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Lin H, Chen Z, Solomon Adade SYS, Yang W, Chen Q. Detection of Maize Mold Based on a Nanocomposite Colorimetric Sensor Array under Different Substrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11164-11173. [PMID: 38564679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study developed a novel nanocomposite colorimetric sensor array (CSA) to distinguish between fresh and moldy maize. First, the headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) method was used to analyze volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fresh and moldy maize samples. Then, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to identify 2-methylbutyric acid and undecane as key VOCs associated with moldy maize. Furthermore, colorimetric sensitive dyes modified with different nanoparticles were employed to enhance the dye properties used in the nanocomposite CSA analysis of key VOCs. This study focused on synthesizing four types of nanoparticles: polystyrene acrylic (PSA), porous silica nanospheres (PSNs), zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and ZIF-8 after etching. Additionally, three types of substrates, qualitative filter paper, polyvinylidene fluoride film, and thin-layer chromatography silica gel, were comparatively used to fabricate nanocomposite CSA combining with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) models for real sample detection. All moldy maize samples were correctly identified and prepared to characterize the properties of the CSA. Through initial testing and nanoenhancement of the chosen dyes, four nanocomposite colorimetric sensitive dyes were confirmed. The accuracy rates for LDA and KNN models in this study reached 100%. This work shows great potential for grain quality control using CSA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
| | | | - Wenjing Yang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 9 13th Street, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, P. R. China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
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Haider A, Iqbal SZ, Bhatti IA, Alim MB, Waseem M, Iqbal M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Food authentication, current issues, analytical techniques, and future challenges: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13360. [PMID: 38741454 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Food authentication and contamination are significant concerns, especially for consumers with unique nutritional, cultural, lifestyle, and religious needs. Food authenticity involves identifying food contamination for many purposes, such as adherence to religious beliefs, safeguarding health, and consuming sanitary and organic food products. This review article examines the issues related to food authentication and food fraud in recent periods. Furthermore, the development and innovations in analytical techniques employed to authenticate various food products are comprehensively focused. Food products derived from animals are susceptible to deceptive practices, which can undermine customer confidence and pose potential health hazards due to the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to employ suitable and robust analytical techniques for complex and high-risk animal-derived goods, in which molecular biomarker-based (genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) techniques are covered. Various analytical methods have been employed to ascertain the geographical provenance of food items that exhibit rapid response times, low cost, nondestructiveness, and condensability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Haider
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Waseem
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab, Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
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Mamiro AP, Martin HD, Kassim N. Risk of exposure to aflatoxin M1 through consumption of cow's milk among children in Magadu, Morogoro. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:245-253. [PMID: 38393489 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of milk affects the general population with particular attention to children who frequently consume milk as part of complementary food. This study determined AFM1 contamination of cow's milk and estimated the health risk of dietary AFM1 through consumption of cow's milk among children (6 to 36 months) in the Magadu ward of Morogoro region in Tanzania. A total of 165 mother-baby pairs were recruited and interviewed on child feeding practices with a focus on feeding of cow's milk in the past 24 h. Alongside the interview, 100 raw cows' milk samples were collected from subsampled respondent households and were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that about 35% of the surveyed children consumed cow's milk in the form of plain milk, incorporated in porridge and/or tea. The amount consumed varied from 62.5 to 500 mls with a median of 125 (125, 250) mls at a frequency of 1 to 2 times a day. All raw cows' milk (100%) samples (n = 100) were found contaminated with AFM1 at concentrations ranging from 0.052 to 9.310 µg/L and median of 2.076 µg/L (1.27, 2.48). All samples were contaminated by AFM1 at levels above the limits of 0.05 µg/L of raw milk set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standard and the European Union, while 97% exceeded 0.5 µg/L set by the US Food and Drug Administration. Exposure to AFM1 due to consumption of cow's milk ranged from 0.0024 to 0.077 µg/kg bw per day with a median of 0.019 (0.0016, 0.026) µg/kg bw per day, while the margin of exposure (MOE) ranged from 5.19 to 166.76 and median 20.68 (15.33, 25.40) implying high risk of public health concern. This study recommends that advocacy on consumption of cows' milk to combat undernutrition in children should consider a holistic approach that considers the milk's safety aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peter Mamiro
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
- Department of Training and Capacity Building, Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
| | - Haikael D Martin
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Neema Kassim
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Shayesteh OH, Derakhshandeh K, Ranjbar A, Mahjub R, Farmany A. Development of a label-free, sensitive gold nanoparticles-poly(adenine) aptasensing platform for colorimetric determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 38682263 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a sensitive colorimetric bioassay method based on a poly(adenine) aptamer (polyA apt) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The polyA apt, adsorbed on the AuNPs, especially can bind to the analyte while deterring non-specific interactions. This nano aptasensor uses cationic polymer poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA), as an aggregating agent, to aggregate gold nanoparticles. PolyA apt-decorated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/polyA apt) show resistance to PDDA-induced aggregation and maintains their dispersed state (red color) with the optical absorbance signal at λ = 520 nm. However, in the presence of AFB1 in the assay solution, the specific aptamer reacts with high affinity and folds into its three-dimensional form. Aggregation of AuNPs induced by PDDA caused their optical signal shift to λ = 620 nm (blue color). AFB1 concentration in the bioassay solution determines the amount of optical signal shift. Therefore, optical density ratio in two wavelengths (A620/520) can be used as a sturdy colorimetric signal to detect the concentration of aflatoxin B1. AFB1 was linearly detected between 0.5 and 20 ng mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.09 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). The fabricated aptasensor was applied to the detection of AFB1 in real corn samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Heydari Shayesteh
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Katayoun Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Mahjub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Chen Z, Lin H, Wang F, Adade SYSS, Peng T, Chen Q. Discrimination of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in wheat based on nanocomposite colorimetric sensor array. Food Chem 2024; 430:137048. [PMID: 37544158 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for the early detection of wheat infected with Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) using a nanocomposite colorimetric sensors array (CSA). LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) on day seven, demonstrating mycotoxin variabilities in infected wheat. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis detected 2-methylbutyral, a gas exclusively associated with toxigenic A. flavus. The CSA was modified using three nanoparticles of MOF and successfully used to detect the wheat infected with A. flavus. Discrimination of different types of infected wheat samples was achieved using the RGB difference map and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model. Additionally, the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model accurately predicted the presence of toxigenic A. flavus at various stages of infection. These findings highlight the promising capabilities of nanocomposite CSA for early-stage detection of A. flavus infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Hao Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.
| | - Fuyun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | | | - Tingting Peng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Jiangsu 212013, PR China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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TONG L, XU B, NIE X, WANG X, MA J, GUO W, LI G, GONG Y, XU X. [Determination of 22 mycotoxins in milk by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2023; 41:986-994. [PMID: 37968817 PMCID: PMC10654881 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2023.07010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins have carcinogenic, mutagenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic properties. Thus, these substances have attracted significant attention because they pose a threat to human health. As research on mycotoxins deepens, new structural analogues of mycotoxins are constantly being discovered. In this study, a method based on high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry was established for the simultaneous determination of 22 mycotoxins in milk. A simple, effective, and rapid pretreatment method was optimized by focusing on the solvent type, extractant volume, and extracting salt based on the characteristics of the mycotoxins and sample matrix. The analytes were extracted using 0.5% formic acid acetonitrile solution and added with sodium chloride to separate fats from water. The samples were centrifuged at 8000 r/min (4 ℃) for 5 min using a centrifuge and then concentrated using nitrogen. The dry residue was dissolved with 50% methanol aqueous solution. Twenty-two mycotoxins were separated on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 chromatographic column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and quantitative analysis was performed using the isotope internal standard method. The analytes were determined by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. Qualitative analyses of the compounds were performed in full mass spectrometry/data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/dd-MS2) mode. Good linearities in the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/L were observed for the 22 mycotoxins, and the correlation coefficients (R2) were greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (S/N=3) and quantification (S/N=10) ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 μg/kg and from 1.0 to 1.5 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the 22 mycotoxins at three spiked levels of 1.5, 5.0, and 15 μg/kg were between 84.7% and 100.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.2%-9.9%. These findings indicate that the method has high sensitivity and accuracy as well as good precision. Finally, the method was applied to the detection and analysis of mycotoxins in 25 actual commercial milk samples. The results revealed that the selected samples were not contaminated with any of the mycotoxins analyzed. Thus, the proposed method is useful as a quick preprocessing and confirmatory method for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in milk.
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Lai X, Zhang G, Deng S, Zhang G, Xiao X, He W, Su L, Liu C, Lai W. Triple strategy-enhanced immunochromatographic assay based on APCB and AIEFM for the ultrasensitive detection of AFM1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132438. [PMID: 37666170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is highly toxic, widely distributed, and difficult to monitor, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, a highly sensitive, rapid, convenient, and low-cost detection method must be urgently established. In this study, a triple strategy-enhanced immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed to satisfy these detection requirements. First, a turn-on signal output mode of the fluorescence quenching ICA substituted the turn-off mode of the traditional ICA for sensitive response to trace AFM1, with the limit of detection (LOD) reduced by approximately 4.9-fold. Then, a novel Au and polydopamine (PDA) cogrowth chrysanthemum-like blackbody was prepared as the quenching probe to reduce the background signal. This probe combined the excellent properties of Au nanoparticles with PDA. Thus, its fluorescence quenching constant was higher than that of single Au and PDA nanoparticles by 25.8- and 4.9-fold, respectively. Furthermore, an aggregation-induced emission fluorescence microsphere with a 5.7-fold higher relative quantum yield than a commercial fluorescence microsphere was selected as the signal output carrier to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The integration of the above triple strategies established a 53.4-fold sensitivity-enhanced fluorescence quenching ICA (LOD = 0.9 pg/mL) for detecting AFM1 in milk, providing a strong technical guarantee for the safety monitoring of milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ganggang Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Shengliang Deng
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Weihua He
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Liu Su
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Weihua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Mortezazadeh F, Gholami-Borujeni F. Review, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in different types of milks in Iran. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:511-518. [PMID: 35749130 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
REVIEWS Despite in recent decades, several studies on the concentration of aflatoxins M1(AFM1) in various milks have been studied, as we know, no systematic review, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment study was conducted in Iran till now. OBJECTIVES In this study, a systematic review was conducted to collect, meta-analysis and carcinogenic risk assessment of the quantitative data regarding the prevalence and concentration of AFM1 in several types of milk produced in Iran. CONTENT In our study, the concentration and prevalence of AFM1 in different types of milk (Raw, pasteurized, and UHT) from 113 original articles in Iran using searching the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar (in Persian and English) databases from 2002 to august 2021 were collected. The concentration of AFM1 was meta-analyzed using the random effect model (REM) based on type of milk (raw, pasteurized and UHT) subgroups and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach was used to assess safety risks and investigate carcinogenic effects of AFM1 using Crystal-Ball software (Version 11.1.3, Oracle, Inc., USA). SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK The 113 original article (In English and Persian) were included in this review. Meta-analysis indicated lower and upper of AFM1 in subgroups of raw, pasteurized and UHT milk in Iran was 9, 720, 2.7, 230.2, 19.23, and 221.6 ng/kg respectively. The Point estimate for carcinogenic risk of AFM1 showed as result of age increasing, the carcinogenic risk of Aflatoxin M 1 decreases and concentration of Aflatoxin M1 (ng/liter), plays the most effective role in carcinogenic risk of AFM1. CONCLUSION The presence of AFM1 in milk and its products due to its high toxicity and carcinogenic properties is a public health concern that the results show that the risk of carcinogenesis is higher at younger ages (less than 20 years). As a result, there is a strong association between consumption of raw milk, pasteurized milk and UHT and the risk of cancer in children and adults in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mortezazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Liu S, Jiang S, Yao Z, Liu M. Aflatoxin detection technologies: recent advances and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:79627-79653. [PMID: 37322403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins have posed serious threat to food safety and human health. Therefore, it is important to detect aflatoxins in samples rapidly and accurately. In this review, various technologies to detect aflatoxins in food are discussed, including conventional ones such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), as well as emerging ones (e.g., biosensors, molecular imprinting technology, surface plasmon resonance). Critical challenges of these technologies include high cost, complex processing procedures and long processing time, low stability, low repeatability, low accuracy, poor portability, and so on. Critical discussion is provided on the trade-off relationship between detection speed and detection accuracy, as well as the application scenario and sustainability of different technologies. Especially, the prospect of combining different technologies is discussed. Future research is necessary to develop more convenient, more accurate, faster, and cost-effective technologies to detect aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqi Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shanxue Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Minhua Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Angelopoulou M, Kourti D, Misiakos K, Economou A, Petrou P, Kakabakos S. Mach-Zehnder Interferometric Immunosensor for Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, Chocolate Milk, and Yogurt. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:592. [PMID: 37366957 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is detected in the milk of animals after ingestion of aflatoxin B1-contaminated food; since 2002, it has been categorized as a group I carcinogen. In this work, a silicon-based optoelectronic immunosensor for the detection of AFM1 in milk, chocolate milk, and yogurt has been developed. The immunosensor consists of ten Mach-Zehnder silicon nitride waveguide interferometers (MZIs) integrated on the same chip with the respective light sources, and an external spectrophotometer for transmission spectra collection. The sensing arm windows of MZIs are bio-functionalized after chip activation with aminosilane by spotting an AFM1 conjugate with bovine serum albumin. For AFM1 detection, a three-step competitive immunoassay is employed, including the primary reaction with a rabbit polyclonal anti-AFM1 antibody, followed by biotinylated donkey polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG antibody and streptavidin. The assay duration was 15 min with limits of detection of 0.005 ng/mL in both full-fat and chocolate milk, and 0.01 ng/mL in yogurt, which are lower than the maximum allowable concentration of 0.05 ng/mL set by the European Union. The assay is accurate (% recovery values 86.7-115) and repeatable (inter- and intra-assay variation coefficients <8%). The excellent analytical performance of the proposed immunosensor paves the way for accurate on-site AFM1 determination in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michailia Angelopoulou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kourti
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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Compliance between Food and Feed Safety: Eight-Year Survey (2013–2021) of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Feed in Northern Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030168. [PMID: 36977059 PMCID: PMC10057617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are fungal metabolites that are found in feed and food. When ruminants eat feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), it is metabolised and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in the milk. Aflatoxins can result in hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive effects. The European Union thus set a low threshold limit (50 ng/L) for presence of AFM1 in milk. This was in view of its possible presence also in dairy products and that quantification of these toxins is mandatory for milk suppliers. In the present study, a total of 95,882 samples of whole raw milk, collected in northern Italy between 2013 and 2021, were evaluated for presence of AFM1 using an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. The study also evaluated the relationship between feed materials collected from the same farms in the same area during the same period (2013–2021) and milk contamination. Only 667 milk samples out of 95,882 samples analysed (0.7%) showed AFM1 values higher than the EU threshold limit of 50 ng/L. A total of 390 samples (0.4%) showed values between 40 and 50 ng/L, thus requiring corrective action despite not surpassing the regulatory threshold. Combining feed contamination and milk contamination data, some feedingstuffs seem to be more effective in defying potential carryover of AFs from feed to milk. Combining the results, it can be concluded that a robust monitoring system that covers both feed, with a special focus on high risk/sentinel matrices, and milk is essential to guarantee high quality and safety standards of dairy products.
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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and exposure estimation for its consumption in the Chilean population. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Seasonal Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk during a Five-Year Period in Croatia: Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131959. [PMID: 35804774 PMCID: PMC9265853 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study’s objective was to estimate the seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cow’s milk between winter 2016 and winter 2022 and to assess dietary exposure and risk assessment for the adult Croatian population. In total, 5817 cow milk samples were screened for AFM1 concentrations using the enzyme immunoassay assay (ELISA). For confirmation purposes of AFM1 concentration above the European Union maximum permitted level (MRL), ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was performed. In 94.7% of milk samples, AFM1 levels were below the detection limit (LOD) of the ELISA test. For 3.47% of samples, the AFM1 was between the LOD and MRL values. Only 1.87% of all samples exceeded the MRL. The mean value of elevated AFM1 in different seasons ranged between 59.2 ng/kg (autumn 2017) and 387.8 ng/kg (autumn 2021). The highest incidences of positive AFM1 were determined in autumn and winter and the maximum (6.4%) was in winter 2019/2020. The largest percentage of positive samples (69.7%) was found in central Croatia. The estimated daily intakes for positive samples ranged between 0.17 and 2.82 ng/kg body weight/day. Risk assessment indicated a high level of concern during autumn and winter, especially for consumers of large amounts of milk.
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Singh H, Singh S, Bhardwaj SK, Kaur G, Khatri M, Deep A, Bhardwaj N. Development of carbon quantum dot-based lateral flow immunoassay for sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Food Chem 2022; 393:133374. [PMID: 35661600 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a great demand for simple, sensitive, and accurate sensors for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products. In the present research, a novel fluorescent immunosensor based on nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has been developed for AFM1 analysis. The N-doped CQDs were synthesized through the hydrothermal approach using citric acid and polyethyleneimine as precursors. The CQDs showed bright blue emission under ultraviolet light irradiation and a maximum emission was observed at 450 nm upon excitation at 350 nm. The anti-AFM1 antibody (Ab) was immobilized on the as-obtained amine-functionalized CQDs and the obtained CQDs/Ab probe was then directly used for developing the immunoassays for AFM1. The fluorescence of the CQDs/Ab solution was effectively quenched in the presence of increasing AFM1 concentrations. Under the optimized conditions, the fluorescent nanosensor exhibited high sensitivity towards AFM1 in the range of 0.2-0.8 ng/mL with low limit of detection i.e., 0.07 ng/mL in standard buffer. Furthermore, the CQDs/Ab immunosensor was developed as a lateral flow design for detecting the aflatoxin residues in milk. This strategy can be used for the development of low-cost, rapid, and highly sensitive sensor strips for the detection of AFM1 in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Advanced Research Material and Solutions (ARMS), Technology Business Incubator, IISER Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akash Deep
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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15
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Kaur G, Sharma S, Singh S, Bhardwaj N, Deep A. Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Aflatoxin M1 with a Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dot/Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposite. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17600-17608. [PMID: 35664620 PMCID: PMC9161392 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the hepatotoxic secondary metabolites which are highly carcinogenic and known to cause several adverse effects on human health. The present study reports a simple, sensitive, and novel electrochemical sensor for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The sensor has been fabricated by modifying the screen-printed carbon electrodes with a functional nanocomposite of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) quantum dots (QDs) and a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), that is, UiO-66-NH2. The MoS2/UiO-66-modified electrodes were decorated with the AFM1-specific monoclonal antibodies and then investigated for the electrochemical detection of AFM1. Based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis, it was possible to detect AFM1 in the concentration range of 0.2-10 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection of 0.06 ng mL-1. The realization of an excellent sensing performance can be attributed to the electroactivity of MoS2 QDs and the large surface to volume area achieved by the addition of the MOF. The presence of UiO-66-NH2 is also useful to attain readily available amine functionality for the robust interfacing of antibodies. The performance of the developed sensor has also been validated by detecting AFM1 in the spiked milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjeet Kaur
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department
of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Akash Deep
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- CSIR-Central
Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30C, Chandigarh 160030, India
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Kępińska-Pacelik J, Biel W. Alimentary Risk of Mycotoxins for Humans and Animals. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:822. [PMID: 34822606 PMCID: PMC8622594 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins can be found in many foods consumed by humans and animals. These substances are secondary metabolites of some fungi species and are resistant to technological processes (cooking, frying, baking, distillation, fermentation). They most often contaminate products of animal (beef, pork, poultry, lamb, fish, game meat, milk) and plant origin (cereals, processed cereals, vegetables, nuts). It is estimated that about 25% of the world's harvest may be contaminated with mycotoxins. These substances damage crops and may cause mycotoxicosis. Many mycotoxins can be present in food, together with mold fungi, increasing the exposure of humans and animals to them. In this review we characterized the health risks caused by mycotoxins found in food, pet food and feed. The most important groups of mycotoxins are presented in terms of their toxicity and occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
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Tolosa J, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ, Vila-Donat P. Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112661. [PMID: 34762978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world requests for raw materials used in animal feed has been steadily rising in the last years driven by higher demands for livestock production. Mycotoxins are frequent toxic metabolites present in these raw materials. The exposure of farm animals to mycotoxins could result in undesirable residues in animal-derived food products. Thus, the potential ingestion of edible animal products (milk, meat and fish) contaminated with mycotoxins constitutes a public health concern, since they enter the food chain and may cause adverse effects upon human health. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art on the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed, their metabolism and carry-over into animal source foodstuffs, focusing particularly on the last decade. Maximum levels (MLs) for various mycotoxins have been established for a number of raw feed materials and animal food products. Such values are sometimes exceeded, however. Aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (TCs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed, with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) predominating in milk and dairy products, and OTA in meat by-products. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed raw materials tends to be the rule rather than the exception, and the carry-over of mycotoxins from feed to animal source foods is more than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Y Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - M J Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - P Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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Lerdsri J, Soongsong J, Laolue P, Jakmunee J. Reliable colorimetric aptasensor exploiting 72-Mers ssDNA and gold nanoprobes for highly sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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The Presence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk and Milk Products in Bangladesh. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070440. [PMID: 34202130 PMCID: PMC8309891 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As milk provides both micro- and macronutrients, it is an important component in the diet. However, the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the feed of dairy cattle results in contamination of milk and dairy products with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a toxic metabolite of the carcinogenic mycotoxin. With the aim to determine AFM1 concentrations in milk and milk products consumed in Bangladesh, in total, 145 samples were collected in four divisional regions (Sylhet, Dhaka, Chittagong, and Rajshahi). The samples comprised these categories: raw milk (n = 105), pasteurized milk (n = 15), ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk (n = 15), fermented milk products such as yogurt (n = 5), and milk powder (n = 5). AFM1 levels in these samples were determined through competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, AFM1 was present in 78.6% of milk and milk products in the range of 5.0 to 198.7 ng/L. AFM1 was detected in 71.4% of raw milk (mean 41.1, range 5.0–198.7 ng/L), and in all pasteurized milk (mean 106, range 17.2–187.7 ng/L) and UHT milk (mean 73, range 12.2–146.9 ng/L) samples. Lower AFM1 levels were found in yogurt (mean 16.9, range 8.3–41.1 ng/L) and milk powder samples (mean 6.6, range 5.9–7.0 ng/L). About one-third of the raw, pasteurized, and UHT milk samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit (50 ng/L) for AFM1 in milk, while AFM1 levels in yogurt and milk powder samples were well below this limit. Regarding regions, lower AFM1 contamination was observed in Chittagong (mean 6.6, max 10.6 ng/L), compared to Sylhet (mean 53.7, max 198.7 ng/L), Dhaka (mean 37.8, max 97.2 ng/L), and Rajshahi (mean 34.8, max 131.4 ng/L). Yet, no significant difference was observed in AFM1 levels between summer and winter season. In conclusion, the observed frequency and levels of aflatoxin contamination raise concern and must encourage further monitoring of AFM1 in milk and milk products in Bangladesh.
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Islam F, Das Trisha A, Hafsa JM, Hasan A, Degen GH, Ali N. Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:241-248. [PMID: 34159478 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the best, most complete form of nutrition for newborns and infants. However, human milk can contain aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) upon ingestion of dietary mycotoxin contaminants, namely, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), by lactating mothers. AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolite AFM1 are potent carcinogens and thus an important issue in food safety and public health. This study is the first to explore the presence of AFM1 in breast milk samples from Bangladesh and assess infant exposure to this toxin, as a consequence of maternal mycotoxin intake. A total of 62 breast milk samples were collected from nursing mothers in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The milk samples were collected between October 2019 and March 2020 and analyzed by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AFM1 was detected in 51.6% of the breast milk samples (colostrum, transitional and mature milk), with a mean concentration of 4.42 ± 0.56 pg/mL, and in the range between LOD (4.0 pg/mL) and 6.66 pg/mL. The frequent detection of AFM1 in breast milk indicates widespread dietary exposure to mycotoxins in our cohort. The estimated average daily intake of AFM1 for all nursed infants was 0.49 ng/kg b.w./day. No significant correlations were observed between AFM1 levels in human milk and food items regularly consumed by nursing women. Overall, AFM1 levels in breast milk samples from the Sylhet region of Bangladesh are moderate, and lower than the permissible levels established for AFM1 in dairy milk or infant formulae (50 and 25 ng/kg, respectively). Yet, this first data for AFM1 breast milk contaminant levels just reflect the recent situation in one cohort, and monitoring should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Aporajita Das Trisha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jaasia Momtahena Hafsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Akibul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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Kortei NK, Annan T, Akonor PT, Richard SA, Annan HA, Kwagyan MW, Ayim-Akonor M, Akpaloo PG. Aflatoxins in randomly selected groundnuts ( Arachis hypogaea) and its products from some local markets across Ghana: Human risk assessment and monitoring. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:186-195. [PMID: 33489778 PMCID: PMC7806514 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A random assessment and human risk analysis were conducted on 80 groundnut pastes and raw groundnuts from some local markets across the different agroecological zones of Ghana. Total aflatoxins (AFtotal) and aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) were analyzed using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Out of 80 samples investigated, 49 (61.25 %) tested positive for AFB1 and ranged from 0.38 ± 0.04-230.21 ± 22.14 μg/kg. The same proportion was recorded for total aflatoxins (AFtotal) and ranged between 0.38 ± 0.02-270.51 ± 23.14 μg/kg. Limits of AFB1 and total aflatoxins (AFtotal) for the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) (5 and 10 μg/kg) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2 and 4 μg/kg), were used as checks. A total of 33 (41.25 %) samples were above the limits for both. Risk assessments recorded for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), potency, cancer risk, and population risks ranged 0.087-0.380 μg/Kg.bw/day, 1052.630-4597.700, 0-0.00396 ng Aflatoxins kg-1bwday-1 and, 1.5 × 10-3 - 7.9 × 10-4 respectively for total aflatoxins. While for aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), ranges of values of 0.068-0.300 μg/Kg.bw/day, 1333.33-5882.35, 0-0.00396 ng aflatoxins kg/bw/day and, 1.19 × 10-3 - 6.34 × 10-4 corresponded for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), potency, cancer risk, and population risk respectively. There were risks of adverse health effects involved in the consumption of groundnuts for all age groups investigated since MOE values were all below 10,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Annan
- Food Microbiology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Papa Toah Akonor
- Food Processing and Engineering Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seidu A Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P.O. Box MA 128, Ho, Ghana
| | - Helen Ama Annan
- Food Microbiology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe- Kwagyan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Matilda Ayim-Akonor
- Animal Health and Food Safety Division, CSIR- Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana
| | - Princess Golda Akpaloo
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
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