New Prospects for Modified Algae in Heavy Metal Adsorption

Re-vitalizing Wastewater: Nutrient Recovery and carbon capture through Microbe-Algae synergy using Omics-Biology

Increasing amounts of wastewater is the most pervasive and challenging environmental problem globally. Conventional treatment methods are costly and entail huge energy and carbon consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Owing to their unique ability of carbon capturing and resource recovery, microalgae-microbiome based treatment is a potential approach and is widely used for carbon-neutral wastewater treatment. Microalgae-bacteria synergy (i.e., the functionally beneficial microbial synthetic communities) performs better and enhances carbon-sequestration and nutrient recovery from wastewater treatment plants. This review presents a comprehensive information regarding the potential of microalgae-microbiome as a sustainable agent for wastewater and discusses synergistic approaches for effective nutrient removal. Moreover, this review discusses, the role of omics-biology and Insilco approaches in unravelling and understanding the algae-microbe synergism and their response toward wastewater treatment. Finally, it discusses various microbiome engineering approaches for developing the effective microalgae-bacteria partners for carbon sequestration and nutrient recovery from wastewater, and summarizes future research perspectives on microalgae-microbiome based bioremediation.

Microbial recovery of rare earth elements from various waste sources: a mini review with emphasis on microalgae

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are indispensable in contemporary technologies, influencing various aspects of our daily lives and environmental solutions. The escalating demand for REEs has led to increased exploitation, resulting in the generation of diverse REE-bearing solid and liquid wastes. Recognizing the potential of these wastes as secondary sources of REEs, researchers are exploring microbial solutions for their recovery. This mini review provides insights into the utilization of microorganisms, with a particular focus on microalgae, for recovering REEs from sources such as ores, electronic waste, and industrial effluents. The review outlines the principles and distinctions of bioleaching, biosorption, and bioaccumulation, offering a comparative analysis of their potential and limitations. Specific examples of microorganisms demonstrating efficacy in REE recovery are highlighted, accompanied by successful methods, including advanced techniques for enhancing microbial strains to achieve higher REE recovery. Moreover, the review explores the environmental implications of bio-recovery, discussing the potential of these methods to mitigate REE pollution. By emphasizing microalgae as promising biotechnological candidates for REE recovery, this mini review not only presents current advances but also illuminates prospects in sustainable REE resource management and environmental remediation.

Interaction between Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae and lead nitrate: lead adsorption from water

Our study aims to investigate the response of the unicellular alga, Haematococcus pluvialis, to the toxicity of lead and propose a low-cost, highly efficient biological adsorbent for the purification of wastewater and lead-contaminated water. The first part examines the effects of lead toxicity on certain physiological indicators of this alga. In the second part, the potential of this alga in lead removal and its adsorption capacity was assessed. The alga was cultivated in a BG11 medium and treated with lead nitrate concentrations of 10, 50, and 200 mg/L during its exponential growth. The results showed that with an increase in lead concentration up to 200 mg/L, the growth rate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total protein content decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. The astaxanthin content slightly increased at the 10 mg/L but decreased at the 200 mg/L treatment. Maximum lead adsorption was observed at 98.69% under optimal conditions, including a pH of 6, an adsorbent dose of 1 g/L, a lead concentration of 25 mg/L, a temperature of 25 °C, and an exposure time of 120 min. The results of this study demonstrate that Haematococcus pluvialis has the potential for effective lead removal from aquatic environments.

Is Cladophora fracta an efficient tool of accumulating critical raw materials from wastewater and there a potential health risk of use of algae as organic fertilizer?

 In this study investigation of accumulations of critical raw materials (cobalt (Co), antimony (Sb), vanadium (V), lanthanum (La) and tungsten (W)) from wastewater by using C. fracta were aimed. Besides, assessment of the potential health risks in terms of the use of organic fertilizer obtained from the macroalga to be harvested from the treatment were also aimed. Highest Co, Sb, V, La and W accumulations by algae in reactor were 125±6.2%, 201.25±10%, 318.18±15%, 357.97±18%, and 500±25%, respectively. When compared with control, Co, Sb, V, La and W in algae increased 2.25, 3.01, 4.18, 4.58, and 6 times, respectively. The algae was very high bioaccumulative for Co and La. Highest MPI was calculated as 3.94. Non-carcinogenic risk of CRMs according to different exposure types (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal) were calculated for man, woman and child. There is not any non-carcinogenic risk from the investigated exposure ways of algae as organic fertilizer.

Immobilized microalgae: principles, processes and its applications in wastewater treatment

Microalgae have emerged as potential candidates for biomass production and pollutant removal. However, expensive biomass harvesting, insufficient biomass productivity, and low energy intensity limit the large-scale production of microalgae. To break through these bottlenecks, a novel technology of immobilized microalgae culture coupled with wastewater treatment has received increasing attention in recent years. In this review, the characteristics of two immobilized microalgae culture technologies are first presented and then their mechanisms are discussed in terms of biofilm formation theories, including thermodynamic theory, Derjaguin-Landau-Verwei-Overbeek theory (DLVO) and its extended theory (xDLVO), as well as ionic cross-linking mechanisms in the process of microalgae encapsulated in alginate. The main factors (algal strains, carriers, and culture conditions) affecting the growth of microalgae are also discussed. It is also summarized that immobilized microalgae show considerable potential for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, heavy metal removal, pesticide and antibiotic removal in wastewater treatment. The role of bacteria in the cultivation of microalgae by immobilization techniques and their application in wastewater treatment are clarified. This is economically feasible and technically superior. The problems and challenges faced by immobilized microalgae are finally presented.

Toxicity, physiological response, and biosorption mechanism of Dunaliella salina to copper, lead, and cadmium

Background

Heavy metal pollution has become a global problem, which urgently needed to be solved owing to its severe threat to water ecosystems and human health. Thus, the exploration and development of a simple, cost-effective and environmental-friendly technique to remove metal elements from contaminated water is of great importance. Algae are a kind of photosynthetic autotroph and exhibit excellent bioadsorption capacities, making them suitable for wastewater treatment.

Methods

The effects of heavy metals (copper, lead and cadmium) on the growth, biomolecules accumulation, metabolic responses and antioxidant response of Dunaliella salina were investigated. Moreover, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the biosorption capacity, and FT-IR was performed to explore the biosorption mechanism of D. salina on multiple heavy metals.

Results

The growth of D. salina cells was significantly inhibited and the contents of intracellular photosynthetic pigments, polysaccharides and proteins were obviously reduced under different concentrations of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+, and the EC50 values were 18.14 mg/L, 160.37 mg/L and 3.32 mg/L at 72 h, respectively. Besides, the activities of antioxidant enzyme SOD and CAT in D. salina first increased, and then descended with increasing concentration of three metal ions, while MDA contents elevated continuously. Moreover, D. salina exhibited an excellent removal efficacy on three heavy metals. BBD assay revealed that the maximal removal rates for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ were 88.9%, 87.2% and 72.9%, respectively under optimal adsorption conditions of pH 5-6, temperature 20-30°C, and adsorption time 6 h. Both surface biosorption and intracellular bioaccumulation mechanisms are involved in metal ions removal of D. salina. FT-IR spectrum exhibited the main functional groups including carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), amino (-NH2), phosphate (-P=O) and sulfate (-S=O) are closely associated with the biosorption or removal of heavy metalsions.

Discussion

Attributing to the brilliant biosorption capacity, Dunaliella salina may be developed to be an excellent adsorbent for heavy metals.

Ionic and nanoparticulate silver alleviate the toxicity of inorganic mercury in marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri

Toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) in different organisms have been studied; however, interactions of SNPs with other environmental pollutants such as mercury are poorly understood. Herein, bioassay tests were performed according to ΟECD 201 guideline to assess the toxic effects induced by mercury ions (mercury chloride, MCl) on the marine microalga Chaetoceros muelleri in the presence of SNPs or silver ions (silver nitrate, SN). Acute toxicity tests displayed that the presence of SNPs or SN (0.01 mg L-1) significantly reduced the toxicity of MCl (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg L-1) and increased the IC50 of MCl from 0.072 ± 0.014 to 0.381 ± 0.029 and 0.676 ± 0.034 mg L-1, respectively. In the presence of SN or SNPs, the mercury-reducing effect on algal population growth significantly decreased. Considering the increase of IC50, the mercury toxicity decreased approximately 5.44 and 9.66 times in the presence of SNPs or SN, respectively. The chlorophyll a and c contents decreased at all exposures; however, the decrease by MCl-SNPs and MCl-SN was significantly less than MCl except at 1 mg L-1. The lowering effect of MCl-SN on chlorophyll contents was less than MCl and MCl-SNPs. MCl exposure induced significant raises in total protein content (TPC) at concentrations < 0.01mg  L-1, with a maximum of ~ 70.83% attained at 100 mg L-1. The effects of MCl-SNPs and MCl-SN on TPC were significantly less than MCl. Total lipid content (TLC) at all MCl concentrations was higher than the control, while at coexposure to MCl-SN, TLC did not change until 0.01 mg L-1 compared with the control. The effects of MCl-SN and MCL-SNPs on TPC and TLC were in line with toxicity results, and were significantly less than those of MCl individually, confirming their antagonistic effects on MCl. The morphological changes of algal cells and mercury content of the cell wall at MCl-SN and MCl-SNPs were mitigated compared with MCl exposure. These findings highlight the mitigatory impacts of silver species on mercury toxicity, emphasizing the need for better realizing the mixture toxicity effects of pollutants in the water ecosystem.

Potential of using Alfa grass fibers (Stipa Tenacissima L.) to remove Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ from an aqueous solution

This study used alfa grass fibres as a natural low-cost adsorbent to remove lead, copper, and zinc ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, SEM, BET surface area, ATG, and XRD techniques. The effects of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption efficiency were evaluated in batch experiments. The results showed that the adsorption of all metals was fast, and optimal removal efficiency was achieved within 25 min of contact time using 5000 mg/L of Alfa fibres at pH 6.3. The adsorption selectivity order was Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ with Pb2+ removal efficiencies up to 97.6%. The adsorption kinetics were best explained by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental adsorption data fitted very well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and less well with the Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacities were respectively 14.492, 11.904, and 8.695 mg/g for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. The results of this study indicated that Alfa fibres could be used as effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions.

Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a potential bioremediator: Its tolerance and molecular responses to cadmium and lead

Heavy metal contamination negatively affects plants and animals in water as well as soils. Some microalgae can remove heavy metal contaminants from wastewater. The aim of this study was to screen green microalgae (GM) to identify those that tolerate high concentrations of toxic heavy metals in water as possible candidates for phytoremediation. Analyses of the tolerance, physiological parameters, ultrastructure, and transcriptomes of GM under Cd/Pb treatments were conducted. Compared with the other GM, Chlorella pyrenoidosa showed stronger tolerance to high concentrations of Cd/Pb. The reduced glutathione content and peroxidase activity were higher in C. pyrenoidosa than those in the other GM. Ultrastructural observations showed that, compared with other GM, C. pyrenoidosa had less damage to the cell surface and interior under Cd/Pb toxicity. Transcriptome analyses indicated that the "peroxisome" and "sulfur metabolism" pathways were enriched with differentially expressed genes under Cd/Pb treatments, and that CpSAT, CpSBP, CpKAT2, Cp2HPCL, CpACOX, CpACOX2, and CpACOX4, all of which encode antioxidant enzymes, were up-regulated under Cd/Pb treatments. These results show that C. pyrenoidosa has potential applications in the remediation of polluted water, and indicate that antioxidant enzymes contribute to Cd/Pb detoxification. These findings will be useful for producing algal strains for the purpose of bioremediation in water contamination.

Efficient extraction performance and mechanisms of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in water by novel dicationic ionic liquids

Ten novel hydrophobic dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) were synthesized and applied for the extraction of heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Their physicochemical properties were measured at ambient temperature, and the leaching behaviors of the as-prepared DILs in water were assessed by TOC analysis. Metal extraction experiments were carried out to evaluate the extraction performances of the DILs. It was found that the extraction rates of up to 0.45 and 0.53 mg·(g·min)-1 were achieved with 100 mg DILs for 5 mL of 5 mg/L Cd2+ and Pb2+ solutions. Besides, the extraction efficiencies of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were respectively up to 95.48% and 98.46%, when the volumes of the simulated wastewater were expanded by a factor of 20 at a constant extraction phase ratio (1000 mg DILs for 50 mL of 5 mg/L Cd2+ or Pb2+ solutions). The reusability of the novel DILs was successfully proved by the back-extraction experiments with 0.5 M HNO3. Finally, taking Cd2+ extraction as an example, the extraction mechanism based on FTIR analysis and quantum chemical calculations showed that both S and O atoms in the anions of DILs had physical and quasi-chemical interactions with Cd2+, which were stronger than the electrostatic attraction.

Towards circular economy: Potential of microalgae - bacterial-based biofertilizer on plants

Biofertilizers encompass microorganisms that can be applied to plants, subsequently establishing themselves within the plant's rhizosphere or internal structures. This colonization stimulates plant development by enhancing nutrient absorption from the host. While there is growing literature documenting the applications of microalgae-based and bacterial-based biofertilizers, the research focusing on the effectiveness of consortia formed by these microorganisms as short-term plant biofertilizers is notably insufficient. This study seeks to assess the effectiveness of microalgae-bacterial biofertilizers in promoting plant growth and their potential contribution to the circular economy. The review sheds light on the impact of microalgae-bacterial biofertilizers on plant growth parameters, delving into factors influencing their efficiency, microalgae-bacteria interactions, and effects on soil health. The insights from this review are poised to offer valuable guidance to stakeholders in agriculture, including farmers, environmental technologists, and businesses. These insights will aid in the development and investment in more efficient and sustainable methods for enhancing crop yields, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals and principles of the circular economy.

A comprehensive review on the application of semiconducting materials in the degradation of effluents and water splitting

In this comprehensive review article, we delve into the critical intersection of environmental science and materials science. The introduction sets the stage by emphasizing the global water shortage crisis and the dire consequences of untreated effluents on ecosystems and human health. As we progress into the second section, we embark on an intricate exploration of piezoelectric and photocatalytic principles, illuminating their significance in wastewater treatment and sustainable energy production. The heart of our review is dedicated to a detailed analysis of the detrimental impacts of effluents on human health, underscoring the urgency of effective treatment methods. We dissected three key materials in the realm of piezo-photocatalysis: ZnO-based materials, BaTiO3-based materials, and bismuth-doped materials. Each material is scrutinized for its unique properties and applications in the removal of pollutants from wastewater, offering a comprehensive understanding of their potential to address this critical issue. Furthermore, our exploration extends to the realm of hydrogen production, where we discuss various types of hydrogen and the role of piezo-photocatalysis in generating clean and sustainable hydrogen. By illuminating the synergistic potential of these advanced materials and technologies, we pave the way for innovative solutions to the pressing challenges of water pollution and renewable energy production. This review article not only serves as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars in the fields of material science and environmental engineering but also underscores the pivotal role of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex global issues.

Plummeting toxic contaminates from water through phycoremediation: Mechanism, influencing factors and future outlook to enhance the capacity of living and non-living algae

Freshwater habitats hold a unique role in the survival of all living organisms and supply water for drinking, irrigation, and life support activities. In recent decades, due to anthropogenic activities, deterioration in the water quality has been a long-lasting problem and challenge to the scientific fraternity. Although, these freshwater bodies have a bearable intrinsic capacity for pollution load however alarming increase in pollution limits the intrinsic capacities and requires additional technological interventions. The release of secondary pollutants from conventional interventions further needs revisiting the existing methodologies and asking for green interventions. Green interventions such as phycoremediation are natural, eco-friendly, economic, and energy-efficient alternatives and provide additional benefits such as nutrient recovery, biofuel production, and valuable secondary metabolites from polluted freshwater bodies. This systemic review in a nut-shell comprises the recent research insights on phycoremediation, technological implications, and influencing factors, and further discusses the associated mechanisms of metal ions biosorption by living and non-living algae, its advantages, and limitations. Besides, the article explores the possibility of future research prospects for applicability at a field scale that will help in the efficient utilization of resources, and improved ecological and health risks.

Algae from Cr-containing infiltrate bioremediation for valorised chemical production - Seasonal availability, composition, and screening studies on hydrothermal conversion

Integrating bioremediation of toxic wastewater with value-added production is increasing interest, but - due to some essential problems - it is hardly applied in industrial practice. The aim of the study was an annual observation of the taxonomic and biochemical composition of various Cr-resistant algal communities grown in the existing Cr-containing infiltrate treatment system, selection of the most suitable algal biomass for infiltrates bioremediation and chromium-loaded algae conversion under mild subcritical conditions. Considering continuous availability and relatively constant chemical composition, Cladophora sp. was selected for utilisation in the chromium bioremediation system, simultaneously as a waste biomass source suitable for hydrothermal conversion. Screening studies conducted in a continuous pilot plant confirmed the possibility of selective extraction of saccharides and their separation from the metals remaining in the solid residual. The negligible concentration of metals in the obtained sugar-rich aqueous phase is essential for its further use in biotechnological processes.

Phycoremediation of heavy metals and production of biofuel from generated algal biomass: a review

Due to human activity and natural processes, heavy metal contamination frequently affects the earth's water resources. The pollution can be categorized as resistant and persistent since it poses a significant risk to terrestrial and marine biological systems and human health. Because of this, several appeals and demands have been made worldwide to try and clean up these contaminants. Through bioremediation, algal cells are frequently employed to adsorb and eliminate heavy metals from the environment. Bioremediation is seen as a desirable strategy with few adverse effects and low cost. Activities and procedures for bioremediation involving algal cells depend on various environmental factors, including salinity, pH, temperature, the concentration of heavy metals, the amount of alga biomass, and food availability. Additionally, the effectiveness of removing heavy metals from the environment by assessing how environmental circumstances affect algal activities. The main issues discussed are (1) heavy metal pollution of water bodies, the role of algal cells in heavy metal removal, the methods by which algae cells take up and store heavy metals, and the process of turning the algae biomass produced into biofuel. (2) To overcome the environmental factors and improve heavy metals bioremediation, many strategies are applied, such as immobilizing the cells, consortium culture, and using dry mass rather than living cells. (3) The processes for converting produced algal biomass into biofuels like biodiesel and biomethanol. The present study discusses the life cycle assessment and the limitations of biofuel products from algae biomass.

Net zero emission in circular bioeconomy from microalgae biochar production: A renewed possibility

The rapid expansion of industrialization and continuous population growth have caused a steady increase in energy consumption. Despite using renewable energy, such as bioethanol, to replace fossil fuels had been strongly promoted, however the outcomes were underwhelming, resulting in excessive greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Microalgal biochar, as a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of biomass, provides a promising solution for achieving net zero emission. By utilizing microalgal biochar, these GHG emissions can be captured and stored efficiently. It also enhances soil fertility, improves water retention, and conduct bioremediation in agriculture and environmental remediation field. Moreover, incorporating microalgal biochar into a zero-waste biorefinery could boost the employ of biomass feedstocks effectively to produce valuable bioproducts while minimizing waste. This contributes to sustainability and aligns with the concepts of a circular bioeconomy. In addition, some challenges like commercialization and standardization will be addressed in the future.

Systematic investigation of simultaneous copper biosorption and nitrogen removal from wastewater by an aerobic denitrifying bacterium of auto-aggregation

Finding effective methods for simultaneous removal of eutrophic nutrients and heavy metals has attracted increasing concerns for the environmental remediation. Herein, a novel auto-aggregating aerobic denitrifying strain (Aeromonas veronii YL-41) was isolated with capacities for copper tolerance and biosorption. The denitrification efficiency and nitrogen removal pathway of the strain were investigated by nitrogen balance analysis and amplification of key denitrification functional genes. Moreover, the changes in the auto-aggregation properties of the strain caused by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production were focused on. The biosorption capacity and mechanisms of copper tolerance during denitrification were further explored by measuring changes in copper tolerance and adsorption indices, as well as by variations in extracellular functional groups. The strain showed extremely strong total nitrogen removal ability, with 67.5%, 82.08% and 78.48% of total nitrogen removal when NH4+-N, NO2--N, and NO3--N were used as the only initial nitrogen source, respectively. The successful amplification of napA, nirK, norR, and nosZ genes further demonstrated that the strain accomplished nitrate removal through a complete aerobic denitrification pathway. The production of protein-rich EPS of up to 23.31 mg/g and an auto-aggregation index of up to 76.42% may confer a strong biofilm-forming potential to the strain. Under the stress of 20 mg/L copper ions, the removal of nitrate-nitrogen was still as high as 71.4%. In addition, the strain could achieve an efficient removal of 96.9% of copper ions at an initial concentration of 80 mg/L. Scanning electron microscopy and deconvolution analysis of characteristic peaks confirmed that the strains encapsulate heavy metals by secreting EPS and, meanwhile, form strong hydrogen bonding structures to enhance intermolecular forces to resist copper ion stress. This study provides an innovative and effective biological approach for the synergistic bioaugmentation removal of eutrophic substances and heavy metals from aquatic environments.

Bioremediation of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals from wastewater using seaweeds

The removal of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals from wastewater using three dried seaweeds Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus (green alga), Sargassum latifolium (Turner) C.Agardh (brown alga), and Corallina officinalis Kützing (red alga) has been shown to evaluate their potential usage as inexpensive adsorbents. Under natural environmental conditions, numerous analytical methods, including zeta potential, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), SEM, and FT-IR, are used in this study. The results showed that n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorption increased with increasing contact time for all three selected algae, with a large removal observed after 15 days, while the optimal contact time for heavy metal removal was 3 h. S. latifolium dry biomass had more potential as bioadsorbent, followed by C. officinalis and then U. intestinalis. S. latifolium attained removal percentages of 65.14%, 72.50%, and 78.92% for light n-alkanes, heavy n-alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively, after 15 days. Furthermore, it achieved removal percentages of 94.14, 92.62, 89.54, 87.54, 82.76, 80.95, 77.78, 73.02, and 71.62% for Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, and Ni, respectively, after 3 h. Carboxyl and hydroxyl from FTIR analysis took part in wastewater treatment. The zeta potentials revealed that algal cells have a negatively charged surface, and the cell surface of S. latifolium has a more negative surface charge than U. intestinalis and C. officinalis. Our study suggests that seaweeds could play an important role in wastewater treatment and thus help as an economical, effective, and ecofriendly bioremediation system for ecological health and life protection.

Application of amino-hypophosphite polyampholyte for purification of wastewater containing Ni(ii) ions

This study investigated the sorption of Ni(ii) ions from an aqueous solution using novel, synthetic amino-hypophosphite polyampholyte resin (AHP) in a batch adsorption system. The removal of Ni(ii) ions was determined as a function of pH (2.0-8.0), initial concentration of Ni(ii) ions (2.0-20.0 mM), resin dosage (1.0-10.0 g dm-3), contact time (0.04-24 h), and temperature (298-318 K). Moreover, continuous fixed-bed column sorption was also studied using model solutions and actual wastewater from the galvanising plant. The batch sorption experimental data showed that the maximum pH for efficient Ni(ii) ion removal was about 5.0. An equilibrium was reached after about 24 hours. The kinetics results were fitted using pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), liquid film (LFD), and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) models. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied for sorption equilibrium data. The maximum sorption capacity was obtained from the Langmuir equation to be 2.39, 2.52, and 2.62 mmol g-1 at 298, 308, and 318 K, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters for the sorption of Ni(ii) ions on AHP imply the endothermic and spontaneous character of the process. The experimental results demonstrated that amino-hypophosphite polyampholyte resin could be used to effectively remove Ni(ii) ions from model solutions and real wastewater.

Recent Progress in Multifunctional Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis Application

The global energy shortage and environmental degradation are two major issues of concern in today's society. The production of renewable energy and the treatment of pollutants are currently the mainstream research directions in the field of photocatalysis. In addition, over the last decade or so, graphene (GR) has been widely used in photocatalysis due to its unique physical and chemical properties, such as its large light-absorption range, high adsorption capacity, large specific surface area, and excellent electronic conductivity. Here, we first introduce the unique properties of graphene, such as its high specific surface area, chemical stability, etc. Then, the basic principles of photocatalytic hydrolysis, pollutant degradation, and the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ are summarized. We then give an overview of the optimization strategies for graphene-based photocatalysis and the latest advances in its application. Finally, we present challenges and perspectives for graphene-based applications in this field in light of recent developments.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Plant Transformation: A Review

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation is the most dominant technique for the transformation of plants. It is used to transform monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. A. tumefaciens apply for stable and transient transformation, random and targeted integration of foreign genes, as well as genome editing of plants. The Advantages of this method include cheapness, uncomplicated operation, high reproducibility, a low copy number of integrated transgenes, and the possibility of transferring larger DNA fragments. Engineered endonucleases such as CRISPR/Cas9 systems, TALENs, and ZFNs can be delivered with this method. Nowadays, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is used for the Knock in, Knock down, and Knock out of genes. The transformation effectiveness of this method is not always desirable. Researchers applied various strategies to improve the effectiveness of this method. Here, a general overview of the characteristics and mechanism of gene transfer with Agrobacterium is presented. Advantages, updated data on the factors involved in optimizing this method, and other useful materials that lead to maximum exploitation as well as overcoming obstacles of this method are discussed. Moreover, the application of this method in the generation of genetically edited plants is stated. This review can help researchers to establish a rapid and highly effective Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for any plant species.

A review on algae biosorption for the removal of hazardous pollutants from wastewater: Limiting factors, prospects and recommendations

Heavy metals, dyes and pharmaceutical pollutants in water environment are considered as serious threat to the human and animal health globally. Rapid development of industrialization and agricultural activities are the major source for eliminating the toxic pollutants into the aquatic environment. Several conventional treatment methods have been suggested for the removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater. Algal biosorption, among other strategies and techniques, is demonstrating to be a limited technical remedy that is more focused and inherently more efficient and helps remove dangerous contaminants from water sources. The different environmental effects of harmful contaminants, including heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceutical chemicals, as well as their sources, were briefly compiled in the current review. This paper provides a comprehensive definition of the future possibilities in heavy compound decomposition by using algal technology, from aggregation to numerous biosorption procedures. Functionalized materials produced from algal sources were clearly proposed. This review further highlights the limiting factors of algal biosorption to eliminate the hazardous material. Finally, this study showed how the existence of algae indicates a potential, effective, affordable, and sustainable sorbent biomaterial for minimizing environmental pollution.

Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment: efficient and low-cost removal approaches to eliminate their toxicity: a review

Heavy metal contamination of water sources has emerged as a major global environmental concern, threatening both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment is on the rise due to industrialization, climate change, and urbanization. Sources of pollution include mining waste, landfill leachates, municipal and industrial wastewater, urban runoff, and natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, weathering, and rock abrasion. Heavy metal ions are toxic, potentially carcinogenic, and can bioaccumulate in biological systems. Heavy metals can cause harm to various organs, including the neurological system, liver, lungs, kidneys, stomach, skin, and reproductive systems, even at low exposure levels. Efforts to find efficient methods to remove heavy metals from wastewater have increased in recent years. Although some approaches can effectively remove heavy metal contaminants, their high preparation and usage costs may limit their practical applications. Many review articles have been published on the toxicity and treatment methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. This review focuses on the main sources of heavy metal pollution, their biological and chemical transformation, toxicological impacts on the environment, and harmful effects on the ecosystem. It also examines recent advances in cost-effective and efficient techniques for removing heavy metals from wastewater, such as physicochemical adsorption using biochar and natural zeolite ion exchangers, as well as decomposition of heavy metal complexes through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Finally, the advantages, practical applications, and future potential of these techniques are discussed, along with any challenges and limitations that must be considered.

Source, occurrence, distribution, fate, and implications of microplastic pollutants in freshwater on environment: A critical review and way forward

The generation of microplastics (MPs) has increased recently and become an emerging issue globally. Due to their long-term durability and capability of traveling between different habitats in air, water, and soil, MPs presence in freshwater ecosystem threatens the environment with respect to its quality, biotic life, and sustainability. Although many previous works have been undertaken on the MPs pollution in the marine system recently, none of the study has covered the scope of MPs pollution in the freshwater. To consolidate scattered knowledge in the literature body into one place, this work identifies the sources, fate, occurrence, transport pathways, and distribution of MPs pollution in the aquatic system with respect to their impacts on biotic life, degradation, and detection techniques. This article also discusses the environmental implications of MPs pollution in the freshwater ecosystems. Certain techniques for identifying MPs and their limitations in applications are presented. Through a literature survey of over 276 published articles (2000-2023), this study presents an overview of solutions to the MP pollution, while identifying research gaps in the body of knowledge for further work. It is conclusive from this review that the MPs exist in the freshwater due to an improper littering of plastic waste and its degradation into smaller particles. Approximately 15-51 trillion MP particles have accumulated in the oceans with their weight ranging between 93,000 and 236,000 metric ton (Mt), while about 19-23 Mt of plastic waste was released into rivers in 2016, which was projected to increase up to 53 Mt by 2030. A subsequent degradation of MPs in the aquatic environment results in the generation of NPs with size ranging from 1 to 1000 nm. It is expected that this work facilitates stakeholders to understand the multi-aspects of MPs pollution in the freshwater and recommends policy actions to implement sustainable solutions to this environmental problem.

Investigation of kinetic, isotherm and adsorption efficacy of thorium by orange peel immobilized on calcium alginate

In this research work the thorium uptake on immobilized protonated orange peel was studied in a batch system. The effects of effective parameters such as biosorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on the biosorption of thorium were analyzed. The biosorption capacity of the immobilized orange peel for thorium at optimal conditions of initial pH 3.8, biosorbent dosage 8 g/L, and initial thorium concentration 170 mg/L was found to be 18.65 mg/g. According to the results of contact time, the biosorption process reached equilibrium after around 10 h of contact. Investigation of the kinetics showed that the biosorption of thorium onto immobilized orange peel follows the pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to model the experimental equilibrium data. The results showed better agreement by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum absorption capacity of immobilized protonated orange peel for thorium adsorption was predicted by the Langmuir isotherm at 29.58 mg/g.

Isotherm and Kinetic Study of Metal Ions Sorption on Mustard Waste Biomass Functionalized with Polymeric Thiocarbamate

The presence of high concentrations of metal ions in effluents resulting from industrial metal coatings is a well-known fact. Most of the time, such metal ions, once they reach the environment, significantly contribute to its degradation. Therefore, it is essential that the concentration of metal ions is reduced (as much as possible) before such effluents are discharged into the environment to minimize the negative impact on the quality of the ecosystems. Among all methods that can be used to reduce the concentration of metal ions, sorption is one of the most viable options due to its high efficiency and low cost. Moreover, due to the fact that many industrial wastes have sorbent properties, this method is in accordance with the principles of circular economy. Based on these considerations, in this study, mustard waste biomass (resulting from oil extraction) was functionalized with an industrial polymeric thiocarbamate (METALSORB) and used as a sorbent to remove Cu(II), Zn(II) and Co(II) ions from aqueous media. The best conditions for the functionalization of mustard waste biomass were found to be: mixing ratio biomass: METASORB = 1 g: 1.0 mL and a temperature of 30 °C. The experimental sorption capacities of functionalized sorbent (MET-MWB) were 0.42 mmol/g for Cu(II), 0.29 mmol/g for Zn(II) and 0.47 mmol/g for Co(II), which were obtained under the following conditions: pH of 5.0, 5.0 g sorbent/L and a temperature of 21 °C. The modeling of isotherms and kinetic curves as well as the analysis of the results obtained from desorption processes demonstrate the usefulness of this sorbent in the treatment of effluents contaminated with metal ions. In addition, tests on real wastewater samples highlight the potential of MET-MWB for large-scale applications.

Untreated Opuntia ficus indica for the Efficient Adsorption of Ni(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) Ions from Water

The raw cladode of Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) was evaluated as a sustainable biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cu, and Cd) from aqueous solutions. The functional groups of OFI were identified by employing DRIFT-FTIR and CP-MAS-NMR techniques before and after contact with the ions in an aqueous media, showing a rearrangement of the biomass structure due to the complexation between the metal and the functional groups. The adsorption process was studied in both single- and multi-component systems under batch conditions at different pHs (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0), different metal concentrations, and different biomass amounts. The results show that the raw OFI had a removal capacity at room temperature of over 80% for all metals studied after only 30 min of contact time, indicating a rapid adsorption process. Biosorption kinetics were successfully fitted by the pseudo-second-order equation, while Freundlich correctly modelled the biosorption data at equilibrium. The results of this work highlight the potential use of the untreated cladode of OFI as an economical and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from the contaminated aqueous solution.

Kinetic process of the biosorption of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) by waste Pichia pastoris cells

Waste biomass of Pichia pastoris (P.pastoris) cells from the fermentation industry is an environmentally friendly biosorption material. The present study aimed to explore the biosorption behaviour of waste P.pastoris cells for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) in aqueous solution conditions. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics of three kinds of metals were well-fitted with lineared Elovich, pseudo-second-order kinetics models, non-linear kinetics and adsorption isotherms. The effective biosorption rates for Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) removal were 71.3%, 59.7% and 16.25% respectively. The maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacity of waste P.pastoris was 40 mg/g at pH = 4 and 225 mg/L of solute concentration for 0.4 g biomass, better than that of the living yeasts. The pattern of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) indicated that functional groups such as -NH, -OH, Si-O, P-O-C were involved in Cu(II) adsorption process. The analysis of SEM-EDS, XRD and TEM-EDS can be concluded that Cu(II) occupied Ca(II) binding sites by ion exchange mechanism to remove flocculation, and Cu(II) adsorbed onto the diatomite containing in the industrial waste P.pastoris. Thus the adsorption mechanism of the industrial waste P.pastoris was proposed taking Cu(II) as the example. And consecutive biosorption/desorption cycles were used for the evaluation of the regeneration efficiency, suggesting the good regeneration and reusability of waste P.pastoris.

The interplay between microalgae and toxic metal(loid)s: mechanisms and implications in AMD phycoremediation coupled with Fe/Mn mineralization

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is low-pH with high concentration of sulfates and toxic metal(loid)s (e.g. As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn), thereby posing a global environmental problem. For decades, microalgae have been used to remediate metal(loid)s in AMD, as they have various adaptive mechanisms for tolerating extreme environmental stress. Their main phycoremediation mechanisms are biosorption, bioaccumulation, coupling with sulfate-reducing bacteria, alkalization, biotransformation, and Fe/Mn mineral formation. This review summarizes how microalgae cope with metal(loid) stress and their specific mechanisms of phycoremediation in AMD. Based on the universal physiological characteristics of microalgae and the properties of their secretions, several Fe/Mn mineralization mechanisms induced by photosynthesis, free radicals, microalgal-bacterial reciprocity, and algal organic matter are proposed. Notably, microalgae can also reduce Fe(III) and inhibit mineralization, which is environmentally unfavorable. Therefore, the comprehensive environmental effects of microalgal co-occurring and cyclical opposing processes must be carefully considered. Using chemical and biological perspectives, this review innovatively proposes several specific processes and mechanisms of Fe/Mn mineralization that are mediated by microalgae, providing a theoretical basis for the geochemistry of metal(loid)s and natural attenuation of pollutants in AMD.

Translatomics and physiological analyses of the detoxification mechanism of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to cadmium toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants found in aquatic ecosystems. Although gene expression in algae exposed to Cd has been studied at the transcriptional level, little is known about Cd impacts at the translational level. Ribosome profiling is a novel translatomics method that can directly monitor RNA translation in vivo. Here, we analyzed the translatome of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following treatment with Cd to identify the cellular and physiological responses to Cd stress. Interestingly, we found that the cell morphology and cell wall structure were altered, and starch and high-electron-density particles accumulated in the cytoplasm. Several ATP-binding cassette transporters that responded to Cd exposure were identified. Redox homeostasis was adjusted to adapt to Cd toxicity, and GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (VTC2), glutathione peroxidase (GPX5), and ascorbate were found to play important roles in maintaining reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Moreover, we found that the key enzyme of flavonoid metabolism, i.e., hydroxyisoflavone reductase (IFR1), is also involved in the detoxification of Cd. Thus, in this study, translatome and physiological analyses provided a complete picture of the molecular mechanisms of green algae cell responses to Cd.

Phytohormones enhance heavy metal responses in Euglena gracilis: Evidence from uptake of Ni, Pb and Cd and linkages to hormonomic and metabolomic dynamics

Over the last decade, significant effort has been made to understand phytohormonal functions (e.g., cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA)) in metal stress responses of higher plants and algae. Despite the potential for these phytohormones to improve industrial remediation by Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae), no such roles have been elucidated for this highly adaptive species and its response to heavy metals. This study demonstrates that toxic metals (nickel, lead, cadmium) modify hormonal activity profiles (i.e., CK forms and their concentrations) in E. gracilis. Furthermore, exogenous ABA or CK (tZ) enabled higher metal uptake efficiency (i.e., 9.35% in lead and 9.2% in cadmium uptake with CK) and alleviated metal toxicity through the regulation of endogenous CKs (i.e., total CK, isoprenoid CK) and gibberellin (GAs, GA₁ and GA₃) levels. These responses suggest that E. gracilis regulates multiple phytohormone signals during metal stress acclimation. A deeper approach, using untargeted metabolomic analyses, gave more detailed insight into phytohormone-controlled pathways and associated modified metabolites, which were frequently related to metal accumulation and the physiological acclimation to metal presence. Significant changes in the levels of cellular metabolites, especially those involved in acclimation to metal stress, were under the influence of phytohormones in algal cells. When grown under metal stress conditions, the presence of exogenous ABA or CKs, caused changes in cellular metabolites which included those from: lipid pathways, riboflavin metabolism, the biosynthesis of cofactors/vitamins, and carbohydrate metabolism. Also, bioactive secondary metabolites (e.g., terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids) were modified in algal cells treated with phytohormones. Thus, the study gives a detailed view on the regulatory functions of ABA and CKs in algal metal bioremediation strategies, which are attributed to enhanced metal uptake and in the fine-tuning of plant hormone levels during metal stress response. The results can guide efforts to develop efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly methods for bioremediation.

Efficient removal of Cd2+ by diatom frustules self-modified in situ with intercellular organic components

The organic modification of three-dimensional porous diatom frustules (biosilica) and their fossils (diatomite) is promising in heavy metal adsorption. However, the preparation of such materials involves complex processes, high costs, and environmental hazards. In this study, organic-biosilica composites based on in situ self-modification of diatoms were prepared by freeze-drying pretreatment. Freeze-drying resulted in the release of the intercellular organic components of diatoms, followed by loading on the surface of their diatom frustules. The bio-adsorbent exhibits outstanding Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity (up to 220.3 mg/g). The adsorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity was 4 times greater than that of diatom biosilica (54.1 mg/g). The adsorption kinetics of Cd²⁺ was adequately described by a pseudo-second-order model and reached equilibrium within 30 min. By combining focused ion beam thinning with transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the internal structure of the composite and the Cd²⁺ distribution were investigated. The results showed that the organic matter of the composite adsorbed approximately 10 times more Cd²⁺ than inorganic biosilica. The adsorption mechanism was dominated by complexation between the abundant organic functional groups (amide, carboxyl, and amino groups) on the surfaces of composite and Cd²⁺. The bio-adsorbent was demonstrated to have wide applicability in the presence of competitive cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) and under a wide range of pH (3-10) conditions. Thus, the self-modification of diatoms offers a promising organic-inorganic composite for heavy metal remediation.

Strategies for safe management of hospital wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic

Management of hospital wastewater is a challenging task, particularly during the situations like coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The hospital effluent streams are likely to contain many known and unknown contaminants including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) along with a variety of pollutants arising from pharmaceuticals, life-style chemicals, drugs, radioactive species, and human excreta from the patients. The effluents are a mixed bag of contaminants with some of them capable of infecting through contact. Hence, it is essential to identify appropriate treatment strategies for hospital waste streams. In this work, various pollutants emerging in the context of COVID-19 are examined. A methodical review is conducted on the occurrence and disinfection methods of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. An emphasis is given to the necessity of addressing the challenges of handling hospital effluents dynamically involved during the pandemic scenario to ensure human and environmental safety. A comparative evaluation of disinfection strategies makes it evident that the non-contact methods like ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide vapor, and preventive approaches such as the usage of antimicrobial surface coating offer promise in reducing the chance of disease transmission. These methods are also highly efficient in comparison with other strategies. Chemical disinfection strategies such as chlorination may lead to further disinfection byproducts, complicating the treatment processes. An overall analysis of various disinfection methods is presented here, including developing methods such as membrane technologies, highlighting the merits and demerits of each of these processes. Finally, the wastewater surveillance adopted during the COVID-19 outbreak is discussed.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1.

Overexpression of the sulfate transporter-encoding SULTR2 increases chromium accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(Ⅵ)] is a highly toxic contaminant in aquatic systems, and microalgae represent promising bioremediators of metal-containing wastewater. However, the metal-binding capacity of algal cells is limited. Therefore, we improved the cellular Cr(Ⅵ) biosorption capacity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by overexpressing the sulfate transporter gene SULTR2. SULTR2 was predominantly located in the cytoplasm of the cell, and few proteins mobilized to the cell membrane as a Cr transporter under Cr stress conditions. Intracellular Cr accumulation was almost doubled in SULTR2-overexpressing transgenic strains after exposure to 30 μM K₂ Cr₂ O₇ for 4 d. Alginate-based immobilization increased the rate of Cr removal from 43.81% to 88.15% for SULTR2-overexpressing transgenic strains after exposure to 10 μM K₂ Cr₂ O₇ for 6 d. The immobilized cells also displayed a significant increase in nutrient removal efficiency compared to that of free-swimming cells. Therefore, SULTR2 overexpression in algae has a great potential for the bioremediation of Cr(Ⅵ)-containing wastewater.

Biopolymer - A sustainable and efficacious material system for effluent removal

Undesired discharge of various effluents directly into the aquatic ecosystem can adversely affect water quality, endangering aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. Therefore, the conceptual design and fabrication of a sustainable system for alleviating the harmful toxins that are discharged into the atmosphere and water bodies using a green sustainable approach is a fundamental standpoint. Adsorptive removal of toxins (∼99% removal efficacy) is one of the most attractive and facile approaches for cleaner technologies that remediate the environmental impacts and provide a safe operating space. Recently, the introduction of biopolymers for the adsorptive abstraction of toxins from water has received considerable attention due to their eclectic accessibility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and enhanced removal efficacy (∼ 80-90% for electrospun fibers). This review summarizes the recent literature on the biosorption of various toxins by biopolymers and the possible interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate, providing an in-depth perspective of the adsorption mechanism. Most of the observed results are explained in terms of (1) biopolymers classification and application, (2) toxicity of various effluents, (3) biopolymers in wastewater treatment and their removal mechanism, and (4) regeneration, reuse, and biodegradation of the adsorbent biopolymer.

Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Silica Modified with Purpald and Its Application in the Preconcentration of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Samples through Solid-Phase Extraction

The synthesis of an organofunctionalized mesoporous silica was accomplished by a two-step process involving (1) the co-condensation of a silylant agent at the surface of silica, followed by (2) the immobilization of Purpald (ligand) at the organic termination of the silytant agent. The characterization of the organofunctionalized material indicated the presence of NH2 groups, and the immobilization of the ligand was confirmed by 29Si- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance. The material’s surface area was determined as 370 m2 g−1. Batch adsorption experiments enabled the determination of optimum pH conditions for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II). Under optimal pH, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model provided the best correlations to describe the materials adsorption behavior, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. When tested in continuous-flow preconcentration experiments, the flow rate and eluent concentration demonstrated to affect the removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II), while the buffer concentration had an effect only over the adsorption of Cu(II). Under optimized preconcentration conditions, it was possible both to determine the concentrations of Cu(II) and Cd(II) in samples such as mineral water, ground water, tap water and river water. Ions commonly found in drinking and natural waters (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Ba2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, and H2PO4−) did not affect the preconcentration of any of the studied analytes. Reutilization experiments indicated that the adsorbent material can withstand at least 40 adsorption/desorption preconcentration cycles with no efficiency loss.

Genetic engineering to enhance microalgal-based produced water treatment with emphasis on CRISPR/Cas9: A review

In recent years, the increased demand for and regional variability of available water resources, along with sustainable water supply planning, have driven interest in the reuse of produced water. Reusing produced water can provide important economic, social, and environmental benefits, particularly in water-scarce regions. Therefore, efficient wastewater treatment is a crucial step prior to reuse to meet the requirements for use within the oil and gas industry or by external users. Bioremediation using microalgae has received increased interest as a method for produced water treatment for removing not only major contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, but also heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Some research publications reported nearly 100% removal of total hydrocarbons, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and iron when using microalgae to treat produced water. Enhancing microalgal removal efficiency as well as growth rate, in the presence of such relevant contaminants is of great interest to many industries to further optimize the process. One novel approach to further enhancing algal capabilities and phytoremediation of wastewater is genetic modification. A comprehensive description of using genetically engineered microalgae for wastewater bioremediation is discussed in this review. This article also reviews random and targeted mutations as a method to alter microalgal traits to produce strains capable of tolerating various stressors related to wastewater. Other methods of genetic engineering are discussed, with sympathy for CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This is accompanied by the opportunities, as well as the challenges of using genetically engineered microalgae for this purpose.

Alkaline Modification of Arabica-Coffee and Theobroma-Cocoa Agroindustrial Waste for Effective Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solutions

Arabica-coffee and Theobroma-cocoa agroindustrial wastes were treated with NaOH and characterized to efficiently remove Pb(II) from the aqueous media. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacities, qmax, of Arabica-coffee (WCAM) and Theobroma-cocoa (WCTM) biosorbents (qmax = 303.0 and 223.1 mg·g−1, respectively) were almost twice that of the corresponding untreated wastes and were higher than those of other similar agro-industrial biosorbents reported in the literature. Structural, chemical, and morphological characterization were performed by FT-IR, SEM/EDX, and point of zero charge (pHPZC) measurements. Both the WCAM and WCTM biosorbents showed typical uneven and rough cracked surfaces including the OH, C=O, COH, and C-O-C functional adsorbing groups. The optimal Pb(II) adsorption, reaching a high removal efficiency %R (>90%), occurred at a pH between 4 and 5 with a biosorbent dose of 2 g·L−1. The experimental data for Pb(II) adsorption on WACM and WCTM were well fitted with the Langmuir-isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models. These indicated that Pb(II) adsorption is a chemisorption process with the presence of a monolayer mechanism. In addition, the deduced thermodynamic parameters showed the endothermic (ΔH0 > 0), feasible, and spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0) nature of the adsorption processes studied.

Synergy between microalgae and microbiome in polluted waters

Microalga-microbiome interactions are central to both health and disease of aquatic environments. Despite impressive advances in deciphering how microorganisms participate in and impact aquatic ecosystems, the evolution and ecological involvement of microalgae and the microbiome in polluted waters are typically studied independently. Here, the phycosphere (i.e., the consortia of microalgae and the related microbiome) is regarded as an independent and integrated life form, and we summarize the survival strategies exhibited by this symbiont when exposed to anthropogenic pollution. We highlight the cellular strategies and discuss the modulation at the transcriptional and population levels, which reciprocally alters community structure or genome composition for medium-term acclimation or long-term adaptation. We propose a 'PollutantBiome' concept to help the understanding of microalga-microbiome interactions and development of beneficial microbial synthetic communities for pollutant remediation.

Chromium in plant-soil nexus: Speciation, uptake, transport and sustainable remediation techniques

Heavy metal (HM) pollution has become a serious global problem due to the non-biodegradable nature of the HMs and their persistence in the environment. Agricultural soil is a non-renewable resource that requires careful management so that it can fulfill the increasing demand for agricultural food production. However, different anthropogenic activities have resulted in a large-scale accumulation of HMs in soil which is detrimental to soil and plant health. Due to their ubiquity, increased bioavailability, toxicity, and non-biodegradable nature, HM contamination has formed a roadblock in the way of achieving food security, safety, and sustainability in the future. Chromium (Cr), specifically Cr(VI) is a highly bioavailable HM with no proven role in the physiology of plants. Chromium has been found to be highly toxic to plants, with its toxicity also influenced by chemical speciation, which is in turn controlled by different factors, such as soil pH, redox potential, organic matter, and microbial population. In this review, the different factors that influence Cr speciation were analyzed and the relationship between biogeochemical transformations of Cr and its bioavailability which may be beneficial for devising different Cr remediation strategies has been discussed. Also, the uptake and transport mechanism of Cr in plants, with particular reference to sulfate and phosphate transporters has been presented. The biological solutions for the remediation of Cr contaminated sites which offer safe and viable alternatives to old-style physical and chemical remediation strategies have been discussed in detail. This review provides theoretical guidance in developing suitable approaches for the better management of these remediation strategies.

Resource recovery from hydroponic wastewaters using microalgae-based biorefineries: A circular bioeconomy perspective

As the world's population grows, it is necessary to rethink how countries throughout the world produce food in order to replace the conventional and unsustainable agricultural techniques. Microalgae cultivation using a nutrient-rich solution from hydroponic systems not only presents a novel approach to solving problems pertaining to the impact of the discharges on the natural environment but also provides a plethora of other biotechnological applications particularly in the productions of high value-added products and plants growth stimulants, which can be potentially assimilated into the circular bioeconomy (CBE) in the hydroponic sector. In this review, the potential and practicability of microalgae to be merged into hydroponics CBE are reviewed. Overall, the integration of microalgal biorefineries in hydroponics systems can be realized after considering their Technology Readiness Level and System Readiness Level beforehand. Several suggestions on strains and hydroponics system improvement using existing biotechnological tools, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nanobiotechnology in support of the CBE will be covered.

Recent Progress on Tailoring the Biomass-Derived Cellulose Hybrid Composite Photocatalysts

Biomass-derived cellulose hybrid composite materials are promising for application in the field of photocatalysis due to their excellent properties. The excellent properties between biomass-derived cellulose and photocatalyst materials was induced by biocompatibility and high hydrophilicity of the cellulose components. Biomass-derived cellulose exhibited huge amount of electron-rich hydroxyl group which could promote superior interaction with the photocatalyst. Hence, the original sources and types of cellulose, synthesizing methods, and fabrication cellulose composites together with applications are reviewed in this paper. Different types of biomasses such as biochar, activated carbon (AC), cellulose, chitosan, and chitin were discussed. Cellulose is categorized as plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose, algae cellulose, and tunicate cellulose. The extraction and purification steps of cellulose were explained in detail. Next, the common photocatalyst nanomaterials including titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), and graphene, were introduced based on their distinct structures, advantages, and limitations in water treatment applications. The synthesizing method of TiO₂-based photocatalyst includes hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition synthesis. Different synthesizing methods contribute toward different TiO₂ forms in terms of structural phases and surface morphology. The fabrication and performance of cellulose composite catalysts give readers a better understanding of the incorporation of cellulose in the development of sustainable and robust photocatalysts. The modifications including metal doping, non-metal doping, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) showed improvements on the degradation performance of cellulose composite catalysts. The information and evidence on the fabrication techniques of biomass-derived cellulose hybrid photocatalyst and its recent application in the field of water treatment were reviewed thoroughly in this review paper.

Recent progress in microalgae-derived biochar for the treatment of textile industry wastewater

Textile industry utilize a massive amount of dyes for coloring. The dye-containing effluent is released into wastewater along with heavy metals that are part of dye structure. The treatment of textile industry wastewater using conventional techniques (coagulation, membrane technique, electrolysis ion exchange, etc.) is uneconomical and less efficient (for a low concentration of pollutants). Moreover, most of these techniques produce toxic sludge, making them less environmentally friendly. Algae base industry is growing for food, cosmetics and energy needs. Algae biomass in unique compared to lignocellulosic biomass due to presence of various functional group on its surface and presence of various cations. These two characteristics are unique for biochar as a tool for environmental decontamination. Algae biomass contain functional groups and cations that can be effective for removal of organic contaminants (dyes) and heavy metals. Algae can be micro and macro and both have entirely different biomass composition which will lead to a synthesis of different biochar even under same synthesis process. This study reviews the recent progress in the development of an economically viable and eco-friendly approach for textile industry wastewater using algae biomass-derived absorbents. The strategy employed microalgal biochar to remove organic pollutants (dyes) and heavy metals from textile effluents by biosorption. This article discusses different methods for preparing algal biochar (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction), and the adsorption capacity of biochar for dyes and heavy metals. Work on hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction of microalgal biomass for biochar is limited. Variation in structural and functional groups changes on biochar compared to original microalgal biomass are profound in contract with lignocellulosic biomass. Existing Challenges, future goals, and the development of these technologies at the pilot level are also discussed.

Biosorption of heavy metals by microorganisms: Evaluation of different underlying mechanisms

Globally, ecotoxicologists, environmental biologists, biochemists, pathologists, and other experts are concerned about environmental contamination. Numerous pollutants, such as harmful heavy metals and emerging hazardous chemicals, are pervasive sources of water pollution. Water pollution and sustainable development have several eradication strategies proposed and used. Biosorption is a low-cost, easy-to-use, profitable, and efficient method of removing pollutants from water resources. Microorganisms are effective biosorbents, and their biosorption efficacy varies based on several aspects, such as ambient factors, sorbing materials, and metals to be removed. Microbial culture survival is also important. Biofilm agglomerates play an important function in metal uptake by extracellular polymeric molecules from water resources. This study investigates the occurrence of heavy metals, their removal by biosorption techniques, and the influence of variables such as those indicated above on biosorption performance. Ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption are all components of biosorption. Between 20 and 35 °C is the optimal temperature range for biosorption efficiency from water resources. Utilizing living microorganisms that interact with the active functional groups found in the water contaminants might increase biosorption efficiency. This article discusses the negative impacts of microorganisms on living things and provides an outline of how they affect the elimination of heavy metals.

Porous geopolymer with controllable interconnected pores-a viable permeable reactive barrier filler for lead pollutant removal

Most of the commonly used traditional permeable reactive barrier (PRB) fillers have many drawbacks, such as poor retention of hydraulic conductivity, high cost, and a complex preparation process. Porous geopolymers (PGPs) with controllable pore structures could circumvent these drawbacks owing to their high adsorption capacity, cost-effective synthesis, and good chemical stability. In this study, based on our previous research, the "foaming-liquid film" balance control method was proposed and used to fabricate three PGPs with gradient pore connectivity. The influence of pore structure on the Pb²⁺ removal performance and migration mechanism were investigated by conducting both batch and column experiments. Closed, dead-end, capillary, and interconnected pores exist in the PGPs, and results indicated that interconnected pores effectively promote the migration of solute in the main flow channels to the deeper matrix, thereby enhancing the long-term dynamic removal efficiency. At breakthrough, the Pb²⁺ uptake of PGP-3 reached 146 mg g^-1. Further, the proposed "foaming-liquid film" balance control method is effective to prepare PGPs with controllable connectivity, and the PGP-PRBs with a high proportion of interconnected pores exhibit excellent performance for the removal of heavy metals, which is advantageous for their future applications in groundwater decontamination.

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions Copper, Cadmium and Nickel by Microcystis aeruginosa

To investigate the treatment effect of algae biosorbent on heavy metal wastewater, in this paper, the adsorption effect of M. aeruginosa powder on heavy metal ions copper, cadmium and nickel was investigated using the uniform experimental method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TG-DSC comprehensive thermal analysis. The experimental results showed that the initial concentration of copper ion solution was 25 mg/L, the temperature was 30 °C, the pH value was 8 and the adsorption time was 5 h, which was the best condition for the removal of copper ions by algae powder adsorption, and the removal rate was 83.24%. The initial concentration of cadmium ion solution was 5 mg/L, the temperature was 35 °C, the pH value was 8 and the adsorption time was 4 h, which was the best condition for the adsorption of cadmium ion by algae powder, and the removal rate was 92.00%. The initial nickel ion solution concentration of 15 mg/L, temperature of 35 °C, pH value of 7 and adsorption time of 1 h were the best conditions for the adsorption of nickel ions by algae powder, and the removal rate was 88.67%. The spatial structure of algae powder changed obviously before and after adsorbing heavy metals. The functional groups such as amino and phosphate groups on the cell wall of M. aeruginosa enhanced the adsorption effect of heavy metal ions copper, cadmium and nickel. Additionally, M. aeruginosa adsorption of heavy metal ions copper, cadmium, nickel is an exothermic process. The above experiments show that M. aeruginosa can be used as a biological adsorbent to remove heavy metals, which lays a theoretical foundation for the subsequent treatment of heavy metal pollution by algae.

Insights into the recent advances in nano-bioremediation of pesticides from the contaminated soil

In the present scenario, the uncontrolled and irrational use of pesticides is affecting the environment, agriculture and livelihood worldwide. The excessive application of pesticides for better production of crops and to maintain sufficient food production is leading to cause many serious environmental issues such as soil pollution, water pollution and also affecting the food chain. The efficient management of pesticide use and remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil is one of the most significant challenges to overcome. The efficiency of the current methods of biodegradation of pesticides using different microbes and enzymes depends on the various physical and chemical conditions of the soil and they have certain limitations. Hence, a novel strategy is the need of the hour to safeguard the ecosystem from the serious environmental hazard. In recent years, the application of nanomaterials has drawn attention in many areas due to their unique properties of small size and increased surface area. Nanotechnology is considered to be a promising and effective technology in various bioremediation processes and provides many significant benefits for improving the environmental technologies using nanomaterials with efficient performance. The present article focuses on and discusses the role, application and importance of nano-bioremediation of pesticides and toxic pollutants to explore the potential of nanomaterials in the bioremediation of hazardous compounds from the environment.

Effects of Salicylic Acid on Heavy Metal Resistance in Eukaryotic Algae and Its Mechanisms

Heavy metal pollution and water eutrophication are still the main issues to be solved in the environmental field. To find a biological control method for Cd²⁺-contaminated water or combined eutrophication and Cd²⁺ pollution water, the effects of salicylic acid on heavy metal Cd²⁺ resistance in eukaryotic algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa and its mechanisms were studied. The results showed that the inhibition rates of 3.0 mg/L Cd²⁺ stress group at 96 h were 67.0% on S. obliquus and 61.4% on C. pyrenoidosa and their uptake of Cd²⁺ was 0.31 mg/g and 0.35 mg/g, respectively. When adding the different concentrations of salicylic acid while stressed by 3.0 mg/L Cd²⁺, the hormesis phenomenon of low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition could be seen, and the inhibition rates of 30 mg/L~90 mg/L salicylic acid addition groups were significantly lower than those of the Cd²⁺ stress group alone, which were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and the absorption of Cd²⁺ was dramatically improved. Except for the 120 mg/L salicylic acid addition group, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and YII), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of all the other concentration groups were significantly higher than those of the Cd²⁺ stress group alone, p < 0.05.; the algal cell morphology in low concentration groups (30 mg/L and 60 mg/L) was also less damaged than those in the Cd²⁺ stress group alone. These indicate that the low concentrations of salicylic acid can counteract or protect the algal cells from Cd²⁺ attack, the mechanisms, on the one hand, might be related to the chelation of heavy metals by salicylic acid, resulting in the decrease of the toxicity of Cd²⁺; on the other hand, low concentrations of salicylic acid can stimulate the growth of these two algae, improve their photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant capacity, as well as maintain the relative integrity of algal morphological structure.

High Selectivity and Stability Structure of Layered Double Hydroxide-Biochar for Removal Cd(II)

Composite M2+/Al-BC (Ca/Al-BC, Cu/Al-BC, and Ni/Al-BC) have been successfully synthesized. Composite and pristine materials were used as adsorbents of cadmium(II) [Cd(II)] in an aqueous solution. Firstly the performance of composite and pristine materials was evaluated by reusability properties until five cycles adsorption process followed with a determination of isotherms and adsorption thermodynamic properties. The results show composite has ten-fold surface area properties than starting materials. The adsorption capacities of CaAl-BC, CuAl-BC, and NiAl-BC at a temperature of 333 K were 156.250 mg/g, 149.254 mg/g, and 208.333 mg/g, respectively. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).