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Dörfel D, Rohn S, Jantzen E. Electrostatic Repulsion Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (ERLIC) for the Quantitative Analysis of Polyamines. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464820. [PMID: 38507872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Highly polar low molecular weight organic molecules are still very challenging to analyze by liquid chromatography. Yet, with the steadily increasing application of metabolomics and similar approaches in chemical analysis, separating polar compounds might be even more important. However, almost all established liquid chromatography techniques (i.e., normal and reversed phase, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), ion chromatography) struggle with either carry-over, low sensitivity, or a lack of retention. For improving these shortcomings, electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) might be an alternative. By combining a HILIC mobile phase, that is highly organic with a low water content, and an ion exchange column, a distinct layer system develops. When the analyte's charge is of the same direction as the stationary phase, retention and elution are determined by two antagonistic forces: electrostatic repulsion and hydrophilicity. One prominent group of challenging polar analytes are the polyamines cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Carrying charges from +2 to +4 at physiological pH, these compounds are essential cell constituents and found in all living organisms. However, they are still notoriously challenging to analyze via the established liquid chromatography methods. In the present work, an ERLIC tandem mass spectrometry method has been exemplarily developed, optimized, and validated for the quantitative determination of cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. This method enables symmetrical peak shapes and good separation of analytes with different charges while simultaneously selectively detecting the co-eluting diamines by MS/MS. Furthermore, high linearity (R > 0.998) and sensitivity (LODs ≤ 2 ng/mL) have been proven. Thus, ERLIC may be interesting for both targeted and untargeted analysis approaches of highly charged low molecular weight organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dörfel
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav Meyer Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav Meyer Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckard Jantzen
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Moenning JL, Krause T, Lamp J, Maul R, Schenkel H, Fürst P, Pieper R, Numata J. Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk - part II: toxicokinetic predictive models for risk assessment. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:484-497. [PMID: 36345910 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk is not purely an experimental endeavour, as it has produced a large corpus of theoretical work. This work consists of a variety of predictive toxicokinetic models in the realms of health and environmental risk assessment and risk management. Their purpose is to provide mathematical predictive tools to organise and integrate knowledge on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes. Toxicokinetic models are based on more than 50 years of transfer studies summarised in part I of this review series. Here in part II, several of these models are described and systematically classified with a focus on their applicability to risk analysis as well as their limitations. This part of the review highlights the opportunities and challenges along the way towards accurate, congener-specific predictive models applicable to changing animal breeds and husbandry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Louis Moenning
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
| | - Torsten Krause
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Hans Schenkel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, Münster48147, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
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Krause T, Moenning JL, Lamp J, Maul R, Schenkel H, Fürst P, Pieper R, Numata J. Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk - Part I: state of knowledge and uncertainties. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:448-470. [PMID: 36089770 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (collectively and colloquially referred to as 'dioxins') as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants that may unintentionally enter and accumulate along the food chain. Owing to their chronic toxic effects in humans and bioaccumulative properties, their presence in feed and food requires particular attention. One important exposure pathway for consumers is consumption of milk and dairy products. Their transfer from feed to milk has been studied for the past 50 years to quantify the uptake and elimination kinetics. We extracted transfer parameters (transfer rate, transfer factor, biotransfer factor and elimination half-lives) in a machine-readable format from seventy-six primary and twenty-nine secondary literature items. Kinetic data for some toxicologically relevant dioxin congeners and the elimination half-lives of dioxin-like PCBs are still not available. A well-defined selection of transfer parameters from literature was statistically analysed and shown to display high variability. To understand this variability, we discuss the data with an emphasis on influencing factors, such as experimental conditions, cow performance parameters and metabolic state. While no universal interpretation could be derived, a tendency for increased transfer into milk is apparently connected to an increase in milk yield and milk fat yield as well as during times of body fat mobilisation, for example during the negative energy balance after calving. Over the past decades, milk yield has increased to over 40 kg/d during high lactation, so more research is needed on how this impacts feed to food transfer for PCDD/Fs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Krause
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Louis Moenning
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans Schenkel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, 48147 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Siemiątkowska A, Frey K, Gurba KN, Crock LW, Haroutounian S, Kagan L. An LC-ESI-MS/MS method for determination of ondansetron in low-volume plasma and cerebrospinal fluid: Method development, validation, and clinical application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115625. [PMID: 37549552 PMCID: PMC10529361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Ondansetron is used in clinical settings as an antiemetic drug. Although the animal studies showed its potential effectiveness also in treating neuropathic pain, the results from humans are inconclusive. The lack of efficacy of ondansetron in a subset of patients might be due to the overexpression of P-glycoprotein, which could result in low concentrations of ondansetron in the central nervous system (CNS). A surrogate of the CNS exposure might be drug concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in humans, as assessing the drug disposition directly in the patient's brain would be challenging. The study aimed to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine concentrations of ondansetron in human K3EDTA plasma and CSF. Ondansetron was extracted from biological matrices by liquid-liquid extraction. The quantification was performed on a Sciex QTRAP 6500+ mass spectrometer with labeled ondansetron as an internal standard. The calibration range was 0.25-350 ng/mL in plasma and 0.025-100 ng/mL in CSF; for both matrices, 25 µL of samples was required for the assays. The method was validated according to the FDA and EMA guidelines and showed acceptable results. A pilot study confirmed its suitability for clinical samples: after 4-16 mg of intravenous ondansetron, the determined concentrations in plasma were 1.22-235.90 ng/mL, while in CSF - 0.018-11.93 ng/mL. In conclusion, the developed method fulfilled all validation requirements and can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies assessing the CNS ondansetron exposure in humans. The method's advantages, such as a low volume of matrix and a wide calibration range, support its use in a study in which rich sampling and various drug doses are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siemiątkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Karen Frey
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Katharine N Gurba
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Lara W Crock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Broggi J, Hohtola E, Koivula K, Rytkönen S, Nilsson JÅ. Prehatching temperatures drive inter-annual cohort differences in great tit metabolism. Oecologia 2022; 198:619-627. [PMID: 35174406 PMCID: PMC8956552 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) constitutes the lowest metabolic rate in a resting animal and is, therefore, considered to reflect the energetic cost of maintenance in endotherms. BMR is a reversible plastic trait that changes with environmental and ecological circumstances, albeit being heritable and susceptible to selection. Inter-individual variation within populations of small birds is substantial, and while many of the drivers of such variation have been identified, many remain unexplained. We studied winter BMR variation of juveniles over a 15-year period in a wild population of great tits Parus major at the northern border of their distribution. BMR during winter consistently changed between years, even after controlling for environmental factors, suggestive of a non-reversible developmental plasticity shaping the adult metabolic phenotype. BMR in cohorts of wintering great tits varied among winters as a response to minimum ambient temperatures experienced early in life, during the prehatching period. This developmental plasticity might be adaptive if temperatures experienced by growing embryos would metabolically prime them to an environment that they will likely encounter in future life. However, in line with a more unpredictable future climate, the risk of phenotype-environment mismatch is likely to lead to certain cohorts being poorly adapted to prevailing winter conditions, resulting in wider annual fluctuations in population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Broggi
- Department of Biology, Section of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Lund, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Av. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esa Hohtola
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Koivula
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Rytkönen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan-Åke Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Section of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Lund, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Mžik M, Váňová N, Kriegelstein M, Hroch M. Differential adsorption of an analyte and its D 4, D 5 and 13C 6 labeled analogues combined with instrument-specific carry-over issues: The Achilles' heel of ibrutinib TDM. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114366. [PMID: 34555634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, therapeutic drug monitoring is the standard in pharmacotherapy using medications with a narrow therapeutic index or showing serious adverse effects, such as in the case of ibrutinib. A technique commonly used for this purpose is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with isotope dilution in sample processing. Although this method provides a high degree of reliability, its use can be complicated with some specific factors and does not guarantee trouble-free analysis. This paper is focused on investigating issues related to the differential adsorption of ibrutinib and its D4, D5 and 13C6 isotopically labeled analogues combined with instrument-specific carry-over. The results of the research point out the significantly different adsorption behavior of ibrutinib in fluidics of LC-MS compared with that of its D4, D5 and 13C6 stable isotope labeled analogues, showing preferential adsorption of non-labeled compound. The investigation also pointed to a strong affinity of ibrutinib to polymeric surfaces under specific conditions, which has to be taken into consideration during sample preparation and analysis. Our work opens a new field for the discussion of scarcely reported problem related to the use of stable isotope labeled internal standards in LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mžik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Váňová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kriegelstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Tolosa J, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ, Vila-Donat P. Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112661. [PMID: 34762978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world requests for raw materials used in animal feed has been steadily rising in the last years driven by higher demands for livestock production. Mycotoxins are frequent toxic metabolites present in these raw materials. The exposure of farm animals to mycotoxins could result in undesirable residues in animal-derived food products. Thus, the potential ingestion of edible animal products (milk, meat and fish) contaminated with mycotoxins constitutes a public health concern, since they enter the food chain and may cause adverse effects upon human health. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art on the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed, their metabolism and carry-over into animal source foodstuffs, focusing particularly on the last decade. Maximum levels (MLs) for various mycotoxins have been established for a number of raw feed materials and animal food products. Such values are sometimes exceeded, however. Aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (TCs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed, with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) predominating in milk and dairy products, and OTA in meat by-products. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed raw materials tends to be the rule rather than the exception, and the carry-over of mycotoxins from feed to animal source foods is more than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Y Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - M J Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - P Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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Patyal A, Gill JPS, Bedi JS, Aulakh RS. Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in dairy animal concentrate feed from Punjab, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:37705-37715. [PMID: 33723771 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are one of the major environmental contaminants in animal feed and pose a potential threat to human health due to their secretion in the milk of lactating animals. The present study was conducted with the objectives to determine the occurrence of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in dairy animal concentrate feed and to evaluate the effect of season, spatial variation, and dairy farm size on the levels of aflatoxins contamination. A total of 189 dairy animal concentrate feed samples were tested for aflatoxins with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as screening and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) as confirmatory techniques. Of the total, 59% feed samples were found positive for aflatoxins, while 44% samples were detected with total aflatoxins levels higher than the tolerance limit established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and 58% samples were found with aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) levels above the European Commission (EC) legal limit. AFB1 levels in dairy animal concentrate feed were found significantly higher during rainy (41.6 μg kg-1) and winter (35.9 μg kg-1) seasons as compared to the summer season (25.5 μg kg-1). The theoretical extrapolation of the AFB1 carry-over from animal feed to milk (aflatoxins M1) in different seasons may lead to 50-100% contamination of milk at levels above the EC tolerance limit. The incidence and levels of aflatoxins especially AFB1 in animal feed, not only pose a direct effect on animals but may also pose a concern for food safety in relation to the occurrence of aflatoxins M1 in milk. Therefore, continuous surveillance of aflatoxins in dairy animal feeds is required to reduce animal and consequently human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patyal
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and A. H., CGKV, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491001, India.
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Rabinder Singh Aulakh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Xiao Z, Wang R, Suo D, Wang S, Li X, Dong S, Li T, Su X. Deposition, depletion, and potential bioaccumulation of bisphenol F in eggs of laying hens after consumption of contaminated feed. Environ Pollut 2021; 270:115721. [PMID: 33321439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns over bisphenol A (BPA) as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) and its adverse effects on both humans and animals have led to the substitution by structural analogs, such as bisphenol F (BPF), in many application areas. Information regarding to the carry-over of this emerging chemical in farm animals is essential for legislation and risk assessment purposes. In this study, a large-scale number of animal experiments were designed to investigate the transfer of BPF from feed to eggs. One control and three experimental groups of laying hens (72 hens per group) were fed with basal diets and BPF-contaminated feed at concentration levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mg kg-1, respectively, for two weeks. The hens were then fed with BPF-free diets for a further four weeks. Eggs were collected daily, and separated into egg yolk and white for BPF analysis. The effects of different levels of BPF exposure on laying performance followed a non-monotonic dose-response curve, since low level BPF (0.1 mg kg-1) exposure did increase the laying rate, mean egg weight and daily feed intake, while high level BPF (2.5 mg kg-1) exposure showed a decreasing trend. BPF residues were detected in both egg yolks and whole eggs after two days of administration, and plateau phase was achieved within 9-18 days. There are clear linear dose-response relationships between the plateau BPF concentrations in feed and eggs. The residue of BPF was found mainly in egg yolks with conjugated form and depleted slowly (still detected 21 days after feeding the BPF-free diet of the high level group). Mean carry-over rate of 0.59% BPF from feed to eggs was obtained. Compared with the carry-over rates of PCBs and dioxins, BPF showed a relatively minor trend of bioaccumulation in eggs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the deposition, depletion, and bioaccumulation study of bisphenols in farm animals. The quantity of data can therefore be helpful in the frame of risk assessment, especially for a comprehensive estimation of consumer exposure to the residues of bisphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Emmanuel K T, Els VP, Bart H, Evelyne D, Els VH, Els D. Carry-over of some Fusarium mycotoxins in tissues and eggs of chickens fed experimentally mycotoxin-contaminated diets. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111715. [PMID: 32871192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are fungal contaminants found in different crops intended for human and animal consumption. Due to the co-occurrence of several of mycotoxins, the present study aimed at examining the transfer of these toxins into tissues of broiler chickens and eggs of laying hens fed contaminated diets. After an adaptation period, the chickens were fed contaminated diets containing mg/kg levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatins (ENN A, A1, B, B1) and beauvericin (BEA) and high μg/kg levels of HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) during a repletion period of two weeks, followed by a depletion period of two weeks. DON, ZEN, T-2 and HT-2 were not carried out into the skin and the liver of broiler chickens. ENN B (20.5 ± 6.6 μg/kg) and BEA (162 ± 55 μg/kg) were found in the liver, while in the skin their respective concentrations were 50 ± 17 μg/kg and 120 ± 16 μg/kg during the first week of the repletion period. Carry-over rates into liver and skin were higher for BEA (1.6% and 1.2%, respectively) than for ENNs (0.1 and 0.4%, respectively). During the depletion period, ENNs and BEA were eliminated from the skin and the liver. ENN B, ENN B1 and BEA were carried over into eggs at 0.1%, 0.05% and 0.44% upon 2-3 days of feeding the contaminated diet, respectively. These transfers were fully eliminated 9-10 days after feeding the control diet again. These results indicate the transfer of ENN B, ENN B1 and BEA from feed to chicken offal, meat products and eggs at a very low degree, thus marginally contribute to the total dietary intake of these fusariotoxins for consumers. Nevertheless, taking precautionary measures in the field, harvest, transport and storage of the raw materials is required to keep the mycotoxin concentration in feed below the safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangni Emmanuel K
- Sciensano, Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - Van Pamel Els
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Huybrechts Bart
- Sciensano, Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Delezie Evelyne
- ILVO, Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Van Hoeck Els
- Sciensano, Physical and Chemical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Daeseleire Els
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
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11
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Costamagna D, Gaggiotti M, Chiericatti CA, Costabel L, Audero GML, Taverna M, Signorini ML. Quantification of aflatoxin M 1 carry-over rate from feed to soft cheese. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:782-787. [PMID: 31428566 PMCID: PMC6695269 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of AFM1 in milk produced in Argentina are relatively low. Milk production, fiber particle size and AFB1 level affected the carry-over rate. The greatest proportion of AFM1 in milk is detected in whey during cheese. production.
From January to December 2016, samples of milk and feeds of dairy cattle were monthly collected. The concentration of mycotoxins in all matrices was determined using the enzymatic immunoassay technique. The average concentration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in feed was 3.01, 218.5 and 467 ug/kg, respectively. The average AFB1 carry-over rate was 0.84% with a variation between 0.05 to 5.93%. Particle size of the feed (P = 0.030) and individual milk production (P = 0.001) affected this rate. Mini-soft cheeses were produced using milk naturally contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) as raw material to study its distribution both in whey and in cheese. The average level of AFM1 in milk was 0.014 μg/l. None of milk samples exceeded the maximum level accepted for AFB1 by the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) legislation (0.5 μg/l) and only 5.5% of samples exceeded the European Union (UE) regulations (0.05 μg/l). After the cheese elaboration, the concentration of AFM1 was determined in whey and in cheese. The greatest proportion (60%) was detected in whey while 40% AFM1 remained in the cheese. However, the concentration of AFM1 was higher in the cheese compared to the original milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Costamagna
- National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Experimental Station Rafaela (EEA), Route 34, Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Gaggiotti
- National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Experimental Station Rafaela (EEA), Route 34, Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C A Chiericatti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Littoral. Santiago Del Estero 2829, C.P. 3000, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L Costabel
- National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Experimental Station Rafaela (EEA), Route 34, Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G M L Audero
- National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Experimental Station Rafaela (EEA), Route 34, Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Taverna
- National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Experimental Station Rafaela (EEA), Route 34, Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M L Signorini
- National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Experimental Station Rafaela (EEA), Route 34, Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA) EEA Rafaela, Route 34 Km 227, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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12
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Lovsin Barle E, Pfister T, Fux C, Röthlisberger D, Jere D, Mahler HC. Use of the permitted daily exposure (PDE) concept for contaminants of intravitreal (IVT) drugs in multipurpose manufacturing facilities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:29-34. [PMID: 30367903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A toxicological evaluation to determine the product specific permitted daily exposure (PDE) value is an accepted method to determine a safe limit for the carry-over of product residues in multipurpose manufacturing facilities. The PDE calculation for intravitreal (IVT) injection of small and large molecular weight (MW) drugs follows the guiding principles set for systemic administration. However, there are specific differences with respect to the volume administered with IVT administration, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) parameters and potential for toxicity. In this publication, we have proposed a method to derive PDEIVT in the presence of IVT dose. In the absence of an IVT dose we have a proposed default extrapolationof the systemic PDE for intravenous (IV) administration to the PDEIVT dose by applying a factor of 500 based on comparison of the volume of vitreous humour with the plasma volume, as well as provided examples for PK-PD and toxicity considerations.
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13
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Tobolka M, Dylewski L, Wozna JT, Zolnierowicz KM. How weather conditions in non-breeding and breeding grounds affect the phenology and breeding abilities of white storks. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:512-518. [PMID: 29709867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has often been suggested that conditions in wintering grounds affect the breeding abilities of migratory birds. This is known as the carry-over effect. Heretofore, many studies have reported the relationship between conditions in wintering grounds, dates of departure from and arrival at breeding grounds, and breeding success. However, very few studies have shown how these conditions affect the capacity of females for egg production. AIMS To describe how conditions in the remote non-breeding areas in Africa affect reproductory abilities of migratory birds breeding in Europe. METHODS We recorded 863 arrival dates for 191 nests (in 2005-16), clutch sizes of 412 clutches, and egg dimensions of 1725 eggs (in 2003-16) of white storks in western Poland. We used generalised climatic indicators such as the Sahel precipitation index (SPI) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) to assess conditions in wintering grounds prior to breeding and precipitation and temperature in breeding grounds during the breeding season. RESULTS The white stork arrived significantly earlier in seasons preceded by a warmer and rainier March, while conditions in Africa did not affect arrival dates. Females laid more (and larger) eggs in seasons preceded by rainier winters in Africa. Breeding success was not affected by conditions in wintering grounds, but only by the weather during breeding season. CONCLUSIONS Conditions in wintering grounds may affect migratory birds, not only in terms of their arrival dates, but rather with respect to females' egg production capacities. Studies on stable isotopes may yield more detailed findings as to how this process takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Tobolka
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Dylewski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna T Wozna
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Zolnierowicz
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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14
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Sullivan KM, Kopec AD. Mercury in wintering American black ducks (Anas rubripes) downstream from a point-source on the lower Penobscot River, Maine, USA. Sci Total Environ 2018; 612:1187-1199. [PMID: 28892863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Waterfowl wintering along the lower Penobscot River, Maine continue to be exposed to elevated Hg concentrations from the HoltraChem chlor-alkali plant that operated along the river between 1967 and 2000. In American black ducks (Anas rubripes) total Hg in duck breast muscle increased with residence time on contaminated marshes, reaching means of 0.82±0.21μg/g ww (wet weight) by the end of the fall hunting season, and prompting Maine to issue a human consumption advisory on duck breast muscle. Methyl Hg comprised over 99% of the total Hg in breast muscle. The ratio of Hg concentrations in blood and muscle were strongly correlated and approached 1:1 after extended residence times. Primary feather (P1) total Hg concentrations averaged 2.2±1.3μg/g fw (fresh weight), verifying low Hg exposure during feather growth on distant breeding grounds the preceding summer. Mercury concentrations in black ducks, following winter residence along the lower Penobscot exceeded levels associated with reproductive toxicity. Carry-over of Hg to summer breeding grounds may limit the subsequent reproductive success of black ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Sullivan
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Wildlife Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, ME 04401, USA.
| | - A Dianne Kopec
- Penobscot River Mercury Study, 479 Beechwood Ave., Old Town, ME 04468, USA.
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15
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Garcia TS, Urbina JC, Bredeweg EM, Ferrari MCO. Embryonic learning and developmental carry-over effects in an invasive anuran. Oecologia 2017; 184:623-631. [PMID: 28669002 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carry-over effects influence trait responses in later life stages as a result of early experience with environmental cues. Predation risk is an influential stressor and selection exists for early recognition of threats. In particular, invasive species may benefit from carry-over effects by preemptively recognizing and responding to novel predators via latent developmental changes and embryonic learning. In a factorial experiment, we conditioned invasive American bullfrog embryos (Lithobates catesbeianus) to the odor of a novel fish predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) alone or in combination with injured conspecific cues. We quantified developmental carryover in the larval life stage and found that individuals conditioned to the highest risk (fish and injured conspecific cues) grew into longer bodied larvae relative to larvae from lower risk treatments. We also assessed embryonic learning, a behavioral carry-over effect, and found an interaction between embryonic conditioning and larval exposure. Behavioral responses were only found in scenarios when predation risk varied in intensity across life history stages, thus requiring a more flexible antipredator strategy. This indicates a potential trade-off between the two strategies in larval growth and development rates, and time until metamorphosis. Our results suggest that early predator exposure and carry-over effects have significant impacts on life history trajectories for American bullfrogs. This research contributes to our understanding of a potentially important invasion mechanism in an anuran species of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Garcia
- 104 Nash Hall, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jenny C Urbina
- Environmental Science Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Evan M Bredeweg
- 104 Nash Hall, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
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16
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Bonte D, Verduyn L, Braeckman BP. Life history trade-offs imposed by dragline use in two money spiders. J Exp Biol 2015; 219:26-30. [PMID: 26596528 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs among life history traits are central to understanding the limits of adaptations to stress. In animals, virtually all decisions taken during life are expected to have downstream consequences. To what degree rare, but energy-demanding, decisions carry over to individual performance is rarely studied in arthropods. We used spiders as a model system to test how single investments in silk use - for dispersal or predator escape - affect individual performance. Silk produced for safe lines and as threads for ballooning is of the strongest kind and is energetically costly, especially when resources are limited. We induced dragline spinning in two species of money spider at similar quantities to that under natural conditions and tested trade-offs with lifespan and egg sac production under unlimited prey availability and a dietary restriction treatment. We demonstrate strong trade-offs between dragline spinning and survival and fecundity. Survival trade-offs were additive to those imposed by the dietary treatment, but a reduction in eggs produced after silk use was only prevalent under conditions where food was restricted during the spider's life. Because draglines are not recycled after their use for dispersal or predator escape, their spinning incurs substantial fitness costs in dispersal, especially in environments with prey limitation. Rare but energetically costly decisions related to dispersal or predator escape may thus carry over to adult performance and explain phenotypic heterogeneity in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Bonte
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Verduyn
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Bart P Braeckman
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ageing Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Proeftuinstraat 86 N1, Gent 9000, Belgium
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Abstract
Due to their non-charged character, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) measurements of oxysterols are often performed after derivatization with e.g. charged Girard reagents. However, derivatization reactions are time-consuming and may require numerous steps to remove excess reagent. In addition, extensive sample handling can be associated with cholesterol autoxidation, resulting in analyte artifacts and hence false positives. Nano scale liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-MS) is a powerful tool for analyzing limited samples, due to substantially increased sensitivity compared to conventional LC-ESI-MS. The signal enhancement may compensate for the poor ionization of the oxysterols; hence we have explored the possibility to quantify oxysterols without derivatization using nanoLC-ESI-MS. Non-derivatized oxysterols and nanoLC were however not compatible, due to persistent and large carry-over. This was attributed to the extended contribution of surface to volume ratio in such miniaturized systems and interactions with the materials of the nanoLC instrumentation (e.g. adsorption to the fused silica tubing). Two contemporary MS instruments (Q-Exactive™ hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap and TSQ Quantiva™ triple quadrupole) were used. However, both the MS and MS/MS spectra of non-derivatized oxysterols were ambiguous and/or unrepeatable for both of the instruments employed. Derivatizing oxysterols is more cumbersome, but provides more selective and reliable results, and Girard derivatization+nanoLC-ESI-MS continues to be our recommended choice for measuring oxysterols in very limited samples. These investigations also indicate that extra care should be taken to remove lipids prior to nanoLC of other analytes, as adsorbed oxysterols, etc. can compromise analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Roberg-Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Caroline Vesterdal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Piskorska-Pliszczynska J, Mikolajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Maszewski S, Strucinski P. Soil as a source of dioxin contamination in eggs from free-range hens on a Polish farm. Sci Total Environ 2014; 466-467:447-454. [PMID: 23933450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of dioxins from contaminated soil into the food chain has recently become an up-and-coming topic in the environmental policy and health-related consumer protection. Within the framework of the 2011 National Food Survey that monitored the levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in foods of animal origin, the sum of the WHO-PCDD/F/PCB-TEQ concentrations exceeding two-fold the European Union's maximum level was detected in eggs from a free-range farm (12.55 ± 2.37 pg WHOPCDD/F/PCB-TEQ/g fat). Investigations have revealed that the source of egg contamination was the backyard soil on which the hens were foraging. A follow-up study of laying hens from this farm has demonstrated the transfer of dioxins into all tested tissues (breast and leg muscles, abdominal fat), liver and ovarian follicles. The bioaccumulation of dioxins was found to be congener and tissue-dependent. The highest concentration was found in the liver, followed by the ovarian follicles, and the adipose tissue. The PCDD/F levels in the liver often were approximately two times higher from those in other materials from the same hen. The potential dioxin intakes with eggs were expressed as the percent of the Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI), and the Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake (PTMI). The weekly intake of dioxins would be 3.5 pg WHO-TEQ/kg b.w. (24.9% TWI) for an adult and 20.3 pg WHO-TEQ/kg b.w. (145.2% TWI) for a 3-year old child. Considering a monthly consumption of such contaminated eggs, intake of dioxins would be slightly lower, but still over 100% of the PTMI for a child. The obtained results complement the knowledge on possible dioxin sources in food and are important for risk management authorities.
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Pedada KK, Zhou X, Jogiraju H, Carroll RT, Geldenhuys WJ, Lin L, Anderson DJ. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determination of thiazolidinedione mitoNEET ligand NL-1 in mouse serum suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 945-946:141-6. [PMID: 24334225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) compounds have shown promise as antidiabetic, antibiotics, antifungal and neuroprotective agents. The mitochondrial effect of a novel mitoNEET ligand, NL-1 {5-[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione}, and other TZD compounds, is a newly proposed mechanism for the neuroprotective action of these TZD compounds. In this work, a sensitive LC-MS/MS assay has been developed and validated for quantification of NL-1 in mouse serum. Sample preparation involved an acetonitrile protein precipitation procedure with addition of an internal standard NL-2 {5-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)methyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione}. LC-MS/MS analysis utilized a Columbus C-18 HPLC column (2mm×50mm, 5μm). Chromatography employed a multiple step gradient program that featured a steep linear gradient (25-95% in 0.5min) of 15μM ammonium acetate (additive for eliminating carry-over) in 2% methanol mixing with increasing proportions of 100% methanol. The HPLC was interfaced to a QTrap 5500 mass spectrometer (AB Sciex) equipped with an electrospray ionization source used in a negative ionization mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of m/z 334→263 for NL-1 and m/z 250→179 for NL-2 was done. The method had a linear range of at least 1-100ng/mL in serum. The intra-assay and inter-assay percent coefficient of variation (%CV) were less than 4% and accuracies (%RE) ranged from -2.7% to 2.0%. The analytical procedure gave 96-115% absolute extraction recovery of NL-1. The relative matrix effect was measured and found to be insignificant. The analyte in serum was confirmed to be stable during storage and treatment. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of the parent drug NL-1 based on the preliminary serum results from dosed NL-1 mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Pedada
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Harini Jogiraju
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Richard T Carroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States
| | - David J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States.
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Adolphs J, Kleinjung F, Numata J, Mielke H, Abraham K, Schafft H, Müller-Graf C, Greiner M. A probabilistic model for the carry-over of PCDD/Fs from feed to growing pigs. Chemosphere 2013; 93:474-479. [PMID: 23871594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
When food producing animals are contaminated with PCDD/F congeners, information on the contaminant's concentration in the bodies of the animals at time of slaughter is needed for risk management purposes. We have developed a mathematical model for the kinetics of PCDD/Fs in growing pigs in case of contaminated feed fed for a limited duration of time. This model allows the prediction of concentrations in body fat. It considers absorption fractions of PCDD/Fs, clearance by metabolism, dilution by growth and excretion through fecal fat. The model parameters were calibrated by fitting the model to experimental data. On the basis of this toxicokinetic model a probabilistic model has been constructed. The probabilistic model handles the parameters with appropriate probability distributions and Monte-Carlo simulation technique, providing for realistic situations with many animals and a range of contaminations and feeding intervals. We applied the new model to describe the German dioxin incident of winter 2010/2011 and discuss its viability as decision tool. The approach demonstrated here is a showcase how a risk assessment in the case of contaminated feeding can be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Adolphs
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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