1
|
Khoshakhlagh AH, Yazdanirad S, Gruszecka-Kosowska A, Drake CL, Emerson W. Investigation of relationship between occupational exposure to aerosol and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0321515. [PMID: 40343941 PMCID: PMC12063870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025] Open
Abstract
There are various occupational and industrial activities that are associated with the production of suspended particles. Little is known about sleep disturbance caused by exposure to aerosol exposure. Presented systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the impact of various aerosols during occupational exposure on sleep. A systematic search in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases was performed until 20 February 2024. Three sets of keywords and their possible combinations were used in the search algorithm. To evaluate the quality and risk of bias in studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools and risk of bias in non-randomized studies of exposure (ROBINS-E) instruments were applied, respectively. The pooled values were also computed by meta-analysis. Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, 23 articles were entered into the review. 9 out of 11 articles with high quality (81.82 percent), 8 out of 9 articles with moderate quality (88.89 percent), and 2 out of 3 articles with low quality (66.67 percent) indicated that aerosol exposure had a meaningful negative effect on sleep among workers in various occupations. Among articles, 69.6% (N = 16) were given a high risk of bias rating, 13.0% (N = 3) were rated as moderate risk of bias, and 17.4% (N = 4) were rated as low risk of bias. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the pooled value of the prevalence in the cross-sectional, cohort, and case control studies was 42.35 (95%CI [34.55, 50.16]), 10.82 (95%CI [6.76, 14.87]), and 35.70 (95%CI [13.96, 57.45]), respectively. Also, the results of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled values of the odds ratio in the cross-sectional and cohort studies were 1.82 (95% CI [1.43, 2.21]) and 1.73 (95% CI [1.49, 1.96]), respectively. Totally, most studies indicated that various sources of occupational aerosol exposure significantly affected sleep among employees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Saeid Yazdanirad
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Christopher L. Drake
- Henry Ford Health System, Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Wickwire Emerson
- Psychiatry and Medicine, Section Head, Sleep Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saadiani E, Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Nasiri A, Kalantary S. Assessing Long-Term Impacts of Occupational Welding Fume Exposure on Respiratory Health: A 5-Year Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J Occup Environ Med 2025; 67:e197-e202. [PMID: 39739726 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Welding in automobile manufacturing exposes workers to harmful fumes, impacting pulmonary function. This study examined changes in pulmonary function among welders. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1200 welders and 1200 administrative staff in the automotive industry from 2018 to 2022. Pulmonary function tests were performed according to ATS guidelines, and metal fume sampling for copper, iron, and lead was conducted in welders' respiratory zones. RESULTS The mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Fe were 0.124, 0.117, and 1.42 mg/m 3 , respectively. Pb exceeded TLV-TWA. Welders showed significantly lower pulmonary function compared with the control group ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged exposure to welding fumes significantly reduces pulmonary function, necessitating preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Saadiani
- From the Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran (E.S.); Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (M.S.-Y., S.K.); and Department of Computer Engineering, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran (A.N.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buitrago-Cortes J, Sarazin P, Dieme D, El Majidi N, Bouchard M. Factors influencing metal concentrations in hair and nails during longitudinal follow-up of apprentice welders. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:1030-1049. [PMID: 39360830 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2410283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing observed increased metal biomarkers of exposure levels in a group of 116 Quebec apprentice welders during a longitudinal follow-up of exposure. Analysis of 14 metals was carried out in hair, fingernail, and toenail samples taken from participants over the course of their welding curriculum at 6 different times. Personal and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and other potential confounding factors were documented by questionnaire. Multivariate linear mixed-effect models were used to assess main predictors of metal concentrations in each biological matrix including increasing time of exposure throughout the curriculum (defined as the repeated measure "time" variable"). Significant associations between repeated measure "time" variable and metal levels in hair, fingernails, and toenails were found for chromium, iron, manganese and nickel. Significant associations with "time" were also noted for arsenic levels in hair and fingernails, and for barium, cobalt and vanadium levels in fingernails and toenails. The repeated measure "time" variable, hence increasing time of exposure throughout the curriculum, was the predominant predictor of elevated biological metal levels. Reduced spaces and simultaneous activities such as oxyfuel-cutting and welding in the same welding room were suspected to contribute to higher metal levels. Age, ethnicity, and annual household income exerted an effect on metal levels and considered as confounders in the models. Variations observed in metal levels between hair and nails of apprentice welders also emphasized the relevance and importance of performing multi-matrix and multi-element biomonitoring to assess temporal variations in biological metal concentrations during welding curriculum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Buitrago-Cortes
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarazin
- Chemical and Biological Hazard Prevention, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Canada
| | - Denis Dieme
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Naïma El Majidi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Chair in Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, and Public Health Research Center (CReSP), University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ying M, Yang Y, Huo Q, Sun J, Hong X, Yang F, Fang Y, Lu L, Mao T, Xiao P, Tao G. Nrf-2/HO-1 activation protects against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by metal welding fume UFPs in 16HBE cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:24057. [PMID: 39402078 PMCID: PMC11473639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/17/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the main occupational hazards, welding fumes can cause oxidative damage and induce series of diseases, such as COPD or asthma. To clarify the effects of the metal fume ultrafine particulates (MF-UFPs) of welding fumes on oxidative damage, UFPs were collected by melt inert gas (MIG) and manual metal arc (MMA) welding, and the composition was confirmed. Human bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells were treated with 0-1000 µg/cm2 MF-UFPs to analyse the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and cytokines. The protein and mRNA expression of Keap1-Nrf-2/antioxidant response elements (AREs) signalling pathway components were also analysed. After 4 h of treatment, the cell viability decreased 25% after 33.85 and 32.81 µg/cm2 MIG/MMA-UFPs treated. The intracellular ATP concentrations were also decreased significantly, while LDH leakage was increased. The decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS suggested the occurrence of oxidative damage, and the results of proteome profiling arrays also showed a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-8. The expression of AREs which related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory were also increased. These results indicate that the MF-UFPs can cause oxidative stress in 16HBE cells and activate the Nrf-2/ARE signalling pathway to against oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Ying
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qian Huo
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jingqiu Sun
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yamin Fang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lingyi Lu
- Xuhui District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tingfeng Mao
- Xuhui District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Gonghua Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdel-Rasoul GM, Abu-Salem MES, Salem EAA, Allam HK, Abdel-Monaem AM, Younis FE. Neurological and neurobehavioral effects of welders in Egypt exposed to manganese containing welding fumes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2024; 97:711-720. [PMID: 38951217 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-024-02077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Welders are more likely to develop neurobehavioral disorders because of their exposure to neurotoxic metals such as manganese. This study aimed to measure the neurobehavioral performance of welders occupationally exposed to manganese at welding enterprises and its relationship with the workplace environment. METHODS It is a comparative cross-sectional study carried out on 130 welders working at 50 welding enterprises in Menoufia governorate, Egypt, compared to 130 non-occupationally exposed controls. RESULTS It was found that the environments of the studied welding enterprises had levels of respirable dust, manganese, and total welding fumes that exceeded internationally permissible limits. In addition, the mean blood manganese levels were significantly higher among welders (4.16 ± 0.61) than the controls (1.72 ± 0.41). Welders had a significantly higher prevalence of neurological manifestations and lower performance of neurobehavioral tests. Lower neurobehavioral performance among welders was significantly correlated with increased work duration and blood levels in some tests. CONCLUSION To lessen the fumes in the breathing zone of workers, it is therefore strongly recommended to regularly wear high-quality personal protective equipment, especially masks, and to ensure proper ventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman Abdel-Azeem Salem
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Heba Khodary Allam
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | | | - Faten Ezzelarab Younis
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Rosa M, Giampaoli O, Sciubba F, Marini F, Tranfo G, Sisto R, Miccheli A, Tricarico L, Fetoni AR, Spagnoli M. NMR-based metabolomics for investigating urinary profiles of metal carpentry workers exposed to welding fumes and volatile organic compounds. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1386441. [PMID: 39171307 PMCID: PMC11335539 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metal carpentry includes a wide range of work activities such as welding and cutting metallic components, use of solvents and paints. Therefore, the employees in these types of activities are mainly exposed to welding fumes and volatile organic solvents. Here, we present an NMR-based metabolomic approach for assessing urinary profiles of workers in the same company that are exposed to two different risk factors. Methods The study enrolled 40 male subjects exposed to welding fumes, 13 male subjects exposed to volatile organic compounds of a metal carpentry company, and 24 healthy volunteers. All samples were collected, in the middle of the working week at fast. Thirty-five urinary metabolites belonging to different chemical classes such as amino acids, organic acids and amines were identified and quantified. Results were processed by multivariate statistical analysis for identifying significant metabolites for each working group examined, compared to controls. Results Workers exposed to welding fumes displayed urinary increase in glutamine, tyrosine, taurine, creatine, methylguanidine and pseudouridine associated to oxidative impairment, while workers exposed to volatile organic compounds showed higher urinary levels of branched chain aminoacids. Conclusion Our work identified specific urinary profile related to each occupational exposure, even if it is below the threshold limit values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Giampaoli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Renata Sisto
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Tricarico
- Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Fetoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences-Audiology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Spagnoli
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nwogueze BC, Ofili MI, Anachuna KK, Mbah AO. Serum zinc levels and body composition variability as trajectory for hyperlipidemic and dyslipidemic effect among welders exposed to welding fumes and smoking: A biomarker for cardiovascular health. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:607-613. [PMID: 38845746 PMCID: PMC11154125 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Welding is a common method for joining metals by heating them to the welding temperature. Exposure to welding fumes has a serious effect on the health of welders. This study examined serum zinc variability and body composition as route for hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia in welders exposed to welding fumes and smoking, exploring the possibilities for the risk of possible cardiovascular disease. The experimental case control design was adopted in the study. Forty apparently healthy adult males were randomly selected comprising of twenty control group (non-smokers and smokers without welding experience) and twenty experimental group (non-smokers and smokers with welding experience) welders. Data obtained were represented as Mean ± SEM while comparison of means across group was done by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison for post hoc test at p-value < 0.05 level of significance using Graph Pad prism version 8. The data obtained showed that the body mass index (BMI) of smokers (non-welders and welders) were slightly reduced while that of non-smoking welders was increased compared to the control. The serum zinc level increased among the smoking welders, while the smoking non-welders and non-smoking welders decreased when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Exposure to welding fumes has been shown to increase total cholesterol levels compared to the control. Weld fumes significantly (p < 0.05) increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels among smoking non-welders compared to the control group, while, HDL was reduced in non-smoking welders and smoking welders, respectively (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all experimental groups compared to control levels (p < 0.05). Exposure to welding fumes and smoking caused significant changes in serum zinc, HDL and triglycerides levels with implications for the formation of plaques around the arteries interfering with the effective flow of blood through the vascular system, with implications of hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. This study recommends that further studies should be done using biomarkers from urine or toe nails.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Isioma Ofili
- Nursing Science Department, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nwogueze BC, Ofili MI, Uzuegbue UE, Brotobor D, Esievo NJ. Modulatory role of welding fumes on serum zinc and copper levels and oxidative stress markers among welders: Considering smoking as a possible implication. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:48-55. [PMID: 38269071 PMCID: PMC10805626 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in welding fumes and the numerous metals that make up welding gases expose welders to numerous occupational dangers, including major occupational health issues worldwide. The gases from welding are a significant and highly skilled process that have a considerable negative impact on welders' overall health and wellbeing. This study evaluated the influence of welding fumes on serum zinc and copper levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in welders considering smoking as a potential risk factor. The study used a case-control experimental design. Forty (40) healthy adult males were randomly selected comprising twenty (20) in the experimental group involving smokers and nonsmokers with welding experience and twenty (20) in the control group involving smokers and nonsmokers without welding experience. Data are expressed as the mean±SEM, and comparisons of means across groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Turkey's multiple comparisons test. The results showed that the serum zinc and copper levels of smokers were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in comparison to the control group, and a graded increase in the serum GST and MDA levels was observed across groups. The serum SOD level of smoker nonwelders was significantly (p < 0.05) increased when compared with the control group. Smokers who did not weld had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum SOD levels. The results likewise showed a statistically nonsignificant reduction in glutathione levels and a substantial decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the experimental group. Overall, changes in the antioxidant parameters showed that smoking and welding fumes can exacerbate an increase in the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in deteriorated health conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Isioma Ofili
- Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Ugochukwu E. Uzuegbue
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Deliverance Brotobor
- Department of Nursing Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Badima H, Kumie A, Meskele B, Abaya SW. Welding fume exposure and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welders in micro- and small-scale enterprise in Akaki Kality sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:147. [PMID: 38509548 PMCID: PMC10956262 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-02958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to welding fumes can lead to different respiratory health disorders, including lung cancer, due to long-term exposures. In Ethiopia, large numbers of people are engaged in the welding sector. Often, these workers are exposed to welding fumes at their workplaces, however, the level of exposure and its health effects have never been studied. OBJECTIVE To measure the level of personal welding fume exposure and assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors, among micro and small-scale enterprise metal workshop workers, in Akaki Kality Sub city, Ethiopia. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study involving 226 welders and 217 controls. Chronic respiratory symptoms were assessed using a standardized questionnaire adopted from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Welding fumes were collected from the welder's breathing zone using 37 mm close-faced plastic cassettes fitted with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) filters connected to Casella pumps at an airflow rate of 2 L/min. RESULT The overall prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welders and controls were 54 (23.9%) and 20 (9.2%) respectively. The geometric mean and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of personal welding fume exposure, among welders was 5.98 mg/m3 (± GSD = 1.54). In this study, 53.3% of the samples exceeded the Occupational Exposure Limit defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with educational status (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 5.11, 95% CI: 1.35, 19.33), respiratory protective equipment use (AOR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.52, 7.31), safety training (AOR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.10, 5.28), smoking (AOR:3.57, 95% CI: 1.54, 8.23), welding machine maintenance (AOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.59) and welding site (i.e. indoors vs. outdoor) (AOR: 6.85. 95% CI: 2.36, 19.89). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among welding workers was significantly higher than controls. More than half of the samples exceeded the Occupational Exposure Limit. Educational status, implementation of safety training, and welding sites were significantly associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. The results suggested a need to reduce welding fume exposure to improve the respiratory health of the workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hager Badima
- Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Kumie
- Department Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa,, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Meskele
- Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Wakuma Abaya
- Department Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa,, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nuwamanya E, Byamugisha D, Nakiguli CK, Angiro C, Khanakwa AV, Omara T, Ocakacon S, Onen P, Omoding D, Opio B, Nimusiima D, Ntambi E. Exposure and Health Risks Posed by Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Metal Fabrication Workshops in Mbarara City, Uganda. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:176-192. [PMID: 38390991 PMCID: PMC10885048 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal fabrication workshops (MFWs) are common businesses in Ugandan cities, and especially those producing metallic security gates, window and door frames (burglar-proof), and balcony and staircase rails. The objective of this study was to comparatively assess the pollution levels and potential health risks of manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pd) and nickel (Ni) in pooled surface soil samples from four 5-, 7-, 8-, and 10-year-old MFWs (n = 28) and a control site (n = 8) in Mbarara City, Uganda. The concentration of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Contamination, ecological, and human health risk assessment indices and models were used to identify any risks that the PTEs could pose to the pristine environment and humans. Our results showed that PTE pollution of soils is occuring in the MFWs than at the control site. The mean concentrations of the PTEs (mg kg-1) in the samples were: Mn (2012.75 ± 0.23-3377.14 ± 0.31), Cr (237.55 ± 0.29-424.93 ± 0.31), Cd (0.73 ± 0.13-1.29 ± 0.02), Pb (107.80 ± 0.23-262.01 ± 0.19), and Ni (74.85 ± 0.25-211.37 ± 0.14). These results indicate that the PTEs could plausibly derive from the fabrication activities in these workshops, which is supported by the high values of contamination factors, index of geoaccumulation, and the overall increase in pollution load indices with the number of years of operation of the MFWs. Human health risk assessment showed that there are non-carcinogenic health risks that could be experienced by children who ingest PTEs in the soils from the 7-, 8- and 10-year-old MFWs. The incremental life cancer risk assessment suggested that there are potential cancerous health effects of Cd and Ni that could be experienced in children (who ingest soils from all the four MFWs) and adults (ingesting soils from the 8- and 10-year-old MFWs). This study underscores the need to implement regulatory guidelines on the operation and location of MFWs in Uganda. Further research should be undertaken to investigate the emission of the PTEs during welding operations in the MFWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Nuwamanya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Denis Byamugisha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Caroline K Nakiguli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Christopher Angiro
- Centre for Water, Environment and Development, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Alice V Khanakwa
- Department of Environmental Health and Disease Prevention, Faculty of Public Health, Lira University, Lira P.O. Box 1035, Uganda
| | - Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Simon Ocakacon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Patrick Onen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India
| | - Daniel Omoding
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Boniface Opio
- Department of Science and Vocational Education, Lira University, Lira P.O. Box 1035, Uganda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India
| | - Daniel Nimusiima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Ntambi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara P.O. Box 1410, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee EY, Kim J, Prado-Rico JM, Du G, Lewis MM, Kong L, Kim BG, Hong YS, Yanosky JD, Mailman RB, Huang X. Higher hippocampal diffusivity values in welders are associated with greater R2* in the red nucleus and lower psychomotor performance. Neurotoxicology 2023; 96:53-68. [PMID: 36966945 PMCID: PMC10445214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic excessive welding exposure may be related to higher metal accumulation and structural differences in different subcortical structures. We examined how welding affected brain structures and their associations with metal exposure and neurobehavioral consequences. METHODS Study includes 42 welders and 31 controls without a welding history. Welding-related structural differences were assessed by volume and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics in basal ganglia, red nucleus (RN), and hippocampus. Metal exposure was estimated by both exposure questionnaires and whole blood metal levels. Brain metal accumulations were estimated by R1 (for Mn) and R2* (for Fe). Neurobehavioral status was assessed by standard neuropsychological tests. RESULTS Compared to controls, welders displayed higher hippocampal mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) (p's < 0.036), but similar DTI or volume in other ROIs (p's > 0.117). Welders had higher blood metal levels (p's < 0.004), higher caudate and RN R2* (p's < 0.014), and lower performance on processing/psychomotor speed, executive function, and visuospatial processing tasks (p's < 0.046). Higher caudate and RN R2* were associated with higher blood Fe and Pb (p's < 0.043), respectively. RN R2* was a significant predictor of all hippocampal diffusivity metrics (p's < 0.006). Higher hippocampal MD and RD values were associated with lower Trail Making Test-A scores (p's < 0.025). A mediation analysis of both groups revealed blood Pb indirectly affected hippocampal diffusivity via RN R2* (p's < 0.041). DISCUSSION Welding-related higher hippocampal diffusivity metrics may be associated with higher RN R2* and lower psychomotor speed performance. Future studies are warranted to test the role of Pb exposure in these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Health Care and Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Janina Manzieri Prado-Rico
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jeff D Yanosky
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sani A, Lawal Abdullahi I, Darma AI. Hepatotoxicity and ALAD Activity Profile for Prediction of NOAEL of Metal Welding Fumes in Albino Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1781-1791. [PMID: 35525901 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal fume pollutants of urban Kano, a city of over 10 million people, and widespread metal works have increased exposure with related health effects. Few data on metal fume toxicity and atmospheric levels have been documented in Nigeria and Kano in particular. Hence, the work was aimed at evaluating the metal fume toxicity to laboratory rat species for setting the permissible limit of exposure in urban Kano. The investigation involved the collection of metal welding fumes and subsequent laboratory analysis. Experimental animals were then exposed intratracheally to varying doses of the fumes which were equivalent to normal metal workers' daily routine of 2, 4, and 8 h for 3, 5, 10, and 20 years. Following euthanization, whole blood samples were collected and functions of liver and delta-aminolevunilic acid dehydratase were evaluated in the serum. Exposure to the fumes has caused significant mortality that was observed to be dose-dependent and statistically different (p < 0.05); moreover, the fumes had synergistically affected the functions of liver. In addition, the fumes had increased (statistically) the activity delta-aminolevinilic acid dehydratase. This has indicated that exposure to metal welding fumes being multi-elemental is toxic and had produced mortality at exposure to higher doses of metal welding fumes. It was therefore established from the study that no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for metal welding fumes is 25.73 mg with LD50 of 270 mg which corresponds to the metal worker's 4-h shifts daily for 5 years under existing working conditions. It was recommended that regular monitoring should be put in place to limit exposure and extent of engagement in metal works beyond NOAEL levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sani
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronics, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
| | | | - Aminu Inuwa Darma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quintana-Sosa M, León-Mejía G, Narváez DM, Suarez-Arnedo A, Restrepo HGD, De Moya YS, Ruiz-Benitez M, Valencia KF, Trindade C, Miranda-Guevara A, Dias J, Henriques JAP, da Silva J. Association of buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMNCyt) biomarkers with inorganic element concentration and genetic polymorphisms in welders. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104025. [PMID: 36460284 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Welding fumes are classified as carcinogenic to humans. The aim of the present study was to measure buccal micronucleus cytome assay biomarkers and to evaluate their association with inorganic elements and genetic polymorphisms (XRCC1, OGG1, XRCC3, GSTM1, and GSTT1) in welders (n = 98) and control individuals (n = 100). Higher levels of DNA damage and cell death were observed in the exposed group. Also, a significant correlation between the frequency of micronuclei and Na, Si, Cl, Ti, Cr, Zn and Mg concentrations. The formation of micronuclei, binucleated cells, cell death was associated with polymorphisms in repair pathways. The OGG1Ser326Cys and XRCC3 241Thr/Met genotypes were associated with cell death. Individuals with GSTM1 null genotype had a higher frequency of micronuclei. These results demonstrate that the deleterious effects of exposure to welding fumes are exacerbated by lifestyle habits, and genetic polymorphisms can influence DNA damage and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Quintana-Sosa
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Grethel León-Mejía
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Diana M Narváez
- Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Yurina Sh De Moya
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Martha Ruiz-Benitez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Karen Franco Valencia
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Cristiano Trindade
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Alvaro Miranda-Guevara
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Johnny Dias
- Laboratório de Implantação Iônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Pêgas Henriques
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) & Universidade La Salle (UniLaSalle), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Occupational Exposure to Manganese Among Welders: Association Between Airborne Manganese Concentration and Blood Manganese Levels. HEALTH SCOPE 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for the human body, but it can cause adverse effects on the Central Nervous System at high doses. Exposure to manganese fumes during welding can harm welders' health. Objectives: The current study aimed to measure manganese produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) in the breathing zone air and blood of welders and investigate the relationship between manganese concentrations in air and blood. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 35 welders were enrolled as the exposed group and 40 office workers as the control group. Manganese concentration in air was measured according to NIOSH method 7301. Air and blood sample analyses were carried out by ICP-OES. Statistical analysis was performed with MINITAB 17. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, paired t-test, and logistic regression. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Result: The mean concentration of welding respirable particles and manganese fumes were 9.56 ± 1.67 and 0.45 ± 0.08 mg/m3, three and 22 times the exposure limit recommended by ACGIH, respectively. Average manganese was significantly higher in the welders’ blood (0.16 ± 0.02 µg/mL) than in the controls’ blood (0.04 ± 0.002 µg/mL). There were strong and significant correlations between the welding respirable particles and manganese concentration in welders’ breathing zone and blood manganese levels. Also, with each year of work experience, the manganese concentration in the welders’ blood increased by 1.5%. Conclusions: Welders are at risk of contamination with manganese. Manganese exposure reduction through more efficient ventilation systems, reducing welder’s exposure time, staff training, and appropriate respiratory protection equipment should be applied to reduce manganese exposure among welders and prevent health complications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abdel-Rasoul GM, El-Sayed Abu-Salem M, Abdel-Azeem Salem E, Younis FE, Abdel-Monaem AM, Allam HK. Respiratory health disorders among workers in some Egyptian welding enterprises. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:53-62. [PMID: 35072568 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211064950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Welding fumes contain a complex mixture of metallic oxides that pose a risk to welders' respiratory systems. This study aimed to evaluate respiratory health disorders among workers in some Egyptian welding enterprises and their relationship to the workplace environment. This research was performed from January 1st, 2019 to February 28th, 2021 in welding enterprises in Birket El-Sabaa, a randomly selected district of Menoufia governorate, Egypt. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 110 welders and 110 non-occupationally exposed subjects. Environmental studies were carried out for total welding fumes, respirable dust, and manganese air levels. Spirometric measures and manganese levels in whole blood were applied. Analysis of the personal air samples revealed that the mean values of welding fumes, respirable dust, and manganese air levels were higher than the international permissible levels. Welders had a higher significant prevalence of respiratory manifestations (rhinitis, cough, expectoration, wheezes, dyspnea, and chronic bronchitis) as well as decreased spirometric measures (FVC%, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC%, and FEF25-75%) than controls. The mean value of whole blood manganese level was statistically significantly higher among welders than that of the controls (3.35 ± 0.5 and 1.81 ± 0.79 ng/mL; respectively). A significant relationship was reported between longer work time and the prevalence of respiratory manifestations and decreased spirometric measurements. The use of masks/respirators was associated with a reduced prevalence of respiratory manifestations. Finally, welders that are exposed to welding fumes at concentrations higher than the permissible levels in welding establishments suffer from adverse respiratory problems, as shown by increased prevalence of respiratory manifestations and lower spirometric measurements. Regular use of high-quality personal protective equipment, especially masks, as well as periodic medical examinations for welders, is highly urged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaafar M Abdel-Rasoul
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El-Sayed Abu-Salem
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdel-Azeem Salem
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Faten E Younis
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Amira M Abdel-Monaem
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Heba K Allam
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68872Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sani A, Abdullahi I, Ibrahim S. Histopathological changes associated with exposure to metal welding fumes in some organs of Rattus norvegicus in Kano, Nigeria. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:422-428. [PMID: 33680865 PMCID: PMC7930506 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fumes has been known to cause release of reactive oxygen species which stands to be cytotoxic. The study aims to assess the histopathological changes of some organs associated with exposure to welding fumes in experimental animals. The metal fumes were obtained from sites of welding. A total of 130 male albino rats were engaged and divided into a 13 groups. Out of which 12 were given respective doses calculated to be equivalent to worker's real life exposure times and 1 as control. The doses were intratracheally administered weekly following anesthetization for a period of 12 weeks. The laboratory rats were then sacrificed and target organs were examined. Histopathological examination reveals normal feature for brain tissues in all treated animals. However, there was lymphocyte hyperplasia and necrosis in heart, kidney, liver and lungs tissues which at lower doses were slight and became moderate at higher doses. In addition, there were'nt pathological changes in tissues of the control animals. Thus, exposure to metal welding fumes has caused damages that have translated into lesions and several pathologies in kidney, lungs, liver and heart tissues of the test animals. Regulation and control should be imposed on exposure to welding fumes by metal workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sani
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - I.L. Abdullahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - S. Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|