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Ahmad F, Karan A, Sharma R, Sharma NS, Sundar V, Jayaraj R, Mukherjee S, DeCoster MA. Evolving therapeutic interventions for the management and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102229. [PMID: 38364913 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients experience diverse symptoms, including memory loss, cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, mood changes, and mental issues. The fundamental objective of this review is to discuss novel therapeutic approaches, with special emphasis on recently approved marketed formulations for the treatment of AD, especially Aducanumab, the first FDA approved moiety that surpasses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduces amyloid plaques in the brain, thereby reducing associated cognitive decline. However, it is still in the phase IV trial and is to be completed by 2030. Other drugs such as lecanemab are also under clinical trial and has recently been approved by the FDA and is also discussed here. In this review, we also focus on active and passive immunotherapy for AD as well as several vaccines, such as amyloid-beta epitope-based vaccines, amyloid-beta DNA vaccines, and stem cell therapy for AD, which are in clinical trials. Furthermore, ongoing pre-clinical trials associated with AD and other novel strategies such as curcumin-loaded nanoparticles, Crispr/ cas9, precision medicine, as well as some emerging therapies like anti-sense therapy are also highlighted. Additionally, we discuss some off-labeled drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), anti-diabetic drugs, and lithium, which can manage symptoms of AD and different non-pharmacological approaches are also covered which can help to manage AD. In summary, we have tried to cover all the therapeutic interventions which are available for the treatment and management of AD under sections approved, clinical phase, pre-clinical phase or futuristic interventions, off-labelled drugs, and non-pharmacological interventions for AD, offering positive findings and well as challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India
| | - Anik Karan
- Department of Mechanical and Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Rashi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana, Delhi, India
| | - Navatha Shree Sharma
- Department of Surgery Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Sundar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Richard Jayaraj
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark A DeCoster
- Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA; Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Micromanufacturing, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA.
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Bettinetti-Luque M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Fuentes E, Andreo-Lopez J, Sanchez-Varo R, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gómez-Mediavilla Á, López MG, Garcia-Caballero M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D. Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:840-878. [PMID: 37706346 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bettinetti-Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Andreo-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángela Gómez-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia-Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Harris BN, Yavari M, Ramalingam L, Mounce PL, Alers Maldonado K, Chavira AC, Thomas S, Scoggin S, Biltz C, Moustaid-Moussa N. Impact of Long-Term Dietary High Fat and Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Amyloidogenic APPswe/PSEN1dE9 Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:553-576. [PMID: 38301617 DOI: 10.1159/000536586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) alters neurocognitive and emotional function and causes dysregulation of multiple homeostatic processes. The leading AD framework pins amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles as primary drivers of dysfunction. However, many additional variables, including diet, stress, sex, age, and pain tolerance, interact in ways that are not fully understood to impact the onset and progression of AD pathophysiology. We asked: (1) does high-fat diet, compared to low-fat diet, exacerbate AD pathophysiology and behavioral decline? And, (2) can supplementation with eicosapentaenoic (EPA)-enriched fish oil prevent high-fat-diet-induced changes? METHODS Male and female APPswePSdE9 mice, and their non-transgenic littermates, were randomly assigned to a diet condition (low-fat, high-fat, high-fat with EPA) and followed from 2 to 10 months of age. We assessed baseline corticosterone concentration during aging, pain tolerance, cognitive function, stress coping, and corticosterone response to a stressor. RESULTS Transgenic mice were consistently more active than non-transgenic mice but did not perform worse on either cognitive task, even though we recently reported that these same transgenic mice exhibited metabolic changes and had increased amyloid beta. Mice fed high-fat diet had higher baseline and post-stressor corticosterone, but diet did not impact cognition or pain tolerance. Sex had the biggest influence, as female mice were consistently more active and had higher corticosterone than males. CONCLUSION Overall, diet, genotype, and sex did not have consistent impacts on outcomes. We found little support for predicted interactions and correlations, suggesting diet impacts metabolic function and amyloid beta levels, but these outcomes do not translate to changes in behaviors measured here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research and Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mahsa Yavari
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research and Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research and Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutritional and Food Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - P Logan Mounce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Angela C Chavira
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline Biltz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research and Innovation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Amidfar M, Askari G, Kim YK. Association of metabolic dysfunction with cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease: A review of metabolomic evidence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110848. [PMID: 37634657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new biomarkers that can distinguish Alzheimer's disease (AD) from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the early stages will help to provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and slow the transition from MCI to AD. Patients with AD may present with a concomitant metabolic disorder, such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia, as a risk factor for AD that may be involved in the onset of both AD pathology and cognitive impairment. Therefore, metabolite profiling, or metabolomics, can be very useful in diagnosing AD, developing new therapeutic targets, and evaluating both the course of treatment and the clinical course of the disease. In addition, studying the relationship between nutritional behavior and AD requires investigation of the role of conditions such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and elevated glucose level. Based on this literature review, nutritional recommendations, including weight loss by reducing calorie and cholesterol intake and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can prevent cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly. The underlying metabolic causes of the pathology and cognitive decline caused by AD and MCI are not well understood. In this review article, metabolomics biomarkers for diagnosis of AD and MCI and metabolic risk factors for cognitive decline in AD were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Amidfar
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Jiao B, Zhang S, Bei Y, Bu G, Yuan L, Zhu Y, Yang Q, Xu T, Zhou L, Liu Q, Ouyang Z, Yang X, Feng Y, Tang B, Chen H, Shen L. A detection model for cognitive dysfunction based on volatile organic compounds from a large Chinese community cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4852-4862. [PMID: 37032600 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We explored whether volatile organic compound (VOC) detection can serve as a screening tool to distinguish cognitive dysfunction (CD) from cognitively normal (CN) individuals. METHODS The cognitive function of 1467 participants was assessed and their VOCs were detected. Six machine learning algorithms were conducted and the performance was determined. The plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) was measured. RESULTS Distinguished VOC patterns existed between CD and CN groups. The CD detection model showed good accuracy with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.876. In addition, we found that 10 VOC ions showed significant differences between CD and CN individuals (p < 0.05); three VOCs were significantly related to plasma NfL (p < 0.005). Moreover, a combination of VOCs with NfL showed the best discriminating power (AUC = 0.877). DISCUSSION Detection of VOCs from exhaled breath samples has the potential to provide a novel solution for the dilemma of CD screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sizhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuzhang Bei
- Department of Neurology, Liuyang Jili Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guiwen Bu
- Department of Neurology, Liuyang Jili Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Liuyang Jili Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qijie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianyan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Breax Laboratory, PCAB Research Center of Breath and Metabolism, Beijing, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Breax Laboratory, PCAB Research Center of Breath and Metabolism, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Ramos-Campo DJ, Belinchón-deMiguel P, Martinez-Guardado I, Dalamitros AA, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Mitochondria and Brain Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2488. [PMID: 37760929 PMCID: PMC10526226 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and controlling redox signaling. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and psychiatric illnesses. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between mitochondria and brain disease, focusing on the underlying pathological mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic opportunities. The review covers key topics such as mitochondrial DNA mutations, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, calcium dysregulation, and reactive oxygen species generation in the context of brain disease. Additionally, it discusses emerging strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial protective agents, metabolic modulators, and gene therapy approaches. By critically analysing the existing literature and recent advancements, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in brain disease and shed light on novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Group de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco
- Psychology Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | | | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
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Park JC, Lim H, Byun MS, Yi D, Byeon G, Jung G, Kim YK, Lee DY, Han SH, Mook-Jung I. Sex differences in the progression of glucose metabolism dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1023-1032. [PMID: 37121979 PMCID: PMC10238450 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by amyloid plaques and impaired brain metabolism. Because women have a higher prevalence of AD than men, sex differences are of great interest. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we showed sex-dependent metabolic dysregulations in the brains of AD patients. Cohort 1 (South Korean, n = 181) underwent Pittsburgh compound B-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, magnetic resonance imaging, and blood biomarker (plasma tau and beta-amyloid 42 and 40) measurements at baseline and two-year follow-ups. Transcriptome analysis of data from Cohorts 2 and 3 (European, n = 78; Singaporean, n = 18) revealed sex differences in AD-related alterations in brain metabolism. In women (but not in men), all imaging indicators displayed consistent correlation curves with AD progression. At the two-year follow-up, clear brain metabolic impairment was revealed only in women, and the plasma beta-amyloid 42/40 ratio was a possible biomarker for brain metabolism in women. Furthermore, our transcriptome analysis revealed sex differences in transcriptomes and metabolism in the brains of AD patients as well as a molecular network of 25 female-specific glucose metabolic genes (FGGs). We discovered four key-attractor FGG genes (ALDOA, ENO2, PRKACB, and PPP2R5D) that were associated with amyloid/tau-related genes (APP, MAPT, BACE1, and BACE2). Furthermore, these genes successfully distinguished amyloid positivity in women. Understanding sex differences in the pathogenesis of AD and considering these differences will improve development of effective diagnostics and therapeutic treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyeol Lim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihwan Byeon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gijung Jung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Korea Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ilchun Genomic Medicine Institute (GMI), College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Korea Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Ju Z, Shen L, Zhou M, Luo J, Yu Z, Qu C, Lei R, Lei M, Huang R. Helicobacter pylori and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Metabolic Dysfunction: Activation of TLR4/Myd88 Inflammation Pathway from p53 Perspective and a Case Study of Low-Dose Radiation Intervention. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1065-1081. [PMID: 35312296 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is frequently associated with AD-induced metabolic dysfunction. However, the extent and specific underlying molecular mechanisms triggered by alterations of gut microbiota composition and function mediating AD-induced metabolic dysfunction in AD remain incompletely uncovered. Here, we indicate that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is abundant in AD patients with relative metabolic dysfunction. Fecal microbiota transplantation from the AD patients promoted metabolic dysfunction in mice and increased gut permeability. H. pylori increased gut permeability through activation of the TLR4/Myd88 inflammation pathway in a p53-dependent manner, leading to metabolic dysfunction. Moreover, p53 deficiency reduced bile acid concentration, leading to an increased abundance of H. pylori colonization. Overall, these data identify H. pylori as a key promoter of AD-induced metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jinhua Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zijian Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ridan Lei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Mingjun Lei
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ruixue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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ReCODE: A Personalized, Targeted, Multi-Factorial Therapeutic Program for Reversal of Cognitive Decline. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101348. [PMID: 34680464 PMCID: PMC8533598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of age-associated cognitive decline, and in the absence of effective therapeutics is progressive and ultimately fatal, creating a dire need for successful prevention and treatment strategies. We recently reported results of a successful proof-of-concept trial, using a personalized, precision medicine protocol, but whether such an approach is readily scalable is unknown. Objective: In the case of AD, there is not a single therapeutic that exerts anything beyond a marginal, unsustained, symptomatic effect. This suggests that the monotherapeutic approach of drug development for AD may not be an optimal one, at least when used alone. Using a novel, comprehensive, and personalized therapeutic system called ReCODE (reversal of cognitive decline), which proved successful in a small, proof-of-concept trial, we sought to determine whether the program could be scaled to improve cognitive and metabolic function in individuals diagnosed with subjective cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and early-stage AD. Methods: 255 individuals submitted blood samples, took the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, and answered intake questions. Individuals who enrolled in the ReCODE program had consultations with clinical practitioners, and explanations of the program were provided. Participants had follow-up visits that included education regarding diet, lifestyle choices, medications, supplements, repeat blood sample analysis, and MoCA testing between 2 and 12 months after participating in the ReCODE program. Pre- and post-treatment measures were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results and Conclusions: By comparing baseline to follow-up testing, we observed that MoCA scores either significantly improved or stabilized in the entire participant pool—results that were not as successful as those in the proof-of-concept trial, but more successful than anti-amyloid therapies—and other risk factors including blood glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR, and vitamin D significantly improved in the participant pool. Our findings provide evidence that a multi-factorial, comprehensive, and personalized therapeutic program designed to mitigate AD risk factors can improve risk factor scores and stabilize or reverse the decline in cognitive function. Since superior results were obtained in the proof-of-concept trial, which was conducted by a small group of highly trained and experienced physicians, it is possible that results from the use of this personalized approach would be enhanced by further training and experience of the practicing physicians. Nonetheless, the current results provide further support indicating the potential of such an approach for the prevention and reversal of cognitive decline.
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10
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New therapeutics beyond amyloid-β and tau for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1382-1389. [PMID: 33268824 PMCID: PMC8379190 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in elderly people, will impose social and economic burdens to the world. Currently approved drugs for the treatment of AD including cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) and an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist (memantine) are symptomatic but poorly affect the progression of the disease. In recent decades, the concept of amyloid-β (Aβ) cascade and tau hyperphosphorylation leading to AD has dominated AD drug development. However, pharmacotherapies targeting Aβ and tau have limited success. It is generally believed that AD is caused by multiple pathological processes resulting from Aβ abnormality, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and oxidative stress. In this review we updated the recent development of new therapeutics that regulate neurotransmitters, inflammation, lipid metabolism, autophagy, microbiota, circadian rhythm, and disease-modified genes for AD in preclinical research and clinical trials. It is to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and multiple-target intervention, which may provide a promising outcome for AD treatment.
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11
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Sha C, Cuperlovic-Culf M, Hu T. SMILE: systems metabolomics using interpretable learning and evolution. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:284. [PMID: 34049495 PMCID: PMC8161935 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct link between metabolism and cell and organism phenotype in health and disease makes metabolomics, a high throughput study of small molecular metabolites, an essential methodology for understanding and diagnosing disease development and progression. Machine learning methods have seen increasing adoptions in metabolomics thanks to their powerful prediction abilities. However, the “black-box” nature of many machine learning models remains a major challenge for wide acceptance and utility as it makes the interpretation of decision process difficult. This challenge is particularly predominant in biomedical research where understanding of the underlying decision making mechanism is essential for insuring safety and gaining new knowledge. Results In this article, we proposed a novel computational framework, Systems Metabolomics using Interpretable Learning and Evolution (SMILE), for supervised metabolomics data analysis. Our methodology uses an evolutionary algorithm to learn interpretable predictive models and to identify the most influential metabolites and their interactions in association with disease. Moreover, we have developed a web application with a graphical user interface that can be used for easy analysis, interpretation and visualization of the results. Performance of the method and utilization of the web interface is shown using metabolomics data for Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusions SMILE was able to identify several influential metabolites on AD and to provide interpretable predictive models that can be further used for a better understanding of the metabolic background of AD. SMILE addresses the emerging issue of interpretability and explainability in machine learning, and contributes to more transparent and powerful applications of machine learning in bioinformatics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04209-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Sha
- School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ting Hu
- School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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12
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Shi W, Wu H, Liu S, Wu Z, Wu H, Liu J, Hou Y. Progesterone Suppresses Cholesterol Esterification in APP/PS1 mice and a cell model of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:162-173. [PMID: 34044033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cholesteryl ester(CE), generated from the mitochondria associated membrane (MAM), is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In theory, the different neuroprotective effects of progesterone in AD are all linked to MAM, yet the effect on cholesterol esterification has not been reported. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the regulation of progesterone on intracerebral CE in AD models and the underlying mechanism. METHODS APP/PS1 mice and AD cell model induced by Aβ 25-35 were selected as the research objects. APP/PS1 mice were daily administrated intragastrically with progesterone and The Morris Water Maze test was performed to detect the learning and memory abilities. Intracellular cholesterol was measured by Cholesterol/Cholesteryl Ester Quantitation Assay. The structure of MAMs were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The expression of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were detected with western blotting, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. RESULTS Progesterone suppressed the accumulation of intracellular CE, shortened the length of abnormally prolonged MAM in cortex of APP/PS1 mice. Progesterone decreased the expression of ACAT1, which could be blocked by progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) inhibitor AG205. The ERK1/2 pathway maybe involved in the progesterone mediated regulation of ACAT1 in AD models, rather than the PI3K/Akt and the P38 MEPK pathways. SIGNIFICANCE The results supported a line of evidence that progesterone regulates CE level and the structure of MAM in neurons of AD models, providing a promising treatment against AD on the dysfunction of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Heze University, Heze 274000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Zhangjiakou 075000, China.
| | - Honghai Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Yanning Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China; Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China.
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13
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Alaaeddine RA, Elzahhar PA, AlZaim I, Abou-Kheir W, Belal ASF, El-Yazbi AF. The Emerging Role of COX-2, 15-LOX and PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases and Cancer: An Introduction to Novel Multi-target Directed Ligands (MTDLs). Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2260-2300. [PMID: 32867639 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200820173853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an intertwining framework for the involvement of different inflammatory pathways in a common pathological background for a number of disorders. Of importance are pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Both enzyme activities and their products are implicated in a range of pathophysiological processes encompassing metabolic impairment leading to adipose inflammation and the subsequent vascular and neurological disorders, in addition to various pro- and antitumorigenic effects. A further layer of complexity is encountered by the disparate, and often reciprocal, modulatory effect COX-2 and 15-LOX activities and metabolites exert on each other or on other cellular targets, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, effective therapeutic intervention with such multifaceted disorders requires the simultaneous modulation of more than one target. Here, we describe the role of COX-2, 15-LOX, and PPARγ in cancer and complications of metabolic disorders, highlight the value of designing multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) modifying their activity, and summarizing the available literature regarding the rationale and feasibility of design and synthesis of these ligands together with their known biological effects. We speculate on the potential impact of MTDLs in these disorders as well as emphasize the need for structured future effort to translate these early results facilitating the adoption of these, and similar, molecules in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A Alaaeddine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perihan A Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Stojanovic F, Taktek M, Khieu NH, Huang J, Jiang S, Rennie K, Chakravarthy B, Costain WJ, Cuperlovic-Culf M. NMR analysis of the correlation of metabolic changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer model male and female mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250568. [PMID: 33970919 PMCID: PMC8109765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective therapies as well as early, molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is impeded by the lack of understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms. Metabolomics studies of body fluids as well as brain tissues have shown major changes in metabolic profiles of Alzheimer's patients. However, with analysis performed at the late stages of the disease it is not possible to distinguish causes and consequence. The mouse model APP/PS1 expresses a mutant amyloid precursor protein resulting in early Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation as well as many resulting physiological changes including changes in metabolic profile and metabolism. Analysis of metabolic profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of APP/PS1 mouse model can provide information about metabolic changes in these body fluids caused by Aβ accumulation. Using our novel method for analysis of correlation and mathematical ranking of significant correlations between metabolites in CSF and blood, we have explored changes in metabolite correlation and connectedness in APP/PS1 and wild type mice. Metabolites concentration and correlation changes in CSF, blood and across the blood brain barrier determined in this work are affected by the production of amyloid plaque. Metabolite changes observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model are the response to the mutation causing plaque formation, not the cause for the plaque suggesting that they are less relevant in the context of early treatment and prevention then the metabolic changes observed only in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Stojanovic
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mariam Taktek
- National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nam Huan Khieu
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Junzhou Huang
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Susan Jiang
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kerry Rennie
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Balu Chakravarthy
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Will J. Costain
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Cataldi R, Chia S, Pisani K, Ruggeri FS, Xu CK, Šneideris T, Perni M, Sarwat S, Joshi P, Kumita JR, Linse S, Habchi J, Knowles TPJ, Mannini B, Dobson CM, Vendruscolo M. A dopamine metabolite stabilizes neurotoxic amyloid-β oligomers. Commun Biol 2021; 4:19. [PMID: 33398040 PMCID: PMC7782527 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant soluble oligomers formed by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) are major pathogenic agents in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. A variety of biomolecules can influence the formation of these oligomers in the brain, although their mechanisms of action are still largely unknown. Here, we studied the effects on Aβ aggregation of DOPAL, a reactive catecholaldehyde intermediate of dopamine metabolism. We found that DOPAL is able to stabilize Aβ oligomeric species, including dimers and trimers, that exert toxic effects on human neuroblastoma cells, in particular increasing cytosolic calcium levels and promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. These results reveal an interplay between Aβ aggregation and key biochemical processes regulating cellular homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cataldi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sean Chia
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Katarina Pisani
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tomas Šneideris
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 10257, Lithuania
| | - Michele Perni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sunehera Sarwat
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Priyanka Joshi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Janet R Kumita
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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16
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Readhead B, Chen K, Su Y, Reiman EM, Dudley JT. Longitudinal data in peripheral blood confirm that PM20D1 is a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for Alzheimer's disease and implicate its dynamic role in disease progression. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:189. [PMID: 33298155 PMCID: PMC7724832 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the most challenging diseases to tackle, genome-wide genetic/epigenetic studies reveal many disease-associated risk loci, which sheds new light onto disease heritability, provides novel insights to understand its underlying mechanism and potentially offers easily measurable biomarkers for early diagnosis and intervention. METHODS We analyzed whole-genome DNA methylation data collected from peripheral blood in a cohort (n = 649) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and compared the DNA methylation level at baseline among participants diagnosed with AD (n = 87), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 175) and normal controls (n = 162), to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs). We also leveraged up to 4 years of longitudinal DNA methylation data, sampled at approximately 1 year intervals to model alterations in methylation levels at DMRs to delineate methylation changes associated with aging and disease progression, by linear mixed-effects (LME) modeling for the unchanged diagnosis groups (AD, MCI and control, respectively) and U-shape testing for those with changed diagnosis (converters). RESULTS When compared with controls, patients with MCI consistently displayed promoter hypomethylation at methylation QTL (mQTL) gene locus PM20D1. This promoter hypomethylation was even more prominent in patients with mild to moderate AD. This is in stark contrast with previously reported hypermethylation in hippocampal and frontal cortex brain tissues in patients with advanced-stage AD at this locus. From longitudinal data, we show that initial promoter hypomethylation of PM20D1 during MCI and early stage AD is reversed to eventual promoter hypermethylation in late stage AD, which helps to complete a fuller picture of methylation dynamics. We also confirm this observation in an independent cohort from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP) Study using DNA methylation and gene expression data from brain tissues as neuropathological staging (Braak score) advances. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that PM20D1 is an mQTL in AD and demonstrate that it plays a dynamic role at different stages of the disease. Further in-depth study is thus warranted to fully decipher its role in the evolution of AD and potentially explore its utility as a blood-based biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- grid.418204.b0000 0004 0406 4925Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Benjamin Readhead
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- grid.418204.b0000 0004 0406 4925Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Yi Su
- grid.418204.b0000 0004 0406 4925Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA ,grid.418204.b0000 0004 0406 4925Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Joel T. Dudley
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
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17
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Kim S, Nam Y, Shin SJ, Park YH, Jeon SG, Kim JI, Kim MJ, Moon M. The Potential Roles of Ghrelin in Metabolic Syndrome and Secondary Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583097. [PMID: 33071750 PMCID: PMC7543232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.583097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the major causative factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the accumulation of amyloid β and hyperphosphorylated tau, AD can also be caused by metabolic dysfunction. The major clinical symptom of AD is cognitive dysfunction. However, AD is also accompanied by various secondary symptoms such as depression, sleep-wake disturbances, and abnormal eating behaviors. Interestingly, the orexigenic hormone ghrelin has been suggested to have beneficial effects on AD-related metabolic syndrome and secondary symptoms. Ghrelin improves lipid distribution and alters insulin sensitivity, effects that are hypothesized to delay the progression of AD. Furthermore, ghrelin can relieve depression by enhancing the secretion of hormones such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and orexin. Moreover, ghrelin can upregulate the expression of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and modulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β. Ghrelin alleviates sleep-wake disturbances by increasing the levels of melatonin, melanin-concentrating hormone. Ghrelin reduces the risk of abnormal eating behaviors by increasing neuropeptide Y and γ-aminobutyric acid. In addition, ghrelin increases food intake by inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis. However, despite the numerous studies on the role of ghrelin in the AD-related pathology and metabolic disorders, there are only a few studies that investigate the effects of ghrelin on secondary symptoms associated with AD. In this mini review, our purpose is to provide the insights of future study by organizing the previous studies for the role of ghrelin in AD-related pathology and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, South Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
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18
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Ettcheto M, Cano A, Busquets O, Manzine PR, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Torres RD, Beas-Zarate C, Verdaguer E, García ML, Olloquequi J, Auladell C, Folch J, Camins A. A metabolic perspective of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104255. [PMID: 31075308 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After decades of research, the molecular neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still one of the hot topics in biomedical sciences. Some studies suggest that soluble amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers act as causative agents in the development of AD and could be initiators of its complex neurodegenerative cascade. On the other hand, there is also evidence pointing to Aβ oligomers as mere aggravators, with an arguable role in the origin of the disease. In this line of research, the relative contribution of soluble Aβ oligomers to neuronal damage associated with metabolic disorders such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is being actively investigated. Some authors have proposed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as important mechanisms leading to an increase in Aβ production and the activation of neuroinflammatory processes. Following this line of thought, these mechanisms could also cause cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the current understanding on the neuropathological role of Aβ associated with metabolic alterations induced by an obesogenic high fat diet (HFD) intake. It is believed that the combination of these two elements has a synergic effect, leading to the impairement of ER and mitochondrial functions, glial reactivity status alteration and inhibition of insulin receptor (IR) signalling. All these metabolic alterations would favour neuronal malfunction and, eventually, neuronal death by apoptosis, hence causing cognitive impairment and laying the foundations for late-onset AD (LOAD). Moreover, since drugs enhancing the activation of cerebral insulin pathway can constitute a suitable strategy for the prevention of AD, we also discuss the scope of therapeutic approaches such as intranasal administration of insulin in clinical trials with AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Regina Manzine
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Mexico
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Mexico
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Carme Auladell
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Merlo S, Spampinato SF, Sortino MA. Early compensatory responses against neuronal injury: A new therapeutic window of opportunity for Alzheimer's Disease? CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:5-13. [PMID: 30101571 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extensive neurodegeneration and inflammation in selective brain areas, linked to severely disabling cognitive deficits. Before full manifestation, different stages appear with progressively increased brain pathology and cognitive impairment. This significantly extends the time lag between initial molecular triggers and appearance of detectable symptoms. Notably, a number of studies in the last decade have revealed that in the early stage of mild cognitive impairment, events that appear in contrast with neuronal distress may occur. These have been reproduced in vitro and in animal models and include increase in synaptic elements, increase in synaptic and metabolic activity, enhancement of neurotrophic milieu and changes in glial cell reactivity and inflammation. They have been interpreted as compensatory responses that could either delay disease progression or, in the long run, result detrimental. For this reason, these mechanisms define a new and previously undervalued window of opportunity for intervention. Their importance resides especially in their early appearance. Directing efforts to better characterize this stage, in order to identify new pharmacological targets, is an exciting new avenue to future advances in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Federica Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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20
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Amylin and its G-protein-coupled receptor: A probable pathological process and drug target for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2017; 356:44-51. [PMID: 28528968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are shown to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, because GPCRs include a large family of membrane receptors, it is unclear which specific GPCR or pathway with rational ligands can become effective therapeutic targets for AD. Amylin receptor (AmR) is a GPCR that mediates several activities, such as improving glucose metabolism, relaxing cerebrovascular structure, modulating inflammatory reactions and potentially enhancing neural regeneration. Recent studies show that peripheral treatments with amylin or its clinical analog, pramlintide, reduced several components of AD pathology, including amyloid plaques, tauopathy, neuroinflammation and other components in the brain, corresponding with improved learning and memory in AD mouse models. Because amylin shares a similar secondary structure with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), I propose that the AmR/GPCR pathway is disturbed by a large amount of Aβ in the AD brain, leading to tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and neuronal death in the pathological cascade. Amylin-type peptides, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are the rational ligands to enhance this GPCR pathway and may exhibit utility as novel therapeutic agents for treating AD.
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21
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Hu YS, Xin J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Wang J. Analyzing the genes related to Alzheimer's disease via a network and pathway-based approach. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:29. [PMID: 28446202 PMCID: PMC5406904 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains incomplete. Previous studies have revealed that genetic factors provide a significant contribution to the pathogenesis and development of AD. In the past years, numerous genes implicated in this disease have been identified via genetic association studies on candidate genes or at the genome-wide level. However, in many cases, the roles of these genes and their interactions in AD are still unclear. A comprehensive and systematic analysis focusing on the biological function and interactions of these genes in the context of AD will therefore provide valuable insights to understand the molecular features of the disease. Method In this study, we collected genes potentially associated with AD by screening publications on genetic association studies deposited in PubMed. The major biological themes linked with these genes were then revealed by function and biochemical pathway enrichment analysis, and the relation between the pathways was explored by pathway crosstalk analysis. Furthermore, the network features of these AD-related genes were analyzed in the context of human interactome and an AD-specific network was inferred using the Steiner minimal tree algorithm. Results We compiled 430 human genes reported to be associated with AD from 823 publications. Biological theme analysis indicated that the biological processes and biochemical pathways related to neurodevelopment, metabolism, cell growth and/or survival, and immunology were enriched in these genes. Pathway crosstalk analysis then revealed that the significantly enriched pathways could be grouped into three interlinked modules—neuronal and metabolic module, cell growth/survival and neuroendocrine pathway module, and immune response-related module—indicating an AD-specific immune-endocrine-neuronal regulatory network. Furthermore, an AD-specific protein network was inferred and novel genes potentially associated with AD were identified. Conclusion By means of network and pathway-based methodology, we explored the pathogenetic mechanism underlying AD at a systems biology level. Results from our work could provide valuable clues for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying AD. In addition, the framework proposed in this study could be used to investigate the pathological molecular network and genes relevant to other complex diseases or phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0252-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shi Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Juncai Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ju Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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22
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Mazrooie R, Rohampour K, Zamani M, Hosseinmardi N, Zeraati M. Intracerebroventricular administration of adiponectin attenuates streptozotocin-induced memory impairment in rats. Physiol Int 2017; 104:150-157. [DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been reported to be linked with diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Adiponectin (ADN), an adipocytokine secreted from adipose tissue, is involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, energy homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we examined the effect of ADN on passive avoidance memory in animal model of sporadic AD (sAD). On days 1 and 3 after cannulation, rats received intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (3 mg/kg). Thirty minutes before the learning process, animals received saline or ADN in different doses (6, 60, and 600 µg). The step-through latency (STL) and total time spent in the dark compartment (TDC) were recorded and analyzed. In STZ-treated rats, STL was significantly decreased, whereas TDC showed a dramatic increase. In ADN-treated rats, STL was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in all treatment doses. The number of entries was decreased in all applied doses; however, TDC was reduced only by the application of 6 ng of ADN (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that ADN is useful to improve the STZ-induced memory impairment. This study showed, for the first time, that icv administration of ADN could improve the memory acquisition in animal model of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazrooie
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - K Rohampour
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - M Zamani
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - N Hosseinmardi
- 2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Zeraati
- 3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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23
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Campos-Peña V, Toral-Rios D, Becerril-Pérez F, Sánchez-Torres C, Delgado-Namorado Y, Torres-Ossorio E, Franco-Bocanegra D, Carvajal K. Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Is Aβ a Crucial Factor in Both Pathologies? Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:542-560. [PMID: 27368351 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Recently, chronic degenerative diseases have become one of the main health problems worldwide. That is the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), whose expression can be influenced by different risk factors. Recent Advances: In recent decades, it has been widely described that MetS increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. MetS pathogenesis involves several vascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance (I/R). CRITICAL ISSUES Reported evidence shows that vascular risk factors are associated with AD, particularly in the development of protein aggregation, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal dysfunction, and disturbances in signaling pathways, with insulin receptor signaling being a common alteration between MetS and AD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Insulin signaling has been involved in tau phosphorylation and amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism. However, it has also been demonstrated that Aβ oligomers can bind to insulin receptors, triggering their internalization, decreasing neuron responsiveness to insulin, and promoting insulin I/R. Thus, it could be argued that Aβ could be a convergent factor in the development of both pathologies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 542-560.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danira Toral-Rios
- 2 Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- 4 Departamento of Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elimar Torres-Ossorio
- 6 Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Karla Carvajal
- 7 Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Hamilton LK, Dufresne M, Joppé SE, Petryszyn S, Aumont A, Calon F, Barnabé-Heider F, Furtos A, Parent M, Chaurand P, Fernandes KJL. Aberrant Lipid Metabolism in the Forebrain Niche Suppresses Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:397-411. [PMID: 26321199 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is fundamental for brain development and function, but its roles in normal and pathological neural stem cell (NSC) regulation remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover a fatty acid-mediated mechanism suppressing endogenous NSC activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that postmortem AD brains and triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice accumulate neutral lipids within ependymal cells, the main support cell of the forebrain NSC niche. Mass spectrometry and microarray analyses identified these lipids as oleic acid-enriched triglycerides that originate from niche-derived rather than peripheral lipid metabolism defects. In wild-type mice, locally increasing oleic acid was sufficient to recapitulate the AD-associated ependymal triglyceride phenotype and inhibit NSC proliferation. Moreover, inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme of oleic acid synthesis rescued proliferative defects in both adult neurogenic niches of 3xTg-AD mice. These studies support a pathogenic mechanism whereby AD-induced perturbation of niche fatty acid metabolism suppresses the homeostatic and regenerative functions of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Hamilton
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martin Dufresne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sandra E Joppé
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sarah Petryszyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Anne Aumont
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CHU-Q Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Alexandra Furtos
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Karl J L Fernandes
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; CNS Research Group (GRSNC), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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25
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Baranowska-Bik A, Bik W, Styczynska M, Chodakowska-Zebrowska M, Barcikowska M, Wolinska-Witort E, Kalisz M, Martynska L, Baranowska B. Plasma leptin levels and free leptin index in women with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:73-8. [PMID: 26070219 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by irreversible and progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Controversies still exist on the precise mechanisms contributing to neurodegeneration. Obesity and disturbances in metabolic homeostasis are thought to be AD risk factors. Adipokine leptin has receptors in the brain, also in the regions related to AD. Leptin may protect against AD. The aim was to assess leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in plasma as well as free leptin index (FLI) in correlation with metabolic status of women diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Eighteen women with moderate to severe stage of AD, 40 women with AD at early stage, and 42 female controls, matched for age and body mass index, participated in the study. Leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels were measured with RIA and IRMA, respectively. Then, FLI was calculated. In addition, metabolic parameters (lipid profile, glucose and insulin concentrations, HOMA-IR) were estimated. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a cognitive impairment measurement was performed. Correlations with both leptin and FLI, and MMSE, clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Leptin levels and FLI were significantly lower and leptin receptor concentrations were higher in AD subjects when compared with the controls. In AD group leptin, soluble leptin receptor and FLI correlated with selected metabolic parameters but not with MMSE. We conclude that alterations in leptin, leptin receptor, and FLI were the most intensified in advanced AD. However, these results did not correlate with dementia stage measured with MMSE. Therefore, further intensive research is needed to explain the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Baranowska-Bik
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, Ceglowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bik
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Styczynska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Woloska 137, 02- 507 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maria Barcikowska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Woloska 137, 02- 507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wolinska-Witort
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kalisz
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Martynska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boguslawa Baranowska
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Bielanski Hospital, Ceglowska 80, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Folch J, Patraca I, Martínez N, Pedrós I, Petrov D, Ettcheto M, Abad S, Marin M, Beas-Zarate C, Camins A. The role of leptin in the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease. Interactions with the adipokines amylin, ghrelin and the pituitary hormone prolactin. Life Sci 2015; 140:19-28. [PMID: 25998028 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leptin (Lep) is emerging as a pivotal molecule involved in both the early events and the terminal phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the canonical pathway, Lep acts as an anorexigenic factor via its effects on hypothalamic nucleus. However, additional functions of Lep in the hippocampus and cortex have been unravelled in recent years. Early events in the sporadic form of AD likely involve cellular level alterations which can have an effect on food intake and metabolism. Thus, AD can be conceivably interpreted as a multiorgan pathology that not only results in a dramatic neuronal loss in brain areas such as the hippocampus and the cortex (ultimately leading to a significant cognitive impairment) but as a disease which also affects body-weight homeostasis. According to this view, body-weight control disruptions are to be expected in both the early- and late-stage AD, concomitant with changes in serum Lep content, alterations in Lep transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and Lep receptor-related signalling abnormalities. Lep is a member of the adipokine family of molecules, while the Lep receptor belongs to the class I cytokine receptors. Since cellular response to adipokine signalling can be either potentiated or diminished as a result of specific ligand-receptor interactions, Lep interactions with other members of the adipokine family including amylin, ghrelin and hormones such as prolactin require further investigation. In this review, we provide a general perspective on the functions of Lep in the brain, with a particular focus on the sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Folch
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Patraca
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nohora Martínez
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pedrós
- Unitats de Bioquímica i Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./ St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain; Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Petrov
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Abad
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marin
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Av. Pío Jaramillo Alvarado y Reinaldo Espinosa, La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, C.U.C.B.A., Universidad de Guadalajara and División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Mexico; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos Tercero, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Av. Pío Jaramillo Alvarado y Reinaldo Espinosa, La Argelia, Loja, Ecuador.
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27
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Ettcheto M, Petrov D, Pedrós I, de Lemos L, Pallàs M, Alegret M, Laguna JC, Folch J, Camins A. Hypercholesterolemia and neurodegeneration. Comparison of hippocampal phenotypes in LDLr knockout and APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Exp Gerontol 2015; 65:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease that manifests clinically as a slow global decline in cognitive function, including deterioration of memory, reasoning, abstraction, language and emotional stability, culminating in a patient with end-stage disease, totally dependent on custodial care. With a global ageing population, it is predicted that there will be a marked increase in the number of people diagnosed with AD in the coming decades, making this a significant challenge to socio-economic policy and aged care. Global estimates put a direct cost for treating and caring for people with dementia at $US604 billion, an estimate that is expected to increase markedly. According to recent global statistics, there are 35.6 million dementia sufferers, the number of which is predicted to double every 20 years, unless strategies are implemented to reduce this burden. Currently, there is no cure for AD; while current therapies may temporarily ameliorate symptoms, death usually occurs approximately 8 years after diagnosis. A greater understanding of AD pathophysiology is paramount, and attention is now being directed to the discovery of biomarkers that may not only facilitate pre-symptomatic diagnosis, but also provide an insight into aberrant biochemical pathways that may reveal potential therapeutic targets, including nutritional ones. AD pathogenesis develops over many years before clinical symptoms appear, providing the opportunity to develop therapy that could slow or stop disease progression well before any clinical manifestation develops.
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29
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Martins IJ, Creegan R. Links between Insulin Resistance, Lipoprotein Metabolism and Amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s Disease. Health (London) 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2014.612190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Loizzo A, Spampinato SM, Campana G, Vella S, Fortuna A, Costa L, Capasso A, Monteleone P, Renzi P, Loizzo S. Enhanced brain performance in mice following postnatal stress. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:413-24. [PMID: 23045190 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The double postnatal stress model (brief maternal separation plus sham injection daily applied from birth to weaning) induces metabolic alterations similar to type 2 diabetes in young-adult male mice. We verify whether 1) the stress also induces brain metabolic-functional alterations connected to diabetes and 2) different alterations are modulated selectively by two stress-damaged endogenous systems (opioid- and/or ACTH-corticosteroid-linked). Here, diabetes-like metabolic plus neurophysiologic-neurometabolic parameters are studied in adult mice following postnatal stress and drug treatment. Surprisingly, together with 'classic' diabetes-like alterations, the stress model induces in young-adult mice significantly enhanced brain neurometabolic-neurophysiologic performances, consisting of decreased latency to flash-visual evoked potentials (- ~8%); increased level (+ ~40%) and reduced latency (- ~30%) of NAD(P)H autofluorescence postsynaptic signals following electric stimuli; enhanced passive avoidance learning (+ ~135% latency); and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor level (+ ~70%). Postnatal treatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone prevents some alterations, moreover the treatment with antisense (AS; AS vs proopiomelanocortin mRNA) draws all parameters to control levels, thus showing that some alterations are bound to endogenous opioid-system hyper-functioning, while others depend on ACTH-corticosterone system hyper-functioning. Our stress model induces diabetes-like metabolic alterations coupled to enhanced brain neurometabolic-neurophysiologic performances. Taken all together, these findings are compatible with an 'enduring acute-stress' reaction, which puts mice in favorable survival situations vs controls. However, prolonged hormonal-metabolic imbalances are expected to also produce diabetes-like complications at later ages in stressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Loizzo
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Gavello D, Rojo-Ruiz J, Marcantoni A, Franchino C, Carbone E, Carabelli V. Leptin counteracts the hypoxia-induced inhibition of spontaneously firing hippocampal neurons: a microelectrode array study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41530. [PMID: 22848520 PMCID: PMC3405131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides regulating energy balance and reducing body-weight, the adipokine leptin has been recently shown to be neuroprotective and antiapoptotic by promoting neuronal survival after excitotoxic and oxidative insults. Here, we investigated the firing properties of mouse hippocampal neurons and the effects of leptin pretreatment on hypoxic damage (2 hours, 3% O(2)). Experiments were carried out by means of the microelectrode array (MEA) technology, monitoring hippocampal neurons activity from 11 to 18 days in vitro (DIV). Under normoxic conditions, hippocampal neurons were spontaneously firing, either with prevailing isolated and randomly distributed spikes (11 DIV), or with patterns characterized by synchronized bursts (18 DIV). Exposure to hypoxia severely impaired the spontaneous activity of hippocampal neurons, reducing their firing frequency by 54% and 69%, at 11 and 18 DIV respectively, and synchronized their firing activity. Pretreatment with 50 nM leptin reduced the firing frequency of normoxic neurons and contrasted the hypoxia-induced depressive action, either by limiting the firing frequency reduction (at both ages) or by increasing it to 126% (in younger neurons). In order to find out whether leptin exerts its effect by activating large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK), as shown on rat hippocampal neurons, we applied the BK channel blocker paxilline (1 µM). Our data show that paxilline reversed the effects of leptin, both on normoxic and hypoxic neurons, suggesting that the adipokine counteracts hypoxia through BK channels activation in mouse hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gavello
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jonathan Rojo-Ruiz
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, NIS Center, CNISM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kuller LH, Lopez OL. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a new direction.The 2010 Jay L. Foster Memorial Lecture. Alzheimers Dement 2012; 7:540-50. [PMID: 21889117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modern era of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research began in the early 1980s with the establishment of AD research centers and expanded research programs at the National Institute on Aging. METHODS Over the past 30 years, there has been success in defining criteria for AD and dementia, association of important genetic disorders related to premature dementia in families, the association of apolipoprotein-E(4), and measurement of incidence and prevalence and selected risk factors. However, prevention and treatment have been elusive. RESULTS The development of new technologies, especially magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography to measure amyloid in vivo in the brain and glucose metabolism, cerebrospinal fluid examination, better genetic markers, large-scale longitudinal epidemiology studies, and preventive clinical trials has rapidly begun a new era of research that offers opportunities to better understand etiology, that is, determinants of amyloid biology in the brain, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, and dementia. CONCLUSIONS There are three major hypotheses related to dementia: amyloid deposition and secondary synaptic loss as a unique disease, vascular injury, and "aging." New research must be hypothesis-driven and lead to testable approaches for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Palm R, Ayala-Fontanez N, Garcia Y, Lee HG, Smith MA, Casadesus G. Neuroendocrinology-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:123-32. [PMID: 22438197 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system interacts directly with the endocrine system to control a plethora of central nervous system (CNS) functions. Metabolic and reproductive hormones are known to be important in the maintenance of neuronal health and their fluctuations are important for CNS aspects ranging from sleep and appetite regulation to cognitive function. This review will summarize and critically evaluate how age-related changes in sex and metabolic hormones modulate affect cognitive function and the implications of targeting the neuroendocrinological system as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Palm
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Johnston JM, Greco SJ, Hamzelou A, Ashford JW, Tezapsidis N. Repositioning leptin as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:481-490. [PMID: 22121334 DOI: 10.2217/thy.11.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The data from the initial clinical trials utilizing recombinant human leptin as an obesity therapy were published in 1998. Since then, numerous studies have been described which address dosage, safety and efficacy of leptin replacement for a variety of disorders with diverse patient groups, including pediatric and adult subjects. We review the current clinical trial data, demonstrate that leptin administration is safe for long term use in humans, and summarize reported cognitive benefits. The functions of leptin in neuroprotection and cognition have been largely overlooked. Accumulating data suggest a very significant application of leptin may be a therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Johnston
- Neurotez, Inc., 991 Highway 22, Suite 200A Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. AMP-activated protein kinase: a potential player in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2011; 118:460-74. [PMID: 21623793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulates energy production via glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas it inhibits energy consuming functions, such as protein and cholesterol synthesis. Increased cytoplasmic AMP and Ca(2+) levels are the major activators of neuronal AMPK signaling. Interestingly, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with several abnormalities in neuronal energy metabolism, for example, decline in glucose uptake, mitochondrial dysfunctions and defects in cholesterol metabolism, and in addition, with problems in maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis. Epidemiological studies have also revealed that many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are risk factors for cognitive impairment and sporadic AD. Emerging studies indicate that AMPK signaling can regulate tau protein phosphorylation and amyloidogenesis, the major hallmarks of AD. AMPK is also a potent activator of autophagic degradation which seems to be suppressed in AD. All these observations imply that AMPK is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the responses of AMPK activation are dependent on stimulation and the extent of activating stress. Evidently, AMPK signaling can repress and delay the appearance of AD pathology but later on, with increasing neuronal stress, it can trigger detrimental effects that augment AD pathogenesis. We will outline the potential role of AMPK function in respect to various aspects affecting AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Murray IVJ, Proza JF, Sohrabji F, Lawler JM. Vascular and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a review. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:772-82. [PMID: 21680755 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to start years or decades prior to clinical diagnosis. Overt pathology such as protein misfolding and plaque formation occur at later stages, and factors other than amyloid misfolding contribute to the initiation of the disease. Vascular and metabolic dysfunctions are excellent candidates, as they are well-known features of AD that precede pathology or clinical dementia. While the general notion that vascular and metabolic dysfunctions contribute to the etiology of AD is becoming accepted, recent research suggests novel mechanisms by which these/such processes could possibly contribute to AD pathogenesis. Vascular dysfunction includes reduced cerebrovascular flow and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Indeed, there appears to be an interaction between amyloid β (Aβ) and vascular pathology, where Aβ production and vascular pathology both contribute to and are affected by oxidative stress. One major player in the vascular pathology is NAD(P)H oxidase, which generates vasoactive superoxide. Metabolic dysfunction has only recently regained popularity in relation to its potential role in AD. The role of metabolic dysfunction in AD is supported by the increased epidemiological risk of AD associated with several metabolic diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension, in which there is elevated oxidative damage and insulin resistance. Metabolic dysfunction is further implicated in AD as pharmacological inhibition of metabolism exacerbates pathology, and several metabolic enzymes of the glycolytic, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and oxidative phosphorylation pathways are damaged in AD. Recent studies have highlighted the role of insulin resistance, in contributing to AD. Thus, vascular and metabolic dysfunctions are key components in the AD pathology throughout the course of disease. The common denominator between vascular and metabolic dysfunction emerging from this review appears to be oxidative stress and Aβ. This review also provides a framework for evaluation of current and future therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V J Murray
- Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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N-Acylaminophenothiazines: Neuroprotective agents displaying multifunctional activities for a potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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