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Zhao Y, Duan C, Zhang H, Gong W, Wang Y, Ren J, Nie X, Li J. Response of lipid metabolism, energy supply, and cell fate in yellowstripe goby (Mugilogobius chulae) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations atorvastatin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122991. [PMID: 37995957 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The usage of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) such as cardiovascular and lipid-modulating drugs in clinical care accounts for the largest share of pharmaceutical consumption in most countries. Atorvastatin (ATV), one of the most commonly used lipid-lowering drugs, is frequently detected with lower concentrations in aquatic environments owing to its wide application, low removal, and degradation rates. However, the adverse effects of ATV on non-target aquatic organisms, especially the molecular mechanisms behind the toxic effects, still remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the potentially toxic effects of ATV exposure (including environmental concentrations) on yellowstripe goby (Mugilogobius chulae) and addressed the multi-dimensional responses. The results showed that ATV caused typical hepatotoxicity to M. chulae. ATV interfered with lipid metabolism by blocking fatty acid β-oxidation and led to the over-consumption of lipids. Thus, the exposed organism was obliged to alter the energy supply patterns and substrates utilization pathways to keep the normal energy supply. In addition, the higher concentration of ATV exposure caused oxidative stress to the organism. Subsequently, M. chulae triggered the autophagy and apoptosis processes with the help of key stress-related transcriptional regulators FOXOs and Sestrins to degrade the damaged organelles and proteins to maintain intracellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhao
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chunni Duan
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Weibo Gong
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinzhi Ren
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
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2
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Phukan D, Kumar V. Tracking drugged waters from various sources to drinking water-its persistence, environmental risk assessment, and removal techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86676-86698. [PMID: 37436619 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have become a major concern due to their nature of persistence and accumulation in the environment. Very few studies have been performed relating to its toxicity and ill effects on the aquatic/terrestrial flora and fauna. The typical wastewater and water treatment processes are not efficient enough to get these persistent pollutants treated, and there are hardly any guidelines followed. Most of them do not get fully metabolized and end up in rivers through human excreta and household discharge. Various methods have been adopted with the advancement in technology, sustainable methods are more in demand as they are usually cost-effective, and hardly any toxic by-products are produced. This paper aims to illustrate the concerns related to pharmaceutical contaminants in water, commonly found drugs in the various rivers and their existing guidelines, ill effects of highly detected pharmaceuticals on aquatic flora and fauna, and its removal and remediation techniques putting more emphasis on sustainable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixita Phukan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004.
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Pinheiro M, Martins I, Raimundo J, Caetano M, Neuparth T, Santos MM. Stressors of emerging concern in deep-sea environments: microplastics, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and deep-sea mining. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162557. [PMID: 36898539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although most deep-sea areas are remote in comparison to coastal zones, a growing body of literature indicates that many sensitive ecosystems could be under increased stress from anthropogenic sources. Among the multiple potential stressors, microplastics (MPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs/PCPs) and the imminent start of commercial deep-sea mining have received increased attention. Here we review recent literature on these emerging stressors in deep-sea environments and discuss cumulative effects with climate change associated variables. Importantly, MPs and PPCPs have been detected in deep-sea waters, organisms and sediments, in some locations in comparable levels to coastal areas. The Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea are the most studied areas and where higher levels of MPs and PPCPs have been detected. The paucity of data for most other deep-sea ecosystems indicates that many more locations are likely to be contaminated by these emerging stressors, but the absence of studies hampers a better assessment of the potential risk. The main knowledge gaps in the field are identified and discussed, and future research priorities are highlighted to improve hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Pinheiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Irene Martins
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
| | - Miguel Caetano
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Torres T, Barros S, Neuparth T, Ruivo R, Santos MM. Using zebrafish embryo bioassays to identify chemicals modulating the regulation of the epigenome: a case study with simvastatin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:22913-22928. [PMID: 36307569 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern have been increasingly associated with the modulation of the epigenome, leading to potentially inherited and persistent impacts on apical endpoints. Here, we address the performance of the OECD Test No. 236 FET (fish embryo acute toxicity) in the identification of chemicals able to modulate the epigenome. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, acute and chronic exposures were performed with the pharmaceutical, simvastatin (SIM), a widely prescribed hypocholesterolemic drug reported to induce inter and transgenerational effects. In the present study, the epigenetic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of SIM (from 8 ng/L to 2000 ng/L) were addressed following (1) an acute embryo assay based on OECD Test No. 236 FET, (2) a chronic partial life-cycle exposure using adult zebrafish (90 days), and (3) F1 embryos obtained from parental exposed animals. Simvastatin induced significant effects in gene expression of key epigenetic biomarkers (DNA methylation and histone acetylation/deacetylation) in the gonads of exposed adult zebrafish and in 80 hpf zebrafish embryos (acute and chronic parental intergenerational exposure), albeit with distinct effect profiles between biological samples. In the chronic exposure, SIM impacted particularly DNA methyltransferase genes in males and female gonads, whereas in F1 embryos SIM affected mostly genes associated with histone acetylation/deacetylation. In the embryo acute direct exposure, SIM modulated the expression of both genes involved in DNA methylation and histone deacetylase. These findings further support the use of epigenetic biomarkers in zebrafish embryos in a high throughput approach to identify and prioritize epigenome-modulating chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Torres
- Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, S/N, Portugal
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Barros
- Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, S/N, Portugal
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Quinta de Prados, Ed. Blocos Laboratoriais C1.10, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, S/N, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, S/N, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Machado Santos
- Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, S/N, Portugal.
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Han Y, Ma Y, Tong J, Zhang J, Hu C. Systems assessment of statins hazard: Integrating in silico prediction, developmental toxicity profile and transcriptomics in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113981. [PMID: 36029576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Statins are prescribed widely as lipid-lowering agents. However, statins are associated with an increased harmful risk on public health and the ecosystem. Little is known about statins' toxicity on biological development and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We exposed zebrafish embryos to a series of statins to evaluate their development toxicity. Statins-induced embryonic developmental defects in a concentration-dependent manner. 72 h LC50 values for lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pravastatin were 0.01 μM, 0.04 μM, 1.93 μM, 37.28 μM, 79.29 μM, and 2170 μM, respectively. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in heart contraction, calcium ion binding, transcription factors, nucleus, and G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway was altered by statins. The early growth response gene (egr4) and transcription factor genes (fosab and fosb) were screened as potential toxicity targets due to their significant upregulation based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) and drug-gene interaction network analysis. Finally, the ecotoxicity profile of statins was predicted by in silico method, and statins were high or moderate risk to aquatic organisms. We provide a systems toxicology strategy to explore the toxicity of statins and illustrate the potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Junwei Tong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jingpu Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Changqin Hu
- Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China.
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Eysseric E, Gagnon C, Segura PA. Uncovering transformation products of four organic contaminants of concern by photodegradation experiments and analysis of real samples from a local river. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133408. [PMID: 34968520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, photodegradation experiments simulating the exposure conditions of sunlight on the commonly detected in surface and wastewater contaminants atorvastatin (ATV), bezafibrate (BEZ), oxybenzone (OXZ), and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) were conducted as the fate of these compounds and their transformation products (TPs) was followed. Then a nontargeted analysis was carried out on an urban river to confirm the environmental occurrence of the TPs after which the ECOSAR software was used to generate predicted effect levels of toxicity of the detected TPs on aquatic organisms. Five TPs of ATV were tentatively identified including two stable ones at the end of the experiment: ATV_TP557a and ATV_TP575, that were the product of hydroxylation. Complete degradation of OXZ was observed in the experiment with no significant TP identified. BEZ remained stable and largely undegraded at the end of the exposure. Five TPs of TBEP were found including four that were stable at the end of the experiment: TBEP_TP413, TBEP_TP415, TBEP_TP429, and TBEP_TP343. In the nontargeted analysis, ATV_TP557b, a positional isomer of ATV_TP557a, ATV_TP575 and the 5 TPs of TBEP were tentatively identified. The predicted concentration for effect levels were lower for ATV_TP557b compared to ATV indicating the TP is potentially more toxic than the parent compound. All the TPs of TBEP showed lower predicted toxicity toward aquatic organisms than their parent compound. These results highlight the importance of conducting complete workflows from laboratory experiments, followed by nontargeted analysis to confirm environmental occurrence to end with predicted toxicity to better communicate concern of the newfound TPs to monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Eysseric
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Pedro A Segura
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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7
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Lei Y, Guo J, Chen Q, Mo J, Tian Y, Iwata H, Song J. Transcriptomic Alterations in Water Flea ( Daphnia magna) following Pravastatin Treatments: Insect Hormone Biosynthesis and Energy Metabolism. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030110. [PMID: 35324735 PMCID: PMC8952691 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pravastatin, used for lowering cholesterol and further decreasing blood lipid, has been frequently detected in the contaminated freshwaters, whereas its long-term exposure effects on non-target aquatic invertebrates remains undetermined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of pravastatin (PRA) with the concentration gradients (0, 0.5, 50, 5000 μg/L) on a model water flea Daphnia magna (D. magna) over 21 d based on phenotypic and genome-wide transcriptomic analyses. After 21 d, exposure to PRA at 5000 μg/L significantly reduced the body length and increased the number of offspring. The 76, 167, and 499 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using absolute log2 fold change < 1 and adj p < 0.05 as a cutoff in the 0.5, 50, and 5000 μg/L PRA treatment groups, respectively. Three pathways, including xenobiotic metabolism, insect hormone biosynthesis pathway, and energy metabolism were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched after exposure to PRA. These suggested that the upregulation of genes in insect biosynthetic hormone pathway increased the juvenile hormone III content, which further reduced the body length of D. magna. The positive effect of methyl farnesoate synthesis on the ovarian may result in the increased number of offspring. Furthermore, energy tended to be allocated to detoxification process and survival under stress conditions, as the amount of energy that an individual can invest in maintenance and growth is limited. Taken together, our results unraveled the toxic mechanism of cardiovascular and lipid pharmaceuticals in aquatic invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-189-9233-8259 (J.G.); +86-150-0929-4609 (J.S.)
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Yulu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Ehime Prefecture, Japan;
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (Y.L.); (Q.C.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-189-9233-8259 (J.G.); +86-150-0929-4609 (J.S.)
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Albendín MG, Aranda V, Coello MD, González-Gómez C, Rodríguez-Barroso R, Quiroga JM, Arellano JM. Pharmaceutical Products and Pesticides Toxicity Associated with Microplastics (Polyvinyl Chloride) in Artemia salina. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010773. [PMID: 34682526 PMCID: PMC8536102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products, as well as insecticides and antimicrobials, have been extensively studied, but knowledge of their effects-especially those caused by their mixtures with microplastics-on aquatic organisms remains limited. However, it should be borne in mind that the state of knowledge on acute and chronic effects in aquatic organisms for pharmaceuticals and pesticides is not similar. In response, this investigation analyzed the presence of microplastics (polyvinyl chloride) and their impacts on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (an insecticide) and triclosan (an antibacterial) when they coincide in the environment, alongside the two most consumed drugs of their type (hypolipemic and anticonvulsant, respectively), namely simvastatin and carbamazepine, in Artemia salina. LC50 and cholinesterase enzyme activity were calculated to determine the possible neurotoxicity associated with emergent contaminants in the treatments. The LC50 values obtained were 0.006 mg/dm3 for chlorpyrifos, 0.012 mg/dm3 for chlorpyrifos associated with microplastics, 4.979 mg/dm3 for triclosan, 4.957 mg/dm3 for triclosan associated with microplastics, 9.35 mg/dm3 for simvastatin, 10.29 mg/dm3 for simvastatin associated with microplastics, 43.25 mg/dm3 for carbamazepine and 46.50 mg/dm3 for carbamazepine associated with microplastics in acute exposure. These results indicate that the presence of microplastics in the medium reduces toxicity, considering the LC50 values. However, exposure to chlorpyrifos and carbamazepine, both alone and associated with microplastics, showed a decline in cholinesterase activity, confirming their neurotoxic effect. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed with the biomarker cholinesterase between the toxicant and the toxicant with microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gemma Albendín
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Aranda
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
| | - María Dolores Coello
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (R.R.-B.); (J.M.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen González-Gómez
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (R.R.-B.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - José María Quiroga
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (R.R.-B.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - Juana María Arellano
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
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9
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Fanali LZ, De Oliveira C, Sturve J. Enzymatic, morphological, and genotoxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53926-53935. [PMID: 34036510 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish have defense systems that are capable of repairing damages caused by xenobiotics like benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), so the aims of this study were to identify BaP toxicity in melanomacrophages (MMs) cytoskeleton, evaluate the melanin area in MMs, and analyze genotoxicity. Rainbow trout juveniles (n = 24) were split in 48h and 7d treatments that received 2 mg/kg of BaP. After the experiment, blood samples were collected and liver was removed, to proceed with the analysis: EROD activity, MMs melanin area quantification, melanosomes movements, and a genotoxicity test. The results revealed increased in EROD activity after 48-h and 7-day BaP exposure. The group 7d displayed a reduction in MMs pigmented area, melanosomes aggregation, in addition to an increased frequency of micronucleus. By means of the EROD assay, it was possible to confirm the activation of BaP biotransformation system. The impairment of the melanosomes' movements possibly by an inactivation of the protein responsible for the pigment dispersion consequently affects the melanin area and thus might negatively impact the MMs detoxification capacity. In addition to this cytotoxicity, the increased frequency of micronucleus might also indicate the genotoxicity of BaP in this important fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Zácari Fanali
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Classius De Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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Klementová Š, Petráňová P, Fojtíková P. Photodegradation of Atorvastatin under Light Conditions Relevant to Natural Waters and Photoproducts Toxicity Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2021.104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Shi H, Wang M, Wang B, Huang Q, Gao S. Insights on photochemical activities of organic components and minerals in dissolved state biochar in the degradation of atorvastatin in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122277. [PMID: 32086092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the photocatalytic activity of dissolved state biochar (DSB) with different pyrolysis temperature to the degradation of atorvastatin (ATV), a medicine widely used to combat hyperlipidemia. It was found that the photocatalytic efficiency of DSB increased with the decrease of pyrolysis temperature, that is, DSB300 (DSB with 300 °C of pyrolysis temperature) had the greatest photocatalytic activity in same condition, which was attributed to the dual role of DSB300 as heterogeneous photocatalyst and photosensitizer. The mineral components were responsible for the heterogeneous photocatalytic activity of DSB300. Organic carbon components could synergistically enhance the heterogeneous photocatalytic activity by enhancement of electron-hole separation, and contribute to the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and triplet-excited state (3DSB*) as well. The identification of intermediate products and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of irradiated DSB300/ATV revealed that cross-coupling reaction between ATV and DSB existed in the photodegradation process of ATV. The detailed photodegradation pathways of ATV were proposed, which was triggered by oxygen insertion of pyrrole ring and hydroxyl addition. Meanwhile, the modification of DSB300 under irradiation was evidently attenuated with ATV as shown by multiple characterizations, which helped to keep the stability of DSB300 in photochemical reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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12
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Tete VS, Nyoni H, Mamba BB, Msagati TA. Occurrence and spatial distribution of statins, fibrates and their metabolites in aquatic environments. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Wang C, Ku P, Nie X, Bao S, Wang Z, Li K. Effects of simvastatin on the PXR signaling pathway and the liver histology in Mugilogobius abei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:399-409. [PMID: 30240922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin is one of the most commonly cholesterol-lowering prescribed drugs all over the world. With the increase of consumption of these pharmaceuticals and subsequent their discharge into the aquatic environment in recent years, they are present at detectable levels in most sewage effluents. Unfortunately, limited information is provided about their potential impacts on aquatic organisms, especially on the detoxification-related metabolism in fish. In the present study, one local native benthic fish (Mugilogobius abei) in southern China was employed as test species and exposed to SV (0.5 μg L-1, 5 μg L-1, 50 μg L-1 and 500 μg L-1) for 72 h. The transcriptional expression of nucleus transcriptional factor pregnane X receptor (PXR) and its downstream targeted genes including multixenobiotics resistance protein or permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), cytochrome 1A (CYP1A), cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the expression of associated microRNA such as miR-27, miR-34 and miR-148 in Mugilogobius abei were investigated. Result showed that the expressions of P-gp, CYP 1A, CYP 3A, GST and PXR were induced to some extend under simvastatin exposure for 72 h. A positive correlation was observed between PXR and CYP1A, CYP3A and P-gp. While for microRNA, a negative relationship was found between miR-34a and CYP3A, CYP1A. The expression of miR-148a was significantly induced under the exposure of SV (50 μg L-1), which was positive related to the transcriptional expression of PXR. For enzyme activity, erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) significantly increased at 24 h and the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) exhibited different trends. CAT was slightly inhibited at 24 h exposure but SOD was significantly induced in high concentration. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was significant inhibited after 72 h exposure. The reductive small molecule glutathione (GSH) content showed obvious decrease, while the quantity of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in high concentrations of SV exposure. GSH and MDA showed a typical negative correlation to some degree. Moreover, simvastatin caused histological changes in the liver tissues of M. abei, especially the size of adipocyte significantly decreased. The present study indicated that environmentally relevant concentration SV may affect the PXR signaling pathway in M. abei and pose potential ecological risks to non-target organisms like fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peijia Ku
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kaibin Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Wang M, Li J, Shi H, Miao D, Yang Y, Qian L, Gao S. Photolysis of atorvastatin in aquatic environment: Influencing factors, products, and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:467-475. [PMID: 30153618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATV), a second generation cholesterol-lowering drug, is detected frequently in natural water because of its extensive use and incomplete removal from wastewater. In this study, the photochemical behavior of ATV under simulated solar irradiation was systematically investigated in order to assess the potential of photolysis as its transformation pathway in aquatic environment. The quantum yield of ATV direct photolysis was determined to be 0.0041. Among various water components investigated, including pH, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Fe3+, HCO3-, SO42- and NO3-, the major factors contributing to the indirect photolysis of ATV were SRFA and NO3-, and the co-existence of SRFA and NO3- showed no interaction in synthetic water containing the above water components. The results were further verified in natural water samples. Singlet oxygen (1O2) played dominant role in the indirect photolysis of ATV, and the contributions of 1O2 and ·OH to the photolysis of ATV in the solution with optimum combination of water components were calculated to be 67.14% and 0.66%, respectively. Nine phototransformation intermediates were identified by liquid chromatography - time-of-flight - mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), and the degradation pathways were speculated as hydroxyl addition, pyrrole-ring open and debenzamide reactions. In addition, the evolution of products in the degradation process showed that the ring-opened product P416 and hydroxylation product P575 still remained at a certain level after two days of photodegradation, which may accumulate and cause additional ecological risks. This study provides significant information for understanding the risk and fate of ATV in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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15
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Al-Habsi AA, Massarsky A, Moon TW. Atorvastatin alters gene expression and cholesterol synthesis in primary rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Yazdani M. Comparative toxicity of selected PAHs in rainbow trout hepatocytes: genotoxicity, oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:71-78. [PMID: 30246564 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1497054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, which may have potentially toxic effects on organisms. In this study occurrence of DNA strand breaks, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity were investigated in rainbow trout hepatocytes following in vitro exposure for 24 h to four PAHs (0.01-10 µM): naphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). The exposed hepatocytes were analyzed for DNA strand breaks using the comet assay and for antioxidant status by measuring intracellular glutathione (GSH) content using the fluorescent probe mBCl. The cytotoxicity of PAHs was assessed using the fluorescent probe CFDA-AM. The results showed that fluoranthene, pyrene, and B[a]P were genotoxic at all exposure concentrations, whereas naphthalene was genotoxic at concentrations ≥0.1 µM. All treatments reduced the intracellular concentrations of GSH for all four PAHs, except 10 µM of B[a]P, suggesting that some level of oxidative stress was present. The cytotoxic effect was observed for naphthalene at concentrations ≥0.1 µM and pyrene at all exposure concentrations, whereas fluoranthene and B[a]P were not cytotoxic at the tested concentrations. The study shows that low-molecular-weight PAHs may cause DNA strand breaks as high-molecular-weight PAHs do in fish tissue. In addition, two- to five-ring PAHs can induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Barros S, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, André A, Capitão A, Soares J, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Chronic environmentally relevant levels of simvastatin disrupt embryonic development, biochemical and molecular responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:47-57. [PMID: 29879595 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic compound, is among the most prescribed pharmaceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention worldwide. Several studies have shown that acute exposure to SIM causes multiple adverse effects in aquatic organisms. However, uncertainties still remain regarding the chronic effects of SIM in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of SIM in the model freshwater teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a chronic exposure (90 days) to environmentally relevant concentrations ranging from 8 ng/L to 1000 ng/L. This study used a multi-parameter approach integrating distinct ecologically-relevant endpoints, i.e. survival, growth, reproduction and embryonic development, with biochemical markers (cholesterol and triglycerides). Real Time PCR was used to analyse the transcription levels of key genes involved in the mevalonate pathway (hmgcra, cyp51, and dhcr7). Globally, SIM induced several effects that did not follow a dose-response relationship; embryonic development, biochemical and molecular markers, were significantly impacted in the lower concentrations, 8 ng/L, 40 ng/L and/or 200 ng/L, whereas no effects were recorded for the highest tested SIM levels (1000 ng/L). Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of statin effects in teleosts, demonstrating significant impacts at environmentally relevant concentrations and highlight the importance of addressing the effects of chemicals under chronic low-level concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana André
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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18
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Bao S, Nie X, Liu Y, Wang C, Liu S. Response of PXR signaling pathway to simvastatin exposure in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and its histological changes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:228-236. [PMID: 29476972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a widely used lipid lowering agent, simvastatin recently has been frequently detected in aquatic environment and the potential adverse effects from simvastatin exposure to non-target organisms such as fish is worthy of more attention. The aim of this study was to reveal the responses of detoxification system in fish to simvastatin exposure. In this investigation a ubiquitous small freshwater fish, mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), was employed as test organism, and the transcriptional expression of nucleus transcriptional factor pregnane X receptor (PXR) and its downstream genes, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), cytochrome 3A (CYP3A), multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) in mosquito fish were investigated by qRT-PCR methods under the exposure of concentrations of simvastatin (0.5 μg L-1, 5 μg L-1, 50 μgL-1, 500 μg L-1) for 24 h, 72 h and 168 h. The related enzyme activity (Erythromycin-N-Demethylase, ERND), the protein expression of PXR and the histological changes of liver tissues in fish were also determined via west blotting and transmission electron microscope approaches in the same conditions. Results showed that the mRNA expression of PXR, CYP3A and P-gp showed significantly changes under simvastatin exposure, exhibiting an obvious time/dose-effect relationship with the prolong of exposure time. ERND activity also showed time-effect at 24 h, and western blotting showed PXR protein displaying a dose-effect relationship to some extent. Hepatocyte cellular of mosquito fish exposed to simvastatin (5 μg L-1, 168 h) exhibited obvious histological changes in form of swelling, incomplete fragmentary structure etc. Overall, simvastatin altered the expression of PXR signaling pathway and subsequently bring about changes in high-levels of mosquito fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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19
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Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Water and Aquatic Fauna on Drugs: What are the Impacts of Pharmaceutical Pollution? WATER MANAGEMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-79014-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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20
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Santos MM, Ruivo R, Lopes-Marques M, Torres T, de los Santos CB, Castro LFC, Neuparth T. Statins: An undesirable class of aquatic contaminants? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:1-9. [PMID: 26896816 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, may pose a considerable environment risk. Hypocholesterolaemic drugs such as statins are among the most prescribed human pharmaceuticals in western European countries. In vertebrates, this therapeutic class disrupts the cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), responsible for the limiting step in the mevalonate pathway. Recently, functional studies have shown that statins competitively inhibit HMGR in vertebrates and arthropods, two taxa that have diverged over 450 million years ago. Importantly, chronic simvastatin exposure disrupts crustacean reproduction and development at environmentally relevant concentrations. Hence, a fundamental question emerges: what is the taxonomic scope of statins-induced HMGR inhibition across metazoans? Here, we address this central question in a large sampling of metazoans using comparative genomics, homology modelling and molecular docking. Sequence alignment of metazoan HMGRs allowed the annotation of highly conserved catalytic, co-factor and substrate binding sites, including residues highjacked for statin binding. Furthermore, molecular docking shows that the catalytic domains of metazoan HMGRs are highly conserved regarding interactions, not only with HMG-CoA, but also with both simvastatin and atorvastatin, the top prescribed statins in Europe and USA. Hence, the data indicates that both statins are expected to competitively inhibit metazoan's HMGRs, and therefore all metazoan taxa might be at risk. The environmental relevance of these findings are discussed and research priorities established. We believe that the conceptual framework used in this study can be applied to other emerging pollutants and assist in the design of toxicity testing and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Torres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen B de los Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Groups of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants and Animal Genetics and Evolution, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Fay KA, Nabb DL, Mingoia RT, Bischof I, Nichols JW, Segner H, Johanning K, Han X. Determination of Metabolic Stability Using Cryopreserved Hepatocytes from Rainbow Trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 65:4.42.1-4.42.29. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0442s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A. Fay
- ORD/NHEERL/Mid‐Continent Ecology Division, U.S. EPA Duluth Minnesota
| | - Diane L. Nabb
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
| | - Robert T. Mingoia
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
| | - Ina Bischof
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Schmallenberg Germany
| | - John W. Nichols
- ORD/NHEERL/Mid‐Continent Ecology Division, U.S. EPA Duluth Minnesota
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Karla Johanning
- KJ Scientific LCC, Texas Life Sciences Collaboration Center Georgetown Texas
| | - Xing Han
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences Newark Delaware
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22
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Ribeiro S, Torres T, Martins R, Santos MM. Toxicity screening of diclofenac, propranolol, sertraline and simvastatin using Danio rerio and Paracentrotus lividus embryo bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:67-74. [PMID: 25615533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Early life-stage bioassays have been used as an alternative to short-term adult toxicity tests since they are cost-effective. A single couple can produce hundreds or thousands of embryos and hence can be used as a simple high-throughput approach in toxicity studies. In the present study, zebrafish and sea urchin embryo bioassays were used to test the toxicity of four pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic classes: diclofenac, propranolol, simvastatin and sertraline. Simvastatin was the most toxic tested compound for zebrafish embryo, followed by diclofenac. Sertraline was the most toxic drug to sea urchin embryos, inducing development abnormalities at the ng/L range. Overall, our results highlight the potential of sea urchin embryo bioassay as a promising and sensitive approach for the high-throughput methods to test the toxicity of new chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, and identify several drugs that should go through more detailed toxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Ribeiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Torres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Martins
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Neuparth T, Martins C, Santos CBDL, Costa MH, Martins I, Costa PM, Santos MM. Hypocholesterolaemic pharmaceutical simvastatin disrupts reproduction and population growth of the amphipod Gammarus locusta at the ng/L range. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:337-347. [PMID: 25089922 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic drug, is among the most widely used pharmaceuticals worldwide and is therefore of emerging environmental concern. Despite the ubiquitous nature of SIM in the aquatic ecosystems, significant uncertainties exist about sublethal effects of the drug in aquatic organisms. Therefore, here we aimed at investigating a multi-level biological response in the model amphipod Gammarus locusta, following chronic exposures to low levels of SIM (64 ng/L to 8 μg/L). The work integrated a battery of key endpoints at individual-level (survival, growth and reproduction) with histopathological biomarkers in hepatopancreas and gonads. Additionally, an individual-based population modelling was used to project the ecological costs associated with long-term exposure to SIM at the population level. SIM severely impacted growth, reproduction and gonad maturation of G. locusta, concomitantly to changes at the histological level. Among all analysed endpoints, reproduction was particularly sensitive to SIM with significant impact at 320 ng/L. These findings have important implications for environmental risk assessment and disclose new concerns about the effects of SIM in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Martins
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen B de Los Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria H Costa
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Irene Martins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Pedro M Costa
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Petersen K, Heiaas HH, Tollefsen KE. Combined effects of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, biocides and organic contaminants on the growth of Skeletonema pseudocostatum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:45-54. [PMID: 24632557 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organisms in the environment are exposed to a number of pollutants from different compound groups. In addition to the classic pollutants like the polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols, biocides, etc. other compound groups of concern are constantly emerging. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can be expected to co-occur with other organic contaminants like biocides, PAHs and alkylphenols in areas affected by wastewater, industrial effluents and intensive recreational activity. In this study, representatives from these four different compound groups were tested individually and in mixtures in a growth inhibition assay with the marine algae Skeletonema pseudocostatum (formerly Skeletonema costatum) to determine whether the combined effects could be predicted by models for additive effects; the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) prediction model. The eleven tested compounds reduced the growth of S. pseudocostatum in the microplate test in a concentration-dependent manner. The order of toxicity of these chemicals were irgarol>fluoxetine>diuron>benzo(a)pyrene>thioguanine>triclosan>propranolol>benzophenone 3>cetrimonium bromide>4-tert-octylphenol>endosulfan. Several binary mixtures and a mixture of eight compounds from the four different compound groups were tested. All tested mixtures were additive as model deviation ratios, the deviation between experimental and predicted effect concentrations, were within a factor of 2 from one or both prediction models (e.g. CA and IA). Interestingly, a concentration dependent shift from IA to CA, potentially due to activation of similar toxicity pathways at higher concentrations, was observed for the mixture of eight compounds. The combined effects of the multi-compound mixture were clearly additive and it should therefore be expected that PPCPs, biocides, PAHs and alkylphenols will collectively contribute to the risk in areas contaminated by such complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Petersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Abdoli N, Azarmi Y, Eghbal MA. Protective Effects of N-acetylcysteine Against the Statins Cytotoxicity in Freshly Isolated Rat Hepatocytes. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:249-54. [PMID: 24754008 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatotoxicity is one of the most important side effects of the statins therapy as lipid-lowering agents. However, the mechanism(s) of hepatotoxicity induced by these drugs is not clearly understood yet, and no hepatoprotective agent has been developed against this complication. METHODS The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against statins-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by using freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were prepared by the method of collagenase enzyme perfusion via portal vein. This technique is based on liver perfusion with collagenase after removal of calcium ion (Ca2+) with a chelator (ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA) 0.5 mM). The level of parameters such as cell death, ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the statins-treated hepatocytes were determined. Additionally, the mentioned markers were assessed in the presence of NAC. RESULTS Incubation of hepatocytes with the statins resulted in cytotoxicity characterized by an elevation in cell death, increasing ROS generation and consequently lipid peroxidation and impairment of mitochondrial function. Administration of NAC caused reduction in amount of ROS formation, lipid peroxidation and finally, cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were improved. CONCLUSION This study confirms that oxidative stress and consequently mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the mechanisms underlying the statins-induced liver injury and treating hepatocytes by NAC (200 μM) attenuates this cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Abdoli
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Azarmi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ellesat KS, Holth TF, Wojewodzic MW, Hylland K. Atorvastatin up-regulate toxicologically relevant genes in rainbow trout gills. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1841-1856. [PMID: 22555812 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There are large and increasing discharges of statins into the aquatic environment. Statins are cholesterol-lowering pharmaceuticals, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, an enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Earlier studies have shown that statins will affect the expression of a range of genes in mammalian tissues and this group of pharmaceuticals has also been shown to affect membrane transporters. Changes in gene expression and ion transport in aquatic organisms may have dramatic consequences for the individual. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether waterborne exposure to a selected statin, atorvastatin, would affect gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill or liver or ion regulation in gills. Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to two atorvastatin acid and atorvastatin lactone concentrations for 7 days (nominal concentrations 200 ng L(-1) and 10 μg L(-1)). The exposures caused up-regulated gene expression in gill, not liver, and only at the lowest concentration. Genes involved in membrane transport (pgp, mrp1), oxidative stress response (sod, mt), apoptosis (bax) and biotransformation (sult2b) were differentially expressed whereas the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis (hmgr, fdps) or peroxisomal proliferation (ppar) were not affected. There were no significant changes in gill Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity following exposure to atorvastatin. The pattern of differentially expressed genes in rainbow trout gills differ from responses previously observed in mammalian tissues following statin exposure.
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Ellesat KS, Yazdani M, Holth TF, Hylland K. Species-dependent sensitivity to contaminants: an approach using primary hepatocyte cultures with three marine fish species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:216-224. [PMID: 21963059 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge about the sensitivity of different fish species to environmental pollutants. Such information is pivotal in risk assessment and to understand why some species appear to be more tolerant to contaminants than others. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether primary hepatocyte cultures of three marine fish species could be established in the field and whether their sensitivity to selected contaminants would differ. Primary hepatocyte cultures of three marine fish species (plaice, long rough dab, Atlantic cod) were established and exposed for 24 h to copper (20-2500 mg L⁻¹) and statins (1-200 mg L⁻¹). Endpoints were esterase activity, metabolic activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content, all using fluorescent probes. Flatfish hepatocytes were more susceptible to copper and statin exposure than hepatocytes from cod. This study has shown that species-dependent differences in contaminant sensitivity can be investigated using primary hepatocyte cultures.
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