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Shin GE, Lee KK, Ku BK, Oh SH, Jang SH, Kang B, Jeoung HY. Prevalence of viral agents causing swine reproductive failure in Korea and the development of multiplex real-time PCR and RT-PCR assays. Biologicals 2024; 86:101763. [PMID: 38641502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of viral agents causing reproductive failure in pigs in Korea. In addition, two types of multiplex real-time PCR (mqPCR) were developed for the simultaneous detection of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in mqPCR and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in reverse transcription mqPCR (mRT-qPCR). A total of 150 aborted fetus samples collected from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was the most prevalent (49/150 32.7%), followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (31/150, 20.7%), and PPV1 (7/150, 4.7%), whereas ADV, EMCV, and JEV were not detected. The newly developed mqPCR and mRT-qPCR could simultaneously detect and differentiate with high sensitivities and specificities. When applied to aborted fetuses, the newly developed mqPCR for PPV was 33.3% more sensitivities than the previously established diagnostic method. Amino acid analysis of the VP2 sequences of PPV isolates revealed considerable similarity to the highly pathogenic Kresse strain. This study successfully evaluated the prevalence of viral agents causing reproductive failure among swine in Korea, the developed mqPCR and mRT-qPCR methods could be utilized as effective and accurate diagnostic methods for the epidemiological surveillance of ADV, PPV, EMCV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Eun Shin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Hong Oh
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Jang
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bokyu Kang
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Park SW, Park IB, Kang SJ, Bae J, Chun T. Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:698-719. [PMID: 37970506 PMCID: PMC10640953 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by a systemic inflammation after porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. It was one of the most economically important pathogens affecting pig production worldwide before PCV2 vaccine was first introduced in 2006. After the development of a vaccine against PCV2a type, pig farms gradually restored enormous economic losses from PMWS. However, vaccine against PCV2a type could not be fully effective against several different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b - PCV2h). In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. PCV2 infection was initially found in local tissues including reproductive, respiratory, and digestive tracks. However, PCV2 infection often leads to a systemic inflammation which can cause severe immunosuppression by depleting peripheral lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Subsequently, a secondary infection with other microorganisms can cause PMWS. Eleven putative open reading frames (ORFs) have been predicted to encode PCV2 genome. Among them, gene products of six ORFs from ORF1 to ORF6 have been identified and characterized to estimate its functional role during PCV2 infection. Acquiring knowledge about the specific interaction between each PCV2 ORF protein and host protein might be a key to develop preventive or therapeutic tools to control PCV2 infection. In this article, we reviewed current understanding of how each ORF of PCV2 manipulates host cell signaling related to immune suppression caused by PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Won Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - In-Byung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Joonbeom Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
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3
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Uribe‐García HF, Suarez‐Mesa RA, Rondón‐Barragán IS. Survey of porcine circovirus type 2 and parvovirus in swine breeding herds of Colombia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2451-2459. [PMID: 36137294 PMCID: PMC9677394 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the consequences of the presentation of reproductive failures in sows is the economic losses in production because it alters the estimated values of the volume of production, decreasing the productivity of the farm. Porcine circovirosis by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been associated with reproductive disorders, and porcine parvovirus (PVP) is one of the pathological agents most related to the presentation of reproductive failure in pigs. In Colombia, there are reports of the presence of PCV2 through molecular techniques, and PVP through serum tests; however, in the department of Tolima, the prevalence of these two viruses is unknown. Objective In this study, the aim was to establish a report of the prevalence of viruses in five municipalities of the department of Tolima‐Colombia. Methods Blood samples from 150 breeding sows of five municipalities in Tolima, Colombia, were obtained. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the PCV2 and PVP virus in the blood samples followed by PCR and sequencing of 16 PCR products of the amplification of the cap gene of PCV2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to identify the genotype of the PCV2 virus. Results The presence of PCV2d in sows was detected in 135 samples (90%), as well as the identification of PVP in 2.6% of the samples. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 isolates were the PCV2d2 genotype. Conclusion PCV2d and PVP were found to coinfect the females, and the identification of variability in regions in the predicted amino acid sequence of the PCV2 capsid may be associated with virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner F. Uribe‐García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Rafael A. Suarez‐Mesa
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón‐Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
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4
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Reif J, Renzhammer R, Brunthaler R, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Auer A, Kreutzmann H, Fux R, Ladinig A, Unterweger C. Reproductive failure in an Austrian piglet-producing farm due to porcine circovirus genotype 2d. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895490 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Infections of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can lead to various clinical conditions including reproductive disorders (PCV2-RD). In general, a transplacental infection of fetuses leads to mummification and stillbirth. So far, PCV2-RD has mainly been described in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds or farms with a high proportion of gilts. From December 2018 to February 2019, a high abundance of mummified fetuses (15.5%) was observed in two farrowing groups in an Austrian piglet-producing farm. PCV2 DNA was detected using qPCR in organs of all six investigated fetuses (2.07 × 108-1.09 × 1012 PCV2) genome equivalents/g tissue and via in situ hybridisation in organs from five fetuses, while histologic lesions were not observed in a single fetal heart. All isolates were sequenced and identified as PCV2d. After the implementation of a regular vaccination of all sows against PCV2, the abundance of mummified fetuses dropped to 3.5% in May 2019. In contrast to previous reports about PCV2-RD, this farm was neither an SPF herd nor a start-up herd with a high proportion of gilts. The implementation of regular PCV2 vaccination helped to reduce the abundance of mummified fetuses substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reif
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Renzhammer
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- 2 Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- 2 Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Auer
- 3 Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Fux
- 4 Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Unterweger
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Chen W, Fan J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Fan S, Zhao M. Development of Recombinase Aided Amplification Combined With Disposable Nucleic Acid Test Strip for Rapid Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:676294. [PMID: 34250063 PMCID: PMC8267240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.676294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the dominant causative agent of PCV2 systemic disease (PCV2-SD) in pigs. It can also associate with other diseases such as respiratory and enteric diseases, reproductive failure, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs. Currently, PCV2 infection is a considerable threat in the swine industry. Therefore, it is of great significance to prevent, control, and accurately detect PCV2 in pig farms. Recombinase aided amplification (RAA) technology is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology that could rapidly amplify the target gene fragment at a constant temperature. The amplification products labeled with specific molecules could be visually detected using the test strip with the corresponding antibody. In the present study, the RAA technology combined with a nucleic acid test strip (RAA-strip) was established for simple and specific detection of PCV2. Primers and probes targeting the PCV2 ORF2 gene were designed according to the RAA technology principles. The PCV2 RAA-strip established in this study could detect as low as 103 copies/μL of recombinant plasmids containing the PCV2 ORF2 gene fragment. The lowest detection limit about viral DNA and virus titers was 6.7 × 10-6 ng/μL and 10 TCID50/mL, respectively. Furthermore, no cross-reaction with other porcine viruses occurred at 37°C and within 15 min. We used 42 clinical samples to assess the performance of our established method. The positive rate of clinical samples detected by PCV2 RAA-strip was 50.00%. This was similar to that detected by PCV2 PCR (45.24%). In conclusion, due to the advantages of strong specificity, high sensitivity, excellent reproducibility, and simple operation method, our PCV2 RAA-strip is suitable for the rapid clinical detection of PCV2 on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Unterweger C, Brunthaler R, Auer A, Fux R, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Ladinig A. Reconsideration of the diagnostic criteria required for PCV2 reproductive disease. Vet J 2021; 272:105660. [PMID: 33941334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes a variety of clinical conditions including PCV2-associated reproductive disease (PCV2-RD) characterized by late term abortions and mummifications. The generally accepted diagnostic triad includes the presence of reproductive disorders, the histopathological finding of myocarditis, and detection of moderate to high viral loads within the heart tissue. A new threshold of 109 PCV2 genome equivalents (GE)/g heart tissue is suggested to fulfil the third criterion using the diagnostic settings of quantitative real time PCR and in situ hybridization of 30 fetal heart tissues. The need to identify histopathological lesions in fetal heart tissue appears to be invalid or overestimated in confirming a diagnosis of PCV2-RD, at least at the individual fetus level. The highest viral loads (1012 GE/g tissue) were detected in autolyzed and mummified piglets and were identified as PCV2d, although concurrent detection of PCV2d + a and PCV2d + b also occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Unterweger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Fux
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department for Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - C Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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7
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He J, Leng C, Pan J, Li A, Zhang H, Cong F, Wang H. Identification of lncRNAs Involved in PCV2 Infection of PK-15 Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060479. [PMID: 32560439 PMCID: PMC7350310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause severe disease in infected pigs, resulting in massive economic loss for the swine industry. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been widely employed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of the PCV2 infection. Numerous differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, together with their associated signaling pathways, have been identified during PCV2 infection, paving the way for analysis of their biological functions. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of multiple biological processes. However, little is known regarding their role in the PCV2 infection. Hence, in our study, RNA-seq was performed by infecting PK-15 cells with PCV2. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that the cytoskeleton, apoptosis, cell division, and protein phosphorylation were significantly disturbed. Then, using stringent parameters, six lncRNAs were identified. Additionally, potential targets of the lncRNAs were predicted using both cis- and trans-prediction methods. Interestingly, we found that the HOXB (Homeobox B) gene cluster was probably the target of the lncRNA LOC106505099. Enrichment analysis of the target genes showed that numerous developmental processes were altered during PCV2 infection. Therefore, our study revealed that lncRNAs might affect porcine embryonic development through the regulation of the HOXB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Jiazhen Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Aoqi Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Hennig-Pauka I. Ongoing challenges posed by the infection dynamics of porcine circovirus 2. Vet Rec 2019; 184:186-188. [PMID: 30733359 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Field Station for Epidemiology, Bakum, Germany
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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10
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Oliver-Ferrando S, Segalés J, López-Soria S, Callén A, Merdy O, Joisel F, Sibila M. Exploratory field study on the effect of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) sow vaccination on serological, virological and reproductive parameters in a PCV2 subclinically infected sow herd. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:130. [PMID: 29661203 PMCID: PMC5902936 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study sought to evaluate the effect of sow vaccination against Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) on reproductive parameters during two consecutive reproductive cycles. The study was performed in a PCV2 subclinical infected breeding herd (PCV2 circulation but absence of major reproductive problems). Ninety-four pregnant sows were primo-immunized with a commercial PCV2 vaccine and ninety-seven were injected with phosphate-buffered saline at 6 and 3 weeks before the first studied farrowing, and then boosted at 2 weeks before the second one. Blood samples were taken throughout the study to assess PCV2 DNA load and antibodies. At farrowing, main reproductive parameters and piglet vitality index were registered. In addition, in those litters with more than three mummified or stillborn piglets, microscopic examination and PCV2 antigen detection in foetal myocardium was done. Results Vaccinated sows showed significantly higher antibody levels compared to the non-vaccinated counterparts. PCV2 DNA was only detected at farrowing in 2 (4.2%) non-vaccinated sows. Vaccinated sows had 1.3 more live-born piglets per litter at the second cycle than non-vaccinated counterparts. Piglets from vaccinated sows had significantly higher (+ 12.7%) vitality score than the ones born from non-vaccinated sows. No PCV2 compatible lesions neither PCV2 antigen were detected in the tested foetal hearts. Conclusions The present study represents a first attempt to demonstrate that PCV2 sow vaccination may have a positive influence on prolificacy and vitality of the offspring in a subclinical infected breeding herd. However, since reproductive outcomes at farm level may be affected by a number of factors, further studies would be needed to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Oliver-Ferrando
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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11
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Oropeza-Moe M, Oropeza Delgado AJ, Framstad T. Porcine circovirus type 2 associated reproductive failure in a specific pathogen free (SPF) piglet producing herd in Norway: a case report. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:25. [PMID: 29085660 PMCID: PMC5654047 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1999, scientists have published evidence of transplacental infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and reproductive failure in pigs. Affected herds have frequently been start-up herds, either naïve or with a high proportion of PCV2 susceptible gilts. Here, delayed farrowing in non-vaccinated gilts was observed in a commercial specific pathogen free (SPF) herd. Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets recovered from these gilts were PCV2 positive. CASE PRESENTATION The case herd was a self-recruiting, piglet producing unit of 240 sows. After detecting livestock associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA, CC398), stamping out was imposed by the authorities. An SPF herd was re-established and all dams were vaccinated against PCV2 until the farmer decided to exclude this vaccine. The first non-vaccinated batch consisted of 76% gilts. Here, one gilt showed signs of impending farrowing. This gilt was slaughtered three to four weeks after the expected farrowing date without having expelled any uterine contents. In the subsequent batch consisting of 79% gilts, three gilts showed similar clinical signs. Delayed farrowing was observed in two of these gilts and the uterine contents from the third gilt were recovered at the abattoir. Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets were recovered from all three gilts. High levels of PCV2 DNA (>107 viral genomic copies/ 500 ng tissue) were found in myocardial samples by real-time PCR analysis. One myocardial sample submitted for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed moderate amounts of PCV2 antigen. In the subsequent batch consisting of 77% gilts, several weak-born piglets were seen across different litters. CONCLUSIONS This case report describes an apparent link between in utero PCV2 infection, pre partum nest-building behaviour, mammary development and delayed farrowing. To date, no reports have described imminent signs of farrowing and delayed farrowing as clinical signs in conjunction with transplacental PCV2 infection in Norway. Reinitiation of PCV2 vaccination was strongly advised in this herd due to recent depopulation and repopulation and the high proportion of gilts. Vaccination was effective because no further cases have occurred since.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oropeza-Moe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Campus Sandnes, Sandnes, Norway
| | | | - Tore Framstad
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Campus Adamstuen, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Malmsten A, Jansson G, Dalin AM. Post-mortem examination of the reproductive organs of female wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Sweden. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:570-578. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malmsten
- Division of Reproduction; Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gunnar Jansson
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station; Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Riddarhyttan Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Dalin
- Division of Reproduction; Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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13
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Abstract
The present study was performed to determine the expression of porcine circovirus type 2
(PCV2) antigen in the ovarian tissue of naturally infected gilts. Ovarian tissues were
obtained from 11 culled gilts. The ovarian tissues sections were divided into two groups
according to PCV2 DNA detection using PCR. PCV2 antigen was assessed in the paraffin
embedded ovarian tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. A total of 2,131 ovarian
follicles (i.e., 1,437 primordial, 133 primary, 353 secondary and 208 antral follicles),
66 atretic follicles and 131 corpora lutea were evaluated. It was found that PCV2 antigen
was detected in 280 ovarian follicles (i.e., 239 primordial follicles, 12 primary
follicles, 10 secondary follicles and 19 antral follicles), 1 atretic follicles and 3
corpora lutea (P<0.05). PCV2 antigen was detected in primordial
follicles more often than in secondary follicles, atretic follicles and corpora lutea
(P<0.05). The detection of PCV2 antigen was found mainly in oocytes.
PCV2 antigen was found in both PCV2 DNA positive and negative ovarian tissues. It can be
concluded that PCV2 antigen is expressed in all types of the ovarian follicles and corpora
lutea. Further studies should be carried out to determine the influence of PCV2 on porcine
ovarian function and oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Porcine semen as a vector for transmission of viral pathogens. Theriogenology 2015; 85:27-38. [PMID: 26506911 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Different viruses have been detected in porcine semen. Some of them are on the list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and consequently, these pathogens are of socioeconomic and/or public health importance and are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most commonly used assisted reproductive technologies in pig production worldwide. This extensive use has enabled pig producers to benefit from superior genetics at a lower cost compared to natural breeding. However, the broad distribution of processed semen doses for field AI has increased the risk of widespread transmission of swine viral pathogens. Contamination of semen can be due to infections of the boar or can occur during semen collection, processing, and storage. It can result in reduced semen quality, embryonic mortality, endometritis, and systemic infection and/or disease in the recipient female. The presence of viral pathogens in semen can be assessed by demonstration of viable virus, nucleic acid of virus, or indirectly by measuring serum antibodies in the boar. The best way to prevent disease transmission via the semen is to assure that the boars in AI centers are free from the disease, to enforce very strict biosecurity protocols, and to perform routine health monitoring of boars. Prevention of viral semen contamination should be the primary focus because it is easier to prevent contamination than to eliminate viruses once present in semen. Nevertheless, research and development of novel semen processing treatments such as single-layer centrifugation is ongoing and may allow in the future to decontaminate semen.
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15
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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16
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Zhao H, Ji Q, Zhao G, Song Z, Du B, Nie Y, Chen Y, Cong P. Damage of zona pellucida reduces the developmental potential and quality of porcine circovirus type 2-infected oocytes after parthenogenetic activation. Theriogenology 2014; 82:790-9. [PMID: 25062959 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present aimed to study if porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which adhered to zona pellucida (ZP), was able to enter mature porcine oocytes with intact and damaged ZP. Four groups, including uninfected ZP-intact oocytes (UOZI), uninfected ZP-damaged oocytes (UOZD), PCV2-infected ZP-intact oocytes (POZI), and PCV2-infected ZP-damaged oocytes (POZD) were studied. The oocytes were incubated with 1 mL minimum essential medium, containing 3.1 × 10(8) copies of PCV2 DNA for 1 hour. Mechanical procedure of the insertion by microneedle induced injuries to the ZP of porcine oocytes. At the blastocyst stage, the percentage of PCV2-infected embryos and the ratio of viral antigen-positive cells per embryo were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. To assess the effect of ZP injury on the developmental competence and quality of porcine PCV2-infected oocytes after parthenogenetic activation, blastocyst formation rates and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining were analyzed. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of genes related to apoptosis and pluripotency at different developmental stages. The results of indirect immunofluorescence showed that only POZD group presented PCV2-infected embryos and viral-positive cells. The blastocyst rate of POZD group dropped down to approximately half of POZI group's (7.1 ± 1.5 vs. 14.5 ± 3.3). At the blastocyst stage, ZP injury increased apoptotic index of PCV2-infected embryos. The relative expression levels of Caspase 3 were higher in POZD group than the ones in POZI group at the two- and four-cell stages (not statistically significant). Compared with the one in POZI group, the ratio of antiapoptotic Bcl-xl gene to proapoptotic Bax gene, an indicator of the ability to resist apoptosis, was lower in POZD group at the one-cell stage, but higher at the two- and four-cell stages. Expression levels of Oct4 and Nanog associated with pluripotency were lower in POZD group than the ones in POZI group at the morula stage (not statistically significant). Noteworthily, the expression of Nanog was significantly lower in POZD group versus POZI group (P < 0.05), whereas relative expression of Oct4 was significantly higher in the former at the blastocyst stage (P < 0.01). In conclusion, PCV2, which attached to ZP, was able to enter mature porcine oocytes with damaged ZP and subsequently reduced the developmental competence and quality of the oocytes after parthenogenetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qianqian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangyin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhenwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Baozhu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peiqing Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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17
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Bielanski A, Algire J, Lalonde A, Garceac A, Pollard JW, Plante C. Nontransmission of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) by embryo transfer. Theriogenology 2013; 80:77-83. [PMID: 23622941 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the association of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) with embryos and the risk of viral transmission by embryo transfer. In the first experiment, 240 embryos from uninfected donors were exposed to PCV2a 10(4)TCID50/mL in vitro before transfer to seronegative recipients; in the second experiment, 384 embryos recovered from infected donors, 10 days after donor inoculation with PCV2, were transferred to seronegative recipients. In total, 1120 embryos and/or ova were collected from 37 viral-free donors (experiment 1) and 1019 from 59 PCV2-infected donors (experiment 2) (P < 0.01). The washing and/or disinfection procedure recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society was applied to embryos in both experiments. Transfer of embryos experimentally exposed in vitro to high titers of virus caused seroconversion of recipients (58%; N = 7/12) and their piglets (81%; N = 13/16). Postmortem, PCV2 DNA was detected in various organs of embryo transfer recipients and their embryo transfer-derived piglets. In contrast, the transfer of embryos recovered from infectious PCV2 donors did not result in the seroconversion of embryo recipients (N = 24) or their embryo transfer-derived piglets (N = 76). Neither PCV2 DNA nor infectious virus was detected in the tissues of either recipients or embryo transfer-derived piglets collected postmortem in the second experiment. The results obtained in this study indicate that the transmission of PCV2 from infected donors by embryo transfer is unlikely if the sanitary recommendations of the International Embryo Transfer Society are followed. In practical terms, this means that embryo transfer can be successfully used for the intentional elimination of PCV2 and to create virus-free offspring for the safe exchange of swine genetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Animal Health Microbacteriology Laboratory (Germplasm), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Dietary supplementation with proline confers a positive effect in both porcine circovirus-infected pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1492-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with various diseases that impose a significant economic burden on the swine industry. We hypothesised that nutritional supplementation with proline to enhance the immune response might be a useful prophylactic measure against PCV2 infection. To test this hypothesis, in the present study, we measured clinical data, including blood parameters, serum cytokine profile, PCV2 virus load in organs and serum, and microscopic lesions in the lung, liver and spleen, in both PCV2-infected pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Dietary supplementation with proline had no effect (P>0·05) on abortion rates in PCV2-infected pregnant mice, although a numerically lower abortion rate (22·2 v. 44·4 %) was observed compared with the control. Dietary supplementation with proline significantly increased serum C-reactive protein levels (P= 0·03) in PCV2-infected pregnant mice, and increased serum TNF-α levels (P= 0·01), leucocytes (P< 0·05), lymphocytes (P< 0·05) and neutrophilic granulocytes (P< 0·05) in PCV2-infected non-pregnant mice. Meanwhile, dietary proline significantly (P< 0·05) decreased the PCV2 virus load in the lung. Furthermore, mice in the dietary proline group showed a significant (P< 0·01) decrease in microscopic lesion scores in the lung, liver and spleen compared with those in the alanine group. Collectively, dietary proline supplementation confers a functional role in PCV2-infected mice.
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High-level expression and immunogenicity of a porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein through codon optimization in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:2867-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Sarli G, Morandi F, Panarese S, Bacci B, Ferrara D, Bianco C, Fusaro L, Bacci ML, Galeati G, Dottori M, Bonilauri P, Lelli D, Leotti G, Vila T, Joisel F, Allan G, Benazzi C, Ostanello F. Reproduction in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) seropositive gilts inseminated with PCV2b spiked semen. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:51. [PMID: 22935352 PMCID: PMC3509407 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1999, field evidence of transplacental infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and reproductive failure has been reported in pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathological consequences of PCV2 infection in conventional PCV2-seropositive gilts by insemination with PCV2b-spiked semen. RESULTS Six PCV2 seropositive gilts were inseminated with PCV2b-supplemented semen (infected) and three animals with semen and cell culture medium (controls). Only three out of the six infected animals were pregnant by ultrasonography on day 29 after insemination, while two out of the three controls were pregnant. One control gilt aborted on day 23 after insemination but not due to PVC2. Viraemia was demonstrated in four out of six infected and in one control gilt that became infected with PCV2a. Anti-PCV2 antibody titres showed dynamic variations in the infected group throughout the study. Among infected gilts, the animal with the lowest anti-PCV2 titre (1/100) at the beginning of the experiment and another that reached a similar low value during the experiment showed evident seroconversion over time and had also PCV2 positive foetuses. One placenta displayed mild focal necrosis of the chorionic epithelium positively stained by immunohistochemistry for PCV2 antigen. CONCLUSIONS PCV2-seropositive gilts can be infected with PCV2 after intrauterine exposure and low maternal antibody titre may increase the probability of a foetal infection.
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21
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Ren W, Yin Y, Liu G, Yu X, Li Y, Yang G, Li T, Wu G. Effect of dietary arginine supplementation on reproductive performance of mice with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Amino Acids 2012; 42:2089-94. [PMID: 21617969 PMCID: PMC3351591 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplemental dietary arginine increases reproductive performance in mice infected with porcine circovirus type2 (PCV2). A total of 50KM female mice were allotted randomly to the arginine group (0.6% arginine+gestation diet) and control group (1.22% alanine+gestation diet). All the mice began to mate after 14 days of treatment with our prepared feed and challenged with PCV2 at the dose of 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infection dose, TCID50) after 7 days of pregnancy. Abortion rate, litter number, litter birth weight, the daily weight gain in the first 7 days and survival rate in the first 2 weeks of the neonates were calculated. The serum progesterone, estrogen, nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) on the 14th day of pregnancy were measured. Arginine supplementation decreased the abortion rate of pregnant mice and mortality of neonates caused by PCV2 infection. Further, litter number, litter birth weight and the daily weight gain of neonates increased in the arginine group compared to the control group. Arginine supplementation increased significantly the serum progesterone (P<0.01) and nitric oxide levels (P<0.05), but had little effect on the serum estrogen level. SOD activity and T-AOC in the arginine group were significantly higher (P<0.01) than the control group. In conclusion, arginine supplementation partially reversed the reproductive failure in mice caused by PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125 China
| | - Gang Liu
- Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125 China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinarian, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125 China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Guan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Teijun Li
- Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125 China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan, 410125 China
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22
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Segalés J. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: Clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis. Virus Res 2012; 164:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nauwynck H, Sanchez R, Meerts P, Lefebvre D, Saha D, Huang L, Misinzo G. Cell tropism and entry of porcine circovirus 2. Virus Res 2012; 164:43-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on reproduction: disease, vertical transmission, diagnostics and vaccination. Anim Health Res Rev 2011; 12:47-65. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252311000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes great economic losses in growing pigs and there are several reviews on disease manifestations and lesions associated with PCV2 in growing pigs. Reproductive failure in breeding herds, predominately associated with increased numbers of mummies and non-viable piglets at parturition, is one of the disease manifestations of PCV2 infection. Boars shed low amounts of infectious PCV2 in semen for extended time periods, and vertical transmission of PCV2 to fetuses during PCV2 viremia of the dam has been experimentally confirmed. However, intrauterine-infected piglets often are clinically normal. Nevertheless, pigs infected with PCV2 by the intrauterine route can be born viremic, possibly contributing to horizontal spread of PCV2 within the breeding herd and into the nursery. Shedding of PCV2 in semen and prevalence of intrauterine-infected piglets can both be greatly reduced by PCV2 vaccination well ahead of expected PCV2 exposure. This review is a discussion on current knowledge on the effects of PCV2 infection in the dam and inin uterofetuses, including clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and prevention through vaccination. Infection of boars with PCV2, the potential for PCV2 transmission via semen and prevention of PCV2 shedding are also discussed.
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Saha D, Lefebvre D, Van Doorsselaere J, Atanasova K, Barbé F, Geldhof M, Karniychuk U, Nauwynck H. Pathologic and virologic findings in mid-gestational porcine foetuses after experimental inoculation with PCV2a or PCV2b. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Hansen MS, Hjulsager CK, Bille-Hansen V, Haugegaard S, Dupont K, Høgedal P, Kunstmann L, Larsen LE. Selection of method is crucial for the diagnosis of porcine circovirus type 2 associated reproductive failures. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:203-9. [PMID: 20097019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 12/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During a 2-month period a newly repopulated Danish pig herd experienced an increase in numbers of stillborn and mummies, caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated reproductive failure. Based on recordings of data over time, the progression of the clinical outbreak was studied and the diagnostic value of different techniques was evaluated. Foetal hearts (38 cases and 13 controls) were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of PCV2; and total immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured in pleura cavity fluid. PCV2 IHC was positive in 14/38 of the case foetuses, which were delivered during a 9 days period early in the outbreak. On the basis of the results obtained by IHC and PCR, the foetuses were divided into 3 categories: PCV2 negative; moderately positive (10(4) to 10(7) copies per 500 ng DNA); and massively positive for PCV2 (>10(7) copies per 500 ng DNA). All control- and IHC positive foetuses were included in the negative and massively positive groups, respectively. Ten case foetuses had elevated IgG levels, which did not correlate with the IHC or PCR results. Based on the clustering of the IHC positive foetuses, it is suggested that IHC only is suited for diagnosing acute stages of reproductive failure, whereas quantitative PCR can be used as a sensitive diagnostic method within a wider time span. It seems that IgG measurements are unpredictable as indication of intrauterine infection with PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette S Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Maes D, Nauwynck H, Rijsselaere T, Mateusen B, Vyt P, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Madec F, Rose N, Grasland B, Cariolet R, Jestin A. Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Other PCV2-Related Problems in Pigs: a 12-Year Experience. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:273-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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