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Chen W, Li T, Du S, Chen H, Wang Q. Microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acids: Hotspots and production techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1146881. [PMID: 37064250 PMCID: PMC10102661 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1146881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae play a crucial role in the earth’s primary productivity by producing not only oxygen but also a variety of high-value nutrients. One such nutrient is polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are accumulated in many algae and can be consumed by animals through the food chain and eventually by humans. Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs are essential nutrients for human and animal health. However, compared with plants and aquatic sourced PUFA, the production of PUFA-rich oil from microalgae is still in the early stages of exploration. This study has collected recent reports on algae-based PUFA production and analyzed related research hotspots and directions, including algae cultivation, lipids extraction, lipids purification, and PUFA enrichment processes. The entire technological process for the extraction, purification and enrichment of PUFA oils from algae is systemically summarized in this review, providing important guidance and technical reference for scientific research and industrialization of algae-based PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tianpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuwen Du
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wang,
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2
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Sanda T, Yoshimura M, Hyodo K, Ishii H, Yamashita T. Effects of Long-term Thrombin Inhibition (Dabigatran Etexilate) on Spontaneous Thrombolytic Activity during the Progression of Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/--LDLR -/- Double-Knockout Mice. Korean Circ J 2020; 50:804-816. [PMID: 32725990 PMCID: PMC7441001 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Atherosclerosis is characterized by a hypercoagulable state, during which coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are activated simultaneously. However, details regarding the thrombolytic pathway in this context remain unknown. Here we investigated how direct long-term inhibition of thrombin influenced spontaneous thrombolytic activity during atherosclerotic progression in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)–/––low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)–/– double-knockout mice. Methods All mice received either standard chow (placebo group) or dabigatran-containing chow for 22 weeks, after which we evaluated them. The amount of atherosclerosis was estimated as the ratio of the atherosclerotic area to the total aortic intimal area. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in atherosclerotic regions. To evaluate thrombolysis, we used a He–Ne laser to induce thrombosis in vessels of the cremaster muscle and then measured the thrombus volume over time. Results The atherosclerotic area was smaller and thrombolytic activity greater in the dabigatran-treated group than in the placebo group. Furthermore, according to the thrombolysis model, spontaneous thrombolytic activity was increased in the dabigatran-treated mice compared with the placebo mice. In support of these results, immunohistochemistry demonstrated decreased expression of PAI-1 and TAFI but increased expression of eNOS in the dabigatran group compared with the placebo group. However, t-PA expression did not differ between groups. Conclusions Direct long-term inhibition by dabigatran etexilate of thrombin led to an increase in spontaneous thrombolytic activity decreasing the expression of PAI-1 and TAFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Sanda
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Manami Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanae Hyodo
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromitu Ishii
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.,Medical Corporation, Jinkeikai Ishii Hospital, Akashi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamashita
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
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DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH. Importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing inflammation. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000946. [PMID: 30564378 PMCID: PMC6269634 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas, Missouri, USA
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4
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Ramji DP. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Atherosclerosis: Insights from Pre-Clinical Studies. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P. Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Minimizing Membrane Arachidonic Acid Content as a Strategy for Controlling Cancer: A Review. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:840-850. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1470657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. DiNicolantonio
- Preventive Cardiology Department, St. Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Torres-Castillo N, Silva-Gómez JA, Campos-Perez W, Barron-Cabrera E, Hernandez-Cañaveral I, Garcia-Cazarin M, Marquez-Sandoval Y, Gonzalez-Becerra K, Barron-Gallardo C, Martinez-Lopez E. High Dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA Ratio Is Positively Associated with Excessive Adiposity and Waist Circumference. Obes Facts 2018; 11:344-353. [PMID: 30092569 PMCID: PMC6189529 DOI: 10.1159/000492116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze dietary ω-6:ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio and its association with adiposity and serum adiponectin levels in a Mexican population. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, individuals with a BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2, were classified using four methods to measure adiposity. Parameters of body composition were measured by InBody 3.0. Diet intake was evaluated prospectively using a 3-day written food record. Serum high-molecular weight adiponectin isoform was measured using an ELISA assay. Biochemical and adiposity variables were analyzed by tertiles of dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio. RESULTS A total of 170 subjects were recruited with a mean age of 36.9 ± 11.8 years. The 73.5% of subjects were women. Subjects in the higher tertile of dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio had more adiposity and higher levels of triglycerides, VLDL-c, glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR than those in the first tertile (p < 0.05). Adiponectin levels showed a trend according to dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio (p = 0.06). A linear regression model showed that waist circumference, insulin, and HOMA-IR have positive associations with dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio. CONCLUSION This study suggests that high dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio is positively associated with excessive adiposity and worse metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Torres-Castillo
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge Antonio Silva-Gómez
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Wendy Campos-Perez
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Elisa Barron-Cabrera
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ivan Hernandez-Cañaveral
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mary Garcia-Cazarin
- Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yolanda Marquez-Sandoval
- Department of Human Reproduction and Child Growth and Development, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Karina Gonzalez-Becerra
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Carlos Barron-Gallardo
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Erika Martinez-Lopez
- Medical Molecular Biology Service, “Fray Antonio Alcalde” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Nagarajappa V, Battula SN. Effect of fortification of milk with omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols and soluble fibre on the sensory, physicochemical and microbiological properties of milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4160-4168. [PMID: 28233313 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of the addition of flaxseed oil (FO), phytosterols (PS) and polydextrose (PDX) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of milk was investigated, as they are known to impart health benefits. RESULTS For incorporating PS, a hydrophobic substance, FO and milk fat (MF) as an oil source, an emulsifier (DATEM) and PDX solution as an aqueous medium were used for the preparation of emulsion. Three emulsion formulations A (8 g PS, 8 g FO, 20 g PDX, 6 g MF), B (10 g PS, 10 g FO, 20 g PDX, 4 g MF) and C (12 g PS, 12 g FO, 20 g PDX, 2 g MF) were prepared and added individually to milk at a level of 50 g kg-1 . Based on sensory evaluation, formulation B was selected for fortification of milk. The fortified milk kept well at refrigerated temperature for 1 week, and changes in sensory, physicochemical and microbiological properties were comparable to those of control milk. The level of fortificants did not decrease in the milk after 1 week of storage. CONCLUSION An emulsion containing FO, PS and PDX could successfully serve as a potential delivery system for enhancing the nutritional and therapeutic potential of milk. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Nagarajappa
- Dairy Chemistry Department, National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, India
- Dairy Chemistry Department, College of Dairy Science and Technology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India
| | - Surendra Nath Battula
- Dairy Chemistry Department, National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, India
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Yang S, Zhang H. Enhanced polyunsaturated fatty acids production in Mortierella alpina by SSF and the enrichment in chicken breasts. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30842. [PMID: 27745585 PMCID: PMC5065997 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal were used as the substrates for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Mortierella alpine. These fermented products were fed to laying hens. PUFA enrichment from chicken breasts was studied. METHODS The maximum productivity of PUFA was achieved under optimized process condition, including 1% w/w yeast extract as additive, an incubation period of 5 days at 12°C, 10% v/w inoculum level, 75% moisture content, and pH 6.0. The hens were then fed with ration containing soybean DDGS, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The control group was fed with basal ration. RESULTS Under the optimal condition, M. alpine produced total fatty acids (TFA) of 182.34 mg/g dry substrate. It has better mycelial growth when soybean meal was added to DDGS (SDDGS). PUFA in fermentation product increased with higher soybean meal content. The addition of 70% soybean meal to DDGS substrate yielded 175.16 mg of TFA, including 2.49 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 5.26 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ratios of ω-6/ω-3 found in chicken breasts fat were all lower than that found in control by 36.98, 31.51, 18.15, and 12.63% for SDDGS, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study identified an optimized SSF process to maximize PUFA productivity by M. alpine as the strain. This PUFA-enriched feed increased the PUFA contents as well as the proportions of ω-6 and ω-3 in chicken breasts and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China;
| | - Hui Zhang
- Physical and Chemical Test Center, Zhejiang Institute of Quality Inspection Science, Hangzhou, China;
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9
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Kariuki LW, Masinde P, Githiri S, Onyango AN. Effect of water stress on growth of three linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:759. [PMID: 27386244 PMCID: PMC4912539 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual oil crop that accounts for approximately 1 % of the world’s oilseed supplies. It produces seeds that are rich in the health-promoting ω-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic. In Kenya, linseed is grown in the Rift Valley and Western regions, places which often experience drought. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of water stress on growth of three linseed cultivars and to establish the extent of drought tolerance in the three cultivars. A greenhouse pot experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. The pots were well watered until the fourth week when watering was completely withheld to a half of the pots (stressed) while the other half (well watered control) was maintained at 90 % field capacity. Destructive harvesting was done when the stressed pots were at 90, 70, 60, 50, 40 % field capacities and at permanent wilting point. The experiment was replicated thrice and was repeated twice (February–May and August–November 2014). There were no significant differences in production of leaves, plant height, number of tillers and biomass between the three varieties in both seasons. Subjecting the linseed varieties to permanent wilting resulted in reduced production of leaves, growth in height, production of tillers and dry weight by 20–40 %. Decline in all growth parameters begun when 30–80 % of available soil water had been used up. There existed linear relationships between the various evaluated growth parameters. These relationships were not influenced either by the water status of soil or the varieties. Relative water content for the three linseed varieties declined after 25–67 % of available soil water had been used up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Wambui Kariuki
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Peter Masinde
- School of Agriculture, Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | - Stephen Githiri
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Arnold N Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
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10
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Liu L, Hu Q, Wu H, Xue Y, Cai L, Fang M, Liu Z, Yao P, Wu Y, Gong Z. Protective role of n6/n3 PUFA supplementation with varying DHA/EPA ratios against atherosclerosis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang J, Wang O, Guo Y, Wang T, Wang S, Li G, Ji B, Deng Q. Effect of Increasing Doses of Linoleic and α-Linolenic Acids on High-Fructose and High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:762-772. [PMID: 26743332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Doses and ratio of linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) preventing metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. SD rats were fed (i) basal diet, (ii) high-fructose and high-fat diet (HFFD), (iii) HFFD with increasing-dose LA (0.75 energy-% ALA + 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 30 energy-% LA), and (iv) HFFD with increasing-dose ALA (6 energy-% LA + 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.75 energy-% ALA) for 18 weeks. Results showed 6, 12, 15, and 30 energy-% LA significantly ameliorated central obesity, hyperlipidemia, glucose homeostasis, and leptin status; 0.5 and 0.75 energy-% ALA significantly improved insulin sensitivity, adiponectin, and anti-inflammatory status. Moreover, high intakes of ALA (1.5, 2.25, and 3.75 energy-%) presented a pro-oxidant activity. In conclusion, dose instead of ratio determines the prevention of MS. The optimal doses are 6 energy-% LA and 0.75 energy-% ALA; high intakes of ALA may have side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition , Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
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Marventano S, Kolacz P, Castellano S, Galvano F, Buscemi S, Mistretta A, Grosso G. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:611-22. [PMID: 26307560 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1077790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been considered of great interest for human health due to their potential anti-inflammatory action that may protect from a number of chronic-degenerative diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis. This review aimed to report the most updated evidence of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs effect on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression in humans. Attention has been also paid to those studies exploring the effects of the ratio intake. Results from pooled analyses of human studies reported a general positive effect of n-3 PUFAs intake on all outcomes considered. In contrast, the role of n-6 PUFAs on human health needs to be better assessed in order to clearly identify which compound exerts beneficial/harmful effects. Only a limited number of clinical studies considered the n-3:n-6 PUFAs ratio, rather reporting contrasting results. A number of limitations when considering the ratio between these two families of PUFAs have risen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marventano
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Paulina Kolacz
- b Department of Human Nutrition , Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow , Krakow , Poland
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Fabio Galvano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Silvio Buscemi
- d Department of Internal Medicine , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Mistretta
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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Arachidonic acid diet attenuates brain Aβ deposition in Tg2576 mice. Brain Res 2015; 1613:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Duivenvoorde LPM, van Schothorst EM, Swarts HM, Kuda O, Steenbergh E, Termeulen S, Kopecky J, Keijer J. A Difference in Fatty Acid Composition of Isocaloric High-Fat Diets Alters Metabolic Flexibility in Male C57BL/6JOlaHsd Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128515. [PMID: 26098756 PMCID: PMC4476692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be healthier than saturated fatty acids (SFAs), but others postulate that especially the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs (n6/n3 ratio) determines health. Health can be determined with biomarkers, but functional health status is likely better reflected by challenge tests that assess metabolic flexibility. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-fat diets with different fatty acid compositions, but similar n6/n3 ratio, on metabolic flexibility. Therefore, adult male mice received isocaloric high-fat diets with either predominantly PUFAs (HFpu diet) or predominantly SFAs (HFs diet) but similar n6/n3 ratio for six months, during and after which several biomarkers for health were measured. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by the response to an oral glucose tolerance test, a fasting and re-feeding test and an oxygen restriction test (OxR; normobaric hypoxia). The latter two are non-invasive, indirect calorimetry-based tests that measure the adaptive capacity of the body as a whole. We found that the HFs diet, compared to the HFpu diet, increased mean adipocyte size, liver damage, and ectopic lipid storage in liver and muscle; although, we did not find differences in body weight, total adiposity, adipose tissue health, serum adipokines, whole body energy balance, or circadian rhythm between HFs and HFpu mice. HFs mice were, furthermore, less flexible in their response to both fasting- re-feeding and OxR, while glucose tolerance was indistinguishable. To conclude, the HFs versus the HFpu diet increased ectopic fat storage, liver damage, and mean adipocyte size and reduced metabolic flexibility in male mice. This study underscores the physiological relevance of indirect calorimetry-based challenge tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans M. Swarts
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Esther Steenbergh
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Termeulen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Speck N, Brandsch C, Schmidt N, Yazdekhasti N, Hirche F, Lucius R, Rimbach G, Stangl GI, Reiss K. The Antiatherogenic Effect of Fish Oil in Male Mice Is Associated with a Diminished Release of Endothelial ADAM17 and ADAM10 Substrates. J Nutr 2015; 145:1218-26. [PMID: 25926412 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.211375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 (ADAM17) and ADAM10 contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. ADAM17 promotes inflammatory processes by liberating tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R), and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). ADAM17 and ADAM10 modulate vascular permeability by cleaving endothelial adhesion molecules such as junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), respectively. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate whether a link might exist between the protective effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation against atherosclerosis and ADAM function. METHODS Male LDL receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice and male wild-type (WT) mice were fed a Western diet (200 g/kg fat, 1.5 g/kg cholesterol) containing either 20% lard (LDLR(-/-)-lard and WT-lard groups) or 10% lard combined with 10% FO (LDLR(-/-)-FO and WT-FO groups) for 12 wk. Atherosclerotic lesion development and fatty acid composition of liver microsomes were evaluated. ADAM10 and ADAM17 expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Concentrations of soluble ADAM substrates in plasma and liver extracts were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Diets supplemented with FO markedly reduced development of early atherosclerotic lesions in LDLR(-/-) mice (LDLR(-/-)-lard group vs. LDLR(-/-)-FO group mean ± SD: 29.6 ± 6.1% vs. 22.5 ± 4.2%, P < 0.05). This was not accompanied by changes in expression of ADAM17 or ADAM10 in the aorta or liver. No dietary effects on circulating TNFR1 (LDLR(-/-)-lard group vs. LDLR(-/-)-FO group mean ± SD: 1.22 ± 0.23 vs. 1.39 ± 0.28, P > 0.2) or IL-6R (1.06 ± 0.12 vs. 0.98 ± 0.09 fold of WT-lard group, P > 0.1), classical substrates of ADAM17 on macrophages, and neutrophil granulocytes were observed. However, a reduction in atherosclerotic lesions in the LDLR(-/-)-FO group was accompanied by a significant reduction in the circulating endothelial cell adhesion molecules JAM-A (LDLR(-/-)-lard group vs. LDLR(-/-)-FO group mean ± SD: 1.42 ± 0.20 vs. 0.95 ± 0.56 fold of WT-lard group, P < 0.05), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (1.15 ± 0.14 vs. 0.88 ± 0.17 fold of WT-lard group, P < 0.05), and VE-cadherin (0.88 ± 0.12 vs. 0.72 ± 0.15 fold of WT-lard group, P < 0.05), reflecting reduced ADAM activity in endothelial cells. CONCLUSION FO exerted an antiatherogenic effect on male LDLR(-/-) mice that was accompanied by a reduced release of ADAM17 and ADAM10 substrates from endothelial cells. It is suggested that FO-decreased ADAM activity contributes to improved endothelial barrier function and thus counteracts intimal lipoprotein insudation and macrophage accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Narges Yazdekhasti
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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16
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Kondo K, Ishida T, Yasuda T, Nakajima H, Mori K, Tanaka N, Mori T, Monguchi T, Shinohara M, Irino Y, Toh R, Rikitake Y, Kiyomizu K, Tomiyama Y, Yamamoto J, Hirata KI. Trans-fatty acid promotes thrombus formation in mice by aggravating antithrombogenic endothelial functions via Toll-like receptors. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:729-40. [PMID: 25546502 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Since excessive intake of trans-fatty acid (TFA) increases the risk of myocardial infarction, we investigated the effects of TFA on thrombus formation using animal and cell culture experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing TFA or cis-fatty acid (5% each of total calories) or a chow diet for 4 weeks, and thrombus formation was induced in the carotid artery by He-Ne laser irradiation. The high-TFA diet significantly promoted thrombus formation in the carotid artery compared to the chow or cis-fatty acid diet. TFA activated the inflammatory signaling pathway in cultured endothelial cells and in mice; aortic gene expression levels of antithrombogenic molecules, including thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, were decreased, and the expression levels of prothrombogenic molecules were increased in TFA-treated mice. TFA markedly upregulated the prothrombogenic molecules and downregulated the antithrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells. In addition, TFA induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-κB. The TFA-activated signal pathways and prothrombogenic phenotypic changes of endothelial cells were inhibited by genetic or pharmacological inactivation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. CONCLUSION TFA aggravates the antithrombogenic phenotypes of vascular endothelial cells via Toll-like receptors and promotes thrombus formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kondo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Pérez C, Ruiz del Castillo ML, Gil C, Blanch GP, Flores G. Supercritical fluid extraction of grape seeds: extract chemical composition, antioxidant activity and inhibition of nitrite production in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Food Funct 2015; 6:2607-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Grape by-products are a rich source of bioactive compounds having broad medicinal properties, but are usually wasted from juice/wine processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC)
- 28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - María Luisa Ruiz del Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC)
- 28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC)
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Gracia Patricia Blanch
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC)
- 28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Gema Flores
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTAN-CSIC)
- 28006 Madrid
- Spain
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18
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Balogun KA, Randunu RS, Cheema SK. The effect of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of C57BL/6 mice is age and sex specific. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:39-47. [PMID: 24935799 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is clear evidence of the effects of sex and age on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the interactions of dietary omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sex, and age on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the offspring of C57BL/6 mice exposed to high, medium, or low n-3 PUFA at weaning and 16 weeks postweaning. There was an increase in plasma triglycerides from weaning to 16 weeks in male and female offspring; however, the high n-3 PUFA group showed a reduction in triglycerides in both sexes at 16 weeks. High n-3 PUFA caused an increase in plasma LDL-cholesterol from weaning to 16 weeks in male offspring; however, the LDL particle size was significantly larger in the high n-3 PUFA group. Plasma from male mice showed higher cholesterol efflux compared to females; high n-3 PUFA increased cholesterol efflux. Thus the effects of n-3 PUFA are age and sex dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John׳s, NL, Canada
| | - R S Randunu
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John׳s, NL, Canada
| | - S K Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John׳s, NL, Canada.
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19
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Le Goff W. A new piece in the puzzling effect of n-3 fatty acids on atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:358-62. [PMID: 24926537 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) FA are reported to be protective against cardiovascular disease (CVD), notably through their beneficial action on atherosclerosis development. In this context dietary intake of long-chain marine eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is recommended and randomised trials largely support that EPA and DHA intake is associated with a reduction of CVD. However, mechanisms governing the atheroprotective action of n-3 FA are still unclear and numerous studies using mouse models conducted so far do not allow to reach a precise view of the cellular and molecular effects of n-3 FA on atherosclerosis. In the current issue of Atherosclerosis, Chang et al. provide important new information on the anti-atherogenic properties of n-3 FA by analysing the incremental replacement of saturated FA by pure fish oil as a source of EPA and DHA in Ldlr(-/-) mice fed a high fat/high cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Le Goff
- INSERM UMR_S1166, Team 4: Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, F-75005 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France.
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20
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Fatty Acid Compositions of Linseed (Linum UsitatissimumL.) Genotypes of Different Origin Cultivated in Turkey. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/v10133-010-0034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Xu J, Gao H, Zhang L, Chen C, Yang W, Deng Q, Huang Q, Huang F. A combination of flaxseed oil and astaxanthin alleviates atherosclerosis risk factors in high fat diet fed rats. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:63. [PMID: 24708887 PMCID: PMC3994197 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is the most common pathologic process underlying cardiovascular disease. Both flaxseed oil (FO) and astaxanthin (ASX) are believed to benefit cardiovascular system. The combined effect of FO and ASX on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet was investigated. Methods Astaxanthin was dissolved in flaxseed oil to a final concentration of 1g/kg (FO + ASX). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a rodent diet contained 20% fat whose source was lard (HFD) or 75% lard and 25% FO + ASX (50 mg ASX/kg diet) or 50% lard and 50% FO + ASX (100 mg ASX/kg diet) or FO + ASX (200 mg ASX/kg diet) for 10 weeks. Results The combination of FO and ASX significantly increased the antioxidant defense capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation in plasma. Evident decreases in the levels TG, TC and LDL-C contents, as well as IL-6 and CRP were also observed in plasma of FO and ASX fed rats. Conclusion The combination of FO and ASX can improve oxidative stress, lipid abnormalities and inflammation, providing evidence that the combination of FO and ASX could be a promising functional food in cardiovascular health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fenghong Huang
- Department of Product Processing and Nutriology, OilCrops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P,R, China.
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22
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Cleverley K, Du X, Premecz S, Le K, Zeglinski M, Nicholson T, Goh CY, Lu Y, Anderson HD, Moghadasian MH, Jassal DS. The effects of fish oil consumption on cardiovascular remodeling in ApoE deficient mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:960-5. [PMID: 24117264 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their spontaneous development of atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE(KO)) are one of the best studied animal models for this disease. Little is known about the utility of various omega-3 fatty acid regimens, in particular fish oils, in preventing cardiac disease in ApoE(KO) mice. The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation with either safflower oil (control), fish oil, flaxseed oil, or designed oil in ApoE(KO) mice fed a high-fat diet for a total of 16 weeks. In-vivo cardiac function was assessed weekly using murine echocardiography. Blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were serially measured. The results show that ApoE(KO) mice fed fish oil demonstrated an increase in left ventricular wall thickness as a result of increased afterload. Despite chronic treatment with fish oil over 16 weeks, blood pressure increased in ApoE(KO) mice by 20% compared with the baseline. Both echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy and biochemical increase in BNP levels confirmed diastolic dysfunction in ApoE(KO) mice fed fish oil. This suggests that high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil may lead to adverse cardiovascular effects in ApoE deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelby Cleverley
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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23
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Sakamoto K, Yamashita T, Yamanishi H, Yamamoto J. The effect of edaravone to leukocyte rolling and adhesion molecule expression in microvessels. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.53054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Fukuoka T, Hattori K, Maruyama H, Hirayama M, Tanahashi N. Laser-induced thrombus formation in mouse brain microvasculature: effect of clopidogrel. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 34:193-8. [PMID: 22453683 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antiplatelet drugs have been evaluated by measuring platelet aggregation ex vivo, but in vivo studies were scanty. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of an antiplatelet agent (clopidogrel) on the process of laser-induced thrombus formation in mice using intravital fluorescence microscopy. C57 BL/6J mice (n = 19) were anesthetized using chloral hydrate. The head of each mouse was fixed with a head holder, and a cranial window was made in the parietal region. Platelets were labeled in vivo by intravenous administration of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Clopidogrel (1 mg/kg, n = 6; 10 mg/kg, n = 6) was administered orally for 2 days before the experiment. Another seven mice were used as controls. Laser irradiation (1,000 mA, 9.8 mW, diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser 532 nm) was directed for 4 s at pial arteries to induce thrombus formation. Labeled platelets and thrombus were observed continuously under fluorescence microscopy. We recorded the area of thrombus after 30 min and determined the complete occlusion rate. After laser irradiation to the pial artery, complete occlusion rate was significantly lower in the clopidogrel (10 mg/kg) group (16%, 4/25 vessels) than in the control group (60%, 12/20 vessels) or clopidogrel (1 mg/kg) group (55%, 11/20 vessels). Area of platelet thrombus at 30 min after laser irradiation was significantly smaller in the clopidogrel (10 mg/kg) group (209 ± 128 μm(2)) than in the control group (358 ± 256 μm(2)) or clopidogrel (1 mg/kg) group (355 ± 57 μm(2)). The apparatus which we developed is convenient for inducing thrombus formation by causing endothelial cell damage to the brain surface vasculature in small animals without damage of extravascular tissue. Clopidogrel significantly inhibited laser-induced thrombus formation in pial arteries of mice in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fukuoka
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan.
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25
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Zhang ZS, Wang LJ, Li D, Li SJ, Özkan N. Characteristics of Flaxseed Oil from Two Different Flax Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10942911003650296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Holy EW, Forestier M, Richter EK, Akhmedov A, Leiber F, Camici GG, Mocharla P, Lüscher TF, Beer JH, Tanner FC. Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Inhibits Arterial Thrombus Formation, Tissue Factor Expression, and Platelet Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1772-80. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) may constitute an attractive cardioprotective alternative to fish-derived
n
-3 fatty acids. However, the effect of dietary ALA on arterial thrombus formation remains unknown.
Methods and Results—
Male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high-ALA or low-ALA diet for 2 weeks. Arterial thrombus formation was delayed in mice fed a high-ALA diet compared with those on a low-ALA diet (n=7;
P
<0.005). Dietary ALA impaired platelet aggregation to collagen and thrombin (n=5;
P
<0.005) and decreased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in platelets. Dietary ALA impaired arterial tissue factor (TF) expression, TF activity, and nuclear factor-κB activity (n=7;
P
<0.05); plasma clotting times and plasma thrombin generation did not differ (n=5;
P
=not significant). In cultured human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, ALA inhibited TF expression and activity (n=4;
P
<0.01). Inhibition of TF expression occurred at the transcriptional level via the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in smooth muscle cells and p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2 in endothelial cells.
Conclusion—
ALA impairs arterial thrombus formation, TF expression, and platelet activation and thereby represents an attractive nutritional intervention with direct dual antithrombotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W. Holy
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Marc Forestier
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Eva K. Richter
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Alexander Akhmedov
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Florian Leiber
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Giovanni G. Camici
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Pavani Mocharla
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Jürg H. Beer
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
| | - Felix C. Tanner
- From the Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.) and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (E.W.H., A.A., G.G.C., P.M., T.F.L., F.C.T.), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (E.W.H., T.F.L., F.C.T.); Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland (M.F., J.H.B.); Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Federal Institute of
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Tanamas SK, Wluka AE, Jones G, Cicuttini FM. Imaging of knee osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/thy.10.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yamamoto Y, Yamashita T, Kitagawa F, Sakamoto K, Giddings J, Yamamoto J. The effect of the long term aspirin administration on the progress of atherosclerosis in apoE-/- LDLR-/- double knockout mouse. Thromb Res 2010; 125:246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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‘Designer oils’ low in n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio beneficially modifies cardiovascular risks in mice. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48:307-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang L, Geng Y, Xiao N, Yin M, Mao L, Ren G, Zhang C, Liu P, Lu N, An L, Pan J. High Dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA Ratio Promotes HDL Cholesterol Level, but does not Suppress Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice 1. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:463-71. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.no1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Vanschoonbeek K, Wouters K, van der Meijden PE, van Gorp PJ, Feijge MA, Herfs M, Schurgers LJ, Hofker MH, de Maat MP, Heemskerk JW. Anticoagulant Effect of Dietary Fish Oil in Hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2023-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.156992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
In hyperlipidemia, dietary fish oil containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) provokes plasma triacylglycerol lowering and hypocoagulant activity. Using APOE2 knock-in mice, the relation of these fish-oil effects with altered gene expression was investigated.
Methods and Results—
Male APOE2 knock-in mice, fed regular low-fat diet, had elevated plasma levels of triacylglycerol and coagulation factors. Plasma lipids and (anti)coagulant factors reduced on feeding the mice with fish oil (n-3 PUFA) or, to a lesser degree, with sunflowerseed oil (n-6 PUFA). The fish-oil diet provoked a 40% reduction in thrombin generation. Microarray (Affymetrix) and single-gene expression analysis of mouse livers showed that fish oil induced: (1) upregulation of genes contributing to lipid degradation and oxidation; (2) downregulation of genes of γ-glutamyl carboxylase and of transcription factors implicated in lipid synthesis; (3) unchanged expression of coagulation factor genes. After fish-oil diet, vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors accumulated in periportal areas of the liver; prothrombin was partly retained in uncarboxylated form. Only part of the changes in gene expression were different from the effects of sunflowerseed oil diet.
Conclusions—
The hypocoagulant effect of n-3 PUFA is not caused by reduced hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors, but rather results from retention of uncarboxylated coagulation factors. In contrast, the lipid-lowering effect of n-3 PUFA links to altered expression of genes that regulate transcription and fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Vanschoonbeek
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E.J. van der Meijden
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. van Gorp
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion A.H. Feijge
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Herfs
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek P.M. de Maat
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W.M. Heemskerk
- From the Departments of Biochemistry (K.V., P.E.J.v.M., M.A.H.F., L.J.S., J.W.M.H.), Human Biology (K.V.), and Molecular Genetics (K.W., P.J.v.G., M.H.H.), CARIM and NUTRIM, and VitaK (M.H., L.J.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands; the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.H.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; and the Department of Hematology (M.d.M.), Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang S, Wu D, Matthan NR, Lamon-Fava S, Lecker JL, Lichtenstein AH. Reduction in dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid ratio minimizes atherosclerotic lesion formation and inflammatory response in the LDL receptor null mouse. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:147-55. [PMID: 18842266 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary very long chain omega (omega)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been associated with reduced CVD risk, the mechanisms of which have yet to be fully elucidated. LDL receptor null mice (LDLr-/-) were used to assess the effect of different ratios of dietary omega-6 PUFA to eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (omega-6:EPA+DHA) on atherogenesis and inflammatory response. Mice were fed high saturated fat diets without EPA and DHA (HSF omega-6), or with omega-6:EPA+DHA at ratios of 20:1 (HSF R=20:1), 4:1 (HSF R=4:1), and 1:1 (HSF R=1:1) for 32 weeks. Mice fed the lowest omega-6:EPA+DHA ratio diet had lower circulating concentrations of non-HDL cholesterol (25%, P<0.05) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (44%, P<0.05) compared to mice fed the HSF omega-6 diet. Aortic and elicited peritoneal macrophage (Mphi) total cholesterol were 24% (P=0.07) and 25% (P<0.05) lower, respectively, in HSF R=1:1 compared to HSF omega-6 fed mice. MCP-1 mRNA levels and secretion were 37% (P<0.05) and 38% (P<0.05) lower, respectively, in elicited peritoneal Mphi isolated from HSF R=1:1 compared to HSF omega-6 fed mice. mRNA and protein levels of ATP-binding cassette A1, and mRNA levels of TNFalpha were significantly lower in elicited peritoneal Mphi isolated from HSF R=1:1 fed mice, whereas there was no significant effect of diets with different omega-6:EPA+DHA ratios on CD36, Mphi scavenger receptor 1, scavenger receptor B1 and IL-6 mRNA or protein levels. These data suggest that lower omega-6:EPA+DHA ratio diets lowered some measures of inflammation and Mphi cholesterol accumulation, which was associated with less aortic lesion formation in LDLr-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Zhang ZS, Wang LJ, Li D, Jiao SS, Chen XD, Mao ZH. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Riediger ND, Othman R, Fitz E, Pierce GN, Suh M, Moghadasian MH. Low n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio, with fish- or flaxseed oil, in a high fat diet improves plasma lipids and beneficially alters tissue fatty acid composition in mice. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:153-60. [PMID: 18454337 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health benefits from low n-6:n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio on cardiovascular risk have been shown. However, the impact of the source of n-3 FAs has not been fully investigated. AIM Our purpose was to investigate cardiovascular benefits of oils with a low ratio of n-6:n-3 FAs, but different sources of n-3 FAs in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Twenty-one mice were divided into 3 groups (n=7) and fed a diet supplemented with either a fish or flaxseed oil-based 'designer oils' with an approximate n-6:n-3 FA ratio of 2/1 or with a safflower-oil-based diet with a ratio of 25/1, for 16 weeks. Plasma lipids and fatty acid profile of the liver tissue were characterized. RESULTS Compared to baseline, plasma triacylglycerol levels declined (>50%) in all groups by week 4. Plasma cholesterol levels were reduced in both fish and flax groups by 27% and 36%, respectively, as compared to controls at endpoint. The levels of EPA and DHA in liver phospholipids were significantly increased in both fish and flax groups as compared to the control group, with more profound increases in the fish group. Arachidonic acid levels were similarly decreased in the liver tissues from both fish and flax groups as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that health benefits may be achieved by lowering dietary n-6:n-3 FA even in a high fat diet medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Riediger
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Wang Y, Wluka AE, Hodge AM, English DR, Giles GG, O'Sullivan R, Cicuttini FM. Effect of fatty acids on bone marrow lesions and knee cartilage in healthy, middle-aged subjects without clinical knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:579-83. [PMID: 17937997 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, little work has been done to investigate the effect of fatty acids on bone marrow lesions and knee cartilage in healthy subjects. We examined this in a cohort of healthy middle-aged subjects without clinical knee OA. METHODS Two hundred and ninety-three healthy adults without knee pain or injury were recruited from an existing community-based cohort. Intakes of fatty acids and food sources of these were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Tibial cartilage volume, tibial plateau bone area, tibiofemoral cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions were assessed approximately 10 years later using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, higher intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (OR=2.14, 95% CI 1.04-4.39, P=0.04), total (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.13-2.77, P=0.01) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.10-2.61, P=0.02) were associated with an increased risk of bone marrow lesions. Intake of fatty acids was not significantly associated with cartilage volume or cartilage defects. CONCLUSION These findings support the dietary recommendation towards a shift to foods rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in order to maintain an optimal balance between dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is also important in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Although our findings will need to be confirmed in longitudinal studies, they suggest the potential of fatty acids to adversely effect the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia
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The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and cardiovascular disease risk: Uses and abuses. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-007-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dupasquier CMC, Dibrov E, Kneesh AL, Cheung PKM, Lee KGY, Alexander HK, Yeganeh BK, Moghadasian MH, Pierce GN. Dietary flaxseed inhibits atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse in part through antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2394-402. [PMID: 17616740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01104.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flaxseed has been shown to have potent antiatherogenic effects in rabbits. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antiatherogenic capacity of flaxseed in an animal model that more closely represents the human atherosclerotic condition, the LDL receptor-deficient mouse (LDLrKO), and to identify the cellular mechanisms for these effects. LDLrKO mice were administered a regular diet (RG), a 10% flaxseed-supplemented diet (FX), or an atherogenic diet containing 2% cholesterol alone (CH) or supplemented with 10% flaxseed (CF), 5% flaxseed (CF5), 1% flaxseed (CF1), or 5% coconut oil (CS) for 24 wk. LDLrKO mice fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet exhibited a rise in plasma cholesterol without a change in triglycerides and an increase in atherosclerotic plaque formation. The CS mice exhibited elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and saturated fatty acids and an increase in plaque development. Supplementation of the cholesterol-enriched diet with 10% (wt/wt) ground flaxseed lowered plasma cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, increased plasma ALA, and inhibited plaque formation in the aorta and aortic sinus compared with mice fed a diet supplemented with only dietary cholesterol. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the inflammatory markers IL-6, mac-3, and VCAM-1 was increased in aortic tissue from CH and CS mice. This expression was significantly reduced or normalized when flaxseed was included in the diet. Our results demonstrate that dietary flaxseed can inhibit atherosclerosis in the LDLrKO mouse through a reduction of circulating cholesterol levels and, at a cellular level, via antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M C Dupasquier
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Canada
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Saraswathi V, Gao L, Morrow JD, Chait A, Niswender KD, Hasty AH. Fish oil increases cholesterol storage in white adipose tissue with concomitant decreases in inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and atherosclerosis in mice. J Nutr 2007; 137:1776-82. [PMID: 17585030 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.7.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fish oil has hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic properties, the potential for white adipose tissue (WAT) to mediate these effects has not been studied. LDL-receptor deficient (LDLR-/-) mice were fed high fat, olive oil-containing diets supplemented with additional olive oil or with fish oil for 12 wk. Fish oil feeding significantly reduced plasma lipid levels. In contrast, lipid storage in WAT was increased in fish oil-fed mice as evidenced by increased total fat (P < 0.05) and perigonadal WAT mass (P < 0.05), increased cholesterol storage (P < 0.001), and adipocyte hypertrophy. Despite increased adipose tissue mass, WAT-specific inflammation and insulin sensitivity were improved (P < 0.05), concomitant with reduced macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, fish oil increased WAT and plasma levels of adiponectin. In addition, fish oil feeding decreased the formation of proinflammatory F2- isoprostanes, markers of oxidative stress (P < 0.05). The increased WAT lipid storage in fish oil-fed mice was associated with reduced lipid accumulation in liver (P < 0.05) and decreased atherosclerotic lesion area (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data highlight the specific role of WAT in regulating dietary fish oil-mediated improvement in systemic lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) are well known, but the role that the n-6 FAs play in coronary heart disease is unclear. These two classes of essential FAs compete for a number of enzyme systems, and their metabolites can powerfully influence (often in different directions) inflammatory responses, vascular reactivity, and platelet aggregation. Accordingly, the n-6/n-3 FA ratio may be of value in interpreting biomarker data and in making nutritional recommendations. Although initially appealing, there are few human experimental and clinical trial data to support this view. This paper reviews a variety of studies that, in the aggregate, suggest that the ratio is, both on theoretical and evidential grounds, of little value. Metrics that include the n-3 FAs alone, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, appear to hold the greatest promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Harris
- University of South Dakota, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, South Dakota Health Research Foundation, 1400 West 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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Bhattacharya A, Chandrasekar B, Rahman MM, Banu J, Kang JX, Fernandes G. Inhibition of inflammatory response in transgenic fat-1 mice on a calorie-restricted diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:925-30. [PMID: 16962071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and calorie-restriction (CR) exert anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of autoimmunity and inflammation. In the present study we investigated the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 FA and CR on LPS-mediated inflammatory responses using fat-1 transgenic mice that generate n-3 FA endogenously. Wild-type (WT) and fat-1 mice were maintained on ad libitum (AL) or CR (40% less than AL) diet for 5 mo; splenocytes were cultured in vitro with/without LPS. Our results show: (i) no difference in body weights between WT and fat-1 mice on AL or CR diets, (ii) lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio in splenocytes from fat-1 mice on both AL and CR diets, (iii) significant reduction in NF-kappaB (p65/p50) and AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) DNA-binding activities in splenocytes from fat-1/CR mice following LPS treatment, and (iv) significant reduction in kappaB- and AP-1-responsive IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion following LPS treatment in splenocytes from fat-1/CR mice. The inhibition of LPS-mediated effects was more pronounced in fat-1/CR mice when compared to fat-1/AL or WT/CR mice. These data show that transgenic expression of fat-1 results in decreased pro-inflammatory n-6 FA, and demonstrate for the first time that splenocytes from fat-1 mice on CR diet exhibit reduced pro-inflammatory response when challenged with LPS. These results suggest that n-3 lipids with moderate CR may confer protection in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Yamashita T, Shoge M, Oda E, Yamamoto Y, Giddings JC, Kashiwagi S, Suematsu M, Yamamoto J. The free-radical scavenger, edaravone, augments NO release from vascular cells and platelets after laser-induced, acute endothelial injury in vivo. Platelets 2006; 17:201-6. [PMID: 16702048 DOI: 10.1080/09537100500444063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo experimental models have demonstrated that vascular endothelial function is significantly impaired as a result of oxidative stress, mediated by the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals in response to chronic or acute inflammation. In particular, super-oxide () at specific concentrations leads to the impairment of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, and it is known that NO plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. The relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO release in thrombosis-related endothelial damage in the peripheral microvasculature remains unclear, however. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the free-radical scavenger, edaravone, on NO synthesis and thrombotic potential in arterioles after exposure to laser irradiation. Highly sensitive electrochemical NO microsensors were positioned in femoral arterioles of mice, and the kinetics of NO release were recorded in response to standardized laser irradiation in vivo. In addition, images of NO release from damaged vascular cells were investigated in a similar rat model using the NO-sensitive dye 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA). Thrombogenesis was assessed in carotid arterioles by continuous video microscopy using image analysis software. Laser irradiation led to NO release from perturbed endothelial cells and from platelet-rich thrombi. Edaravone had no significant effect on NO release in non-laser treated, intact endothelium compared with placebo. In contrast, edaravone demonstrated a dose-dependent effect on NO release and thrombogenicity. At a concentration of 10.5 mg/kg per h, edaravone promoted a 5-fold increase in NO and a reduction in platelet-rich thrombus volume to 58% of the placebo values. Our data provide direct evidence to confirm that acute endothelial damage in peripheral microvessels initially induces NO release and that the free-radical scavenger, edaravone, augments NO synthesis leading to suppression of platelet thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamashita
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Nutrition, and High Technology Research Center, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
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