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Lamnoi S, Boonupara T, Sumitsawan S, Vongruang P, Prapamontol T, Udomkun P, Kajitvichyanukul P. Unveiling the Aftermath: Exploring Residue Profiles of Insecticides, Herbicides, and Fungicides in Rice Straw, Soils, and Air Post-Mixed Pesticide-Contaminated Biomass Burning. TOXICS 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 38251041 PMCID: PMC10819870 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This study delved into the impact of open biomass burning on the distribution of pesticide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues across soil, rice straw, total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10), and aerosols. A combination of herbicides atrazine (ATZ) and diuron (DIU), fungicide carbendazim (CBD), and insecticide chlorpyriphos (CPF) was applied to biomass before burning. Post-burning, the primary soil pesticide shifted from propyzamide (67.6%) to chlorpyriphos (94.8%). Raw straw biomass retained residues from all pesticide groups, with chlorpyriphos notably dominating (79.7%). Ash residue analysis unveiled significant alterations, with elevated concentrations of chlorpyriphos and terbuthylazine, alongside the emergence of atrazine-desethyl and triadimenol. Pre-burning TSP analysis identified 15 pesticides, with linuron as the primary compound (51.8%). Post-burning, all 21 pesticides were detected, showing significant increases in metobromuron, atrazine-desethyl, and cyanazine concentrations. PM10 composition mirrored TSP but exhibited additional compounds and heightened concentrations, particularly for atrazine, linuron, and cyanazine. Aerosol analysis post-burning indicated a substantial 39.2-fold increase in atrazine concentration, accompanied by the presence of sebuthylazine, formothion, and propyzamide. Carcinogenic PAHs exhibited noteworthy post-burning increases, contributing around 90.1 and 86.9% of all detected PAHs in TSP and PM10, respectively. These insights advance understanding of pesticide dynamics in burning processes, crucial for implementing sustainable agricultural practices and safeguarding environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suteekan Lamnoi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Thirasant Boonupara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Sulak Sumitsawan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Patipat Vongruang
- Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environmental and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Patchimaporn Udomkun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.L.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
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Azadniya E, Mollergues J, Stroheker T, Billerbeck K, Morlock GE. New incorporation of the S9 metabolizing system into methods for detecting acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1129:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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ÇAKIR O. Chlorpyrifos Detection with Molecular Imprinted Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.21597/jist.451256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dallegrave A, Pizzolato TM, Barreto F, Bica VC, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Residue of insecticides in foodstuff and dietary exposure assessment of Brazilian citizens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:329-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Pant A, Rai JPN. Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil by two phase bioslurry reactor: Processes evaluation and optimization by Taguchi's design of experimental (DOE) methodology. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:305-311. [PMID: 29291582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two phase bioreactor was constructed, designed and developed to evaluate the chlorpyrifos remediation. Six biotic and abiotic factors (substrate-loading rate, slurry phase pH, slurry phase dissolved oxygen (DO), soil water ratio, temperature and soil micro flora load) were evaluated by design of experimental (DOE) methodology employing Taguchi's orthogonal array (OA). The selected six factors were considered at two levels L-8 array (2^7, 15 experiments) in the experimental design. The optimum operating conditions obtained from the methodology showed enhanced chlorpyrifos degradation from 283.86µg/g to 955.364µg/g by overall 70.34% of enhancement. In the present study, with the help of few well defined experimental parameters a mathematical model was constructed to understand the complex bioremediation process and optimize the approximate parameters upto great accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apourv Pant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, GBPUA&T, India.
| | - J P N Rai
- Department of Environmental Sciences, GBPUA&T, India
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Imaishi H, Goto T. Effect of genetic polymorphism of human CYP2B6 on the metabolic activation of chlorpyrifos. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 144:42-48. [PMID: 29463407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is neurotoxic in humans. Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) is a toxic metabolite of CPS that is produced by CYP2B6. In this study, we examined the variability of CPS metabolism resulting from single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP2B6. Wild-type CYP2B6 (CYP2B6.1) and two variants each with a single amino acid substitution: CYP2B6.5 (R487C) and CYP2B6.8 (K139E) were co-expressed together with human NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Both of the CYP2B6 variants were successfully expressed in E. coli. The conversion of CPS to CPO by the CYP2B6 variants was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Km and Vmax of the reaction by CYP2B6.1 were 18.50±2.94μM and 17.07±1.15mol/min/mol P450, respectively. The CYP2B6 variants produced CPO with the following kinetic parameters: Km for CYP2B6.5 and CYP2B6.8 were 20.44±6.43 and 44.69±9.97μM, respectively; and Vmax were 1.10±0.10 and 1.77±0.26mol/min/mol P450, respectively. These results indicate that the amino acid substitutions in the CYP2B6 variants suppressed the metabolic activation of CPS. CYP2B6 variants have altered capacity to bioactivate CPF and may affect individual susceptibility of CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Imaishi
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsushi Goto
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Pshenichnyuk SA, Modelli A, Vorob’ev AS, Asfandiarov NL, Nafikova EP, Rakhmeyev RG, Galeev RV, Komolov AS. Fragmentation of chlorpyrifos by thermal electron attachment: a likely relation to its metabolism and toxicity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22272-22283. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03224f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The energies of formation and dissociative decays of temporary negative ions of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos are studied using electron transmission, dissociative electron attachment spectroscopies and quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics
- Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ufa 450075
- Russia
| | - Alberto Modelli
- Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Bologna 40126
- Italy
- Università di Bologna
| | | | - Nail L. Asfandiarov
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics
- Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ufa 450075
- Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Nafikova
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics
- Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ufa 450075
- Russia
| | - Rustam G. Rakhmeyev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics
- Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ufa 450075
- Russia
| | - Rustem V. Galeev
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics
- Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ufa 450075
- Russia
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Shah PC, Kumar VR, Dastager SG, Khire JM. Phytase production by Aspergillus niger NCIM 563 for a novel application to degrade organophosphorus pesticides. AMB Express 2017; 7:66. [PMID: 28321795 PMCID: PMC5359262 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of phytase using Aspergillus niger NCIM 563 under submerged fermentation conditions was studied using protein rich chickpea flour as substrate. Employing a hybrid statistical media optimization strategy of Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken experimental designs in shake-flasks gave an increased phytase activity from an initial 66 IU/mL in 216 h to 160 IU/mL in a reduced time of 132 h. Productivity, thus increased by 3.97 times from 7.3 to 29 IU/mL/day. Using the optimized media, the production was successfully scaled-up further and improved up to 164 IU/mL in 96 h by studies carried out employing 2 and 10-L fermenters. The enzyme supernatant was recovered using centrifugal separation of biomass and the stability of the produced phytase was tested for animal feed applications under gastric conditions. In vitro degradation studies of water soluble monocrotophos, methyl parathion and water insoluble chlorpyrifos, pesticides used extensively in agriculture was carried out. It was observed by HPLC analysis that phytase could degrade 72% of chlorpyrifos at pH 7.0, 35 °C. Comparable results were obtained with monocrotophos and methyl parathion. With chlorpyrifos at higher temperature 50 °C as much as 91% degradation could be obtained. The degradation of chlorpyrifos was further validated by spraying phytase on harvested green chilli (Capsicum annuum L) under normal conditions of pH 7.0, 35 °C and the degradation products obtained analyzed by LCMS. Thus, the present study brings out a potentially novel application of phytase for biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parin C. Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
- National Collection of Industrial Micro-organisms (NCIM) Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
| | - V. Ravi Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division (CEPD), CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Syed G. Dastager
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
- National Collection of Industrial Micro-organisms (NCIM) Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Jayant M. Khire
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
- National Collection of Industrial Micro-organisms (NCIM) Resource Center, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411008 India
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Toxicokinetic of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) in humans following single oral administration. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:651-660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Cequier E, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Thomsen C. Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in Norwegian mothers and their children: Diurnal variability in concentrations of their biomarkers and associations with food consumption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:655-662. [PMID: 28284640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides is detrimental for health, and in particular for children where moderate doses may have a negative impact on the neurodevelopment. This study surveys levels of the 6 non-specific urinary metabolites (dialkyl phosphates (DAPs)) of OP pesticides in Norwegian mothers (n=48) and their children (n=54), and examines the diurnal variation in concentrations as well as associations with consumption of specific food products. The highest median concentration measured in urine was found for dimethyl thiophosphate (5.3 and 5.5ng/mLSG; specific gravity corrected) for both children and mothers, respectively, followed by diethyl phosphate (3.8 and 5.3ng/mLSG, respectively). The intra-class correlation coefficients of DAPs among mothers were moderate (0.49-0.68), and consumption of fruit explained between 8% and 55% of the variations in the mothers' and their children's urinary DAP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Cequier
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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Bonansea RI, Marino DJG, Bertrand L, Wunderlin DA, Amé MV. Tissue-specific bioconcentration and biotransformation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in a native fish (Jenynsia multidentata) exposed to these insecticides singly and in mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1764-1774. [PMID: 27792835 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accumulation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos when the fish Jenynsia multidentata was exposed to these pesticides singly and in technical and commercial mixtures. Adult female fish were exposed over 96 h to 0.04 μg/L of cypermethrin; 0.4 μg/L of chlorpyrifos; 0.04 μg/L of cypermethrin + 0.4 μg/L of chlorpyrifos in a technical mixture; and 0.04 μg/L of cypermethrin + 0.4 μg/L of chlorpyrifos in a mixture of commercial products. Fish exposed to cypermethrin accumulated this compound only in muscle, probably because of the low biotransformation capacity of this organ and the induction of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) expression in the liver. The accumulation of chlorpyrifos occurred in fish exposed to the insecticide (intestine > liver > gills) even when these fish had higher gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) activity in gills and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the liver, compared with the control. Fish exposed to the technical mixture showed cypermethrin accumulation (liver > intestine > gills) with higher levels than those measured in fish after only cypermethrin exposure. Higher expression levels of CYP1A1 in the liver were also observed compared with the Control. Fish exposed to the commercial mixture accumulated both insecticides (cypermethrin: intestine > gills and chlorpyrifos: liver > intestine > gills > muscle). In the organs where accumulation occurred, biotransformation enzymes were inhibited. Consequently, the commercial formulation exposure provoked the highest accumulation of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in J. multidentata, possibly associated with the biotransformation system inhibition. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1764-1774. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Inés Bonansea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Damián J G Marino
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lidwina Bertrand
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Wunderlin
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Amé
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica e Inmunología, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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Raina-Fulton R, Dunn N, Xie Z. Pesticides and Their Degradation Products Including Metabolites: Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Methods. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Khamis MM, Adamko DJ, El-Aneed A. Mass spectrometric based approaches in urine metabolomics and biomarker discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:115-134. [PMID: 25881008 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Urine metabolomics has recently emerged as a prominent field for the discovery of non-invasive biomarkers that can detect subtle metabolic discrepancies in response to a specific disease or therapeutic intervention. Urine, compared to other biofluids, is characterized by its ease of collection, richness in metabolites and its ability to reflect imbalances of all biochemical pathways within the body. Following urine collection for metabolomic analysis, samples must be immediately frozen to quench any biogenic and/or non-biogenic chemical reactions. According to the aim of the experiment; sample preparation can vary from simple procedures such as filtration to more specific extraction protocols such as liquid-liquid extraction. Due to the lack of comprehensive studies on urine metabolome stability, higher storage temperatures (i.e. 4°C) and repetitive freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided. To date, among all analytical techniques, mass spectrometry (MS) provides the best sensitivity, selectivity and identification capabilities to analyze the majority of the metabolite composition in the urine. Combined with the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of MS, and due to the continuous improvements in its related technologies (i.e. ultra high-performance liquid chromatography [UPLC] and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography [HILIC]), liquid chromatography (LC)-MS is unequivocally the most utilized and the most informative analytical tool employed in urine metabolomics. Furthermore, differential isotope tagging techniques has provided a solution to ion suppression from urine matrix thus allowing for quantitative analysis. In addition to LC-MS, other MS-based technologies have been utilized in urine metabolomics. These include direct injection (infusion)-MS, capillary electrophoresis-MS and gas chromatography-MS. In this article, the current progresses of different MS-based techniques in exploring the urine metabolome as well as the recent findings in providing potentially diagnostic urinary biomarkers are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:115-134, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Khamis
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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Bertrand L, Monferrán MV, Mouneyrac C, Bonansea RI, Asis R, Amé MV. Sensitive biomarker responses of the shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus exposed to chlorpyrifos at environmental concentrations: Roles of alpha-tocopherol and metallothioneins. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 179:72-81. [PMID: 27588703 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) at environmental concentrations on the shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus, a South American native species. Organisms were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of CPF (from 3.5 to 94.5ngCPFL(-1)) at laboratory conditions for 96h. A wide battery of biochemical responses including bioaccumulation, damage and defense biomarkers were measured in cephalothorax and abdomen of shrimp. The concentration of CPF was below the detection limit of the method in both body sectors (8ngCPFg(-1)ww), probably indicating fast biotransformation of the parental compound. Our results showed that CPF exposure inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity from 3.5ngCPFL(-1), a concentration below the suggested Argentinean guidelines for the protection of aquatic biota. Moreover, oxidative stress was evidenced by increased H2O2 content and increased levels of TBARs and carbonyl groups in proteins. The induction of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase seems not be sufficient to prevent oxidative damages. In addition, the mobilization of α-tocopherol from abdomen to cephalothorax was observed and reported for the first time in non-reproductive condition. Likewise, a strong diminution of metallothioneins occurred in cephalothorax from the lowest CPF concentration while induction occurred from the same treatment in abdomen as an oxidative stress response. Finally, significant correlation between Integrated Biomarker Response values and exposure concentrations suggest the usefulness of P. argentinus as bioindicator of CPF exposure at concentrations as low as environmental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidwina Bertrand
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, UNC, Haya de la Torre esq., Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magadalena Victoria Monferrán
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba-ICYTAC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, UNC, Av. Juan Filloy s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Catherine Mouneyrac
- Université Catholique de l'Ouest, MMS EA2160, LUNAM Université, 3 Place André Leroy, BP10808, 49008 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Rocio Inés Bonansea
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, UNC, Haya de la Torre esq., Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ramón Asis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, UNC, Haya de la Torre esq., Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Amé
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-CIBICI, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, UNC, Haya de la Torre esq., Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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Abdel-Wareth MTA, Abd El-Hamid RM. Mycoremediation of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin by two species of filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2016.1220721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa T. A. Abdel-Wareth
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Abd El-Hamid
- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre, Nadi El-Seed street no 7, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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16
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Suvarchala G, Philip GH. Toxicity of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol tested at multiple stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15515-15523. [PMID: 27121015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds (OP) are widely used throughout the world for pest control. 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is a primary metabolite of two OP compounds namely CP and triclopyr. This study is carried out to know whether a metabolite of parent compound is doing well or harm to biota. The potential effect of TCP was evaluated on development as destabilization of any events transpiring during embryogenesis could be deleterious. To determine this, 4-hpf zebrafish embryos were exposed to five concentrations of TCP (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 μg/L) or 99.5 % acetone (solvent control). Different early life-stage parameters were observed at four different developmental stages, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hpf. TCP-treated embryo/larvae showed increased mortality, delay in hatching time and decrease in percentage of hatched embryos. Reduction in heartbeat rate, blood flow and body and eye pigmentation was noticed in a dose-dependent manner. Pericardial and yolk sac edema were most severe malformations caused by TCP. Along with this crooked spine/notochord, tail deformation was noticed in hatched and unhatched embryos. The malformations observed provide a good starting point for examination of the molecular mechanisms that are affected during development by TCP. Results gain significance as TCP, which is a breakdown product, appears to be more toxic during development compared to parent compound, CP (our earlier publication).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonuguntla Suvarchala
- Department of Zoology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, 515003, AP, India
| | - Gundala Harold Philip
- Department of Zoology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu, 515003, AP, India.
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Naksen W, Prapamontol T, Mangklabruks A, Chantara S, Thavornyutikarn P, Robson MG, Ryan PB, Barr DB, Panuwet P. A single method for detecting 11 organophosphate pesticides in human plasma and breastmilk using GC-FPD. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:92-104. [PMID: 27232054 PMCID: PMC4930899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used for crop protection in many countries including Thailand. Aside from causing environmental contamination, they affect human health especially by over-stimulating of the neurotransmission system. OP pesticides, as with other non-persistent pesticides, degrade quickly in the environment as well as are metabolized quite rapidly in humans. Assessing human exposures to these compounds requires analytical methods that are sensitive, robust, and most importantly, suitable for specific laboratory settings. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method for measuring 11 OP pesticide residues in human plasma and breast milk. Analytes in both plasma and breast milk samples were extracted with acetone and methylene chloride, cleaned-up using aminopropyl solid phase extraction cartridges, and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The optimized method exhibited good linearity, with the coefficients of determination of 0.996-0.999 and <7% error about the slope. Extraction recoveries from spiked plasma and breast milk samples at low and medium concentrations (0.8-5.0 and 1.6-10ngmL(-1), respectively) ranged from 59.4% (ethion) to 94.0% (chlorpyrifos). Intra-batch and inter-batch precisions ranged from 2.3-18.9% and 5.8-19.5%, respectively. Method detection limits of plasma and breast milk ranged from 0.18-1.36 and 0.09-2.66ngmL(-1), respectively. We analyzed 63 plasma and 30 breastmilk samples collected from farmworkers in Chiang Mai Province to determine the suitability of this method for occupational exposure assessment. Of the 11 pesticides measured, seven were detected in plasma samples and five were detected in breast milk samples. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm results. Overall, this method is rapid and reliable. It offers the laboratories with limited access to mass spectrometry a capacity to investigate levels OP pesticides in plasma and breastmilk in those occupationally exposed for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Naksen
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prasak Thavornyutikarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mark G Robson
- Department of Plant Biology & Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Simultaneous Determination of Amitraz and its Metabolites in Blood by Support Liquid Extraction Using UPHLC-QTOF. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:437-44. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Meng X, Zhang T, Li Y, Pan Q, Jiang J, Luo Y, Chong L, Yang Y, Xu S, Zhou L, Sun Z. Development and application of an analytical method for curdione quantification in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1499-505. [PMID: 25736727 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The vaginal administration route suffers from relatively low absorption efficiency, which may hinder the identification of the toxicokinetics of curdione in pregnant women. A sensitive analytical method for determining the plasma concentration of curdione was developed and applied in the determination of curdione in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats as a simulated model. Glimepiride was used as an internal standard and chromatographic separation was achieved on a Capcell Pak C18 MGIII column. A gradient elution profile with 0.5% formic acid (A)-0.5% formic acid-acetonitrile (B) was selected as mobile phase. The selected reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification based on the target fragment ions m/z 237.2 to m/z 135.1 for curdione and m/z 491.3 to m/z 352.1 for the glimepiride. The standard curve was linear over the range of 0.5-500 ng/mL for curdione in rat plasma and yielded a consistent peak pattern, even at the lower limit of quantitation of 0.5 ng/mL. The retention times of curdione and IS were 6.55 and 6.59 min, respectively. The mean recovery of curdione in rat plasma was 95.5-101.1%. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were between 2.35 and 9.08%. This LC-MS/MS method provides a simple and sensitive means for determining the plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Pharmacy School of Fudan University, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Chong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sichong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuyue Sun
- Pharmacy School of Fudan University, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, 2140 Xie Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Meng X, Zhang T, Li Y, Pan Q, Jiang J, Luo Y, Chong L, Yang Y, Xu S, Zhou L, Sun Z. The toxicokinetic profile of curdione in pregnant SD rats and its transference in a placental barrier system detected by LC–MS/MS. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:158-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Yadav M, Srivastva N, Singh RS, Upadhyay SN, Dubey SK. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas sp. in a continuous packed bed bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 165:265-269. [PMID: 24556341 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos (CP) by Pseudomonas (Iso 1) sp. was investigated in batch as well as continuous bioreactors packed with polyurethane foam pieces. The optimum process parameters for the maximum removal of CP, determined through batch experiments, were found to be: inoculum level, 300×10(6)CfumL(-1); CP concentration, 500mgL(-1); pH 7.5; temperature, 37°C and DO, 5.5mgL(-1). The continuous packed bed bioreactor was operated at various flow rates (10-40mLh(-1)) under the optimum conditions. The steady state CP removal efficiency of more than 91% was observed up to the inlet load of 300mgL(-1)d(-1). The bioreactor was sensitive to flow fluctuations but was able to recover its performance quickly and exhibited the normal plug-flow behavior. Accumulation of TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) affected the reactor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Yadav
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Navnita Srivastva
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ram Sharan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Siddh Nath Upadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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22
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Liu J, He Y, Chen S, Xiao Y, Hu M, Zhong G. Development of a freeze-dried fungal wettable powder preparation able to biodegrade chlorpyrifos on vegetables. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103558. [PMID: 25061758 PMCID: PMC4111614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos has resulted in harmful contaminations in environment and species. Based on a chlorpyrifos-degrading fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides strain Hu-01 (collection number: CCTCC M 20711), a fungal wettable powder preparation was developed aiming to efficiently remove chlorpyrifos residues from vegetables. The formula was determined to be 11.0% of carboxymethyl cellulose-Na, 9.0% of polyethylene glycol 6000, 5.0% of primary alcohol ethoxylate, 2.5% of glycine, 5.0% of fucose, 27.5% of kaolin and 40% of freeze dried fungi by response surface methodology (RSM). The results of quality inspection indicated that the fungal preparation could reach manufacturing standards. Finally, the degradation of chlorpyrifos by this fungal preparation was determined on pre-harvest cabbage. Compared to the controls without fungal preparation, the degradation of chlorpyrifos on cabbages, which was sprayed with the fungal preparation, was up to 91% after 7 d. These results suggested this freeze-dried fungal wettable powder may possess potential for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos residues on vegetables and provide a potential strategy for food and environment safety against pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue He
- Guangdong Zhuhai Supervision Testing Institute of Quality and Metrology, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Hu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, and Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Pelit FO, Yengin Ç. Application of solidified floating organic drop microextraction method for biomonitoring of chlorpyrifos and its oxon metabolite in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 949-950:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Influence of organophosphate poisoning on human dendritic cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:472-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Jamin EL, Bonvallot N, Tremblay-Franco M, Cravedi JP, Chevrier C, Cordier S, Debrauwer L. Untargeted profiling of pesticide metabolites by LC-HRMS: an exposomics tool for human exposure evaluation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:1149-61. [PMID: 23892877 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to xenobiotics is usually estimated by indirect methods. Biological monitoring has emerged during the last decade to improve assessment of exposure. However, biomonitoring is still an analytical challenge, because the amounts of sample available are often very small yet analysis must be as thorough and sensitive as possible. The purpose of this work was to develop an untargeted "exposomics" approach by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), which was applied to the characterization of pesticide metabolites in urine from pregnant women from a French epidemiological cohort. An upgradable list of pesticides commonly used on different crops, with their metabolites (more than 400 substances) was produced. Raw MS data were then processed to extract signals from these substances. Metabolites were identified by tandem mass spectrometry; putative identifications were validated by comparison with standards and metabolites generated by experiments on animals. Finally, signals of identified compounds were statistically analyzed by use of multivariate methods. This enabled discrimination of exposure groups, defined by indirect methods, on the basis of four metabolites from two fungicides (azoxystrobin, fenpropimorph) used in cereal production. This original approach applied to pesticide exposure can be extended to a variety of contaminant families for upstream evaluation of exposure from food and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien L Jamin
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse, France,
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Chen S, Liu C, Peng C, Liu H, Hu M, Zhong G. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by a new fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47205. [PMID: 23056611 PMCID: PMC3466218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive use of chlorpyrifos has resulted in its ubiquitous presence as a contaminant in surface streams and soils. It is thus critically essential to develop bioremediation methods to degrade and eliminate this pollutant from environments. We present here that a new fungal strain Hu-01 with high chlorpyrifos-degradation activity was isolated and identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides based on the morphology and 5.8S rDNA gene analysis. Strain Hu-01 utilized 50 mg·L−1 of chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon of source, and tolerated high concentration of chlorpyrifos up to 500 mg·L−1. The optimum degradation conditions were determined to be 26.8°C and pH 6.5 based on the response surface methodology (RSM). Under these conditions, strain Hu-01 completely metabolized the supplemented chlorpyrifos (50 mg·L−1) within 5 d. During the biodegradation process, transient accumulation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was observed. However, this intermediate product did not accumulate in the medium and disappeared quickly. No persistent accumulative metabolite was detected by gas chromatopraphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis at the end of experiment. Furthermore, degradation kinetics of chlorpyrifos and TCP followed the first-order model. Compared to the non-inoculated controls, the half-lives (t1/2) of chlorpyrifos and TCP significantly reduced by 688.0 and 986.9 h with the inoculum, respectively. The isolate harbors the metabolic pathway for the complete detoxification of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product TCP, thus suggesting the fungus may be a promising candidate for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated water, soil or crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Chen
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuyan Peng
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiying Hu
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Pelit FO, Pelit L, Ertaş H, Nil Ertaş F. Development of a gas chromatographic method for the determination of Chlorpyrifos and its metabolite Chlorpyrifos-oxon in wine matrix. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 904:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gao Y, Chen S, Hu M, Hu Q, Luo J, Li Y. Purification and characterization of a novel chlorpyrifos hydrolase from Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38137. [PMID: 22693630 PMCID: PMC3367910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is of great environmental concern due to its widespread use in the past several decades and its potential toxic effects on human health. Thus, the degradation study of chlorpyrifos has become increasing important in recent years. A fungus capable of using chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source was isolated from organophosphate-contaminated soil and characterized as Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01 (collection number: CCTCC M 20711). A novel chlorpyrifos hydrolase from cell extract was purified 35.6-fold to apparent homogeneity with 38.5% overall recovery by ammoniumsulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. It is a monomeric structure with a molecular mass of 38.3 kDa. The pI value was estimated to be 5.2. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 6.5 and 40°C, respectively. No cofactors were required for the chlorpyrifos-hydrolysis activity. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Fe3+, DTT, β-mercaptoethanol and SDS, whereas slight inhibitory effects (5–10% inhibition) were observed in the presence of Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, and EDTA. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed various organophosphorus insecticides with P-O and P-S bond. Chlorpyrifos was the preferred substrate. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme for chlorpyrifos were 6.7974 μM and 2.6473 μmol·min−1, respectively. Both NH2-terminal sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS) identified an amino acid sequence MEPDGELSALTQGANS, which shared no similarity with any reported organophosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes. These results suggested that the purified enzyme was a novel hydrolase and might conceivably be developed to fulfill the practical requirements to enable its use in situ for detoxification of chlorpyrifos. Finally, this is the first described chlorpyrifos hydrolase from fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Gupta B, Rani M, Salunke R, Kumar R. In vitro and in vivo studies on degradation of quinalphos in rats. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 213-214:285-291. [PMID: 22356742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A pharmacokinetic in vitro and in vivo degradation study has been carried out in rat to evaluate the deleterious effects of exposure to quinalphos on a target population. Degradation of quinalphos in simulated gastric and intestinal phases has been investigated. The metabolic intermediates of quinalphos in serum and urine of albino rats at different time intervals were identified after dosing the animals with 5 mg kg(-1) body weight. All the samples were lyophilised, extracted and analysed by HPLC and GC-MS. The rate of degradation of quinalphos was accelerated in the presence of the enzymes pepsin and pancreatin contained in the gastric and intestinal simulations, respectively. Quinalphos oxon, O-ethyl-O-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphoric acid, 2-hydroxy quinoxaline and ethyl phosphoric acid are among the important metabolites identified both in in vitro and in vivo investigations. In simulated in vitro study some isomerised derivatives which were missing in the blood and urine of treated animals were identified. This could possibly be either due to non-formation or faster decay of the isomerised derivatives because of slightly different conditions prevailing in the two cases. The results also indicate that the metabolites, 2-hydroxy quinoxaline and oxon, which are more toxic than the parent compound, seem to persist for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Gupta
- Analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667(UK) India.
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Maya K, Singh R, Upadhyay S, Dubey SK. Kinetic analysis reveals bacterial efficacy for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolyzing metabolite TCP. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Forsberg ND, Rodriguez-Proteau R, Ma L, Morré J, Christensen JM, Maier CS, Jenkins JJ, Anderson KA. Organophosphorus pesticide degradation product in vitro metabolic stability and time-course uptake and elimination in rats following oral and intravenous dosing. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:422-9. [PMID: 21446834 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.550656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Levels of urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are currently used as a biomarker of human exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs). It is known that OPs degrade on food commodities to DAPs at levels that approach or exceed those of the parent OP. However, little has been reported on the extent of DAP absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The metabolic stability of O,O-dimethylphosphate (DMP) was assessed using pooled human and rat hepatic microsomes. Time-course samples were collected over 2 h and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. It was found that DMP was not metabolized by rat or pooled human hepatic microsomes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered DMP at 20 mg kg(-1) via oral gavage and i.v. injection. Time-course plasma and urine samples were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. DMP oral bioavailability was found to be 107 ± 39% and the amount of orally administered dose recovered in the urine was 30 ± 9.9% by 48 h. The in vitro metabolic stability, high bioavailability and extent of DMP urinary excretion following oral exposure in a rat model suggests that measurement of DMP as a biomarker of OP exposure may lead to overestimation of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Forsberg
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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32
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Eaton DL, Daroff RB, Autrup H, Bridges J, Buffler P, Costa LG, Coyle J, McKhann G, Mobley WC, Nadel L, Neubert D, Schulte-Hermann R, Spencer PS. Review of the Toxicology of Chlorpyrifos With an Emphasis on Human Exposure and Neurodevelopment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38 Suppl 2:1-125. [PMID: 18726789 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802272158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Werner E, Heilier JF, Ducruix C, Ezan E, Junot C, Tabet JC. Mass spectrometry for the identification of the discriminating signals from metabolomics: Current status and future trends. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 871:143-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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34
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Shu YZ, Johnson BM, Yang TJ. Role of biotransformation studies in minimizing metabolism-related liabilities in drug discovery. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:178-92. [PMID: 18446518 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism-related liabilities continue to be a major cause of attrition for drug candidates in clinical development. Such problems may arise from the bioactivation of the parent compound to a reactive metabolite capable of modifying biological materials covalently or engaging in redox-cycling reactions leading to the formation of other toxicants. Alternatively, they may result from the formation of a major metabolite with systemic exposure and adverse pharmacological activity. To avert such problems, biotransformation studies are becoming increasingly important in guiding the refinement of a lead series during drug discovery and in characterizing lead candidates prior to clinical evaluation. This article provides an overview of the methods that are used to uncover metabolism-related liabilities in a pre-clinical setting and offers suggestions for reducing such liabilities via the modification of structural features that are used commonly in drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhong Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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35
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Wielgomas B, Czarnowski W. Headspace single-drop microextraction and GC–ECD determination of chlorpyrifos-ethyl in rat liver. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1933-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Mixed-mode stationary phases as a complementary selectivity concept in liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry-based bioanalytical assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:263-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Venkata Mohan S, Sirisha K, Sreenivasa Rao R, Sarma PN. Bioslurry phase remediation of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil: process evaluation and optimization by Taguchi design of experimental (DOE) methodology. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2007; 68:252-62. [PMID: 17640730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Design of experimental (DOE) methodology using Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) was applied to evaluate the influence of eight biotic and abiotic factors (substrate-loading rate, slurry phase pH, slurry phase dissolved oxygen (DO), soil water ratio, temperature, soil microflora load, application of bioaugmentation and humic substance concentration) on the soil bound chlorpyrifos bioremediation in bioslurry phase reactor. The selected eight factors were considered at three levels (18 experiments) in the experimental design. Substrate-loading rate showed significant influence on the bioremediation process among the selected factors. Derived optimum operating conditions obtained by the methodology showed enhanced chlorpyrifos degradation from 1479.99 to 2458.33microg/g (over all 39.82% enhancement). The proposed method facilitated systematic mathematical approach to understand the complex bioremediation process and the optimization of near optimum design parameters, only with a few well-defined experimental sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Centre, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, AP 500007, India.
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38
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Fujioka K, Casida JE. Glutathione S-transferase conjugation of organophosphorus pesticides yields S-phospho-, S-aryl-, and S-alkylglutathione derivatives. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1211-7. [PMID: 17645302 DOI: 10.1021/tx700133c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide detoxification is a central feature of selective toxicity and safety evaluation. Two of the principal enzymes involved are GSH S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s acting alone and together. More than 100 pesticides are organophosphorus (OP) compounds, but with few exceptions, their GSH conjugates have not been directly observed in vitro or in vivo. The major insecticides chlorpyrifos (CP) and diazinon are of particular interest as multifunctional substrates with diverse metabolites, while ClP(S)(OEt) 2 and the cotton defoliant tribufos are possible precursors of phosphorylated GSH conjugates. Formation of GSH conjugates by GST with GSH was studied in vitro with and without metabolic activation by human liver microsomes or P450 3A4 with NADPH. Metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Five GSH conjugates were identified from CP and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), i.e., GSCP and GSCPO in which the 6-chloro substituent of CP and CPO, respectively, is displaced by GSH; S-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl)glutathione; S-(3,5-dichloro-6-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)glutathione; and S-ethylglutathione. GST of a human liver microsomal preparation but not P450 3A4 with GSH metabolized CP to GSCP. With GST and GSH, diazinon and diazoxon gave S-(2-isopropyl-4-methylpyrimidin-6-yl)glutathione and ClP(S)(OEt) 2 yielded GSP(S)(OEt) 2. With microsomes, NADPH, GST, and GSH tribufos gave GSP(O)(SBu) 2. The liver of intraperitoneally treated mice contained GSCP from CP, GSP(S)(OEt) 2 from ClP(S)(OEt) 2, and GSP(O)(SBu) 2 from tribufos. GSP(S)(OEt) 2 and GSP(O)(SBu) 2 are the first S-phosphoglutathione metabolites observed in vitro and in vivo directly by LC-ESI-MS. Nine other OP pesticides gave only O-dealkylation in the GST/GSH system. GST-catalyzed metabolism joins P450s and hydrolases as important contributors to OP detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Fujioka
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
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Timchalk C, Busby A, Campbell JA, Needham LL, Barr DB. Comparative pharmacokinetics of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos and its major metabolites diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in the rat. Toxicology 2007; 237:145-157. [PMID: 17590257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a commonly used diethylphosphorothionate organophosphorus (OP) insecticide. Diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) are products of metabolism and of environmental degradation of CPF and are routinely measured in urine as biomarkers of exposure. However, because these same chemicals can result from metabolism or by biodegradation, monitoring total urinary metabolite levels may be reflective of not only an individual's contact with the parent pesticide, but also exposure with the metabolites, which are present in the environment. The objective of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of orally administered DEP, DETP and TCPy with their kinetics following oral dosing with the parent insecticide CPF in the rat. Groups of rats were orally administered CPF, DEP, TCPy or DETP at doses of 140mumol/kg body weight, and the time-courses of the metabolites were evaluated in blood and urine. Following oral administration, all three metabolites were well absorbed with peak blood concentrations being attained between 1 and 3h post-dosing. In the case of DEP and TCPy virtually all the administered dose was recovered in the urine by 72h post-dosing, suggesting negligible, if any, metabolism; whereas with DETP, approximately 50% of the orally administered dose was recovered in the urine. The CPF oral dose was likewise rapidly absorbed and metabolized to DEP, TCPy and DETP, with the distribution of metabolites in the urine followed the order: TCPy (22+/-3mumol)>DETP (14+/-2mumol)>DEP (1.4+/-0.7mumol). Based upon the total amount of TCPy detected in the urine a minimum of 63% of the oral CPF dose was absorbed. These studies support the hypotheses that DEP, DETP and TCPy present in the environment can be readily absorbed and eliminated in the urine of rats and potentially humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Timchalk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Andrea Busby
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - James A Campbell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Larry L Needham
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA
| | - Dana B Barr
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA
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Bicker W, Lämmerhofer M, Keller T, Schuhmacher R, Krska R, Lindner W. Validated Method for the Determination of the Ethanol Consumption Markers Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Phosphate, and Ethyl Sulfate in Human Urine by Reversed-Phase/Weak Anion Exchange Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:5884-92. [PMID: 16906736 DOI: 10.1021/ac060680+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of the ethanol consumption markers ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl phosphate (EtP), and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in human urine was developed. A reversed-phase/weak anion exchange type stationary phase demonstrated particular suitability for the analysis of these highly polar acids. Sample preparation was minimized to centrifugation and dilution of urine prior to injection. The method was validated in the range of 5-750 microg.L(-1) with 1:20 and 1:1000 diluted urine, which corresponds to actual concentration ranges of 0.1-15 and 5-750 mg.L(-1) in undiluted samples. Method validation was carried out using six different lots of human urine. Over the entire calibration range intraday and interday precision (each n = 5, three concentration levels per dilution factor) adopted values between 0.6 and 4.7% and 0.8 and 12.1%, relative standard deviation, respectively. Corresponding accuracy values ranged between 94.2 and 113.5% and 86.6 and 110.9%, respectively. Matrix effects (absolute/relative) were found to be present in minor extent (approximately -30% to +15% MS/MS signal alterations) and were well corrected by the employed isotopically labeled internal standards. The validated assay was applied to urine samples of a drinking study as well as postmortem specimens. It was possible to assess the principal potential of EtP as ethanol consumption marker. Elevated concentration levels were found in real samples; however, EtP seems to be less sensitive compared to the previously known ethanol phase II conjugates EtG and EtS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bicker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Choi K, Joo H, Rose RL, Hodgson E. Metabolism of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos oxon by human hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2006; 20:279-91. [PMID: 17163483 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of chlorpyrifos (CPS) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) by human hepatocytes and human liver S9 fractions was investigated using LC-MS/MS. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent and phase II-related products were determined following incubation with CPS and CPO. CYP-related products, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), diethyl thiophosphate, and dealkylated CPS, were found following CPS treatment and dealkylated CPO following CPO treatment. Diethyl phosphate was not identified because of its high polarity and lack of retention with the chromatographic conditions employed. Phase II-related conjugates, including O- and S-glucuronides as well as 11 GSH-derived metabolites, were identified in CPS-treated human hepatocytes, although the O-sulfate of TCP conjugate was found only when human liver S9 fractions were used as the enzyme source. O-Glucuronide of TCP was also identified in CPO-treated hepatocytes. CPS and CPO were identified using HPLC-UV after CPS metabolism by the human liver S9 fraction. However, CPO was not found following treatment of human hepatocytes with either CPS or CPO. These results suggest that human liver plays an important role in detoxification, rather than activation, of CPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
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