2 to 100% for A. piscicola isolates, and 98.2 to 99.2% for A. veronii isolates. Notably, isolates A30T2-gills and A30T2-spleen showed sequence similarity of 98.0% with strain A. media CECT 4232T and 99.0% with strain A. rivipollensis P2G1T. Virulence genes were detected by PCR at the following frequencies: fla and serine protease, 96.77%; aerA, 93.54%; aexT, 87.09%; lipases, 74.19%; ascV and ahyB, 67.74%; exu, 61.29%; act, 41.93%; ascF-G, 38.70%; lafA, 32.26%; alt, 6.46%; aopP, 9.67%; and ast, 3.23%. These results indicate that several Aeromonas species had the potential pathogenicity to infect wild rainbow trout in the waterway created by the Corral de Piedra dam, suggesting they could be an emerging zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia E Reyes-Rodríguez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-8677 [V.V.-S.])
| | - Celene Salgado-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, México
| | - Izanami T Flores-Valle
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México
| | - Maricruz González-Gómez
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, Toluca 50904, México
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, México
| | - Armando Peláez-Acero
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-8677 [V.V.-S.])
| | - Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, México (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3466-8677 [V.V.-S.])
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12
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Zhang DX, Kang YH, Song MF, Shu HP, Guo SN, Jia JP, Tao LT, Zhao ZL, Zhang L, Wang CF, Wang GQ, Qian AD, Shan XF. Identity and virulence properties of Aeromonas isolates from healthy Northern snakehead (Channa argus) in China. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:100-109. [PMID: 31107978 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Aeromonas are opportunistic pathogen of a variety of aquatic animals that exhibits multidrug resistance, phenotypes, virulence genes and virulence. The present study described the species distribution and the potential pathogenicity of Aeromonas isolated from healthy Northern snakehead (Channa argus) in China. Molecular identification revealed that A. veronii biovar veronii (69/167; 41·3%) and A. hydrophila (41/167; 24·6%) were the most common species found in Northern snakehead intestine based on sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and DNA gyrase subunit B protein. The distribution of seven virulence factors including aer (84·4%), act (80·8%), ser (40·1%), Aha (27·5%), lip (23·4%), exu (15·0%) and LuxS (12·6%) were determined exclusively in Aeromonas isolates. All the seven virulence genes were present in 9·6% (16/167), among which 11 strains were identified as A. veronii biovar veronii. For the strains harbouring seven virulence genes, the 50% lethal doses (LD50 ) of isolates were lower compared to the isolates carrying two virulence genes. The challenge tests revealed that isolate W31 had the lowest lethal dose, causing 50% mortality at 4·5 × 103 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. Furthermore, histopathology of Northern snakehead infected with Aeromonas strains showed necrosis and congestion in liver, spleen and kidney and also damage to the intestine. This study confirms that the Aeromonas strains isolated from healthy Northern snakehead may be a cause of concern for public health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Aeromonas species are widely distributed in aquatic environments and have considerable virulence potential. The aim of this study was to identify Aeromonas strains isolated from healthy Northern snakehead, and to investigate if Aeromonas species isolated from healthy fish potential pathogenicity with special reference to virulence and epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-X Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Y-H Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - M-F Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - H-P Shu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - S-N Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - J-P Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - L-T Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Z-L Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - L Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - C-F Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - G-Q Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - A-D Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - X-F Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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13
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Bhowmick UD, Bhattacharjee S. Bacteriological, Clinical and Virulence Aspects of Aeromonas-associated Diseases in Humans. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:137-149. [PMID: 30015452 PMCID: PMC7256846 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonads have been isolated from varied environmental sources such as polluted and drinking water, as well as from tissues and body fluids of cold and warm-blooded animals. A phenotypically and genotypically heterogenous bacteria, aeromonads can be successfully identified by ribotyping and/or by analysing gyrB gene sequence, apart from classical biochemical characterization. Aeromonads are known to cause scepticemia in aquatic organisms, gastroenteritis and extraintestinal diseases such as scepticemia, skin, eye, wound and respiratory tract infections in humans. Several virulence and antibiotic resistance genes have been identified and isolated from this group, which if present in their mobile genetic elements, may be horizontally transferred to other naive environmental bacteria posing threat to the society. The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has given rise to many resistant varieties of bacteria. Multidrug resistance genes, such as NDM1, have been identified in this group of bacteria which is of serious health concern. Therefore, it is important to understand how antibiotic resistance develops and spreads in order to undertake preventive measures. It is also necessary to search and map putative virulence genes of Aeromonas for fighting the diseases caused by them. This review encompasses current knowledge of bacteriological, environmental, clinical and virulence aspects of the Aeromonas group and related diseases in humans and other animals of human concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Dey Bhowmick
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal,Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal,India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal,Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal,India
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14
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Hoel S, Vadstein O, Jakobsen AN. The Significance of Mesophilic Aeromonas spp. in Minimally Processed Ready-to-Eat Seafood. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E91. [PMID: 30909614 PMCID: PMC6463141 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed and ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood products are gaining popularity because of their availability in retail stores and the consumers' perception of convenience. Products that are subjected to mild processing and products that do not require additional heating prior to consumption are eaten by an increasing proportion of the population, including people that are more susceptible to foodborne disease. Worldwide, seafood is an important source of foodborne outbreaks, but the exact burden is not known. The increased interest in seafood products for raw consumption introduces new food safety issues that must be addressed by all actors in the food chain. Bacteria belonging to genus Aeromonas are ubiquitous in marine environments, and Aeromonas spp. has held the title "emerging foodborne pathogen" for more than a decade. Given its high prevalence in seafood and in vegetables included in many RTE seafood meals, the significance of Aeromonas as a potential foodborne pathogen and a food spoilage organism increases. Some Aeromonas spp. can grow relatively uninhibited in food during refrigeration under a broad range of pH and NaCl concentrations, and in various packaging atmospheres. Strains of several Aeromonas species have shown spoilage potential by the production of spoilage associated metabolites in various seafood products, but the knowledge on spoilage in cold water fish species is scarce. The question about the significance of Aeromonas spp. in RTE seafood products is challenged by the limited knowledge on how to identify the truly virulent strains. The limited information on clinically relevant strains is partly due to few registered outbreaks, and to the disputed role as a true foodborne pathogen. However, it is likely that illness caused by Aeromonas might go on undetected due to unreported cases and a lack of adequate identification schemes. A rather confusing taxonomy and inadequate biochemical tests for species identification has led to a biased focus towards some Aeromonas species. Over the last ten years, several housekeeping genes has replaced the 16S rRNA gene as suitable genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis. The result is a more clear and robust taxonomy and updated knowledge on the currently circulating environmental strains. Nevertheless, more knowledge on which factors that contribute to virulence and how to control the potential pathogenic strains of Aeromonas in perishable RTE seafood products are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva Hoel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU⁻Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU⁻Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anita N Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU⁻Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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15
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Jung-Schroers V, Jung A, Ryll M, Bauer J, Teitge F, Steinhagen D. Diagnostic methods for identifying different Aeromonas species and examining their pathogenicity factors, their correlation to cytotoxicity and adherence to fish mucus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:189-219. [PMID: 30521094 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, acting as facultative or obligate pathogens for fish. Identifying Aeromonas spp. is important for pathogenesis and prognosis in diagnostic cases but can be difficult because of their close relationship. Forty-four already characterized isolates of Aeromonas spp. were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, by gyrase B sequencing, by analysing their fatty acid profiles, by biochemical reactions and by MALDI-TOF MS. To determine their pathogenicity, cytotoxicity, adhesion to mucus and the expression of 12 virulence factors were tested. The susceptibility of the isolates towards 13 different antibiotics was determined. MALDI-TOF MS was found to be an acceptable identification method for Aeromonas spp. Although the method does not detect all species correctly, it is time-effective and entails relatively low costs and no other methods achieved better results. A high prevalence of virulence-related gene fragments was detected in almost all examined Aeromonas spp., especially in A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, and most isolates exhibited a cytotoxic effect. Single isolates of A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida showed multiple resistance to antibiotics. These results might indicate the potentially pathogenic capacity of Aeromonas spp., suggesting a risk for aquatic animals and even humans, given their ubiquitous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ryll
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Wamala SP, Mugimba KK, Dubey S, Takele A, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø, Mutoloki S, Byarugaba DK, Sørum H. Multilocus sequence analysis revealed a high genotypic diversity of Aeromonas hydrophila infecting fish in Uganda. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1589-1600. [PMID: 30074242 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was carried out to delineate Aeromonas hydrophila from fish in Uganda. Five housekeeping genes including recA, gyrB, metG, gltA and pps; and the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced from a total of nine A. hydrophila isolates. The obtained sequences were edited, and consensus sequences generated for each gene locus. The housekeeping gene sequences were concatenated and phylogenetic analysis performed in MEGA version 7.0.2. Pairwise distances ranged from 0.000 to 0.118, highest within the gltA gene locus and lowest within the 16S rRNA gene. The average evolutionary diversity within isolates from the same source ranged between 0.002 and 0.037, and it was 0.033 between the different sources. Similar tree topologies were obtained from the different gene loci with recA, metG and gyrB being more consistent in discriminating isolates according to sources while the 16S rRNA gene had the lowest resolution. The concatenated tree had the highest discriminatory power. This study revealed that A. hydrophila strains infecting fish in Uganda are of diverse genotypes suggesting different sources of infection in a given outbreak. Efforts to minimize spread of the bacteria across sources should be emphasized to control infections of mixed genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Posian Wamala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kizito Kahoza Mugimba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Saurabh Dubey
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abayneh Takele
- National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Denis Karuhize Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henning Sørum
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Ran C, Qin C, Xie M, Zhang J, Li J, Xie Y, Wang Y, Li S, Liu L, Fu X, Lin Q, Li N, Liles MR, Zhou Z. Aeromonas veroniiand aerolysin are important for the pathogenesis of motile aeromonad septicemia in cyprinid fish. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3442-3456. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Chubin Qin
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute; Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510380 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute; Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510380 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute; Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510380 People's Republic of China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology; Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute; Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510380 People's Republic of China
| | - Mark R. Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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18
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Navarro A, Martínez-Murcia A. Phylogenetic analyses of the genusAeromonasbased on housekeeping gene sequencing and its influence on systematics. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:622-631. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Navarro
- Genetic Analysis Strategies S.L.; CEEI; Elche, Alicante Spain
| | - A. Martínez-Murcia
- Genetic Analysis Strategies S.L.; CEEI; Elche, Alicante Spain
- Area de Microbiología; EPSO; Universidad Miguel Hernández; Orihuela, Alicante Spain
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19
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Pérez-Sancho M, Vela AI, Kostrzewa M, Zamora L, Casamayor A, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. First analysis by MALDI-TOF MS technique of Chryseobacterium species relevant to aquaculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:389-393. [PMID: 29125187 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Sancho
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A I Vela
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - L Zamora
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Casamayor
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - J F Fernández-Garayzábal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Dong HT, Techatanakitarnan C, Jindakittikul P, Thaiprayoon A, Taengphu S, Charoensapsri W, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong T, Senapin S. Aeromonas jandaei and Aeromonas veronii caused disease and mortality in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1395-1403. [PMID: 28383126 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by motile aeromonads in freshwater fish have been generally assumed to be linked with mainly Aeromonas hydrophila while other species were probably overlooked. Here, we identified two isolates of non-A. hydrophila recovered from Nile tilapia exhibiting disease and mortality after exposed to transport-induced stress and subsequently confirmed their virulence in artificial infection. The bacterial isolates were identified as Aeromonas jandaei and Aeromonas veronii based on phenotypic features and homology of 16S rDNA. Experimental infection revealed that the high dose of A. jandaei (3.7 × 106 CFU fish-1 ) and A. veronii (8.9 × 106 CFU fish-1 ) killed 100% of experimental fish within 24 h, while a 10-fold reduction dose killed 70% and 50% of fish, respectively. When the challenge dose was reduced 100-fold, mortality of the fish exposed to A. jandaei and A. veronii decreased to 20% and 10%, respectively. The survivors from the latter dose administration were rechallenged with respective bacterial species. Lower mortality of rechallenged fish (0%-12.5%) compared to the control groups receiving a primary infection (37.5%) suggested that the survivors after primary infection were able to resist secondary infection. Fish exposed to either A. jandaei or A. veronii exhibited similar clinical signs and histological manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Dong
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Techatanakitarnan
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Jindakittikul
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Thaiprayoon
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Taengphu
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W Charoensapsri
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - P Khunrae
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Rattanarojpong
- Department Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Senapin
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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21
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Pérez-Sancho M, Vela AI, Wiklund T, Kostrzewa M, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. Differentiation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:345-352. [PMID: 28688366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) is an important infectious disease caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum affecting farmed salmonids worldwide. Other Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species (F. plurextorum, F. oncorhynchi, F. tructae, F. collinsii and F. piscis) have been isolated from diseased rainbow trout fry suspected of RTFS although the epidemiological and clinical relevance of these pathogens are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) Mass Spectrometry as method for specific identification of F. psychrophilum and its differentiation from other F. psychrophilum-like species isolated from diseased fish. Fifty-three isolates were analyzed after the creation of the Main Spectrum Profile (MSP) of reference strains of each of abovementioned species. F. psychrophilum exhibited a mass spectra very different from those of F. psychrophilum-like species, with five peaks (m/z 3654, 4585, 5388, 6730 and 7310) present only in F. psychrophilum isolates, and three peaks (m/z 6170, 7098 and 9241) absent in F. psychrophilum but present in all F. psychrophilum-like species. All F. psychrophilum isolates were correctly identified and differentiated from the F. psychrophilum-like species by MALDI-TOF. Although this approach showed a limited ability to differentiate among F. psychrophilum-like species, its complementation with a few simple biochemical tests may represent an alternative approach for the routine identification of the Flavobacterium psychrophilum-like species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Sancho
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Vela
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Åbo, Finland
| | | | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Francisco Fernández-Garayzábal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Pathogenicity of Mexican isolates of Aeromonas sp. in immersion experimentally-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792). Acta Trop 2017; 169:122-124. [PMID: 28209550 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ten species of Aeromonas have been previously identified in farmed rainbow trout from Mexico. The aim of the current study was to investigate the pathogenicity of 10 Aeromonas isolates belonging to 10 different Aeromonas species in immersion experimentally-infected rainbow trout fry. Isolates of A. bestiarum, A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, and A. veronii produced significant mortality (8.8%, 12.2%, 18.8%, and 8.8%, respectively). Isolates of A. caviae and A. sobria produced no significantly mortality (3.3% and 1.1%, respectively). No mortality was recorded in fish infected with A. allosaccharophila, A. lusitana, A. media, or A. popoffii. Microscopic lesions and bacterial reisolation were registered in liver of fish infected with the ten different Aeromonas isolates. Our results suggest that all Aeromonas species included in the study have the ability to colonize the liver. The results have confirmed that species A. bestiarum, A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, and A. veronii affected fish as elsewhere reported. In conclusion, the variation in pathogenicity of Aeromonas isolates included in the study, emphasizes the importance of active, on-going monitoring of Aeromonas in the Mexican rainbow trout farming.
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23
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Comparative Genomics of the Aeromonadaceae Core Oligosaccharide Biosynthetic Regions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030519. [PMID: 28264491 PMCID: PMC5372535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are an integral part of the Gram-negative outer membrane, playing important organizational and structural roles and taking part in the bacterial infection process. In Aeromonas hydrophila, piscicola, and salmonicida, three different genomic regions taking part in the LPS core oligosaccharide (Core-OS) assembly have been identified, although the characterization of these clusters in most aeromonad species is still lacking. Here, we analyse the conservation of these LPS biosynthesis gene clusters in the all the 170 currently public Aeromonas genomes, including 30 different species, and characterise the structure of a putative common inner Core-OS in the Aeromonadaceae family. We describe three new genomic organizations for the inner Core-OS genomic regions, which were more evolutionary conserved than the outer Core-OS regions, which presented remarkable variability. We report how the degree of conservation of the genes from the inner and outer Core-OS may be indicative of the taxonomic relationship between Aeromonas species.
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24
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Romero A, Saraceni PR, Merino S, Figueras A, Tomás JM, Novoa B. The Animal Model Determines the Results of Aeromonas Virulence Factors. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1574. [PMID: 27757107 PMCID: PMC5048442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of an experimental animal model is of great importance in the study of bacterial virulence factors. Here, a bath infection of zebrafish larvae is proposed as an alternative model to study the virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila. Intraperitoneal infections in mice and trout were compared with bath infections in zebrafish larvae using specific mutants. The great advantage of this model is that bath immersion mimics the natural route of infection, and injury to the tail also provides a natural portal of entry for the bacteria. The implication of T3SS in the virulence of A. hydrophila was analyzed using the AH-1::aopB mutant. This mutant was less virulent than the wild-type strain when inoculated into zebrafish larvae, as described in other vertebrates. However, the zebrafish model exhibited slight differences in mortality kinetics only observed using invertebrate models. Infections using the mutant AH-1ΔvapA lacking the gene coding for the surface S-layer suggested that this protein was not totally necessary to the bacteria once it was inside the host, but it contributed to the inflammatory response. Only when healthy zebrafish larvae were infected did the mutant produce less mortality than the wild-type. Variations between models were evidenced using the AH-1ΔrmlB, which lacks the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the AH-1ΔwahD, which lacks the O-antigen LPS and part of the LPS outer-core. Both mutants showed decreased mortality in all of the animal models, but the differences between them were only observed in injured zebrafish larvae, suggesting that residues from the LPS outer core must be important for virulence. The greatest differences were observed using the AH-1ΔFlaB-J (lacking polar flagella and unable to swim) and the AH-1::motX (non-motile but producing flagella). They were as pathogenic as the wild-type strain when injected into mice and trout, but no mortalities were registered in zebrafish larvae. This study demonstrates that zebrafish larvae can be used as a host model to assess the virulence factors of A. hydrophila. This model revealed more differences in pathogenicity than the in vitro models and enabled the detection of slight variations in pathogenesis not observed using intraperitoneal injections of mice or fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
| | - Paolo R Saraceni
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
| | - Susana Merino
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
| | - Juan M Tomás
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Marine Research Institute-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo Spain
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25
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Genome Sequence of Aeromonas hydrophila Strain AH-3 (Serotype O34). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e00919-16. [PMID: 27587828 PMCID: PMC5009985 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00919-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an emerging pathogen of poikilothermic animals, from fish to mammals, including humans. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of the A. hydrophila AH-3 strain, isolated from a fish farm goldfish septicemia outbreak in Spain, with a characterized polar and lateral flagellum glycosylation pattern.
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26
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Rasmussen-Ivey CR, Figueras MJ, McGarey D, Liles MR. Virulence Factors of Aeromonas hydrophila: In the Wake of Reclassification. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1337. [PMID: 27610107 PMCID: PMC4997093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous "jack-of-all-trades," Aeromonas hydrophila, is a freshwater, Gram-negative bacterial pathogen under revision in regard to its phylogenetic and functional affiliation with other aeromonads. While virulence factors are expectedly diverse across A. hydrophila strains and closely related species, our mechanistic knowledge of the vast majority of these factors is based on the molecular characterization of the strains A. hydrophila AH-3 and SSU, which were reclassified as A. piscicola AH-3 in 2009 and A. dhakensis SSU in 2013. Individually, these reclassifications raise important questions involving the applicability of previous research on A. hydrophila virulence mechanisms; however, this issue is exacerbated by a lack of genomic data on other research strains. Collectively, these changes represent a fundamental gap in the literature on A. hydrophila and confirm the necessity of biochemical, molecular, and morphological techniques in the classification of research strains that are used as a foundation for future research. This review revisits what is known about virulence in A. hydrophila and the feasibility of using comparative genomics in light of this phylogenetic revision. Conflicting data between virulence factors, secretion systems, quorum sensing, and their effect on A. hydrophila pathogenicity appears to be an artifact of inappropriate taxonomic comparisons and/or be due to the fact that these properties are strain-specific. This review audits emerging data on dominant virulence factors that are present in both A. dhakensis and A. hydrophila in order to synthesize existing data with the aim of locating where future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria J Figueras
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus Spain
| | - Donald McGarey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA USA
| | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
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27
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Albarral V, Sanglas A, Palau M, Miñana-Galbis D, Fusté MC. Potential pathogenicity ofAeromonas hydrophilacomplex strains isolated from clinical, food, and environmental sources. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:296-306. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments, including chlorinated and polluted waters, although they can also be isolated from a wide variety of environmental and clinical sources. They cause infections in vertebrates and invertebrates and are considered to be an emerging pathogen in humans, producing intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Most of the clinical isolates correspond to A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veronii bv. Sobria, which are described as the causative agents of wound infections, septicaemia, and meningitis in immunocompromised people, and diarrhoea and dysenteric infections in the elderly and children. The pathogenic factors associated with Aeromonas are multifactorial and involve structural components, siderophores, quorum-sensing mechanisms, secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and exotoxins. In this study, we analysed a representative number of clinical and environmental strains belonging to the A. hydrophila species complex to evaluate their potential pathogenicity. We thereby detected their enzymatic activities and antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the presence of virulence genes (aer, alt, ast, and ascV). The notably high prevalence of these virulence factors, even in environmental strains, indicated a potential pathogenic capacity. Additionally, we determined the adhesion capacity and cytopathic effects of this group of strains in Caco-2 cells. Most of the strains exhibited adherence and caused complete lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenta Albarral
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sanglas
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Montserrat Palau
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Fusté
- Departament de Microbiologia i Parasitologia Sanitàries, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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28
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Martínez-Murcia A, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Navarro A, Carvalho MJ, Aravena-Román M, Correia A, Figueras MJ, Saavedra MJ. Aeromonas lusitana sp. nov., Isolated from Untreated Water and Vegetables. Curr Microbiol 2016; 72:795-803. [PMID: 26868258 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-0997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During previous studies to evaluate the phylogenetic diversity of Aeromonas from untreated waters and vegetables intended for human consumption, a group of isolates formed a unique gyrB phylogenetic cluster, separated from those of all other species described so far. A subsequent extensive phenotypic characterization, DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequence of seven housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD; 4705 bp), and ERIC-PCR, were performed in an attempt to ascertain the taxonomy position of these isolates. This polyphasic approach confirmed that they belonged to a novel species of the genus Aeromonas, for which the name Aeromonas lusitana sp. nov. is proposed, with strain A.11/6(T) (=DSMZ 24095(T), =CECT 7828(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Murcia
- Area de Microbiología, EPSO, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain. .,Genetic PCR Solutions TM, CEEI, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Roxana Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Aaron Navarro
- Genetic PCR Solutions TM, CEEI, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - M João Carvalho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Max Aravena-Román
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia Crawley, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Antonio Correia
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M José Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M José Saavedra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CECAV-University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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29
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, Latif-Eugenín F, Hossain M, Berg K, Niemi R, Rapala J, Lyra C, Liles M, Figueras M. Aeromonas aquatica sp. nov., Aeromonas finlandiensis sp. nov. and Aeromonas lacus sp. nov. isolated from Finnish waters associated with cyanobacterial blooms. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015; 38:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Duarte AS, Cavaleiro E, Pereira C, Merino S, Esteves AC, Duarte EP, Tomás JM, Correia AC. Aeromonas piscicola AH-3 expresses an extracellular collagenase with cytotoxic properties. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:288-97. [PMID: 25443157 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the phenotypic expression of a gene coding for a putative collagenase. This gene (AHA_0517) was identified in Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966 genome and named colAh. We constructed and characterized an Aeromonas piscicola AH-3::colAh knockout mutant. Collagenolytic activity of the wild-type and mutant strains was determined, demonstrating that colAh encodes for a collagenase. ColAh-collagen interaction was assayed by Far-Western blot, and cytopathic effects were investigated in Vero cells. We demonstrated that ColAh is a gluzincin metallopeptidase (approx. 100 kDa), able to cleave and physically interact with collagen, that contributes for Aeromonas collagenolytic activity and cytotoxicity. ColAh possess the consensus HEXXH sequence and a glutamic acid as the third zinc binding positioned downstream the HEXXH motif, but has low sequence similarity and distinct domain architecture to the well-known clostridial collagenases. In addition, these results highlight the importance of exploring new microbial collagenases that may have significant relevance for the health and biotechnological industries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Collagenases play a central role in processes where collagen digestion is needed, for example host invasion by pathogenic micro-organisms. We identified a new collagenase from Aeromonas using an integrated in silico/in vitro strategy. This enzyme is able to bind and cleave collagen, contributes for AH-3 cytotoxicity and shares low similarity with known bacterial collagenases. This is the first report of an enzyme belonging to the gluzincin subfamily of the M9 family of peptidases in Aeromonas. This study increases the current knowledge on collagenolytic enzymes bringing new perspectives for biotechnology/medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Duarte
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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31
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Vávrová A, Balážová T, Sedláček I, Tvrzová L, Šedo O. Evaluation of the MALDI-TOF MS profiling for identification of newly described Aeromonas spp. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 60:375-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Vega-Sánchez V, Acosta-Dibarrat J, Vega-Castillo F, Castro-Escarpulli G, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Soriano-Vargas E. Phenotypical characteristics, genetic identification, and antimicrobial sensitivity of Aeromonas species isolated from farmed rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) in Mexico. Acta Trop 2014; 130:76-9. [PMID: 24211839 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Aeromonas isolates from diseased and healthy farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Mexico, were characterized phenotypically and identified to species level by using 16S rDNA RFLP-PCR. A total of 50 isolates were included in the study and 10 Aeromonas species identified. The species A. veronii biovar sobria (22%), A. hydrophila (20%) and A. bestiarum (20%) were the most predominant. All isolates (100%) were resistant to cephalothin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, Mexico
| | - Jorge Acosta-Dibarrat
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, Mexico
| | - Fernando Vega-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, Mexico
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
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33
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Sarria-Guzmán Y, López-Ramírez MP, Chávez-Romero Y, Ruiz-Romero E, Dendooven L, Bello-López JM. Identification of antibiotic resistance cassettes in class 1 integrons in Aeromonas spp. strains isolated from fresh fish (Cyprinus carpio L.). Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:581-6. [PMID: 24370627 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Forty-six Aeromonas spp. strains were isolated from fresh fish and investigated for their antimicrobial susceptibility, detection of Class 1 integrons by PCR, and arrangement of gene cassettes. Selected isolates were further characterized by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR. Twenty isolates were found to carry Class 1 integrons. Amplification of the variable regions of the integrons revealed diverse bands ranging in size from 150 to 1,958 pb. Sequence analysis of the variable regions revealed the presence of several gene cassettes, such as adenylyl transferases (aadA2 and aadA5), dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA17 and dfrA1), chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (catB3), β-lactamase (oxa2), lincosamide nucleotidil transferase (linF), aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (apha15), and oxacillinase (bla OXA-10). Two open reading frames with an unknown function were identified as orfC and orfD. The aadA2 cassette was the most common integron found in this study. Interestingly, five integrons were detected in the plasmids that might be involved in the transfer of resistance genes to other bacteria. This is a first report of cassette encoding for lincosamides (linF) resistance in Aeromonas spp. Implications on the incidence of integrons in isolates of Aeromonas spp. from fresh fish for human consumption, and its possible consequences to human health are discussed.
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34
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The improved PCR of the fstA (ferric siderophore receptor) gene differentiates the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida from other Aeromonas species. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:659-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Martino ME, Fasolato L, Montemurro F, Novelli E, Cardazzo B. Aeromonasspp.: ubiquitous or specialized bugs? Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:1005-18. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padova; Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - Luca Fasolato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padova; Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - Filomena Montemurro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padova; Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padova; Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padova; Legnaro 35020 Italy
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36
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Aeromonas molluscorum Av27 is a potential tributyltin (TBT) bioremediator: phenotypic and genotypic characterization indicates its safe application. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 104:385-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-9961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Aravena-Román M, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Inglis TJJ, Riley TV, Martínez-Murcia AJ, Chang BJ, Figueras MJ. Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov., isolated from irrigation water. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:2270-2276. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacillus, designated strain 266T, was isolated from an irrigation water system in the south-west of Western Australia. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that strain 266T belonged to the genus
Aeromonas
, with the nearest species being
Aeromonas fluvialis
(99.6 % similarity to the type strain, with 6 nucleotide differences) followed by
Aeromonas veronii
and
Aeromonas allosaccharophila
(both 99.5 %). Analysis of gyrB and rpoD sequences suggested that strain 266T formed a phylogenetic line independent of other species in the genus. This was confirmed using the concatenated sequences of six housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA and dnaX) that also indicated that
A. veronii
and
A. allosaccharophila
were the nearest relatives. DNA–DNA reassociation experiments and phenotypic analysis further supported the conclusion that strain 266T represents a novel species, for which the name Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain 266T ( = CECT 8023T = LMG 2670T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Aravena-Román
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Roxana Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Department de Ciènces Mèdiques Básiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciènces de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Timothy J. J. Inglis
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas V. Riley
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Antonio J. Martínez-Murcia
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, EPSO, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela 03312 (Alicante), Spain
| | - Barbara J. Chang
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Maria Jose Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Department de Ciènces Mèdiques Básiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciènces de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, Figueras MJ. Aeromonas spp. whole genomes and virulence factors implicated in fish disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:371-388. [PMID: 23305319 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Aeromonas infections produce septicaemia, and ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish, causing significant mortality in both wild and farmed freshwater and marine fish species that damage the economics of the aquaculture sector. The descriptions of the complete genomes of Aeromonas species have allowed the identification of an important number of virulence genes that affect the pathogenic potential of these bacteria. This review will focus on the most relevant information derived from the available Aeromonas genomes in relation to virulence and on the diverse virulence factors that actively participate in host adherence, colonization and infection, including structural components, extracellular factors, secretion systems, iron acquisition and quorum sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Martínez-Murcia A, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Svec P, Saavedra MJ, Figueras MJ, Sedlacek I. Aeromonas cavernicola sp. nov., isolated from fresh water of a brook in a cavern. Curr Microbiol 2012; 66:197-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Yeh HY, Klesius PH. Construction, expression and characterization of 11 putative flagellar apparatus genes of Aeromonas hydrophila AL09-73. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:853-860. [PMID: 22924657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Yeh
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Auburn, AL, USA.
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41
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Burr SE, Goldschmidt-Clermont E, Kuhnert P, Frey J. Heterogeneity of Aeromonas populations in wild and farmed perch, Perca fluviatilis L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:607-613. [PMID: 22620858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S E Burr
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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42
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Fontes M, Martins C, Martínez-Murcia A, Saavedra M. Phylogenetic Diversity ofAeromonasfrom “Alheira,” a Traditional Portuguese Meat Product. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:713-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Fontes
- Center of Studies in Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C. Martins
- Center of Studies in Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A.J. Martínez-Murcia
- Departament of Plant Production and Microbiology, University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - M.J. Saavedra
- Center of Studies in Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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43
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Esteve C, Alcaide E, Blasco MD. Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis isolated from feces, water and fish in Mediterranean Spain. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:367-73. [PMID: 22472298 PMCID: PMC4103543 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight Aeromonas hydrophila-like arabinose-negative isolates from diverse sources (i.e., river freshwater, cooling-system water pond, diseased wild European eels, and human stools) sampled in Valencia (Spain) during 2004–2005, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and extensive biochemical testing along with reference strains of most Aeromonas species. These isolates and all reference strains of A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis and A. aquariorum showed a 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 99.8–100%, and they all shared an identical phenotype. This matched exactly with that of A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis since all strains displayed positive responses to the Voges-Prokauer test and to the use of dl-lactate. This is the first report of A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis recovered from environmental samples, and further, from its original isolation in India during 1993–1994. This was accurately identified and segregated from other clinical aeromonads (A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. veronii biovars veronii and sobria, A. trota, A. schubertii and A. jandaei) by using biochemical key tests. The API 20 E profile for all strains included in A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis was 7047125. The prevalence of this species in Spanish sources was higher for water (9.4%) than for feces (6%) or eels (1.3%). Isolates recovered as pure cultures from diseased eels were moderately virulent (LD50 of 3.3×106 CFU fish−1) to challenged eels in experimental trials. They were all resistant to ticarcillin, amoxicillin-clavuranic acid, cefoxitin, and imipenem, regardless of its source. Our data point to A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis as an emerging pathogen for humans and fish in temperate countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Esteve
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Yeh HY, Klesius PH. Over-expression, purification and immune responses to Aeromonas hydrophila AL09-73 flagellar proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1278-1283. [PMID: 21963857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is ubiquitous in aquatic environments worldwide and causes many diseases in fish as well as human. Recent outbreaks of aeromonad diseases in channel catfish prompted us to investigate catfish immune responses during infection of A. hydrophila. In this communication, we report to amplify, over-express, purify and characterize 19 A. hydrophila flagellar proteins. All recombinant proteins were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing of expression plasmids, SDS-PAGE analysis and His tag Western blot of induced proteins. Our preliminary result also showed that the purified recombinant FlgK protein reacted strongly to sera from experimentally infected catfish, suggesting that this protein has potential for a novel target for vaccine development. It is also anticipated that these recombinant proteins will provide us with very useful tools to investigate host immune response to this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yueh Yeh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832-4352, USA.
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Martinez-Murcia AJ, Monera A, Saavedra MJ, Oncina R, Lopez-Alvarez M, Lara E, Figueras MJ. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas. Syst Appl Microbiol 2011; 34:189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Phylogenetic identification of Aeromonas from pigs slaughtered for consumption in slaughterhouses at the North of Portugal. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 146:118-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Figueras MJ, Alperi A, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Stackebrandt E, Brambilla E, Monera A, Martínez-Murcia AJ. Aeromonas rivuli sp. nov., isolated from the upstream region of a karst water rivulet. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:242-248. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.016139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two freshwater isolates (WB4.1-19T and WB4.4-101), sharing 99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, were highly related to Aeromonas sobria (99.7 % similarity; 6 bp differences). A phylogenetic tree derived from a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the concatenated sequences of five housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ and gyrA; 3684 bp) revealed that both strains clustered as an independent phylogenetic line next to members of Aeromonas molluscorum and Aeromonas bivalvium. The DNA–DNA reassociation value between the two new isolates was 89.3 %. Strain WB4.1-19T had a DNA–DNA relatedness value of <70 % with the type strains of the other species tested. Phenotypic characterization differentiated the two novel strains from all other type strains of species of the genus Aeromonas. It is concluded that the two new strains represent a novel species of the genus Aeromonas, for which the name Aeromonas rivuli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain WB4.1-19T (=CECT 7518T=DSM 22539T=MDC 2511T).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - A. Alperi
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - R. Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut. IISPV. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - E. Stackebrandt
- DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - E. Brambilla
- DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A. Monera
- Molecular Diagnostics Center and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Spain
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Avendaño-Herrera R, Balboa S, Doce A, Ilardi P, Lovera P, Toranzo AE, Romalde JL. Pseudo-membranes on internal organs associated with Rhodococcus qingshengii infection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ottaviani D, Parlani C, Citterio B, Masini L, Leoni F, Canonico C, Sabatini L, Bruscolini F, Pianetti A. Putative virulence properties of Aeromonas strains isolated from food, environmental and clinical sources in Italy: A comparative study. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:538-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bektas S, Ayik O. Alterations in Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility and Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Profile of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Experimentally Infected with Aeromonas salmonicida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.2472.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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