1
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Shao Y, Zheng L, Jiang Y. Cadmium toxicity and autophagy: a review. Biometals 2024; 37:609-629. [PMID: 38277035 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an important environmental pollutant that poses a threat to human health and represents a critical component of air pollutants, food sources, and cigarette smoke. Cd is a known carcinogen and has toxic effects on the environment and various organs in humans. Heavy metals within an organism are difficult to biodegrade, and those that enter the respiratory tract are difficult to remove. Autophagy is a key mechanism for counteracting extracellular (microorganisms and foreign bodies) or intracellular (damaged organelles and proteins that cannot be degraded by the proteasome) stress and represents a self-protective mechanism for eukaryotes against heavy metal toxicity. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by isolating and gathering information about foreign chemicals associated with other molecular events. However, autophagy may trigger cell death under certain pathological conditions, including cancer. Autophagy dysfunction is one of the main mechanisms underlying Cd-induced cytotoxicity. In this review, the toxic effects of Cd-induced autophagy on different human organ systems were evaluated, with a focus on hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, and neurotoxicity. This review also highlighted the classical molecular pathways of Cd-induced autophagy, including the ROS-dependent signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 family, and recently identified molecules associated with Cd. Moreover, research directions for Cd toxicity regarding autophagic function were proposed. This review presents the latest theories to comprehensively reveal autophagy behavior in response to Cd toxicity and proposes novel potential autophagy-targeted prevention and treatment strategies for Cd toxicity and Cd-associated diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Shao
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Liting Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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2
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Gu M, Li C, Deng Q, Chen X, Lei R. Celastrol enhances the viability of random-pattern skin flaps by regulating autophagy through the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38600729 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In reconstructive and plastic surgery, random-pattern skin flaps (RPSF) are often used to correct defects. However, their clinical usefulness is limited due to their susceptibility to necrosis, especially on the distal side of the RPSF. This study validates the protective effect of celastrol (CEL) on flap viability and explores in terms of underlying mechanisms of action. The viability of different groups of RPSF was evaluated by survival zone analysis, laser doppler blood flow, and histological analysis. The effects of CEL on flap angiogenesis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy were evaluated by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence assays. Finally, its mechanistic aspects were explored by autophagy inhibitor and Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. On the seventh day after surgery, the survival area size, blood supply, and microvessel count of RPSF were augmented following the administration of CEL. Additionally, CEL stimulated angiogenesis, suppressed apoptosis, and lowered oxidative stress levels immediately after elevated autophagy in ischemic regions; These effects can be reversed using the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Specifically, CQ has been observed to counteract the protective impact of CEL on the RPSF. Moreover, it has also been discovered that CEL triggers the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis activation in the area affected by ischemia. In CEL-treated skin flaps, AMPK inhibitors were demonstrated to suppress the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis and reduce autophagy levels. This investigation suggests that CEL benefits the survival of RPSF by augmenting angiogenesis and impeding oxidative stress and apoptosis. The results are credited to increased autophagy, made possible by the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Gu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenchao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingyu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ximiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rui Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Gao Z, Pan Z, Fu H, Jiang F, Yan H, Yang B, He Q, Luo P, Xu Z, Yang X. Crizotinib induces pulmonary toxicity by blocking autophagy flux in alveolar epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115636. [PMID: 37290598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crizotinib is the first-line drug for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with the abnormal expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene. Severe, life-threatening, or fatal interstitial lung disease/pneumonia has been reported in patients treated with crizotinib. The clinical benefit of crizotinib is limited by its pulmonary toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms have not been adequately studied, and protective strategies are relatively scarce. Here, we established an in vivo mouse model in which crizotinib was continuously administered to C57BL/6 at 100 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks and verified that crizotinib induced interstitial lung disease in vivo, which was consistent with the clinical observations. We further treated BEAS-2B and TC-1 cells, the alveolar epithelial cell lines, with crizotinib and found the increased apoptosis rate. We proved that crizotinib-blocked autophagic flux caused apoptosis of the alveolar epithelial cells and then promoted the recruitment of immune cells, suggesting that limited autophagy activity was the key reason for pulmonary injury and inflammation caused by crizotinib. Subsequently, we found that metformin could reduce the macrophage recruitment and pulmonary fibrosis by recovering the autophagy flux, thereby ameliorating impaired lung function caused by crizotinib. In conclusion, our study revealed the mechanism of crizotinib-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and activation of inflammation during the onset of pulmonary toxicity and provided a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of crizotinib-induced pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanteng Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zizheng Gao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zezheng Pan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huangxi Fu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peihua Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaochun Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Tian X, Wang M, Ying X, Dong N, Li M, Feng J, Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Tian F, Li B, Zhang W, Qiu Y, Yan X. Co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride to explore the interactive effect on oxidative stress and autophagy in myocardial tissue and cell. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114647. [PMID: 36801539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination of arsenic and fluoride is widely distributed in groundwater. However, little is known about the interactively influence of arsenic and fluoride, especially the combined mechanism in cardiotoxicity. Cellular and animal models exposure to arsenic and fluoride were established to assess the oxidative stress and autophagy mechanism of cardiotoxic damage using the factorial design, a widely used statistical method for assessing two factor interventions. In vivo, combined exposure to high arsenic (50 mg/L) and high fluoride (100 mg/L) induced myocardial injury. The damage is accompanied by accumulation of myocardial enzyme, mitochondrial disorder, and excessive oxidative stress. Further experiment identified that arsenic and fluoride induced the accumulation of autophagosome and increased expression level of autophagy related genes during the cardiotoxicity process. These findings were further demonstrated through the in vitro model of arsenic and fluoride-treated the H9c2 cells. Additionally, combined of arsenic-fluoride exposure possesses the interactively influence on oxidative stress and autophagy, contributing to the myocardial cell toxicity. In conclusion, our data suggest that oxidative stress and autophagy are involved in the process of cardiotoxic injury, and that these indicators showed interaction effect in response to the combined exposure of arsenic and fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaodong Ying
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Nisha Dong
- Heping Hospital Affiliated To Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Ben Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Differential Cellular Balance of Olfactory and Vomeronasal Epithelia in a Transgenic BACHD Rat Model of Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147625. [PMID: 35886975 PMCID: PMC9316117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. For neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease (HD), early diagnosis is essential to treat patients and delay symptoms. Impaired olfaction, as observed as an early symptom in Parkinson´s disease, may also constitute a key symptom in HD. However, there are few reports on olfactory deficits in HD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate, in a transgenic rat model of HD: (1) whether general olfactory impairment exists and (2) whether there are disease-specific dynamics of olfactory dysfunction when the vomeronasal (VNE) and main olfactory epithelium (MOE) are compared. Methods. We used male rats of transgenic line 22 (TG22) of the bacterial artificial chromosome Huntington disease model (BACHD), aged 3 days or 6 months. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and macrophage activity were examined with immunohistochemistry in the VNE and MOE. Results. No differences were observed in cellular parameters in the VNE between the groups. However, the MOE of the 6-month-old HD animals showed a significantly increased number of mature olfactory receptor neurons. Other cellular parameters were not affected. Conclusions. The results obtained in the TG22 line suggest a relative stability in the VNE, whereas the MOE seems at least temporarily affected.
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Streptococcus lutetiensis Induces Autophagy via Oxidative Stress in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2549772. [PMID: 35178153 PMCID: PMC8843784 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2549772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus lutetiensis, an emerging pathogen causing bovine mastitis, has not been well characterized. We reported that S. lutetiensis was pathogenic both in vivo and in vitro and caused inflammatory reactions in the mammary gland. However, roles of autophagy and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of S. lutetiensis-induced mastitis are unclear. In this study, an autophagy model of S. lutetiensis-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) was used to assess oxidative stress and autophagy flux. Expressions of Beclin1, light chain 3II, and Sequestosome 1/p62 were elevated in bMECs after S. lutetiensis infection. In addition, autophagosome and lysosome formation confirmed autophagy occurred. Based on LysoTracker Red and acridine orange, lysosome degradation was blocked, and lower expressions of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2, cathepsins D, and cathepsins L confirmed lysosomal damage. Concurrently, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), and NAD (P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and basilic proteins associated with the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, were detected. Decreased keap1 and increased Nrf2, HO1, NQO1, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated increased oxidative stress. Treatment with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS inhibitor, decreased both oxidative stress and autophagy. Therefore, we concluded that S. lutetiensis caused intracellular oxidative stress and autophagy in bMECs. In addition, crosstalk between autophagy and oxidative stress affected the autophagic flux and blocked downstream autophagy. The Nrf2-keap1-p62 pathway participated in this process, with ROS acting upstream of these effects, interfering with normal cell functions.
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Sopha P, Phutubtim N, Chantrathonkul B, Ploypradith P, Ruchirawat S, Chittchang M. Roles of autophagy in relation to mitochondrial stress responses of HeLa cells to lamellarin cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2021; 462:152963. [PMID: 34560126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a promising class of bioactive marine pyrrole alkaloids, lamellarins reportedly act on multiple targets to suppress the vitality of various cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing their cytotoxicity is still in demand. Here we report that while activating intrinsic apoptosis, up to 5 μM of lamellarins and their lactam-containing analogs, azalamellarins, also induced mitochondrial stress responses and autophagy in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Detailed characterization of the mitochondria in the treated cells revealed shifted abundance of the two optic atrophy protein 1 (Opa1) isoforms, disturbed morphology, and dissipated membrane potential, leading to PTEN-induced kinase-1 (PINK1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) accumulation as a molecular signature of mitophagy. Furthermore, an acute treatment with lamellarins also modulated cellular autophagy flux as evidenced by elevated LC3-II levels, LC3 puncta formation, and p62 degradation. Surprisingly, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based suppression of autophagy transiently affected the number of apoptotic cells induced by these compounds. Our findings illustrate the potential of these alkaloids for further development into prospective anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawut Sopha
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Nadgrita Phutubtim
- Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Research Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Bunkuea Chantrathonkul
- Research Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Poonsakdi Ploypradith
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Research Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Research Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Montakarn Chittchang
- The Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Research Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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8
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Dong L, Li L, Zhang X, Xu X, Han M, Liu S. The first Chinese case of Vici syndrome with novel compound heterozygous sequence variants in EPG5. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:706-716. [PMID: 34405433 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vici syndrome (VICIS) refers to a clinical spectrum of multiple organ systems characterized by corpus callosum agenesis, hypopigmentation, cataracts, cardiomyopathy and immunodeficiency. The aims of this study were to describe detailed clinical and molecular features of two Chinese female siblings and to review several previous findings. METHODS Targeted sequencing panel involving all known disease-causing genes of monogenic disorders combined with Sanger sequencing validation were performed to identify the likely pathogenic sequence variants of the proband with VICIS. RESULTS The proband diagnosed as VICIS presented with neonatal pneumonia, myocardial damage, hypotonia, maxillofacial malformations, hearing impairment, failure to thrive and died 40 days after birth. Two novel missense variants in ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homologue (EPG5, NM_020964.3) were identified in this proband. The two likely pathogenic variants c.1609G > A (p.(E537K)) and c.5764C>G (p.(P1922A)) were assessed as damaging by bioinformatic analysis. As these variants were absent in 150 unrelated Chinese normal controls and inherited from asymptomatic parents in the co-segregation analysis, the compound heterozygous EPG5 variants were responsible for the clinical features of this patient. Finally, she was genetically diagnosed with VICIS. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first Chinese case of VICIS. Our report identified novel compound heterozygous EPG5 sequence variants in the proband with VICIS, highlighting the rarity and high mortality rate of VICIS and emphasizing on the importance of high-throughput sequencing in confirmed diagnosis of monogenic diseases, which could further facilitate the development of genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dong
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Liangshan Li
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurological Examination, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Arsenic-induced autophagy regulates apoptosis in AML-12 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 72:105074. [PMID: 33352257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a potent toxicant, is known to be a hepatotoxicant. Although As induced liver apoptosis and autophagy, the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy of hepatocytes caused by As remains largely unknown. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and rapamycin can inhibit and promote autophagy of AML-12 cells, respectively. Hence, in this study, AML-12 cells were treated with different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 μmol/L) of As2O3, and 5 mmol/L 3-MA or 100 nmol/L rapamycin were applied to distinguish the effect of autophagy on apoptosis in AML-12. Results showed that exposure to As induced cell apoptosis and autophagy, which were mediated by the significantly altered expression levels of autophagy markers (mTOR, LC3, PI3K and P62), and apoptosis markers (Bcl-2 and caspase-3). Further analysis indicated that a certain dosage of 3-MA and rapamycin decreased apoptosis and the caspase-3 expression, which suggested that As-induced autophagy regulated AML-12 cells apoptosis through the expressions of PI3K, mTOR, P62 and Bcl-2.
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10
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Sánchez-Martín P, Sou YS, Kageyama S, Koike M, Waguri S, Komatsu M. NBR1-mediated p62-liquid droplets enhance the Keap1-Nrf2 system. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48902. [PMID: 31916398 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
p62/SQSTM1 is a multivalent protein that has the ability to cause liquid-liquid phase separation and serves as a receptor protein that participates in cargo isolation during selective autophagy. This protein is also involved in the non-canonical activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 system, a major oxidative stress response pathway. Here, we show a role of neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1), an autophagy receptor structurally similar to p62/SQSTM1, in p62-liquid droplet formation and Keap1-Nrf2 pathway activation. Overexpression of NBR1 blocks selective degradation of p62/SQSTM1 through autophagy and promotes the accumulation and phosphorylation of p62/SQSTM1 in liquid-like bodies, which is required for the activation of Nrf2. NBR1 is induced in response to oxidative stress, which triggers p62-mediated Nrf2 activation. Conversely, loss of Nbr1 suppresses not only the formation of p62/SQSTM1-liquid droplets, but also of p62-dependent Nrf2 activation during oxidative stress. Taken together, our results show that NBR1 mediates p62/SQSTM1-liquid droplet formation to activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yu-Shin Sou
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Shun Kageyama
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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11
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Tehrani AM, Boroujeni ME, Aliaghaei A, Feizi MAH, Safaralizadeh R. Methamphetamine induces neurotoxicity-associated pathways and stereological changes in prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2019; 712:134478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Sakib S, Voigt A, Goldsmith T, Dobrinski I. Three-dimensional testicular organoids as novel in vitro models of testicular biology and toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2019; 5:dvz011. [PMID: 31463083 PMCID: PMC6705190 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are three dimensional structures consisting of multiple cell types that recapitulate the cellular architecture and functionality of native organs. Over the last decade, the advent of organoid research has opened up many avenues for basic and translational studies. Following suit of other disciplines, research groups working in the field of male reproductive biology have started establishing and characterizing testicular organoids. The three-dimensional architectural and functional similarities of organoids to their tissue of origin facilitate study of complex cell interactions, tissue development and establishment of representative, scalable models for drug and toxicity screening. In this review, we discuss the current state of testicular organoid research, their advantages over conventional monolayer culture and their potential applications in the field of reproductive biology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadman Sakib
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Anna Voigt
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Taylor Goldsmith
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Ina Dobrinski
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Correspondence address. Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Room 404, Heritage Medical Research Building, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. Tel: 4032106523; Fax: 4032108821; E-mail:
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13
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Wu H, Ding J, Li S, Lin J, Jiang R, Lin C, Dai L, Xie C, Lin D, Xu H, Gao W, Zhou K. Metformin Promotes the Survival of Random-Pattern Skin Flaps by Inducing Autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:325-340. [PMID: 30745824 PMCID: PMC6367544 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flaps are widely used to close defects in reconstructive and plastic surgeries; however, they are vulnerable to necrosis, particularly in the distal portion of the flap. Here, we examined the effects of metformin on flap survival and the mechanisms underlying these effects. Following metformin treatment, the survival area, blood flow, and number of microvessels present in skin flaps were increased on postoperative day 7, whereas tissue edema was reduced. In addition, metformin promoted angiogenesis, inhibited apoptosis, relieved oxidative stress, and increased autophagy in areas of ischemia; these effects were reversed by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3MA) or chloroquine (CQ). Either 3MA or CQ reversed the metformin-induced increase in flap viability. Moreover, metformin also activated the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway in ischemic areas. Inhibitions of AMPK via Compound C (CC) or AMPK shRNA adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector resulted in the downregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway and autophagy level in metformin-treated flaps. Taken together, our findings suggest that metformin improves the survival of random-pattern skin flaps by enhancing angiogenesis and suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress. These effects result from increased autophagy mediated by activation of the AMPK-mTOR-TFEB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shihen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Renhao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Chenglong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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14
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Witt M, Thiemer R, Meyer A, Schmitt O, Wree A. Main Olfactory and Vomeronasal Epithelium Are Differently Affected in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113563. [PMID: 30424529 PMCID: PMC6274921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory impairment is one of the earliest symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders that has also been documented in Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1). NPC1 is a very rare, neurovisceral lipid storage disorder, characterized by a deficiency of Npc1 gene function that leads to progressive neurodegeneration. Here, we compared the pathologic effect of defective Npc1 gene on the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNE) with that of the olfactory epithelium (OE) in an NPC1 mouse model. METHODS Proliferation in the VNE and OE was assessed by applying a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) protocol. We further compared the immunoreactivities of anti-olfactory marker protein (OMP), and the lysosomal marker cathepsin-D in both epithelia. To investigate if degenerative effects of both olfactory systems can be prevented or reversed, some animals were treated with a combination of miglustat/allopregnanolone/2-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), or a monotherapy with HPβCD alone. RESULTS Using BrdU to label dividing cells of the VNE, we detected a proliferation increase of 215% ± 12% in Npc1-/- mice, and 270% ± 10% in combination- treated Npc1-/- animals. The monotherapy with HPβCD led to an increase of 261% ± 10.5% compared to sham-treated Npc1-/- mice. Similar to the OE, we assessed the high regenerative potential of vomeronasal progenitor cells. OMP reactivity in the VNE of Npc1-/- mice was not affected, in contrast to that observed in the OE. Concomitantly, cathepsin-D reactivity in the VNE was virtually absent. Conclusion: Vomeronasal receptor neurons are less susceptible against NPC1 pathology than olfactory receptor neurons. Compared to control mice, however, the VNE of Npc1-/- mice displays an increased neuroregenerative potential, indicating compensatory cell renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - René Thiemer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Anja Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Andreas Wree
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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15
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Morozova KN, Suldina LA, Malankhanova TB, Grigor’eva EV, Zakian SM, Kiseleva E, Malakhova AA. Introducing an expanded CAG tract into the huntingtin gene causes a wide spectrum of ultrastructural defects in cultured human cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204735. [PMID: 30332437 PMCID: PMC6192588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling of neurodegenerative diseases in vitro holds great promise for biomedical research. Human cell lines harboring a mutations in disease-causing genes are thought to recapitulate early stages of the development an inherited disease. Modern genome-editing tools allow researchers to create isogenic cell clones with an identical genetic background providing an adequate "healthy" control for biomedical and pharmacological experiments. Here, we generated isogenic mutant cell clones with 150 CAG repeats in the first exon of the huntingtin (HTT) gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and performed ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of the internal organization of the mutant cells. Electron microscopy showed that deletion of three CAG triplets or an HTT gene knockout had no significant influence on the cell structure. The insertion of 150 CAG repeats led to substantial changes in quantitative and morphological parameters of mitochondria and increased the association of mitochondria with the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum while causing accumulation of small autolysosomes in the cytoplasm. Our data indicate for the first time that expansion of the CAG repeat tract in HTT introduced via the CRISPR/Cas9 technology into a human cell line initiates numerous ultrastructural defects that are typical for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia N. Morozova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Suldina
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tuyana B. Malankhanova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Grigor’eva
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suren M. Zakian
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Malakhova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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16
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Ryskalin L, Limanaqi F, Frati A, Busceti CL, Fornai F. mTOR-Related Brain Dysfunctions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082226. [PMID: 30061532 PMCID: PMC6121884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase, which senses and integrates several intracellular and environmental cues to orchestrate major processes such as cell growth and metabolism. Altered mTOR signalling is associated with brain malformation and neurological disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that even subtle defects in the mTOR pathway may produce severe effects, which are evident as neurological and psychiatric disorders. On the other hand, administration of mTOR inhibitors may be beneficial for a variety of neuropsychiatric alterations encompassing neurodegeneration, brain tumors, brain ischemia, epilepsy, autism, mood disorders, drugs of abuse, and schizophrenia. mTOR has been widely implicated in synaptic plasticity and autophagy activation. This review addresses the role of mTOR-dependent autophagy dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, to focus mainly on psychiatric syndromes including schizophrenia and drug addiction. For instance, amphetamines-induced addiction fairly overlaps with some neuropsychiatric disorders including neurodegeneration and schizophrenia. For this reason, in the present review, a special emphasis is placed on the role of mTOR on methamphetamine-induced brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ryskalin
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Isernia, Italy.
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17
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Bhat P, Kriel J, Shubha Priya B, Basappa, Shivananju NS, Loos B. Modulating autophagy in cancer therapy: Advancements and challenges for cancer cell death sensitization. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:170-182. [PMID: 29203368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major protein degradation pathway capable of upholding cellular metabolism under nutrient limiting conditions, making it a valuable resource to highly proliferating tumour cells. Although the regulatory machinery of the autophagic pathway has been well characterized, accurate modulation of this pathway remains complex in the context of clinical translatability for improved cancer therapies. In particular, the dynamic relationship between the rate of protein degradation through autophagy, i.e. autophagic flux, and the susceptibility of tumours to undergo apoptosis remains largely unclear. Adding to inefficient clinical translation is the lack of measurement techniques that accurately depict autophagic flux. Paradoxically, both increased autophagic flux as well as autophagy inhibition have been shown to sensitize cancer cells to undergo cell death, indicating the highly context dependent nature of this pathway. In this article, we aim to disentangle the role of autophagy modulation in tumour suppression by assessing existing literature in the context of autophagic flux and cellular metabolism at the interface of mitochondrial function. We highlight the urgency to not only assess autophagic flux more accurately, but also to center autophagy manipulation within the unique and inherent metabolic properties of cancer cells. Lastly, we discuss the challenges faced when targeting autophagy in the clinical setting. In doing so, it is hoped that a better understanding of autophagy in cancer therapy is revealed in order to overcome tumour chemoresistance through more controlled autophagy modulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Bhat
- DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasgangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Jurgen Kriel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Babu Shubha Priya
- DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasgangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of studies in Organic Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Nanjunda Swamy Shivananju
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, JSS TEI Campus, Mysuru 57006, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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18
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Lee WK, Probst S, Santoyo-Sánchez MP, Al-Hamdani W, Diebels I, von Sivers JK, Kerek E, Prenner EJ, Thévenod F. Initial autophagic protection switches to disruption of autophagic flux by lysosomal instability during cadmium stress accrual in renal NRK-52E cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3225-3245. [PMID: 28321485 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The renal proximal tubule (PT) is the major target of cadmium (Cd2+) toxicity where Cd2+ causes stress and apoptosis. Autophagy is induced by cell stress, e.g., endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and may contribute to cell survival or death. The role of autophagy in Cd2+-induced nephrotoxicity remains unsettled due to contradictory results and lack of evidence for autophagic machinery damage by Cd2+. Cd2+-induced autophagy in rat kidney PT cell line NRK-52E and its role in cell death was investigated. Increased LC3-II and decreased p62 as autophagy markers indicate rapid induction of autophagic flux by Cd2+ (5-10 µM) after 1 h, accompanied by ER stress (increased p-PERK, p-eIF2α, CHOP). Cd2+ exposure exceeding 3 h results in p62/LC3-II accumulation, but diminished effect of lysosomal inhibitors (bafilomycin A1, pepstatin A +E-64d) on p62/LC3-II levels, indicating decreased autophagic flux and cargo degradation. At 24 h exposure, Cd2+ (5-25 µM) activates intrinsic apoptotic pathways (Bax/Bcl-2, PARP-1), which is not evident earlier (≤6 h) although cell viability by MTT assay is decreased. Autophagy inducer rapamycin (100 nM) does not overcome autophagy inhibition or Cd2+-induced cell viability loss. The autophagosome-lysosome fusion inhibitor liensinine (5 μM) increases CHOP and Bax/Bcl-2-dependent apoptosis by low Cd2+ stress, but not by high Cd2+. Lysosomal instability by Cd2+ (5 μM; 6 h) is indicated by increases in cellular sphingomyelin and membrane fluidity and decreases in cathepsins and LAMP1. The data suggest dual and temporal impact of Cd2+ on autophagy: Low Cd2+ stress rapidly activates autophagy counteracting damage but Cd2+ stress accrual disrupts autophagic flux and lysosomal stability, possibly resulting in lysosomal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-K Lee
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - S Probst
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - M P Santoyo-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Department of Toxicology, Cinvestav-IPN, México D.F., Mexico
| | - W Al-Hamdani
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - I Diebels
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - J-K von Sivers
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - E Kerek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - E J Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - F Thévenod
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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19
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Liu F, Wang XY, Zhou XP, Liu ZP, Song XB, Wang ZY, Wang L. Cadmium disrupts autophagic flux by inhibiting cytosolic Ca 2+ -dependent autophagosome-lysosome fusion in primary rat proximal tubular cells. Toxicology 2017; 383:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Tao HY, Qu ZY, Wei GM, Sheng J, Wang WL, Wan LX. Role of LKB1 in proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:3262-3269. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i21.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of LKB1 in gastric cancer cells and the related mechanism.
METHODS: Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of LKB1 in SGC7901 cells carrying LKB1 expression vector or siRNA against LKB1. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of SGC7901 cells after LKB1 overexpression or knockdown. Reactive oxygen detection kits were applied to detect the impact of LKB1 on ROS production. MTT method was used to determine intracellular ROS production after NAC inhibition. Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis related proteins in SGC7901 cells after LKB1 overexpression or knockdown.
RESULTS: LKB1 expression was efficiently enhanced or silenced by LKB1 expression vector or siRNA against LKB1, respectively. The number of SGC7901 cells decreased as its proliferation rate decreased and apoptosis rate increased (3.54% vs 1.29%). Intracellular ROS production was increased but blunted by the use of NAC. The apoptosis of SGC7901 cells was significantly reduced following the inhibition of intracellular ROS, but the siRNA transfected group exhibited an opposite trend. Western blot analysis showed that LKB1 overexpression up-regulated the expression of cleaved Caspase3 in SGC7901 cells significantly (about 3.12 times), compared with control cells, but the expression of cleaved Caspase3 in the siRNA transfected group was decreased.
CONCLUSION: LKB1 raises the production of ROS and up-regulates the expression of cleaved Caspase3 to promote gastric cancer cell apoptosis. Hence, LKB1 plays an important role in the development of gastric cancer and it may be a valuable target for chemotherapy of gastric cancer.
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21
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Unuma K, Aki T, Funakoshi T, Hashimoto K, Uemura K. Extrusion of mitochondrial contents from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells: Involvement of autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:1520-36. [PMID: 26102061 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1063765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis/endotoxemia is elicited by the circulatory distribution of pathogens/endotoxins into whole bodies, and causes profound effects on human health by causing inflammation in multiple organs. Mitochondrial damage is one of the characteristics of the cellular degeneration observed during sepsis/endotoxemia. Elimination of damaged mitochondria through the autophagy-lysosome system has been reported in the liver, indicating that autophagy should play an important role in liver homeostasis during sepsis/endotoxemia. An increased appearance of mitochondrial DNA and proteins in the plasma is another feature of sepsis/endotoxemia, suggesting that damaged mitochondria are not only eliminated within the cells, but also extruded through currently unknown mechanisms. Here we provide evidence for the secretion of mitochondrial proteins and DNA from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rat hepatocytes as well as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The secretion of mitochondrial contents is accompanied by the secretion of proteins that reside in the lumenal space of autolysosomes (LC3-II and CTSD/cathepsin D), but not by a lysosomal membrane protein (LAMP1). The pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by 3MA blocks the secretion of mitochondrial constituents from LPS-stimulated hepatocytes. LPS also stimulates the secretion of mitochondrial as well as autolysosomal lumenal proteins from wild-type (Atg5(+/+)) MEFs, but not from atg5(-/-) MEFs. Furthermore, we show that direct exposure of purified mitochondria activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), as evident by the induction of IL1B/interlekin-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Taken together, the data suggest the active extrusion of mitochondrial contents, which provoke an inflammatory response of immune cells, through the exocytosis of autolysosomes by cells stimulated with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Unuma
- a Department of Forensic Medicine ; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aki
- a Department of Forensic Medicine ; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Funakoshi
- a Department of Forensic Medicine ; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kyoko Hashimoto
- a Department of Forensic Medicine ; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University ; Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koichi Uemura
- a Department of Forensic Medicine ; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Tokyo Medical and Dental University ; Tokyo , Japan
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22
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Abstract
Many common renal insults such as ischemia and toxic injury primarily target the tubular epithelial cells, especially the highly metabolically active proximal tubular segment. Tubular epithelial cells are particularly dependent on autophagy to maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. The pattern of autophagy in the kidney has a unique spatial and chronologic signature. Recent evidence has shown that there is complex cross-talk between autophagy and various cell death pathways. This review specifically discusses the interplay between autophagy and cell death in the renal tubular epithelia. It is imperative to review this topic because recent discoveries have improved our mechanistic understanding of the autophagic process and have highlighted its broad clinical applications, making autophagy a major target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Havasi
- Department of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
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23
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Abstract
Ethanol metabolism in hepatocytes causes the generation of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations in mitochondrial energy and REDOX metabolism. In ethanol-exposed liver disease, autophagy not only acts as a cleanser to remove damaged organelles and cytosolic components, but also selectively clears specific targets such as lipid droplets and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, ethanol appears to play a role in protecting hepatocytes from apoptosis at certain concentrations. This article describes the evidence, function and potential mechanism of autophagy in ethanol-exposed liver disease and the controversy surrounding the effects of ethanol on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ren Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Nekrasov ED, Vigont VA, Klyushnikov SA, Lebedeva OS, Vassina EM, Bogomazova AN, Chestkov IV, Semashko TA, Kiseleva E, Suldina LA, Bobrovsky PA, Zimina OA, Ryazantseva MA, Skopin AY, Illarioshkin SN, Kaznacheyeva EV, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. Manifestation of Huntington's disease pathology in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:27. [PMID: 27080129 PMCID: PMC4832474 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, which manifests itself as a loss of GABAergic medium spiny (GABA MS) neurons in the striatum and caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene. There is no cure for HD, existing pharmaceutical can only relieve its symptoms. RESULTS Here, induced pluripotent stem cells were established from patients with low CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, and were then efficiently differentiated into GABA MS-like neurons (GMSLNs) under defined culture conditions. The generated HD GMSLNs recapitulated disease pathology in vitro, as evidenced by mutant huntingtin protein aggregation, increased number of lysosomes/autophagosomes, nuclear indentations, and enhanced neuronal death during cell aging. Moreover, store-operated channel (SOC) currents were detected in the differentiated neurons, and enhanced calcium entry was reproducibly demonstrated in all HD GMSLNs genotypes. Additionally, the quinazoline derivative, EVP4593, reduced the number of lysosomes/autophagosomes and SOC currents in HD GMSLNs and exerted neuroprotective effects during cell aging. CONCLUSIONS Our data is the first to demonstrate the direct link of nuclear morphology and SOC calcium deregulation to mutant huntingtin protein expression in iPSCs-derived neurons with disease-mimetic hallmarks, providing a valuable tool for identification of candidate anti-HD drugs. Our experiments demonstrated that EVP4593 may be a promising anti-HD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny D. Nekrasov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Vigont
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
| | | | - Olga S. Lebedeva
- Scientific-Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, 119435 Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Vassina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia
| | | | - Ilya V. Chestkov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Semashko
- Scientific-Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, 119435 Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Suldina
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Pavel A. Bobrovsky
- Scientific-Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, 119435 Russia
| | - Olga A. Zimina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
| | - Maria A. Ryazantseva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
| | - Anton Yu. Skopin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia
| | | | | | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia
- Scientific-Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, 119435 Russia
| | - Sergey L. Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia
- Kazan State University, Kazan, 420008 Russia
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Luo Y, Yang X, Shi Q. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF-525A disrupts autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 255:55-62. [PMID: 26964495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor SKF-525A is commonly used to study drug metabolism and toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity. By using Western blot and immunofluorescence staining, we unexpectedly found that SKF-525A at 2-20 μM caused remarkable accumulation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II (LC3-II) in primary rat hepatocytes at 1, 4 and 24 h, indicating that autophagy was disrupted. SKF-525A showed no effects on chloroquine induced LC3-II accumulation, suggesting that autophagic flux was blocked, which is further supported by the increased level of the p62 protein after SKF-525A treatment. SKF-525A did not affect proteasome activities or gene expression of LC3-II or p62. Immunofluorescence of green fluorescent protein fused lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1, a specific protein marker for lysosomes) and LC3-II showed that co-localization of these two proteins was partially abolished by SKF-525A, indicating that autophagosome-lysosome fusion was blocked. The other five CYP inhibitors, metyrapone, 1-aminobenzotriazole, alpha-naphthoflavone, ticlopidine, and ketoconazole, showed no effects in parallel experiments. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which various CYP inhibitors differentially affect a same drug's toxicity in hepatocytes. The data also indicate that SKF-525A is not an ideal chemical inhibitor for probing the relation between CYP mediated metabolism and toxicity in primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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26
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Long L, Li W, Chen W, Li FF, Li H, Wang LL. Dynamic cytotoxic profiles of sulfur mustard in human dermal cells determined by multiparametric high-content analysis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:583-593. [PMID: 30090372 PMCID: PMC6062398 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a well known chemical warfare agent that poses a major threat to military personnel and also populace. It targets multiple macromolecules, and its toxic effects are mediated by complex mechanisms. However, the sequence and manner of SM-induced cellular and molecular events underpinning the pathological processes are not fully elucidated. Effective therapeutic agents against SM poisoning are also lacking. The present study aimed to determine the dynamic cytotoxic profiles of SM in primary cultured human epidermal keratinocytes-fetal (HEK-f) and human dermal fibroblasts-adult (HDF-a) by establishing a high content analysis (HCA)-based multiparametric toxicity assay panel. SM was found to produce multiple, concentration-dependent cellular responses, including abnormal cellular morphology, cycle arrest, apoptosis, necrosis, mitochondrial membrane potential imbalance, increased membrane permeability, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and lysosome impairment. Time-course analysis indicated that the cellular and molecular responses related to the highly reactive targets of SM, such as glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species release, DNA and lysosomal damage, and actin microfilament architecture modification, were congenerous initial events for SM injury. Moreover, this study demonstrated a novel finding that SM induced autophagy, and it was closely related to lysosome alterations in both cell types. Higher susceptibility of HEK-f cells to SM was associated with early lysosomal damage and decreased autophagy activity. Multiparametric HCA also revealed the concentration-dependent cytoprotective effect of hydroxychloroquine in HDF-a cells. The above results provided overall and objective evidence for elucidating the cytotoxic mechanism of SM, and also a good scientific base for further research on countermeasures against SM injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
| | - Li-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing , 100850 , China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , 100850 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +81-10-6821-0866
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27
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Jackson EK, Menshikova EV, Mi Z, Verrier JD, Bansal R, Janesko-Feldman K, Jackson TC, Kochanek PM. Renal 2',3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase Is an Important Determinant of AKI Severity after Ischemia-Reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:2069-81. [PMID: 26574047 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A positional isomer of 3',5'-cAMP, 2',3'-cAMP, is produced by kidneys in response to energy depletion, and renal 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) metabolizes 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP; 2',3'-cAMP is a potent opener of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTPs), which can stimulate autophagy. Because autophagy protects against AKI, it is conceivable that inhibition of CNPase protects against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) -induced AKI. Therefore, we investigated renal outcomes, mitochondrial function, number, area, and autophagy in CNPase-knockout (CNPase(-/-)) versus wild-type (WT) mice using a unique two-kidney, hanging-weight model of renal bilateral IR (20 minutes of ischemia followed by 48 hours of reperfusion). Analysis of urinary purines showed attenuated metabolism of 2',3'-cAMP to 2'-AMP in CNPase(-/-) mice. Neither genotype nor IR affected BP, heart rate, urine volume, or albumin excretion. In WT mice, renal IR reduced (14)C-inulin clearance (index of GFR) and increased renal vascular resistance (measured by transit time nanoprobes) and urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. IR did not affect these parameters in CNPase(-/-) mice. Histologic analysis revealed that IR induced severe damage in kidneys from WT mice, whereas histologic changes were minimal after IR in CNPase(-/-) mice. Measurements of renal cardiolipin levels, citrate synthase activity, rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase activity, and proximal tubular mitochondrial and autophagosome area and number (by transmission electron microscopy) indicted accelerated autophagy/mitophagy in injured CNPase(-/-) mice. We conclude that CNPase deletion attenuates IR-induced AKI, in part by accelerating autophagy with targeted removal of damaged mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Elizabeth V Menshikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan D Verrier
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; and
| | - Keri Janesko-Feldman
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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28
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Aki T, Funakoshi T, Uemura K. Regulated necrosis and its implications in toxicology. Toxicology 2015; 333:118-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Cytotoxin-induced NADPH oxides activation: roles in regulation of cell death. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:991-1006. [PMID: 25690733 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that a variety of cytotoxic agents can activate the NADPH oxidase system and induce redox-dependent regulation of cellular functions. Cytotoxin-induced NADPH oxidase activation may either exert cytoprotective actions (e.g., survival, proliferation, and stress tolerance) or cause cell death. Here we summarize the experimental evidence showing the context-dependent dichotomous effects of NADPH oxidase on cell fate under cytotoxic stress conditions and the potential redox signaling mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Clearly, it is difficult to create a unified paradigm on the toxicological implications of NADPH oxidase activation in response to cytotoxic stimuli. We suggest that interventional strategies targeting the NADPH oxidase system to prevent the adverse impacts of cytotoxins need to be contemplated in a stimuli- and cell type-specific manner.
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30
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Yuntao F, Chenjia G, Panpan Z, Wenjun Z, Suhua W, Guangwei X, Haifeng S, Jian L, Wanxin P, Yun F, Cai J, Aschner M, Rongzhu L. Role of autophagy in methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity in rat primary astrocytes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:333-45. [PMID: 25488884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled for reuse. There are numerous reports on the role of autophagy in cell growth and death; however, the role of autophagy in methylmercury (MeHg)-induced neurotoxicity has yet to be identified. We studied the role of autophagy in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in astrocytes. MeHg reduced astrocytic viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and induced apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine, as well as the silencing of the autophagy-related protein 5, increased MeHg-induced cytotoxicity and the ratio of apoptotic astrocytes. Conversely, rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, along with as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a precursor of reduced glutathione, decreased MeHg-induced toxicity and the ratio of apoptotic astrocytes. These results indicated that MeHg-induced neurotoxicity was reduced, at least in part, through the activation of autophagy. Accordingly, modulation of autophagy may offer a new avenue for attenuating MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuntao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo Chenjia
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Panpan
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Wenjun
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Suhua
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Guangwei
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Haifeng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Jian
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wanxin
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77550-1106, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Lu Rongzhu
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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31
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Ehmke N, Parvaneh N, Krawitz P, Ashrafi MR, Karimi P, Mehdizadeh M, Krüger U, Hecht J, Mundlos S, Robinson PN. First description of a patient with Vici syndrome due to a mutation affecting the penultimate exon of EPG5 and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:3170-5. [PMID: 25331754 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vici syndrome is a rare autosomal recessively inherited multisystem disorder characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, combined immunodeficiency, psychomotor delay, and hypopigmentation. Cullup et al. recently identified mutations in the gene EPG5 as the cause of Vici syndrome. EPG5 is involved in autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation process that is essential for cell homeostasis. Following the first description in 1988 by Vici et al., 24 other cases of Vici syndrome have been published with variable expression of the defining features. Here, we report on a further case of Vici syndrome with a homozygous truncating mutation of EPG5, identified by whole-exome sequencing. The mutation in our patient is the first reported affecting the penultimate exon of EPG5 and presenting with typical clinical manifestations of Vici syndrome. Additionally, we present a detailed clinical analysis of Vici syndrome comprising all cases previously described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Ehmke
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Almabrouk TAM, Ewart MA, Salt IP, Kennedy S. Perivascular fat, AMP-activated protein kinase and vascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:595-617. [PMID: 24490856 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an active endocrine and paracrine organ that modulates vascular function, with implications for the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adipocytes and stromal cells contained within PVAT produce mediators (adipokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species and gaseous compounds) with a range of paracrine effects modulating vascular smooth muscle cell contraction, proliferation and migration. However, the modulatory effect of PVAT on the vascular system in diseases, such as obesity, hypertension and atherosclerosis, remains poorly characterized. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates adipocyte metabolism, adipose biology and vascular function, and hence may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the vascular complications associated with obesity and T2DM. The role of AMPK in PVAT or the actions of PVAT have yet to be established, however. Activation of AMPK by pharmacological agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, may modulate the activity of PVAT surrounding blood vessels and thereby contribute to their beneficial effect in cardiometabolic diseases. This review will provide a current perspective on how PVAT may influence vascular function via AMPK. We will also attempt to demonstrate how modulating AMPK activity using pharmacological agents could be exploited therapeutically to treat cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A M Almabrouk
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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33
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Yang Y, Jiang S, Yan J, Li Y, Xin Z, Lin Y, Qu Y. An overview of the molecular mechanisms and novel roles of Nrf2 in neurodegenerative disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:47-57. [PMID: 25280871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, growing evidence has demonstrated that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pivotal regulator of endogenous defense systems that function via the activation of a set of protective genes, and this is particularly clear in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, it is highly useful to summarize the current literature on the molecular mechanisms and role of Nrf2 in the CNS. In this review, we first briefly introduce the molecular features of Nrf2. We then discuss the regulation, cerebral actions, upstream modulators and downstream targets of Nrf2 pathway. Following this background, we expand our discussion to the role of Nrf2 in several major neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lastly, we discuss some potential future directions. The information reviewed here may be significant in the design of further experimental research and increase the potential of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Juanjuan Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhenlong Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Scientific Research, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Peynshaert K, Manshian BB, Joris F, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Demeester J, Soenen SJ. Exploiting Intrinsic Nanoparticle Toxicity: The Pros and Cons of Nanoparticle-Induced Autophagy in Biomedical Research. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7581-609. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400372p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bella B. Manshian
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefaan J. Soenen
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Uchida K, Unuma K, Funakoshi T, Aki T, Uemura K. Activation of Master Autophagy Regulator TFEB During Systemic LPS Administration in the Cornea. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:153-8. [PMID: 25352718 PMCID: PMC4110941 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2014-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of autophagy in the cornea during the systemic inflammatory response elicited by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected i.v. with 15 mg/kg body weight LPS. RC4 rabbit corneal keratocytes were also used and treated with 100 ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and/or cycloheximide (CHX). The nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master transcriptional regulator for autophagy, was observed after LPS administration in the corneal epithelium. Induction of autophagy-related proteins was observed in the cornea after LPS administration, as well as in RC4 cells after treatment with TNFα. Administration of trehalose, an inducer of TFEB, mitigated RC4 cell death caused by TNFα/CHX. These results demonstrate the importance of TFEB activation in cellular defense against the systemic inflammatory response in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Uchida
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kana Unuma
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takeshi Funakoshi
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aki
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichi Uemura
- Section of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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