1
|
Park CG, Adnan KM, Cho H, Ryu CS, Yoon J, Kim YJ. A combined in vitro-in silico method for assessing the androgenic activities of bisphenol A and its analogues. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105838. [PMID: 38710238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between endocrine-disruptor chemicals (EDCs) and androgen receptor (AR) have adverse effects on the endocrine system, leading to human reproductive dysfunction. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an EDC that can damage both the environment and human health. Although numerous BPA analogues have been produced as substitutes for BPA, few studies have evaluated their endocrine-disrupting abilities. We assessed the (anti)-androgenic activities of BPA and its analogues using a yeast-based reporter assay. The BPA analogues tested were bisphenol S (BPS), 4-phenylphenol (4PP), 4,4'-(9-fluorenyliden)-diphenol (BPFL), tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF), and tetramethyl bisphenol A (TMBPA). We also conducted molecular docking and dynamics simulations to assess the interactions of BPA and its analogues with the ligand-binding domain of human AR (AR-LBD). Neither BPA nor its analogues had androgenic activity; however, all except BPFL exerted robust anti-androgenic effects. Consistent with the in vitro results, anti-androgenic analogues of BPA formed hydrogen bonding patterns with key residues that differed from the patterns of endogenous hormones, indicating that the analogues display in inappropriate orientations when interacting with the binding pocket of AR-LBD. Our findings indicate that BPA and its analogues disrupt androgen signaling by interacting with the AR-LBD. Overall, BPA and its analogues display endocrine-disrupting activity, which is mediated by AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gyun Park
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany; Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karim Md Adnan
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany; Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hyunki Cho
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany; Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany
| | - Juyong Yoon
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany.
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Saarbrucken 66123, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Wang L, Yang Y, Pang X, Sun Y, Liang Y, Cao H. Screening of the Antagonistic Activity of Potential Bisphenol A Alternatives toward the Androgen Receptor Using Machine Learning and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2817-2829. [PMID: 38291630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, extensive research has indicated that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) increases the health risks in humans. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that BPA can bind to the androgen receptor (AR), resulting in endocrine-disrupting effects. In recent investigations, many alternatives to BPA have been detected in various environmental media as major pollutants. However, related experimental evaluations of BPA alternatives have not been systematically implemented for the assessment of chemical safety and the effects of structural characteristics on the antagonistic activity of the AR. To promote the green development of BPA alternatives, high-throughput toxicological screening is fundamental for prioritizing chemical tests. Therefore, we proposed a hybrid deep learning architecture that combines molecular descriptors and molecular graphs to predict AR antagonistic activity. Compared to previous models, this hybrid architecture can extract substantial chemical information from various molecular representations to improve the model's generalization ability for BPA alternatives. Our predictions suggest that lignin-derivable bisguaiacols, as alternatives to BPA, are likely to be nonantagonist for AR compared to bisphenol analogues. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified the dihydrotestosterone-bound pocket, rather than the surface, as the major binding site of bisphenol analogues. The conformational changes of key helix H12 from an agonistic to an antagonistic conformation can be evaluated qualitatively by accelerated MD simulations to explain the underlying mechanism. Overall, our computational study is helpful for toxicological screening of BPA alternatives and the design of environmentally friendly BPA alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xudi Pang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuzhen Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Huiming Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hareng L, Kolle SN, Gomes C, Schneider S, Wahl M. Critical assessment of the endocrine potential of Linalool and Linalyl acetate: proactive testing strategy assessing estrogenic and androgenic activity of Lavender oil main components. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:347-361. [PMID: 37906319 PMCID: PMC10761525 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The acyclic linear monoterpenes Linalool (Lin) and Linalyl acetate (LinAc) occur in nature as major constituents of various essential oils such as lavender oils. A potential endocrine activity of these compounds was discussed in literature including premature thelarche and prepubertal gynecomastia due to lavender product use. This study aims to follow-up on these critical findings reported by testing Lin and LinAc in several studies in line with current guidance and regulatory framework. No relevant anti-/ER and AR-mediated activity was observed in recombinant yeast cell-based screening tests and guideline reporter gene in vitro assays in mammalian cells. Findings in the screening test suggested an anti-androgenic activity, which could not be confirmed in the respective mammalian cell guideline assay. Mechanistic guideline in vivo studies (Uterotrophic and Hershberger assays) with Lin did not show significant dose related changes in estrogen or androgen sensitive organ weights and a guideline reproductive toxicity screening study did not reveal evident effects on sex steroid hormone sensitive organ weights, associated histopathological findings and altered sperm parameters. Estrous cycling and mating/fertility indices were not affected and no evident Lin-related steroid hormone dependent effects were found in the offspring. Overall, the initial concerns from literature were not confirmed. Findings in the yeast screening test were aberrant from follow-up guideline in vitro and in vivo studies, which underlines the need to apply careful interpretation of single in vitro test results to support a respective line of evidence and to establish a biologically plausible link to an adverse outcome.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomes G, Argolo ADS, Felix LDC, Bila DM. Interferences in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay for evaluation of estrogenicity in environmental samples, chemical mixtures, and individual substances. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105551. [PMID: 36603778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) has a specific mechanism of action that allows for the analysis of estrogenic EDC at low concentrations, and it has been broadly used to estimate the estrogenic potential of environmental samples. However, the experimental parameters of this assay still demand an investigation, such as cell density, incubation time, wavelength on the experimental outcome, cytotoxicity, and estrogenic activity adsorbed on suspended solids. We studied these interferences and applied the assay to single substances, mixtures, and environmental matrices from different sources. The increase in cell density amplifies the assay sensitivity only to a limited extent, while the reduction in incubation time decreased assay sensitivity - although it was not significant for surface water, no differences were observed between estradiol-equivalents derived of 48 h and 72 h measurements. The particulate phase was of utmost importance for the total estrogenic activity of the landfill leachate and surface water. Surface waters, landfill leachates and sediments also showed antiestrogenic activity and the integration of both estrogenic and antiestrogenic endpoints provided deeper insights into the potential risk associated with EDC. This study elucidated experimental interferences that may arise during the implementation and use of this assay, bringing more understanding to experimental parameters during the application of the assay for estrogenicity screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Allan Dos Santos Argolo
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louise da Cruz Felix
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang Y, Zhang W, Zhang C, Cui N, Xiao Z, Wang R, Su X. Rapid and reagent-free bioassay using autobioluminescent yeasts to detect agonistic and antagonistic activities of bisphenols against rat androgen receptor and progesterone receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 222:106151. [PMID: 35787454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues have been classified as endocrine disruptors via binding to nuclear receptors. Two novel bioassays, BLYrARS and BLYrPRS, were developed for rapid detection of agonistic and antagonistic activities of BPA and five of its analogues binding rat androgen receptor (rAR) and rat progesterone receptor (rPR). The reporter bioassay was based on two autonomously bioluminescent strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, recombined with a bacterial luciferase reporter gene cassette (lux) that can produce autofluorescence, regulated by the corresponding hormone response element acting as the responsive promoter. The bioluminescent signal is autonomous and continuous without cell lysis or addition of exogenous reagents. The AR agonist R1881 could be detected at 4 h with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of ~9.4 nM. The PR agonist progesterone could be determined at 4 h with an EC50 of ~2.74 nM. None of the sixteen bisphenols presented agonistic activities against rAR and rPR. However, thirteen BPs were rAR antagonists and eleven BPs acted as rPR antagonists with different potency. The BLYrARS and BLYrPRS bioassay characterized by automated signal acquisition without additional manipulations or cost can be applied for simple and rapid detection of agonistic and antagonistic activities of BPs and other compounds acting as agonists or antagonists of rAR and rPR. Based on data derived by use of this bioassay endocrine-disrupting activities of some BPA analogues are more potent than BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- Beijing Biorise Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Na Cui
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Passoni MT, Palu G, Grechi N, da Silva Amaral BA, Gomes C, Rülker C, van Ravenzwaay B, Martino-Andrade AJ. Uterotrophic and in vitro screening for (anti)estrogenic activity of dipyrone. Toxicol Lett 2021; 352:1-8. [PMID: 34536523 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipyrone is a commonly used analgesic in many countries and there is limited data on its possible endocrine disrupting effects. We performed a screening for in vivo and in vitro anti(estrogenic) activity of dipyrone. For the in vivo uterotrophic assay, immature female rats (22-days-old) were treated daily by oral gavage for three days with different doses of dipyrone alone (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day) and associated with three ethynylestradiol (EE) doses (1, 3 and 10 μg/kg/day), which were based on a dose-response curve experiment. The uterine weight was used as a biomarker for estrogenicity. In a parallel in vitro approach, we used a yeast-based transcriptional activation reporter gene assay (Yeast Estrogen Screening - YES) for assessment of estrogenic agonistic and antagonistic effects of dipyrone and its main metabolites 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (AA). In the uterotrophic assay, animals that received EE at 1, 3 and 10 μg/kg/day showed an increase in relative uterine weight compared with vehicle-only rats (canola oil). Dipyrone did not increase uterine weight at any dose tested (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) in relation to vehicle control, indicating absence of estrogenic activity. Furthermore, co-administration of dipyrone (50 and 200 mg/kg/day) and EE (1, 3 or 10 μg/kg/day) was unable to block EE estrogenic action in comparison to the groups treated with EE alone, indicating absence of antiestrogenic activity. In the YES assay dipyrone and its metabolites did not demonstrate estrogen agonistic or antagonistic properties in the yeast cells. These results suggest that dipyrone and its metabolites do not produce (anti)estrogenic effects in vivo or in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Tapias Passoni
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Palu
- Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nicole Grechi
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Andreotti da Silva Amaral
- Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gomes
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Claudia Rülker
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Anderson Joel Martino-Andrade
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Natsch A, Hostettler L, Haupt T, Laue H. A critical assessment of the estrogenic potency of benzyl salicylate. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1002-1007. [PMID: 34408969 PMCID: PMC8363597 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzyl salicylate (BS) is on priority lists for evaluation of estrogenic effects. New data in both MCF7 (E-screen) and luciferase transactivation assays. Potency of BS is 21′000′000-fold lower than estradiol in transactivation assay. Potency of BS is 36′000′000-fold lower than estradiol in E-screen. Potency is > 1000-fold below human relevant potency threshold.
Benzyl salicylate (BS) is a natural ingredient of essential oils and a widely used fragrance chemical. A number of in vitro screening studies have evaluated the estrogenic potential of BS with ambiguous results. Lack of dose-response information for the positive control 17β-estradiol (E2) in most studies makes an assessment of the relative potency and efficacy challenging. Notwithstanding this difficulty, BS has been added as the only fragrance ingredient to the list of the first 14 substances to be screened as potential endocrine disruptors by the European Scientific Committee for Consumer Safety (SCCS) and it is included in the Community rolling action plan (CoRAP) of the European REACH regulation to be assessed for the same property. Here we review all literature evidence and present new data to quantify the in vitro potency and efficacy of BS vs. E2 with full dose response analysis in both an estrogen response element (ERE) depending reporter gene assay and in the MCF7 cell proliferation (E-screen) assay. In both assays, very similar results for BS were found. BS is a partial agonist exhibiting 35–47 % maximal efficacy and it is active only close to the cytotoxic concentration. The extrapolated concentration to achieve 50 % efficacy is 21′000′000 higher as compared to E2 in the reporter gene assay. A ca. 36′000′000 higher concentration of BS as compared to E2 is required to reach equivalent partial cell proliferation stimulation in the MCF7 proliferation assay. This potency is significantly below the agonistic activity of known chemicals which cause estrogenic effects in in vivo assays. Importantly, in this study the weak agonistic activity is for the first time directly related to the activity of E2 in a full quantitative comparison in human cell lines which may help ongoing evaluations of BS by regulatory bodies.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4−OHT, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- BPA, Bisphenol A
- BS, Benzyl salicylate
- Benzyl salicylate
- CAT, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene
- CoRAP, Community Rolling Action Plan
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- E2, 17β-estradiol
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERE, estrogen response element
- Estrogen receptor
- FBS, foetal bovine serum
- HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonic acid
- HRPT, Human Relevant Potency Threshold
- MCF7 proliferation assay
- MoA, Mode of action
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- OECD, Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development
- Potency
- REACH, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
- Reporter assay
- SCCS, European Scientific Committee for Consumer Safety: SRB, sulforhodamine B
- Substance evaluation
- TG, test guideline
- YES, Yeast Estrogen screen
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Corresponding author at: Kemptpark 50, CH-8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Development of a Generic Physiologically Based Kinetic Model to Predict In Vivo Uterotrophic Responses Induced by Estrogenic Chemicals in Rats Based on In Vitro Bioassays. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:19-31. [PMID: 31626307 PMCID: PMC9186316 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the potential of a generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model to convert in vitro data for estrogenicity to predict the in vivo uterotrophic response in rats for diethylstibestrol (DES), ethinylestradiol (EE2), genistein (GEN), coumestrol (COU), and methoxychlor (MXC). PBK models were developed using a generic approach and in vitro concentration-response data from the MCF-7 proliferation assay and the yeast estrogen screening assay were translated into in vivo dose-response data. Benchmark dose analysis was performed on the predicted data and available in vivo uterotrophic data to evaluate the model predictions. The results reveal that the developed generic PBK model adequate defines the in vivo kinetics of the estrogens. The predicted dose-response data of DES, EE2, GEN, COU, and MXC matched the reported in vivo uterus weight response in a qualitative way, whereas the quantitative comparison was somewhat hampered by the variability in both in vitro and in vivo data. From a safety perspective, the predictions based on the MCF-7 proliferation assay would best guarantee a safe point of departure for further risk assessment although it may be conservative. The current study indicates the feasibility of using a combination of in vitro toxicity data and a generic PBK model to predict the relative in vivo uterotrophic response for estrogenic chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Characterisation and validation of an in vitro transactivation assay based on the 22Rv1/MMTV_GR-KO cell line to detect human androgen receptor agonists and antagonists. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112206. [PMID: 33887398 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the characterisation and validation of an androgen receptor (AR) transactivation assay for detection of AR agonists and antagonists using a stably transfected human prostate cancer cell line. This 22Rv1/mouse mammary tumour virus glucocorticoid knock-out cell line based AR transactivation assay was validated by criteria in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidance Document 34 to determine if the assay performed equally well to the AR EcoScreen Assay included in Test Guideline for AR Transactivation (OECD TG 458). There was no Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) crosstalk, and no changes in the AR DNA sequence in cells after the successful knock out of GR. Subsequently, the concordance of classifications of the 22 test chemicals was 100% in all laboratories. The AR agonistic and antagonistic inter-laboratory coefficients of variation based on log[10% effect for 10 nM DHT, PC10] and log[inhibitory response of 800 pM DHT by at 30%, IC30] from comprehensive tests were 2.75% and 2.44%, respectively. The AR agonist/antagonist test chemical classifications were consistent across AR EcoScreen ARTA assay data for 82/89%, and the balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 83/90%, 88/100% and 78/80%, respectively. This assay was successfully validated and was approved for inclusion in TG 458 in 2020.
Collapse
|
10
|
Feijó M, Martins RVL, Socorro S, Pereira L, Correia S. Effects of the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin in male reproduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis†. Biol Reprod 2021; 104:962-975. [PMID: 33524106 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have become an issue of scientific and public discussion. Vinclozolin (VNZ) is a fungicide that competitively antagonizes the binding of natural androgens to their receptor, disturbing the function of tissues that are sensitive to these hormones, as is the case of the male reproductive organs. A systematic review with meta-analyses of rodent studies was conducted to answer the following question: Does exposure to VNZ affect sperm parameters and testicular/epididymal weight? The methodology was prespecified according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and PRISMA recommendations. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 1189 animals. The risk of publication bias was assessed using the Trim and Fill adjustment, funnel plot, and Egger regression test. Heterogeneity and inconsistency across the findings were tested using the Q-statistic and I2 of Higgins, respectively. Sensitivity was also analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed on Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 2.0), using random models and weighted mean differences along with a 95% confidence interval. Sperm motility, counts, daily sperm production (evidence of publication bias), and epididymis weight were decreased in VNZ-treated animals. Exposure length and dose, as well as the time point of exposure, influenced the obtained results. Despite the moderate/high heterogeneity observed, the sensitivity analysis overall demonstrated the robustness of the findings. The quality scores of the included studies were superior to 4 in a total of 9, then classified as good. The obtained data corroborate the capability of VNZ exposure to disrupt spermatogenic output and compromise male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Feijó
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,GRUBI, Group of Systematic Reviews of University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Roberta V L Martins
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pereira
- GRUBI, Group of Systematic Reviews of University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,CMA-UBI, Centre for Mathematics and Applications, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sara Correia
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,GRUBI, Group of Systematic Reviews of University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu X, Shi W, Wei S, Zhang X, Yu H. Identification of (anti-)androgenic activities and risks of sludges from industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115716. [PMID: 33011575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The annual production of sludges is significant all over the world, and large amounts of sludges have been improperly disposed by random dumping. The contaminants in these sludges may leak into the surrounding soils, surface and groundwater, or be blown into the atmosphere, thereby causing adverse effects to human health. In this study, the (anti-)androgenic activities in organic extracts of sludges produced from both industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were examined using reporter gene assay based on MDA-kb2 cell lines and the potential (anti-)androgenic risks were assessed using hazard index (HI) based on bioassays. Twelve of the 18 samples exhibited androgen receptor (AR) antagonistic activities, with AR antagonistic equivalents ranging from 1.2 × 102 μg flutamide/g sludge to 1.8 × 104 μg flutamide/g sludge; however, no AR agonistic activity was detected in any of the tested samples. These 12 sludges were all from chemical WWTPs; no sludges from domestic WWTPs displayed AR antagonistic activity. Aside from wastewater source, treatment scale and technology could also influence AR antagonistic potencies. The HI values of all the 12 sludges exceeded 1.0, and the highest HI value was above 3.0 × 103 for children; this indicates that these sludges might cause adverse effects to human health and that children are at a greater risk than adults. The anti-androgenic potencies and risks of the subdivided fractions were also determined, and medium-polar and polar fractions were found to have relatively high detection rates and contribution rates to the AR antagonistic potencies and risks of the raw sample extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ito-Harashima S, Matano M, Onishi K, Nomura T, Nakajima S, Ebata S, Shiizaki K, Kawanishi M, Yagi T. Construction of reporter gene assays using CWP and PDR mutant yeasts for enhanced detection of various sex steroids. Genes Environ 2020; 42:20. [PMID: 32514322 PMCID: PMC7251871 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sex steroid hormone receptors are classified into three classes of receptors: estrogen receptors (ER) α and β, androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR). They belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and activate their downstream genes in a ligand-dependent manner. Since sex steroid hormones are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes and cancer development, synthetic chemical substances that exhibit sex steroid hormone activities have been applied as pharmaceuticals and consumed in large amounts worldwide. They are potentially hazardous contaminants as endocrine disruptors in the environment because they may induce inappropriate gene expression mediated by sex steroid hormone receptors in vivo. Results To develop simple reporter gene assays with enhanced sensitivity for the detection of sex steroid hormones, we newly established mutant yeast strains lacking the CWP and PDR genes encoding cell wall mannoproteins and plasma membrane drug efflux pumps, respectively, and expressing human ERα, ERβ, AR, and PR. Reporter gene assays with mutant yeast strains responded to endogenous and synthetic ligands more strongly than those with wild-type strains. Sex steroid hormone activities in some pharmaceutical oral tablets and human urine were also detectable in these yeast assays. Conclusions Yeast reporter gene assay systems for all six steroid hormone receptors, including previously established glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) assay yeasts, are now available. Environmental endocrine disrupters with steroid hormone activity will be qualitatively detectable by simple and easy procedures. The yeast-based reporter gene assay will be valuable as a primary screening tool to detect and evaluate steroid hormone activities in various test samples. Our assay system will strongly support the detection of agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists of steroid hormone receptors in the field of novel drug discovery and assessments of environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Ito-Harashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Kana Onishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Tomofumi Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Saki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Shingo Ebata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiizaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan.,Present address: Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193 Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Szafran AT, Bolt MJ, Obkirchner CE, Mancini MG, Helsen C, Claessens F, Stossi F, Mancini MA. A Mechanistic High-Content Analysis Assay Using a Chimeric Androgen Receptor That Rapidly Characterizes Androgenic Chemicals. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:695-708. [PMID: 32392092 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220922917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human health is at risk from environmental exposures to a wide range of chemical toxicants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). As part of understanding this risk, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been pursuing new high-throughput in vitro assays and computational models to characterize EDCs. EPA models have incorporated our high-content analysis-based green fluorescent protein estrogen receptor (GFP-ER): PRL-HeLa assay, which allows direct visualization of ER binding to DNA regulatory elements. Here, we characterize a modified functional assay based on the stable expression of a chimeric androgen receptor (ARER), wherein a region containing the native AR DNA-binding domain (DBD) was replaced with the ERα DBD (amino acids 183-254). We demonstrate that the AR agonist dihydrotestosterone induces GFP-ARER nuclear translocation, PRL promoter binding, and transcriptional activity at physiologically relevant concentrations (<1 nM). In contrast, the AR antagonist bicalutamide induces only nuclear translocation of the GFP-ARER receptor (at μM concentrations). Estradiol also fails to induce visible chromatin binding, indicating androgen specificity. In a screen of reference chemicals from the EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the GFP-ARER cell model identified and mechanistically grouped activity by known (anti-)androgens based on the ability to induce nuclear translocation and/or chromatin binding. Finally, the cell model was used to identify potential (anti-)androgens in environmental samples in collaboration with the Houston Ship Channel/Galveston Bay Texas A&M University EPA Superfund Research Program. Based on these data, the chromatin-binding, in vitro assay-based GFP-ARER model represents a selective tool for rapidly identifying androgenic activity associated with drugs, chemicals, and environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Szafran
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Bolt
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,GCC Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Maureen G Mancini
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Europe
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Europe
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,GCC Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.,GCC Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morger A, Mathea M, Achenbach JH, Wolf A, Buesen R, Schleifer KJ, Landsiedel R, Volkamer A. KnowTox: pipeline and case study for confident prediction of potential toxic effects of compounds in early phases of development. J Cheminform 2020; 12:24. [PMID: 33431007 PMCID: PMC7157991 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-020-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk assessment of newly synthesised chemicals is a prerequisite for regulatory approval. In this context, in silico methods have great potential to reduce time, cost, and ultimately animal testing as they make use of the ever-growing amount of available toxicity data. Here, KnowTox is presented, a novel pipeline that combines three different in silico toxicology approaches to allow for confident prediction of potentially toxic effects of query compounds, i.e. machine learning models for 88 endpoints, alerts for 919 toxic substructures, and computational support for read-across. It is mainly based on the ToxCast dataset, containing after preprocessing a sparse matrix of 7912 compounds tested against 985 endpoints. When applying machine learning models, applicability and reliability of predictions for new chemicals are of utmost importance. Therefore, first, the conformal prediction technique was deployed, comprising an additional calibration step and per definition creating internally valid predictors at a given significance level. Second, to further improve validity and information efficiency, two adaptations are suggested, exemplified at the androgen receptor antagonism endpoint. An absolute increase in validity of 23% on the in-house dataset of 534 compounds could be achieved by introducing KNNRegressor normalisation. This increase in validity comes at the cost of efficiency, which could again be improved by 20% for the initial ToxCast model by balancing the dataset during model training. Finally, the value of the developed pipeline for risk assessment is discussed using two in-house triazole molecules. Compared to a single toxicity prediction method, complementing the outputs of different approaches can have a higher impact on guiding toxicity testing and de-selecting most likely harmful development-candidate compounds early in the development process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morger
- In Silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Volkamer
- In Silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moreira CG, Moreira MH, Silva VMOC, Santos HG, Bila DM, Fonseca FV. Treatment of Bisphenol A (BPA) in water using UV/H 2O 2 and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes: assessment of estrogenic activity and membrane adsorption. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:2169-2178. [PMID: 32198334 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Removal of an endocrine disrupting compound, Bisphenol A (BPA), from water was investigated using two treatment processes, UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation (AOP) and reverse osmosis (membrane separation). Furthermore, changes in estrogenic activity using in vitro yeast estrogen screen assay as well as the adsorption of BPA by the membrane surface were evaluated. The best UV/H2O2 performance was obtained using the highest established values of all parameters, reaching 48% BPA removal. Within the investigated conditions of the AOP, when lower doses of UV were used, a higher removal efficiency was achieved at a higher initial concentration of BPA. However, the same behavior was not observed for the highest UV dose, in which the removal efficiency was not dependent on BPA initial concentration. In both cases, removal efficiency increased as H2O2 concentration increased. The formation of estrogenic by-products was observed in UV/H2O2. The membrane rejection efficiency varied from 60% to 84% and all experiments showed adsorption of BPA by the membrane surface. The RO membrane showed a greater BPA removal efficiency for samples containing 10 μg·L-1 than UV/H2O2 at the evaluated treatment conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Moreira
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Mariana H Moreira
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Vanessa M O C Silva
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Henrique G Santos
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Daniele M Bila
- Engineering college, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier street, 524, 5029-F. Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana V Fonseca
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 100-52-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134 Suppl 2:110878. [PMID: 31622729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fabian E, Gomes C, Birk B, Williford T, Hernandez TR, Haase C, Zbranek R, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. In vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) by PBTK modeling for animal-free risk assessment approaches of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:401-416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Pesci Pereira C, da Conceição Pereira T, Gomes G, Quintaes BR, Bila DM, Campos JC. Evaluation of reduction estrogenic activity in the combined treatment of landfill leachate and sanitary sewage. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 80:339-348. [PMID: 30455015 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Combined treatment of urban solid waste leachate and domestic sewage has emerged in Brazil and worldwide as an alternative to minimize the difficulties of treating landfill leachate. Landfill leachate is a complex matrix of organic and inorganic substances, recalcitrant material and xenobiotic organic compounds that are considered to be highly toxic, as well as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) that contribute to increased estrogenic activity. Although combined treatment is feasible for removal of organic matter, ammonia and toxicity, the efficiency of the removal of estrogenic substance is poorly investigated. In this study, the activated sludge process in batch and continuous modes was used for the combined treatment of 2% and 5% leachate/sewage mixtures. Estrogenic activity was reduced in reactors in both batch and continuous modes. The activated sludge process achieved average reductions of the estradiol equivalent (EQ-E2) values in the combined treatment of 94.5, 60.8 and 66.4% for the sanitary sewage, 2% mixture leachate in sewage and 5% mixture leachate in sewage reactors, respectively, in batch mode. For continuous reactors, 86%, 72%, and 65% of reduction of EQ-E2were achieved for sanitary sewage, 2 and 5% mixture with sanitary sewage. As for EQ-E2, the increase in the concentration of leachate in the sewage mixture was detrimental to the removal of estrogenic compounds during the biological process. Therefore, a limit on the % leachate/sewage mixtures should be established to achieve efficiency in the combined treatment of leachate in a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pesci Pereira
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. 149 Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, Room E206, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tainá da Conceição Pereira
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, Room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle Gomes
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, Room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramalho Quintaes
- COMLURB, Municipal Company of Urban Cleaning, 647 Rua Américo de Souza Braga, 22783-385 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environment Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 524 São Francisco Xavier Street, Room 5029-F, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. 149 Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, Room E206, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sasaki K, Terasaki M. Estrogen agonistic/antagonistic activity of brominated parabens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21257-21266. [PMID: 29946845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen agonistic/antagonistic activity of 16 brominated by-products of parabens was assessed by using a yeast two-hybrid assay transfected with the human estrogen receptor α. Characterization of synthetic compounds including novel brominated parabens was performed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. For the agonist assay, five C3-C4 alkylparabens exhibited significant activity (P < 0.05) relative to that of 17β-estradiol, ranging from 3.7 × 10-5 to 7.1 × 10-4. In contrast, none of the brominated alkyl parabens exhibited agonistic activity. In the antagonist assay, 12 brominated alkylparabens and butylparaben exhibited significant antagonistic activity (P < 0.05). Their antagonistic activity relative to 4-hydroxytamoxifen ranged from 0.11 to 2.5. The antagonist activity of C1-C4 alkylparabens increased with the number of bromine substitutions. Benzylparaben exhibited both agonistic and antagonistic activity, and these activities dissipated or were weakened with increased bromination. Thus, increased bromination appeared to attenuate the estrogen agonistic activity of most parabens such that it resulted in increased antagonistic activity, a feature of parabens that had not been previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sasaki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Passoni MT, Kristensen MN, Morais RN, Woitkowiak C, Boareto AC, da Silva Amaral BA, Grechi N, Dalsenter PR, Munkboel CH, Styrishave B, Kristensen DM, Gomes C, van Ravenzwaay B, Martino-Andrade AJ. Assessment of the analgesic dipyrone as a possible (anti)androgenic endocrine disruptor. Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Fabian E, Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J. Towards a generic physiologically based kinetic model to predict in vivo uterotrophic responses in rats by reverse dosimetry of in vitro estrogenicity data. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1075-1088. [PMID: 29234833 PMCID: PMC5866837 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry is a promising tool for the prediction of in vivo developmental toxicity using in vitro concentration–response data. In the present study, the potential of this approach to predict the dose-dependent increase of uterus weight in rats upon exposure to estrogenic chemicals was assessed. In vitro concentration–response data of 17β-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA) obtained in the MCF-7/BOS proliferation assay, the U2OS ER-CALUX assay and the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, were translated into in vivo dose–response data in rat, using a PBK model with a minimum number of in vitro and in silico determined parameter values. To evaluate the predictions made, benchmark dose (BMD) analysis was performed on the predicted dose–response data and the obtained BMDL10 values were compared with BMDL10 values derived from data on the effects of E2 and BPA in the uterotrophic assay reported in the literature. The results show that predicted dose–response data of E2 and BPA matched with the data from in vivo studies when predictions were made based on YES assay data. The YES assay-based predictions of the BMDL10 values differed 3.9-fold (E2) and 4.7- to 13.4-fold (BPA) from the BMDL10 values obtained from the in vivo data. The present study provides the proof-of-principle that PBK modelling-based reverse dosimetry of YES assay data using a minimum PBK model can predict dose-dependent in vivo uterus growth caused by estrogenic chemicals. In future studies, the approach should be extended to include other estrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hornung MW, Tapper MA, Denny JS, Sheedy BR, Erickson R, Sulerud TJ, Kolanczyk RC, Schmieder PK. Avoiding False Positives and Optimizing Identification of True Negatives in Estrogen Receptor Binding and Agonist/Antagonist Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:163-181. [PMID: 30148189 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential for chemicals to affect endocrine signaling is commonly evaluated via in vitro receptor binding and gene activation, but these assays, especially antagonism assays, have potential artifacts that must be addressed for accurate interpretation. Results are presented from screening 94 chemicals from 54 chemical groups for estrogen receptor (ER) activation in a competitive rainbow trout ER (rtER) binding assay and a trout liver slice vitellogenin mRNA expression assay. Results from true competitive agonists and antagonists, and inactive chemicals with little or no indication of ER binding or gene activation were easily interpreted. However, results for numerous industrial chemicals were more challenging to interpret, including chemicals with: (1) apparent competitive binding curves but no gene activation, (2) apparent binding and gene inhibition with evidence of either cytotoxicity or changes in assay media pH, (3) apparent binding but non-competitive gene inhibition of unknown cause, or (4) no rtER binding and gene inhibition not due to competitive ER interaction but due to toxicity, pH change, or some unknown cause. The use of endpoints such as toxicity, pH, precipitate formation, and determination of inhibitor dissociation constants (Ki) for interpreting the results of antagonism and binding assays for diverse chemicals is presented. Of the 94 chemicals tested for antagonism only two, tamoxifen and ICI-182780, were found to be true competitive antagonists. This report highlights the use of two different concentrations of estradiol tested in combination with graded concentrations of test chemical to provide the confirmatory evidence to distinguish true competitive antagonism from apparent antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hornung
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Mark A Tapper
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Jeffrey S Denny
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Barbara R Sheedy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Raymond Erickson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Taylor J Sulerud
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Richard C Kolanczyk
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Patricia K Schmieder
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Furst A, Hoepker AC, Francis MB. Quantifying Hormone Disruptors with an Engineered Bacterial Biosensor. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:110-116. [PMID: 28280777 PMCID: PMC5324086 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds are found in increasing amounts in our environment, originating from pesticides, plasticizers, and pharmaceuticals, among other sources. Although the full impact of these compounds is still under study, they have already been implicated in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer. The list of chemicals that disrupt normal hormone function is growing at an alarming rate, making it crucially important to find sources of contamination and identify new compounds that display this ability. However, there is currently no broad-spectrum, rapid test for these compounds, as they are difficult to monitor because of their high potency and chemical dissimilarity. To address this, we have developed a new detection strategy for endocrine disrupting compounds that is both fast and portable, and it requires no specialized skills to perform. This system is based on a native estrogen receptor construct expressed on the surface of Escherichia coli, which enables both the detection of many detrimental compounds and signal amplification from impedance measurements due to the binding of bacteria to a modified electrode. With this approach, sub-ppb levels of estradiol and ppm levels of bisphenol A are detected in complex solutions. Rather than responding to individual components, this system reports the total estrogenic activity of a sample using the most relevant biological receptor. As an applied example, estrogenic chemicals released from a plastic baby bottle following microwave heating were detectable with this technique. This approach should be broadly applicable to the detection of chemically diverse classes of compounds that bind to a single receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel
L. Furst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander C. Hoepker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dkant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Penning TM, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, linalyl benzoate, CAS Registry Number 126-64-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97S:S180-S191. [PMID: 27670220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of this material under current conditions is supported by existing information. This material was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, as well as environmental safety. Data show that this material is not genotoxic. Data from the suitable read across analog linalyl phenylacetate (CAS # 7143-69-3) show that this material does not have skin sensitization potential. The repeated dose toxicity endpoint was completed using linalyl cinnamate (CAS # 78-37-5) as a suitable read across analog, which provided a MOE > 100. The developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoint was completed using linalool (CAS # 78-70-6), dehydrolinalool (CAS # 29171-20-8), benzoic acid (CAS # 65-85-0) and sodium benzoate (CAS # 532-32-1) as suitable read across analogs, which provided a MOE > 100. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was completed using linalool (CAS # 78-70-6) and benzoic acid (CAS # 65-85-0) as suitable read across analogs, which provided a MOE > 100. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on suitable UV spectra. The environmental endpoint was completed as described in the RIFM Framework along with data from the suitable read across analog linalyl cinnamate (CAS # 78-375).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dkant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3083, USA
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sharma V, Monti P, Fronza G, Inga A. Human transcription factors in yeast: the fruitful examples of P53 and NF-кB. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow083. [PMID: 27683095 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that human transcription factors (TFs) can function when expressed in yeast cells has stimulated the development of various functional assays to investigate (i) the role of binding site sequences (herein referred to as response elements, REs) in transactivation specificity, (ii) the impact of polymorphic nucleotide variants on transactivation potential, (iii) the functional consequences of mutations in TFs and (iv) the impact of cofactors or small molecules. These approaches have found applications in basic as well as applied research, including the identification and the characterisation of mutant TF alleles from clinical samples. The ease of genome editing of yeast cells and the availability of regulated systems for ectopic protein expression enabled the development of quantitative reporter systems, integrated at a chosen chromosomal locus in isogenic yeast strains that differ only at the level of a specific RE targeted by a TF or for the expression of distinct TF alleles. In many cases, these assays were proven predictive of results in higher eukaryotes. The potential to work in small volume formats and the availability of yeast strains with modified chemical uptake have enhanced the scalability of these approaches. Next to well-established one-, two-, three-hybrid assays, the functional assays with non-chimeric human TFs enrich the palette of opportunities for functional characterisation. We review ∼25 years of research on human sequence-specific TFs expressed in yeast, with an emphasis on the P53 and NF-кB family of proteins, highlighting outcomes, advantages, challenges and limitations of these heterologous assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Sharma
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Monti
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fronza
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Inga
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Beresford N, Baynes A, Kanda R, Mills MR, Arias-Salazar K, Collins TJ, Jobling S. Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684328 PMCID: PMC5092016 DOI: 10.3791/54243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Beresford
- Institute of Environment Health and Societies, Brunel University London
| | - Alice Baynes
- Institute of Environment Health and Societies, Brunel University London
| | - Rakesh Kanda
- Institute of Environment Health and Societies, Brunel University London;
| | | | | | | | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment Health and Societies, Brunel University London
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Flick B, Schneider S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Fussell KC, Gröters S, Buesen R, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B. Investigations of putative reproductive toxicity of low-dose exposures to vinclozolin in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1941-1956. [PMID: 27612472 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation examines whether the fungicide vinclozolin, which has an anti-androgenic mode of action, is capable of disrupting endocrine homeostasis at very low doses. The data generated clarify whether a non-monotonic dose-response relationship exists to enhance the current debate about the regulation of endocrine disruptors. Moreover, it is part of a series of investigations assessing the dose-response relationship of single and combined administration of anti-androgenic substances. A pre-postnatal in vivo study design was chosen which was compliant with regulatory testing protocols. The test design was improved by additional endpoints addressing hormone levels, morphology and histopathological examinations. Doses were chosen to represent an effect level (20 mg/kg bw/d), the current NOAEL (4 mg/kg bw/d), and a dose close to the "ADI" (0.005 mg/kg bw/d) for the detection of a possible non-monotonic dose-response curve. Anti-androgenic changes were observable at the effect level but not at lower exposures. Nipple/areola counts appeared to be the most sensitive measure of effect, followed by male sex organ weights at sexual maturation, and finally gross and histopathological findings. The results indicate the absence of evidence for effects at low or very low dose levels. A non-monotonic dose-response relationship was not evident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Flick
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schneider
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Buesen
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mestankova H, Parker AM, Bramaz N, Canonica S, Schirmer K, von Gunten U, Linden KG. Transformation of Contaminant Candidate List (CCL3) compounds during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes in drinking water: Assessment of biological effects. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 93:110-120. [PMID: 26900972 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The removal of emerging contaminants during water treatment is a current issue and various technologies are being explored. These include UV- and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this study, AOPs were explored for their degradation capabilities of 25 chemical contaminants on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) in drinking water. Twenty-three of these were found to be amenable to hydroxyl radical-based treatment, with second-order rate constants for their reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the range of 3-8 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The development of biological activity of the contaminants, focusing on mutagenicity and estrogenicity, was followed in parallel with their degradation using the Ames and YES bioassays to detect potential changes in biological effects during oxidative treatment. The majority of treatment cases resulted in a loss of biological activity upon oxidation of the parent compounds without generation of any form of estrogenicity or mutagenicity. However, an increase in mutagenic activity was detected by oxidative transformation of the following CCL3 parent compounds: nitrobenzene (OH, UV photolysis), quinoline (OH, ozone), methamidophos (OH), N-nitrosopyrolidine (OH), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (OH), aniline (UV photolysis), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (UV photolysis). Only one case of formation of estrogenic activity was observed, namely, for the oxidation of quinoline by OH. Overall, this study provides fundamental and practical information on AOP-based treatment of specific compounds of concern and represents a framework for evaluating the performance of transformation-based treatment processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mestankova
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Austa M Parker
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nadine Bramaz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GR A1 465, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GR A1 465, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seeger B, Klawonn F, Nguema Bekale B, Steinberg P. Mixture Effects of Estrogenic Pesticides at the Human Estrogen Receptor α and β. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147490. [PMID: 26812056 PMCID: PMC4728068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers of fruits and vegetables are frequently exposed to small amounts of hormonally active pesticides, some of them sharing a common mode of action such as the activation of the human estrogen receptor α (hERα) or β (hERβ). Therefore, it is of particular importance to evaluate risks emanating from chemical mixtures, in which the individual pesticides are present at human-relevant concentrations, below their corresponding maximum residue levels. Binary and ternary iso-effective mixtures of estrogenic pesticides at effect concentrations eliciting a 1 or 10% effect in the presence or absence of 17β-estradiol were tested experimentally at the hERα in the yeast-based estrogen screen (YES) assay as well as in the human U2-OS cell-based ERα chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (ERα CALUX) assay and at the hERβ in the ERβ CALUX assay. The outcome was then compared to predictions calculated by means of concentration addition. In most cases, additive effects were observed with the tested combinations in all three test systems, an observation that supports the need to expand the risk assessment of pesticides and consider cumulative risk assessment. An additional testing of mixture effects at the hERβ showed that most test substances being active at the hERα could also elicit additive effects at the hERβ, but the hERβ was less sensitive. In conclusion, effects of the same ligands at the hERα and the hERβ could influence the estrogenic outcome under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seeger
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Salzdahlumerstr. 46/48, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Boris Nguema Bekale
- Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Salzdahlumerstr. 46/48, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The ability of the YAS and AR CALUX assays to detect the additive effects of anti-androgenic fungicide mixtures. Toxicol Lett 2016; 241:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
31
|
Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Benzyl alcohol, CAS Registry Number 100-51-6. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S1-S14. [PMID: 26364874 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996-4500, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma D, Chen L, Liu C, Bao C, Liu R. Biological removal of antiandrogenic activity in gray wastewater and coking wastewater by membrane reactor process. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 33:195-202. [PMID: 26141893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant human androgen receptor yeast assay was applied to investigate the occurrence of antiandrogens as well as the mechanism for their removal during gray wastewater and coking wastewater treatment. The membrane reactor (MBR) system for gray wastewater treatment could remove 88.0% of antiandrogenic activity exerted by weakly polar extracts and 97.3% of that by moderately strong polar extracts, but only 32.5% of that contributed by strong polar extracts. Biodegradation by microorganisms in the MBR contributed to 95.9% of the total removal. After the treatment, the concentration of antiandrogenic activity in the effluent was still 1.05 μg flutamide equivalence (FEQ)/L, 36.2% of which was due to strong polar extracts. In the anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, and membrane reactor system for coking wastewater treatment, the antiandrogenic activity of raw coking wastewater was 78.6 mg FEQ/L, and the effluent of the treatment system had only 0.34 mg FEQ/L. The antiandrogenic activity mainly existed in the medium strong polar and strong polar extracts. Biodegradation by microorganisms contributed to at least 89.2% of the total antiandrogenic activity removal in the system. Biodegradation was the main removal mechanism of antiandrogenic activity in both the wastewater treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenjun Bao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Zhejiang 314006, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang R, Li N, Rao K, Ma M, Wang Z. Combined action of estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists in two-hybrid recombinant yeast in vitro. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:228-235. [PMID: 25450938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonistic chemicals in aquatic environments are believed to influence the binding of both endogenous and exogenous estrogens to ERs in aquatic organisms. Although the combined effects of estrogenic compounds have attracted much scientific concern, little work has been done on the influence of such antiestrogens on the biological effects of estrogens. This study focused on how the presence of different amounts of antagonists affects the results of ER agonist activity tests. To achieve this, three questions were stated and answered in sequence. A two-hybrid recombinant yeast assay mediated by ER was adopted, providing a single mode of action and single target of action for this study. Mixtures created by an ER agonist and three antagonists following the fixed-ratio principle were assessed. The concentration of 17β-estradiol causing maximum induction was set as the fixed dose of estrogen in the antagonist activity test (question 1). When the two classes of chemicals coexisted, antiestrogens, which as a whole behaved according to the concentration addition model (question 2), decreased the response of estrogen and compressed the concentration-response curves along the y-axis in the agonist activity test (question 3). This may cause the estradiol equivalent to be underestimated and potentially mask the action of estrogenic effects in toxicity evaluation of environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Robitaille CN, Rivest P, Sanderson JT. Antiandrogenic mechanisms of pesticides in human LNCaP prostate and H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:126-35. [PMID: 25324206 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pesticides suspected or known to have endocrine disrupting effects were screened for pro- or antiandrogenic properties by determining their effects on proliferation, prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) secretion and androgen receptor (AR) expression, and AR phosphorylation in androgen-dependent LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, as well as on the expression and catalytic activity of the enzyme CYP17 in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, an in vitro model of steroidogenesis. Effects on SRD5A gene expression were determined in both cell lines. Benomyl, vinclozolin, and prochloraz, but not atrazine, concentration dependently (1-30 μM) decreased dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-stimulated proliferation of LNCaP cells. All pesticides except atrazine decreased DHT-stimulated PSA secretion, AR nuclear accumulation, and AR phosphorylation on serines 81 and 213 in LNCaP cells. Benomyl and prochloraz, but not vinclozolin or atrazine, decreased levels of CYP17 gene and protein expression, as well as catalytic activity in H295R cells. In the case of prochloraz, some of these effects corresponded with cytotoxicity. H295R cells expressed AR protein and SRD5A1, but not SRD5A2 transcripts. SRD5A1 gene expression in H295R cells was increased by 10 nM DHT, whereas in LNCaP cells significant induction was observed by 0.1 nM DHT. AR protein expression in H295R cells was not increased by DHT. Vinclozolin decreased DHT-induced SRD5A1 gene expression in LNCaP, but not H295R cells, indicating a functional difference of AR between the cell lines. In conclusion, pesticides may exert antiandrogenic effects through several mechanisms that are cell type-specific, including AR antagonism and down-regulation or catalytic inhibition of androgen biosynthetic enzymes, such as CYP17 and SRD5A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Robitaille
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Patricia Rivest
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - J Thomas Sanderson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fic A, Žegura B, Gramec D, Mašič LP. Estrogenic and androgenic activities of TBBA and TBMEPH, metabolites of novel brominated flame retardants, and selected bisphenols, using the XenoScreen XL YES/YAS assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:362-369. [PMID: 25048928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated and compared the estrogenic and androgenic activities of the three different classes of environmental pollutants and their metabolites using the XenoScreen XL YES/YAS assay, which has advantages compared with the original YES/YAS protocol. Contrary to the parent brominated flame retardants TBB and TBPH, which demonstrated no or very weak (anti)estrogenic or (anti)androgenic activities, their metabolites, TBBA and TBMEPH, exhibited anti-estrogenic (IC50 for TBBA=31.75 μM and IC50 for TBMEPH=0.265 μM) and anti-androgenic (IC50 for TBBA=73.95 μM and IC50 for TBMEPH=2.92 μM) activities. These results reveal that metabolism can enhance the anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects of these two novel brominated flame retardants. Based on the activities of BPAF, BPF, BPA and MBP, we can conclude that the XenoScreen XL YES/YAS assay gives comparable results to the (anti)estrogenic or (anti)androgenic assays that are reported in the literature. For BPA, it was confirmed previously that the metabolite formed after an ipso-reaction (hydroxycumyl alcohol) exhibited higher estrogenic activity compared with the parent BPA, but this was not confirmed for BPAF and BPF ipso-metabolites, which were not active in the XenoScreen YES/YAS assay. Among the substituted BPA analogues, bis-GMA exhibited weak anti-estrogenic activity, BADGE demonstrated weak anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities (IC50=13.73 μM), and the hydrolysed product BADGE·2H2O demonstrated no (anti)estrogenic or (anti)androgenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Gramec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ramirez T, Buechse A, Dammann M, Melching-Kollmuß S, Woitkowiak C, van Ravenzwaay B. Effect of estrogenic binary mixtures in the yeast estrogen screen (YES). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Indiveri P, Horwood J, Abdul-Sada A, Arrebola JP, Olea N, Hill EM. Analytical methodology for the profiling and characterization of androgen receptor active compounds in human placenta. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 47:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
38
|
Wang S, Rijk JCW, Besselink HT, Houtman R, Peijnenburg AACM, Brouwer A, Rietjens IMCM, Bovee TFH. Extending an in vitro panel for estrogenicity testing: the added value of bioassays for measuring antiandrogenic activities and effects on steroidogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:78-89. [PMID: 24928889 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a previously established integrated testing strategy (ITS) for in vitro estrogenicity testing was extended with additional in vitro assays in order to broaden its sensitivity to different modes of action resulting in apparent estrogenicity, i.e., other than estrogen receptor (ER) binding. To this end, an extra set of 10 estrogenic compounds with modes of action in part different from ER binding, were tested in the previously defined ITS, consisting of a yeast estrogen reporter gene assay, an U2OS ERα CALUX reporter gene assay and a cell-free coregulator binding assay. Two androgen reporter gene assays and the enhanced H295R steroidogenesis assay were added to that previous defined ITS. These assays had added value, as several estrogenic model compounds also elicited clear and potent antiandrogenic properties and in addition also showed effects on steroidogenesis that might potentiate their apparent estrogenic effects in vivo. Adding these assays, examining mechanisms of action for estrogenicity apart from ERα binding, gives a more complete and comprehensive assessment of the ability of test compounds to interfere with endocrine signaling. It was concluded that the extended ITS will go beyond in vivo estrogenicity testing by the uterotrophic assay, thereby contributing to the 3R-principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C W Rijk
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie T Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Melching-Kollmuß S, Fussell KC, Buesen R, Dammann M, Schneider S, Tennekes H, van Ravenzwaay B. Anti-androgenicity can only be evaluated using a weight of evidence approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:175-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
40
|
Rajasärkkä J, Virta M. Characterization of a Bisphenol A Specific Yeast Bioreporter Utilizing the Bisphenol A-Targeted Receptor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10067-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401614c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rajasärkkä
- Department
of Food and Environmental
Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Virta
- Department
of Food and Environmental
Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang S, Aarts JMMJG, de Haan LHJ, Argyriou D, Peijnenburg AACM, Rietjens IMCM, Bovee TFH. Towards an integratedin vitrostrategy for estrogenicity testing. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1031-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Tuinlaan 5 6703 HE Wageningen The Netherlands
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Akkermaalsbos 2 6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jac M. M. J. G. Aarts
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Akkermaalsbos 2 6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. J. de Haan
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Tuinlaan 5 6703 HE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Argyriou
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Tuinlaan 5 6703 HE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Ad A. C. M. Peijnenburg
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Akkermaalsbos 2 6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Tuinlaan 5 6703 HE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Toine F. H. Bovee
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety; Wageningen University and Research Centre; Akkermaalsbos 2 6708 WB Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hu X, Shi W, Wei S, Zhang X, Feng J, Hu G, Chen S, Giesy JP, Yu H. Occurrence and potential causes of androgenic activities in source and drinking water in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10591-10600. [PMID: 23895735 DOI: 10.1021/es401464p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased incidences of disorders of male reproductive tract as well as testicular and prostate cancers have been attributed to androgenic pollutants in the environment. Drinking water is one pathway of exposure through which humans can be exposed. In this study, both potencies of androgen receptor (AR) agonists and antagonists were determined in organic extracts of raw source water as well as finished water from waterworks, tap water, boiled water, and poured boiled water in eastern China. Ten of 13 samples of source water exhibited detectable AR antagonistic potencies with AR antagonist equivalents (Ant-AR-EQs) ranging from <15.3 (detection limit) to 140 μg flutamide/L. However, no AR agonistic activity was detected in any source water. All finished water from waterworks, tap water, boiled water, and poured boiled water exhibited neither AR agonistic nor antagonistic activity. Although potential risks are posed by source water, water treatment processes effectively removed AR antagonists. Boiling and pouring of water further removed these pollutants. Phthalate esters (PAEs) including diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were identified as major contributors to AR antagonistic potencies in source waters. Metabolites of PAEs exhibited no AR antagonistic activity and did not increase potencies of PAEs when they coexist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Uraipong C, Wong V, Lee NA. A testosterone specific competitive enzyme immunoassay for monitoring water quality. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 90:585-590. [PMID: 23400864 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-0965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone, an androgen and a primary male sex hormone, migrates through the environment in ways which could pose a threat to water quality and, subsequently, environmental and human health. This paper describes the development of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that is capable of measuring testosterone with high specificity. The testosterone ELISA displayed the IC20 (as the limit of detection) and IC50 values of 0.05 ± 0.01 μg L(-1) and 0.33 ± 0.18 μg L(-1), respectively. In addition, the assay showed <0.1 % cross-reactivity against structurally related steroidal compounds. However, this assay was found to be sensitive to environmental matrices such as certain metal ions, pH, and high humic acids, and sample clean-up to remove such interference was necessary before analysis. The analyses of 50 surface water samples collected in rural and urban areas in New South Wales, Australia showed that ELISA results correlated well with the androgenic activity measured by the recombinant yeast-based androgen screen assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chatchaporn Uraipong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Food Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
van Ravenzwaay B, Kolle SN, Ramirez T, Kamp HG. Vinclozolin: a case study on the identification of endocrine active substances in the past and a future perspective. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:271-9. [PMID: 23558297 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1980s vinclozolin was tested for prenatal developmental toxicity in rats for registration purposes in USA. At 1000mg/kgbw, 95% of all fetuses were female upon visual inspection (ano-genital distance determination). Anti-androgenic effects (AA) were also noted in a subsequent 2-generation study. These findings triggered mechanistic investigations at BASF and at US-EPA. Results published by the latter were the starting point of the endocrine disruption (ED) discussion in the 1990s. AA effects of vinclozolin are mediated by two metabolites, which have an antagonistic effect on the androgen receptor. Currently, determination of ED has become a major end-point in toxicology testing and the US-EPA has set up an elaborated testing paradigm to fulfill this requirement. Future screening for ED can be improved making use of new technologies. ED modes of action can be determined by three alternative (3R) methods. Steroid synthesis in H295R cells (1), androgen-receptor binding in modified yeast (2) and metabolomics (3). Using vinclozolin as a case study, results indicate: (1) an effect on steroid synthesis in vitro, (2) an antagonistic effect on the androgen receptor and (3) that the metabolome profile of vinclozolin is similar to that of other receptor mediated anti-androgens (e.g. flutamide).
Collapse
|
45
|
Ma D, Chen L, Lui R. Decrease of antiandrogenic activity in gray water and domestic wastewater treated by the MBR process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:668-676. [PMID: 23738366 DOI: 10.1039/c3em30737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to figure out the variation of the androgens/antiandrogens in wastewater treatment, androgenic/antiandrogenic activities were investigated in two membrane bioreactors (MBR) treating gray water and domestic wastewater, respectively, in Beijing city, China. The androgens and antiandrogens were extracted from water and solid samples by a solid phase extraction (SPE) method and the androgenic/antiandrogenic activities were detected with a recombined androgen receptor (AR) yeast assay. The results showed that there were no androgenic induction activities either in water or in solid samples, but all samples exhibited obvious antiandrogenic activities. The antiandrogenic activities in the suspended solids contributed to 27.4% of the total antiandrogenic activities in gray water and 37.7% in domestic wastewater. Although the concentration of flutamide equivalent (FEQ) of the domestic wastewater (3.1 mg L(-1)) was about three times higher than that of the gray water (1.1 mg L-(1)) in the liquid phase, the effluent FEQ of the two processes was comparable, and the concentrations were 53.7 ± 2.4 μg L(-1) and 68.9 ± 6.0 μg L(-1), respectively. By mass balance analysis, a total of 1825.2 mg FEQ antiandrogens flowed into the gray water and 4914.1 mg flowed into the domestic wastewater treatment process every day. More than 95% of the influent antiandrogens in the liquid phase was removed in both systems. And only 64.5 mg and 69.0 mg FEQ antiandrogens flowed out of gray water and domestic wastewater treatment processes every day. Biodegradation was considered to be the crucial antiandrogen removal mechanism in MBR, which contributed to 98% of the antiandrogen removal in the gray water treatment plant, and 91% in the domestic wastewater treatment plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kolle SN, Ramirez T, Kamp HG, Buesen R, Flick B, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B. A testing strategy for the identification of mammalian, systemic endocrine disruptors with particular focus on steroids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:259-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
47
|
Lee HK, Kim TS, Kim CY, Kang IH, Kim MG, Kyung Jung K, Kim HS, Han SY, Yoon HJ, Rhee GS. Evaluation of in vitro screening system for estrogenicity: comparison of stably transfected human estrogen receptor-α transcriptional activation (OECD TG455) assay and estrogen receptor (ER) binding assay. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:431-7. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Kyung Lee
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Chang Yeong Kim
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Il Hyun Kang
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Mi Gyeong Kim
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Ki Kyung Jung
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Korea
| | - Soon Young Han
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Hae Jung Yoon
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| | - Gyu Seek Rhee
- Health Effects Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kolle SN, Melching-Kollmuss S, Krennrich G, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. Assessment of combinations of antiandrogenic compounds vinclozolin and flutamide in a yeast based reporter assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|