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Dutour R, Bruylants G. Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Nucleic Acids: An Overview of the Different Bioconjugation Pathways. Bioconjug Chem 2025. [PMID: 40396582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Gold-based nanomaterials have marked the last few decades with the emergence of new medical technologies presenting unique features. For instance, the conjugation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and nucleic acids has allowed the creation of nanocarriers with immense promise for gene therapy applications. Although the use of lipid particles as RNA delivery vectors has been broadly explored, this review aims to focus on the limited models reported for the conjugation of RNA with AuNPs. This is nonetheless unexpected regarding the manifold strategies existing to conjugate DNA to gold nanoparticles, which are exhaustively listed in this paper. Furthermore, new processes such as fast microwave and freezing methods have been described very recently, and it therefore seemed necessary to review these recent but promising conjugation pathways and to pick out those applicable to RNA. Indeed, RNA is considerably more attractive than DNA for therapeutic purposes, but its low stability involves numerous difficulties in the construction of effective nanodevices. However, from the many approaches developed for DNA, it turns out that just two of them are frequently used for the building of RNA delivery platforms based on gold: the salt-aging method with thiolated RNA strands and physisorption. However, both approaches present strong limitations such as the low stability of the Au-S bond and the potential cytotoxicity of polycations. To conclude, this general assessment highlights that the exploration of innovating approaches implying different chemistries is needed for the creation of more robust and shapeable AuNPs-RNA conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Dutour
- Engineering of Molecular NanoSystems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Bruylants
- Engineering of Molecular NanoSystems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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El-Sagheir AMK, Soliman AM, Elsaghir A, Thabet MM, Abdel Hakiem AF, Aboraia AS. Synthesis and characterization of piroxicam and M (M = Pd(II), Ag(I)) complex nanoconjugates with orange quantum dots for enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2025; 36:215602. [PMID: 40132226 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/adc4eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
Conjugation and loading of piroxicam and its metal complexes; Palladium(II) (PdL2) and Silver(I) (AgL) synthesized and characterized by different techniques including infrared, UV-Vis spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, transmission electron microscope, x-ray powder diffraction and Zeta potential analyses were achieved. Orange quantum dots (OQDs) nanoparticle showed good stability, encapsulation and loading efficiency and controlled release of loaded piroxicam and its metal complexes. Generally, new OQQs conjugates showed enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activity.In vitroantimicrobial activity screening demonstrated thatAg(I)-OQDs conjugate displayed potent antibacterial effect that was 1.8-fold againstE. colihigher than piroxicam (MIC = 31.85µM), wherePd(II)-OQDs conjugate depicted the highest activity with MIC of 33.05µM againstP. aeruginosa. In case of G + ve bacteria,Agconjugate had potent activity which was 2.3-fold onS. aureushigher than piroxicam (MIC = 43.12µM), whilePdconjugate exerted promising activity that was 3.5-fold againstE. faecalishigher than piroxicam (MIC = 74.57µM).Agconjugate showed the most promising antifungal activity with 2.5-folds more than piroxicam. Thein vitroantiproliferative activity depicted that all synthesized conjugates showed better Cytotoxic effect than piroxicam, specificallyPdconjugate which had IC50 values with by 2-fold lower than piroxicam on human liver cancer cell lineHepg2.WhilePdandAgconjugates showed 2.3 and 1.9-fold higher effect on human colon cancer cell lineHT-29compared to piroxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Kamal El-Sagheir
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aya M Soliman
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alaa Elsaghir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Momen M Thabet
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Faried Abdel Hakiem
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Aboraia
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Zhao W, Li J, Zhang S, Yao Y, Pan H. Colorimetric-fluorescent dual-mode background fluorescence-quenching lateral flow immunoassay: Principle, modeling, and application to folic acid detection. Talanta 2025; 294:128202. [PMID: 40286745 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.128202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2025] [Revised: 04/14/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Conventional lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) face challenges in competitive detection of small molecule antigens, including inverse correlation between signal and analyte concentration and insufficient sensitivity. Background fluorescence quenching lateral flow immunoassay (BF-LFIA) offers a novel solution, but quantitative models to guide quencher design and sensitivity optimization are lacking. This study developed a dual-mode colorimetric-fluorescent BF-LFIA for highly sensitive folic acid (FA) detection using polystyrene-encapsulated ZnS@CdSe quantum dots (QDs) as background fluorophores and gold nanorods (AuNRs) or gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as quenchers. Based on the inner filter effect (IFE) and heterogeneous capture reaction kinetics, we constructed a mathematical model for this dual-mode BF-LFIA. Under quasi-steady-state approximation, analytical expressions relating FA concentration to colorimetric and fluorescent signals were derived, enabling quantitative description of calibration curves for both modes. Due to higher molar extinction coefficients at excitation and emission wavelengths, AuNRs as quenchers exhibited superior sensitivity compared to AuNPs, achieving limits of detection of 0.14 ng/mL and 0.15 ng/mL for colorimetric and fluorescent modes, respectively. The mathematical model showed good agreement with experimental results. The derived calibration curve equations demonstrated better fitting goodness and residual normal distribution characteristics compared to conventional four-parameter logistic equations. Passing-Bablok regression analysis confirmed good consistency and comparability between the dual-mode BF-LFIA and a commercial FA fluorescent immunoassay kit. This study provides theoretical foundations for understanding dual-mode BF-LFIA principles and guiding optimization, offering new strategies for highly sensitive rapid detection of small molecules and other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jishun Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shenglan Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongcheng Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Lima JVA, Oliveira WF, Silva AR, Melo FPT, Ribeiro MS, Cabral Filho PE, Fontes A. The brightness of lectins conjugated to quantum dots. Biophys Rev 2025; 17:419-434. [PMID: 40376408 PMCID: PMC12075083 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-025-01283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/18/2025] Open
Abstract
One of the main focuses of glycobiology is investigating the synthesis and modification of carbohydrates in biological systems, due to their involvement in various processes such as cell recognition, differentiation, and immune response. Since the study of these glycans contributes to the understanding of complex biological functions, these biochemical compounds can be analyzed using lectins, which are ubiquitous proteins in nature capable of specifically recognizing carbohydrates. In addition, lectin-carbohydrate interaction can be visualized by conjugating these proteins with quantum dots (QDs), which are fluorescent nanoprobes with advantageous properties, including photostability and size-tunable emission. QDs also possess chemically active surfaces that enable the attachment of biomolecules, such as lectins. In this review, we provide detailed reports of studies involving QD-lectin conjugates conducted by the Biomedical Nanotechnology Group at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE/Brazil) and its collaborators. An integrated perspective on the use of QD-lectin conjugates to study saccharides in a range of biological systems, from bacteria and fungi to red blood cells and cancer tissues, is also presented. We hope this comprehensive review inspires further studies exploring the brightness of lectins upon conjugation with QDs to unravel glycobiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V. A. Lima
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, CB, UFPE, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Weslley F. Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, CB, UFPE, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Abdênego R. Silva
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Francisco P. T. Melo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, CB, UFPE, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Martha S. Ribeiro
- Centro de Lasers e Aplicações, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Paulo E. Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, CB, UFPE, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, CB, UFPE, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
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Castro RC, Páscoa RNMJ, Ribeiro DSM, Santos JLM. Quantum Dot Applications Using Kinetic Data: A Promising Approach for Enhanced Analytical Determinations. BIOSENSORS 2025; 15:167. [PMID: 40136964 PMCID: PMC11940163 DOI: 10.3390/bios15030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Revised: 03/01/2025] [Accepted: 03/02/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
The acquisition of kinetic data in QD-based PL sensing methodologies has been revealed to be an auspicious alternative in applying these nanomaterials in analytical chemistry, enabling enhanced discrimination and quantification of analytes, even in complex sample matrices. The accessibility of kinetic measurements, which use routine laboratory instrumentation, is a significant advantage that increases the practicality of this methodology. The simple acquisition of these kinds of second-order data combined with chemometric analysis can ensure accurate results in environmental, biomedical, and food monitoring applications. These developments emphasize the vital importance of kinetic approaches in increasing sensitivity, improving analyte discrimination, and making the application of QDs in complex samples possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo N. M. J. Páscoa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE—Laboratório Associado Para a Química Verde da Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (J.L.M.S.)
| | - David S. M. Ribeiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE—Laboratório Associado Para a Química Verde da Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (J.L.M.S.)
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Pareek A, Kumar D, Pareek A, Gupta MM. Advancing Cancer Therapy with Quantum Dots and Other Nanostructures: A Review of Drug Delivery Innovations, Applications, and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:878. [PMID: 40075725 PMCID: PMC11898779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/02/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology, particularly quantum dots (QDs), has ushered in a transformative era in the pharmaceutical and medical industries, offering notable opportunities for nanoscale advancements. These nanoscale particles, known for their exceptional optical properties and quantum confinement, have emerged as indispensable tools in cancer drug delivery and bioimaging. This review delves into various drug conjugation techniques with QDs, including covalent linking, non-covalent conjugation, click chemistry, disulfide linkage, and pH-sensitive linkage. Each method provides distinct advantages, such as enhanced stability, reversibility, specificity, and controlled drug release. Moreover, QDs have demonstrated significant promise in oncology by efficiently delivering drugs to cancerous tissues while minimising systemic toxicity. Investigations into their applications in different cancers, such as blood, brain, cervical, breast cancers, etc., reveal their efficacy in targeted drug delivery, real-time imaging, and improved therapeutic outcomes. However, challenges such as potential toxicity, stability, pharmacokinetics, and targeting specificity must be addressed to fully harness the benefits of QDs in cancer therapy. Future research should focus on developing biocompatible QDs, optimising conjugation techniques, and elucidating their safety profiles and long-term effects in biological systems. Overall, QDs represent a promising frontier in cancer treatment, offering multifaceted capabilities that hold the potential for enhanced therapeutic outcomes and reduced side effects across various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India (A.P.)
| | - Deepanjali Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India (A.P.)
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India (A.P.)
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303121, India
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K M N, Karmakar S, Sahoo B, Mishrra N, Moitra P. Use of Quantum Dots as Nanotheranostic Agents: Emerging Applications in Rare Genetic Diseases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2407353. [PMID: 39828615 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202407353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Rare genetic diseases (RGDs) affect a small percentage of the global population but collectively have a substantial impact due to their diverse manifestations. Although the precise reasons behind these diseases remain unclear, roughly 80% of cases are genetically linked. Recent efforts focus on understanding pathology and developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for RGDs. However, there persists a gap between fundamental research and clinical therapeutic approaches, where advancements in nanotechnology offer promising improvements. In this context, nanosized light-emitting quantum dots (QDs), ranging from 2-10 nm, are promising materials for diverse applications. Their size-tunable light emission, high quantum yield, and photostability allow for precise tracking of cargo. Additionally, QDs can be functionalized with therapeutic agents, antibodies, or peptides to target specific cellular pathways, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. By combining diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in a single platform, QDs thus offer a versatile and powerful approach to tackle rare genetic disorders. Despite several reviews on various therapeutic applications of QDs, their utilization in the specific domain of RGDs is not well documented. This review highlight QDs' potential in diagnosing and treating certain RGDs and addresses the challenges limiting their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu K M
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Shyamal Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Baishakhi Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Navniet Mishrra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Berhampur, Berhampur, Odisha, 760010, India
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8
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Wei X, Luo QY, Li Y, Yuan J, Deng M, Liu X, Zhong P, Ouyang H, Li Y, Huang J, Quan H, Chu J, Yu X, Zhou W, Jin Z. Flexible Site-Specific Labeling-Mediated Self-Assembly Sensor Based on Quantum Dots and LUMinescent AntiBody Sensor for Duplexed Detection of Antibodies. ACS Sens 2025; 10:301-309. [PMID: 39791864 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
Over recent years, the LUMinescent AntiBody Sensor (LUMABS) system, utilizing bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), has emerged as a highly effective method for antibody detection. This system incorporates NanoLuc (Nluc) as the donor and fluorescent protein (FP) as the acceptor. However, the limited Stokes shift of FP poses a challenge, as it leads to significant spectral cross-talk between the excitation and emission spectra. This issue complicates the implementation of multiplexed detection. To address this challenge, we present an innovative enhancement to the LUMABS sensor with quantum dots (QDs) as the acceptor instead of FP. The use of QDs offers several advantages over those of traditional FP-based sensors. The biotin-avidin system facilitates the flexible interchangeability of QDs, allowing for a more convenient multicolor sensor construct. The new QD-LUMABS system overcomes the limitations of spectral cross-talk and provides better spectral separation. This breakthrough enables the successful implementation of multiplexed detection for multiple targets simultaneously. Results demonstrated that the wavelength-tunable QD-LUMABS sensors achieved picomolar-level detection limits for antibodies and that this sensor-construction strategy was generally applicable among various epitopes and their antibodies. Furthermore, this sensor displayed excellent duplexing capabilities. These features underscore its potential for future clinical disease diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wei
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Ying Luo
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yeqing Li
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen 518132, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging & CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Peiluan Zhong
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | | | - Yanfei Li
- HeavyBio, Inc., Shenzhen 518102, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Jun Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Imaging Technology & Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging & CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zongwen Jin
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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Henrique RBL, Lima JVA, Santos ALF, Souza THS, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Fontes A. Quantum dot-based conjugates: Luminous nanotools for cancer research. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 741:151052. [PMID: 39612641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has opened a new era in life science research, offering innovative nanotools to understand complex biological processes, such as those associated with cancer. Among the nanosystems, quantum dots (QDs) stand out for their remarkable optical properties, which render them valuable fluorescent nanoprobes in biological investigations. Moreover, their chemically active surfaces allow conjugations with (bio)molecules, other nanoparticles (NPs), and electrodes, enabling their use in multimodal site-specific applications and biosensing. The complexity and heterogeneity of cancer present challenges for its early diagnosis and personalized treatments. The conjugation of QDs with biologically relevant molecules can provide versatile nanotools for untangling cell mechanisms and biomarker patterns, thereby advancing the knowledge of cancer biology. This review illustrates the multifaceted capabilities of QDs, particularly in cancer research, drawing from applications at cell and tissue levels involving their conjugation with (i) low molecular weight molecules (e.g., folic acid, boronic acid, and glucose analog), (ii) macromolecules (e.g., holo-transferrin, lectins, and protease inhibitor), and (iii) optical-magnetic nanosystems combining QDs with superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs and holo-transferrin. The review also brings an overview of the fundamentals of QDs and strategies for their conjugation. By synthesizing findings from a range of studies, we hope that this review inspires new applications of QD-based conjugates in cancer biology, gathering knowledge and contributing to developing enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella B L Henrique
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - João V A Lima
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana L F Santos
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago H S Souza
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Beate S Santos
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-520, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Research Group (NanoBio), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
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Krause KD, Rees K, Darwish GH, Bernal-Escalante J, Algar WR. Bait and Cleave: Exosite-Binding Peptides on Quantum Dots Selectively Accelerate Protease Activity for Sensing with Enhanced Sensitivity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17018-17030. [PMID: 38845136 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The advantageous optical properties of quantum dots (QDs) motivate their use in a wide variety of applications related to imaging and bioanalysis, including the detection of proteases and their activity. Recent studies have shown that surface chemistry on QDs is able to modulate protease activity, but only nonspecifically. Here, we present a strategy to selectively accelerate the activity of a particular target protease by as much as two orders of magnitude. Exosite-binding "bait" peptides were derived from proteins that span a range of biological roles─substrate, receptor, and inhibitor─and were used to increase the affinity of the QD-peptide conjugates for either thrombin or factor Xa, resulting in increased rates of proteolysis for coconjugated substrates. Unlike effects from QD surface chemistry, the acceleration was specific to the target protease with negligible acceleration of other proteases. Benefits of this "bait and cleave" sensing approach included detection limits that improved by more than an order of magnitude, reenabled detection of target protease against an overwhelming background of nontarget proteolysis, and mitigation of the action of inhibitors. The cumulative results point to a generalizable strategy, where the mechanism of acceleration, considerations for the design of bait peptides and conjugates, and routes to expanding the scope of this approach are discussed. Overall, this research represents a major step forward in the rational design of nanoparticle-based enzyme sensors that enhance sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jasmine Bernal-Escalante
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Yu W, Chamkouri H, Chen L. Recent advancement on quantum dot-coupled heterojunction structures in catalysis:A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141944. [PMID: 38614402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalysis stands as an exceptionally efficient and sustainable method, significantly addressing both energy scarcity and environmental pollution challenges. Within this realm, quantum dots (QDs) have garnered immense attention for their outstanding catalytic properties. Their unique features-cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, remarkable stability, and exceptional photovoltaic characteristics-set them apart from other tunable semiconductor materials. Heterojunction structures based on quantum dots remarkably boost solar energy conversion efficiency. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impacts generated by heterojunctions formed using diverse quantum dots and delve into their catalytic applications. Moreover, it sheds light on recent advancements utilizing quantum dots in modifying optoelectronic semiconductor materials for diverse purposes, ranging from hydrogen (H2) generation to carbon and nitrogen reduction, as well as pollutant degradation. Additionally, the paper offers valuable insights into challenges faced by quantum dot applications and outlines promising future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hossein Chamkouri
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Intelligent Manufacturing Institute of HFUT, Hefei, 230051, China.
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12
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Wu Y, Wang C, Yu J, Ma F, Liu J, Tan J, Qu G. Development of a quantum dots based immunochromatographic strip for rapid and on-site detection of African swine fever virus. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106669. [PMID: 38697231 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease caused by ASF virus (ASFV), severely impacting the global swine industry. Though nuclear acid-based detection methods are reliable, they are laboratory-dependent. In this study, we developed a device-independent, user friendly and cost-effective quantum dots based immunochromatographic strip (QDs-ICS) with high specificity and sensitivity for the rapid and on-site detection of ASFV antigen. For the preparation of the QDs-ICS, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) mAb-8G8 and polyclonal antibody (pAb) against ASFV-p72 protein. The pAb was labelled with QDs to be used as the detection probe and the mAb-8G8 was coated on the nitrocellulose membrane as the test line. Our results proved that the strip displayed no cross-reactivity with other swine viruses and detection limit of the QDs-ICS was down to 1 ng/mL for the ASFV-p72 protein with great reproducibility. The strip also exhibited high stability with a storage period up to 12 months under room temperature. Twenty blind samples and one hundred clinical samples were examined by the QDs-ICS, conventional PCR and real-time PCR method, respectively. Results showed that the agreement rate between the QDs-ICS and PCR method was 100%, and the agreement rate between the strip and real-time PCR was 94%. The novel QDs-ICS developed here would be an effective tool for on-site detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Yu
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Ma
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-science & Technology Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China.
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13
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Krause KD, Rees K, Algar WR. Assessing the Steric Impact of Surface Ligands on the Proteolytic Turnover of Quantum Dot-Peptide Conjugates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38047551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are important biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The advantageous properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have made these nanoparticles useful as probes for protease activity; however, the effects of QD surface chemistry on protease activity are not yet fully understood. Here, we present a systematic study of the impact of sterics on the proteolysis of QD-peptide conjugates. The study utilized eight proteases (chymotrypsin, trypsin, endoproteinase Lys C, papain, endoproteinase Arg C, thrombin, factor Xa, and plasmin) and 41 distinct surface chemistries. The latter included three molecular weights of each of three macromolecular ligands derived from dextran and polyethylene glycol, as well as anionic and zwitterionic small-molecule ligands, and an array of mixed coatings of macromolecular and small-molecule ligands. These surface chemistries spanned a diversity of thicknesses, densities, and packing organization, as characterized by gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. The macromolecular ligands decreased the adsorption of proteases on the QDs and decelerated proteolysis of the QD-peptide conjugates via steric hindrance. The properties of the QD surface chemistry, rather than the protease properties, were the main factor in determining the magnitude of deceleration. The broad scope of this study provides insights into the many ways in which QD surface chemistry affects protease activity, and will inform the development of optimized nanoparticle-peptide conjugates for sensing of protease activity and resistance to unwanted proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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14
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Davodabadi F, Mirinejad S, Fathi-Karkan S, Majidpour M, Ajalli N, Sheervalilou R, Sargazi S, Rozmus D, Rahdar A, Diez-Pascual AM. Aptamer-functionalized quantum dots as theranostic nanotools against cancer and bacterial infections: A comprehensive overview of recent trends. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3366. [PMID: 37222166 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers (Apts) are synthetic nucleic acid ligands that can be engineered to target various molecules, including amino acids, proteins, and pharmaceuticals. Through a series of adsorption, recovery, and amplification steps, Apts are extracted from combinatorial libraries of synthesized nucleic acids. Using aptasensors in bioanalysis and biomedicine can be improved by combining them with nanomaterials. Moreover, Apt-associated nanomaterials, including liposomes, polymeric, dendrimers, carbon nanomaterials, silica, nanorods, magnetic NPs, and quantum dots (QDs), have been widely used as promising nanotools in biomedicine. Following surface modifications and conjugation with appropriate functional groups, these nanomaterials can be successfully used in aptasensing. Advanced biological assays can use Apts immobilized on QD surfaces through physical interaction and chemical bonding. Accordingly, modern QD aptasensing platforms rely on interactions between QDs, Apts, and targets to detect them. QD-Apt conjugates can be used to directly detect prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancers or simultaneously detect biomarkers associated with these malignancies. Tenascin-C, mucin 1, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, nucleolin, growth factors, and exosomes are among the cancer biomarkers that can be sensitively detected using such bioconjugates. Furthermore, Apt-conjugated QDs have shown great potential for controlling bacterial infections such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. This comprehensive review discusses recent advancements in the design of QD-Apt bioconjugates and their applications in cancer and bacterial theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Davodabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mahdi Majidpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Dominika Rozmus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ana M Diez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Quimica Fisica e Ingenieria Quimica, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Procházková M, Kuchovská E, Killinger M, Klepárník K. Novel Förster Resonance Energy Transfer probe with quantum dot for a long-time imaging of active caspases inside individual cells. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341334. [PMID: 37257963 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the goal to investigate biological phenomena at a single-cell level, we designed, synthesized and tested a molecular probe based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a highly luminescent quantum dot (QD) as a donor and a fluorophore or fluorescence quencher as an acceptor linked by a specific peptide. In principle, QD luminescence, effectively dissipated in the probe, is switched on after the cleavage of the peptide by a protease and the release of the quencher. We proposed a novel synthesis strategy of a probe. A two-step synthesis consists of: (i) Conjugation of CdTe QDs functionalized by -COOH groups of succinic acid on the nanoparticle surface with the designed specific peptide (GTADVEDTSC) using a ligand-exchange approach; (ii) A fast, high-yield reaction of amine-reactive succinimidyl group on the BHQ-2 quencher with N-terminal of the peptide. This way, any crosslinking between individual nanoparticles and any nonspecific conjugation bonds are excluded. The analysis of the product after the first step proved a high reaction yield and nearly no occurrence of unreacted QDs, a prerequisite of the specificity of our luminescent probe. Its parameters evaluated as Michaelis-Menten description of enzymatic kinetics are similar to products published by other groups. Our research is focused on the fluorescence microscopy analyses of biologically active molecules, such as proteolytic active caspases, playing important roles in cell signaling regulations in normal and diseased states. Consequently, they are attractive targets for clinical diagnosis and medical therapy. The ultimate goal of our work was to synthesize a new QD luminescent probe for a long-time quantitative monitoring of active caspase-3/7 distribution in apoptotic osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells treated with camptothecin. As a result of comparison, our synthetized luminescent probe provides longer imaging times of caspases than commercial products. The probe proved the stability of the luminescence signal inside cells for more than 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Procházková
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliška Kuchovská
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Killinger
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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Wang Y, Pang S, Chen Z, Wang J, Liu L, Zhang L, Wang F, Song M. Surface Modification Determines the Distribution and Toxicity of Quantum Dots during the Development of Early Staged Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10574-10581. [PMID: 37450278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface modifications are generally used to functionalize QDots to improve their properties for practical applications, but the relationship between QDot modification and biological activity is not well understood. Using an early staged zebrafish model, we investigated the biodistribution and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDots with four types of modifications, including anionic poly(ethylene glycol)-carboxyl ((PEG)n-COOH), anionic mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), zwitterionic glutathione (GSH), and cationic cysteamine (CA). None of the QDots showed obvious toxicity to zebrafish embryos prior to hatching because the zebrafish chorion is an effective barrier that protects against QDot exposure. The QDots were mainly absorbed on the epidermis of the target organs after hatching and were primarily deposited in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract when the zebrafish started feeding. CA-QDots possessed the highest adsorption capacity; however, (PEG)n-COOH-QDots showed the most severe toxicity to zebrafish, as determined by mortality, hatching rate, heartbeat, and malformation assessments. It shows that the toxicity of the QDots is mainly attributed to ROS generation rather than Cd2+ release. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the environmental and ecological risks of nanoparticles in relation to their surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shaochen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Site-specific labeling of antibodies with quantum dots could promote to retain the antigen binding capacity of antibodies. Food Chem 2023; 413:135655. [PMID: 36796266 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A major concern with antibody labeling is the decreased antigen affinity binding capacity of antibodies, owing mainly to the randomly oriented binding of the marker. Herein, a universal approach for site-specific photocrosslinking of quantum dots (QDs) to the Fc-terminal of antibodies was investigated utilizing antibody Fc-terminal affinity proteins. Results showed that the QDs only bound to the heavy chain of the antibody. Further comparative tests confirmed that the site-specific directed labeling approach maximizes the retention of the antigen-binding capacity of the natural antibody. Compared with the commonly employed random orientation labeling approach, the directional labeling approach allows the labeled antibody showed 6 times greater binding affinity to antigen. QDs-labeled monoclonal antibodies were applied to fluorescent immunochromatographic test strips for the detection of shrimp tropomyosin (TM). The established procedure has a detection limit of 0.054 μg/mL. Thus, the site-specific labeling approach significantly improves the antigen binding capacity of the labeled antibody.
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18
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Ratre P, Nazeer N, Kumari R, Thareja S, Jain B, Tiwari R, Kamthan A, Srivastava RK, Mishra PK. Carbon-Based Fluorescent Nano-Biosensors for the Detection of Cell-Free Circulating MicroRNAs. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:226. [PMID: 36831992 PMCID: PMC9953975 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as potential risks for humans due to adopting a sedentary lifestyle and inaccurate diagnoses. The early detection of NCDs using point-of-care technologies significantly decreases the burden and will be poised to transform clinical intervention and healthcare provision. An imbalance in the levels of circulating cell-free microRNAs (ccf-miRNA) has manifested in NCDs, which are passively released into the bloodstream or actively produced from cells, improving the efficacy of disease screening and providing enormous sensing potential. The effective sensing of ccf-miRNA continues to be a significant technical challenge, even though sophisticated equipment is needed to analyze readouts and expression patterns. Nanomaterials have come to light as a potential solution as they provide significant advantages over other widely used diagnostic techniques to measure miRNAs. Particularly, CNDs-based fluorescence nano-biosensors are of great interest. Owing to the excellent fluorescence characteristics of CNDs, developing such sensors for ccf-microRNAs has been much more accessible. Here, we have critically examined recent advancements in fluorescence-based CNDs biosensors, including tools and techniques used for manufacturing these biosensors. Green synthesis methods for scaling up high-quality, fluorescent CNDs from a natural source are discussed. The various surface modifications that help attach biomolecules to CNDs utilizing covalent conjugation techniques for multiple applications, including self-assembly, sensing, and imaging, are analyzed. The current review will be of particular interest to researchers interested in fluorescence-based biosensors, materials chemistry, nanomedicine, and related fields, as we focus on CNDs-based nano-biosensors for ccf-miRNAs detection applications in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ratre
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Nazim Nazeer
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Bulbul Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Arunika Kamthan
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Rupesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
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19
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Taylor ML, Giacalone AG, Amrhein KD, Wilson RE, Wang Y, Huang X. Nanomaterials for Molecular Detection and Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:524. [PMID: 36770486 PMCID: PMC9920192 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel resource of biomarkers for cancer and certain other diseases. Probing EVs in body fluids has become of major interest in the past decade in the development of a new-generation liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. However, sensitive and specific molecular detection and analysis are challenging, due to the small size of EVs, low amount of antigens on individual EVs, and the complex biofluid matrix. Nanomaterials have been widely used in the technological development of protein and nucleic acid-based EV detection and analysis, owing to the unique structure and functional properties of materials at the nanometer scale. In this review, we summarize various nanomaterial-based analytical technologies for molecular EV detection and analysis. We discuss these technologies based on the major types of nanomaterials, including plasmonic, fluorescent, magnetic, organic, carbon-based, and certain other nanostructures. For each type of nanomaterial, functional properties are briefly described, followed by the applications of the nanomaterials for EV biomarker detection, profiling, and analysis in terms of detection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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20
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Tantipanjaporn A, Wong MK. Development and Recent Advances in Lysine and N-Terminal Bioconjugation for Peptides and Proteins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031083. [PMID: 36770752 PMCID: PMC9953373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for creation of protein diversity and regulation of protein function through native protein modification and post-translational modification has ignited the development of selective chemical modification methods for peptides and proteins. Chemical bioconjugation offers selective functionalization providing bioconjugates with desired properties and functions for diverse applications in chemical biology, medicine, and biomaterials. The amino group existing at the lysine residue and N-terminus of peptides and proteins has been extensively studied in bioconjugation because of its good nucleophilicity and high surface exposure. Herein, we review the development of chemical methods for modification of the amino groups on lysine residue and N-terminus featuring excellent selectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, high conversion, biocompatibility, and preservation of protein integrity. This review is organized based on the chemoselectivity and site-selectivity of the chemical bioconjugation reagents to the amino acid residues aiming to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate bioconjugation methods.
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21
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Pramanik SK, Sreedharan S, Tiwari R, Dutta S, Kandoth N, Barman S, Aderinto SO, Chattopadhyay S, Das A, Thomas JA. Nanoparticles for super-resolution microscopy: intracellular delivery and molecular targeting. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9882-9916. [PMID: 36420611 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following an overview of the approaches and techniques used to acheive super-resolution microscopy, this review presents the advantages supplied by nanoparticle based probes for these applications. The various clases of nanoparticles that have been developed toward these goals are then critically described and these discussions are illustrated with a variety of examples from the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.
| | - Sreejesh Sreedharan
- Human Science Research Centre, University of Derby, Kedleston road, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Rajeshwari Tiwari
- CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India.
| | - Sourav Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Noufal Kandoth
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Surajit Barman
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Stephen O Aderinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS-Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India.
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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22
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Ratre P, Jain B, Kumari R, Thareja S, Tiwari R, Srivastava RK, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Bioanalytical Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots for Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39586-39602. [PMID: 36385871 PMCID: PMC9648045 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are carbonaceous nanodots that are natural crystalline semiconductors and range from 1 to 20 nm. The broad range of applications for GQDs is based on their unique physical and chemical properties. Compared to inorganic quantum dots, GQDs possess numerous advantages, including formidable biocompatibility, low intrinsic toxicity, excellent dispensability, hydrophilicity, and surface grating, thus making them promising materials for nanophotonic applications. Owing to their unique photonic compliant properties, such as superb solubility, robust chemical inertness, large specific surface area, superabundant surface conjugation sites, superior photostability, resistance to photobleaching, and nonblinking, GQDs have emerged as a novel class of probes for the detection of biomolecules and study of their molecular interactions. Here, we present a brief overview of GQDs, their advantages over quantum dots (QDs), various synthesis procedures, and different surface conjugation chemistries for detecting cell-free circulating nucleic acids (CNAs). With the prominent rise of liquid biopsy-based approaches for real-time detection of CNAs, GQDs-based strategies might be a step toward early diagnosis, prognosis, treatment monitoring, and outcome prediction of various non-communicable diseases, including cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ratre
- Department
of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute
for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Bulbul Jain
- Department
of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute
for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department
of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute
for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department
of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute
for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
| | - Rupesh Kumar Srivastava
- Department
of Biotechnology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Irina Yu Goryacheva
- Department
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department
of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute
for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462030, India
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23
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Photoactivities regulating of inorganic semiconductors and their applications in photoelectrochemical sensors for antibiotics analysis: A systematic review. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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Popov A, Lisyte V, Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Bernotiene E, Ramanaviciene A. Experimental Evaluation of Quantum Dots and Antibodies Conjugation by Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012626. [PMID: 36293491 PMCID: PMC9603974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of antibody-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) in different areas has been widely described in the literature. However, a standard routine method for obtaining information on the conjugation efficiency of QDs with antibodies in terms of the interaction of the functionalized QDs with a specific antigen is still lacking. Herein, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is proposed for this purpose. Gold-coated SPR sensor disks were modified with a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and carbodiimide cross-linker chemistry was used to covalently immobilize the CD44 biomarker on the premodified surface (Au/CD44). Meanwhile, QDs functionalized with amine-derivatized polyethylene glycol (PEG) (QDs-NH2) were chosen for conjugation with antibodies because of their low non-specific adsorption on the Au/CD44 surface. Prior to conjugation, the surface binding capacity (Bmax) and equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of the specific antibodies against CD44 (anti-CD44) were found to be 263.32 ± 2.44 m° and 1.00 × 10−7 ± 2.29 × 10−9 M, respectively. QDs-NH2 and anti-CD44 were conjugated at their initial molar ratios of 1:3, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:12. SPR measurements showed that the conjugates (QDs-anti-CD44) prepared using 1:10 and 1:12 molar ratios interacted comparably with immobilized CD44 biomarkers. The equilibrium angles in the case of 10- and 12-fold concentrations of anti-CD44 were calculated to be 60.43 ± 4.51 and 61.36 ± 4.40 m°, respectively. This could be explained by the QDs-NH2 and anti-CD44 having a similar surface loading (about four molecules per QDs-NH2) and similar hydrodynamic diameters, which were 46.63 ± 3.86 and 42.42 ± 0.80 nm for the 1:10 and 1:12 ratios, respectively. An initial QDs-NH2: anti-CD44 molar ratio of 1:10 was chosen as being optimal. SPR spectroscopy proved to be the right choice for QDs-anti-CD44 conjugation optimization, and can be used for the evaluation of conjugation efficiency for other nanostructures with various bio-recognition molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Popov
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.R.)
| | - Viktorija Lisyte
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Asta Kausaite-Minkstimiene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, The Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius-Tech, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu Str. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.R.)
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25
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Ahmad Najib M, Selvam K, Khalid MF, Ozsoz M, Aziah I. Quantum Dot-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay as Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review of Its Principle and Performance. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092158. [PMID: 36140559 PMCID: PMC9497919 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the world’s greatest killers, accounting for millions of deaths worldwide annually, especially in low-income countries. As the risk of emerging infectious diseases is increasing, it is critical to rapidly diagnose infections in the early stages and prevent further transmission. However, current detection strategies are time-consuming and have exhibited low sensitivity. Numerous studies revealed the advantages of point-of-care testing, such as those which are rapid, user-friendly and have high sensitivity and specificity, and can be performed at a patient’s bedside. The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is the most popular diagnostic assay that fulfills the POCT standards. However, conventional AuNPs-LFIAs are moderately sensitive, meaning that rapid detection remains a challenge. Here, we review quantum dot (QDs)-based LFIA for highly sensitive rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. We briefly describe the principles of LFIA, strategies for applying QDs to enhance sensitivity, and the published performance of the QD-LFIA tested against several infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kasturi Selvam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, via Mersin 10, Nicosia 99138, Turkey
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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26
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Abstract
Super-resolution imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction limit of light have gained wide popularity for visualizing cellular structures with nanometric resolution. Following the pace of hardware developments, the availability of new fluorescent probes with superior properties is becoming ever more important. In this context, fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing attention as bright and photostable probes that address many shortcomings of traditional fluorescent probes. The use of NPs for super-resolution imaging is a recent development and this provides the focus for the current review. We give an overview of different super-resolution methods and discuss their demands on the properties of fluorescent NPs. We then review in detail the features, strengths, and weaknesses of each NP class to support these applications and provide examples from their utilization in various biological systems. Moreover, we provide an outlook on the future of the field and opportunities in material science for the development of probes for multiplexed subcellular imaging with nanometric resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bingfu Lei
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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27
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Ozdemir NK, Cline JP, Sakizadeh J, Collins SM, Brown AC, McIntosh S, Kiely CJ, Snyder MA. Sequential, low-temperature aqueous synthesis of Ag-In-S/Zn quantum dots via staged cation exchange under biomineralization conditions. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:4529-4545. [PMID: 35608268 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00682k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of high quality, non-toxic (i.e., heavy-metal-free), and functional quantum dots (QDs) via 'green' and scalable synthesis routes is critical for realizing truly sustainable QD-based solutions to diverse technological challenges. Herein, we demonstrate the low-temperature all-aqueous-phase synthesis of silver indium sulfide/zinc (AIS/Zn) QDs with a process initiated by the biomineralization of highly crystalline indium sulfide nanocrystals, and followed by the sequential staging of Ag+ cation exchange and Zn2+ addition directly within the biomineralization media without any intermediate product purification. Therein, we exploit solution phase cation concentration, the duration of incubation in the presence of In2S3 precursor nanocrystals, and the subsequent addition of Zn2+ as facile handles under biomineralization conditions for controlling QD composition, tuning optical properties, and improving the photoluminescence quantum yield of the AIS/Zn product. We demonstrate how engineering biomineralization for the synthesis of intrinsically hydrophilic and thus readily functionalizable AIS/Zn QDs with a quantum yield of 18% offers a 'green' and non-toxic materials platform for targeted bioimaging in sensitive cellular systems. Ultimately, the decoupling of synthetic steps helps unravel the complexities of ion exchange-based synthesis within the biomineralization platform, enabling its adaptation for the sustainable synthesis of 'green', compositionally diverse QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Koncuy Ozdemir
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Joseph P Cline
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - John Sakizadeh
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Shannon M Collins
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Angela C Brown
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Steven McIntosh
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Christopher J Kiely
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA. .,Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Mark A Snyder
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) possess exceptional optoelectronic properties that enable their use in the most diverse applications, namely, in the medical field. The prevalence of cancer has increased and has been considered the major cause of death worldwide. Thus, there has been a great demand for new methodologies for diagnosing and monitoring cancer in cells to provide an earlier prognosis of the disease and contribute to the effectiveness of treatment. Several molecules in the human body can be considered relevant as cancer markers. Studies published over recent years have revealed that micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) play a crucial role in this pathology, since they are responsible for some physiological processes of the cell cycle and, most important, they are overexpressed in cancer cells. Thus, the analytical sensing of miRNA has gained importance to provide monitoring during cancer treatment, allowing the evaluation of the disease's evolution. Recent methodologies based on nanochemistry use fluorescent quantum dots for sensing of the miRNA. Combining the unique characteristics of QDs, namely, their fluorescence capacity, and the fact that miRNA presents an aberrant expression in cancer cells, the researchers created diverse strategies for miRNA monitoring. This review aims to present an overview of the recent use of QDs as biosensors in miRNA detection, also highlighting some tutorial descriptions of the synthesis methods of QDs, possible surface modification, and functionalization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina
S. M. Martins
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal,LAQV,
REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alec P. LaGrow
- International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - João A. V. Prior
- LAQV,
REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal,
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29
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Development of Fluorescent Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Zearalenone. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Ponomaryova TS, Novikova AS, Abramova AM, Goryacheva OA, Drozd DD, Strokin PD, Goryacheva IY. New-Generation Low-Toxic I–III–VI2 Quantum Dots in Chemical Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Drozd DD, Byzova NA, Pidenko PS, Tsyupka DV, Strokin PD, Goryacheva OA, Zherdev AV, Goryacheva IY, Dzantiev BB. Luminescent alloyed quantum dots for turn-off enzyme-based assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4471-4480. [PMID: 35359179 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A new bioanalytical labeling system based on alloyed quantum dots' (QDs) photoluminescence quenching caused by an enzymatic reaction has been developed and tested for the first time. The catalytic role of the enzyme provides high sensitivity and the possibility of varying detecting time to improve assay sensitivity. Alloyed luminescent QDs were chosen in view of their small size (5-7 nm) and the high sensitivity of their optical properties to physicochemical interactions. Here, we described the synthesis of alloyed luminescent QDs and demonstrated the possibility of using them as a luminescent turn-off substrate for enzymatic assay. Synthesized alloyed QDs were found to be a sensitive turn-off substrate for glucose oxidase in homogeneous and heterogeneous assay models. CdZnSeS and CdZnSeS/ZnS QDs covered with dihydrolipoic acid and 2-mercaptoethanol were tested. A glucose oxidase limit of detection of 6.6 nM for the heterogenous high-throughput model assay was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil D Drozd
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda A Byzova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel S Pidenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Daria V Tsyupka
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Pavel D Strokin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Olga A Goryacheva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Goryacheva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Soldado A, Barrio LC, Díaz-Gonzalez M, de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Costa-Fernandez JM. Advances in quantum dots as diagnostic tools. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 107:1-40. [PMID: 35337601 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are crystalline inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles a few nanometers in size that possess unique optical electronic properties vs those of larger materials. For example, QDs usually exhibit a strong and long-lived photoluminescence emission, a feature dependent on size, shape and composition. These special optoelectronic properties make them a promising alternative to conventional luminescent dyes as optical labels in biomedical applications including biomarker quantification, biomolecule targeting and molecular imaging. A key parameter for use of QDs is to functionalize their surface with suitable (bio)molecules to provide stability in aqueous solutions and efficient and selective tagging biomolecules of interest. Researchers have successfully developed biocompatible QDs and have linked them to various biomolecule recognition elements, i.e., antibodies, proteins, DNA, etc. In this chapter, QD synthesis and characterization strategies are reviewed as well as the development of nanoplatforms for luminescent biosensing and imaging-guided targeting. Relevant biomedical applications are highlighted with a particular focus on recent progress in ultrasensitive detection of clinical biomarkers. Finally, key future research goals to functionalize QDs as diagnostic tools are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Soldado
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Cid Barrio
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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33
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Nasseri B, Alizadeh E, Bani F, Davaran S, Akbarzadeh A, Rabiee N, Bahadori A, Ziaei M, Bagherzadeh M, Saeb MR, Mozafari M, Hamblin MR. Nanomaterials for photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 9. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0047672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2025]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of optically sensitive nanomaterials has become powerful moieties in therapeutic techniques and has become particularly emphasized. Currently, by the extraordinary development of nanomaterials in different fields of medicine, they have found new applications. Phototherapy modalities, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) by toxic heat generation and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by reactive oxygen species, are known as promising phototherapeutic techniques, which can overcome the limitations of conventional protocols. Moreover, nanomaterial-based PDT and PTT match the simultaneous immune therapy and increase the immune system stimulation resulting from the denaturation of cancer cells. Nevertheless, nanomaterials should have sufficient biocompatibility and efficiency to meet PDT and PTT requirements as therapeutic agents. The present review focuses on the therapeutic potency of PDT, PTT, and also their combined modalities, which are known alternative protocols with minimal morbidity integrated into gold standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy at tumor treatment and cancer-related infectious diseases. In addition, for deeper understanding, photoablation effects with emphasis on the nature, morphology, and size of photosensitive nanomaterials in PDT and PTT were studied. Finally, transportation techniques and moieties needed as carriers of photosensitizers and photothermal therapy agents to hard-accessed regions, for example, cancerous regions, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Nasseri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 1 , Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Nanomedicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2 , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 1 , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Bani
- Department of Nanomedicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2 , Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center 3 , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Drug Applied Research Center 3 , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Nanomedicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2 , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology 4 , P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University 5 , Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Ali Bahadori
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sarab Faculty of Medical School 6 , Sarab, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaei
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences 7 , Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology 9 , G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences 10 , Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg 11 , Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital 12 , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School 13 , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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34
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Lima CN, Oliveira WF, Silva PMM, Filho PEC, Juul-Madsen K, Moura P, Vorup-Jensen T, Fontes A. Mannose-binding lectin conjugated to quantum dots as fluorescent nanotools for carbohydrate tracing. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35145049 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac4e72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have stood out as nanotools for glycobiology due to their photostability and ability to be combined with lectins. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is involved in the innate immune system and plays important roles in the activation of the complement cascade, opsonization, and elimination of apoptotic and microbial cells. Herein, adsorption and covalent coupling strategies were evaluated to conjugate QDs to a recombinant human MBL (rhMBL). The most efficient nanoprobe was selected by evaluating the conjugate ability to labelCandida albicansyeasts by flow cytometry. The QDs-rhMBL conjugate obtained by adsorption at pH 6.0 was the most efficient, labelingca.100% of cells with the highest median fluorescence intensity. The conjugation was also supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and size analyses.C. albicanslabeling was calcium-dependent; 12% and <1% of cells were labeled in buffers without calcium and containing EDTA, respectively. The conjugate promoted specific labeling (based on cluster effect) since, after inhibition with mannan, there was a reduction of 80% in cell labeling, which did not occur with methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside monosaccharide. Conjugates maintained colloidal stability, bright fluorescence, and biological activity for at least 8 months. Therefore, QDs-rhMBL conjugates are promising nanotools to elucidate the roles of MBL in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carinna N Lima
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Weslley F Oliveira
- Departament of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paloma M M Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Patrícia Moura
- Biological Science Institute, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Biophysical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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35
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Fatima I, Rahdar A, Sargazi S, Barani M, Hassanisaadi M, Thakur VK. Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Antibody Conjugation, and HER2-Receptor Targeting for Breast Cancer Therapy. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:75. [PMID: 34940554 PMCID: PMC8708439 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is becoming one of the main lethal carcinomas in the recent era, and its occurrence rate is increasing day by day. There are different breast cancer biomarkers, and their overexpression takes place in the metastasis of cancer cells. The most prevalent breast cancer biomarker is the human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2). As this biomarker is overexpressed in malignant breast tissues, it has become the main focus in targeted therapies to fight breast cancer. There is a cascade of mechanisms involved in metastasis and cell proliferation in cancer cells. Nanotechnology has become extremely advanced in targeting and imaging cancerous cells. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor NPs, and they are used for bioimaging, biolabeling, and biosensing. They are synthesized by different approaches such as top-down, bottom-up, and synthetic methods. Fully human monoclonal antibodies synthesized using transgenic mice having human immunoglobulin are used to target malignant cells. For the HER2 receptor, herceptin® (trastuzumab) is the most specific antibody (Ab), and it is conjugated with QDs by using different types of coupling mechanisms. This quantum dot monoclonal antibody (QD-mAb) conjugate is localized by injecting it into the blood vessel. After the injection, it goes through a series of steps to reach the intracellular space, and bioimaging of specifically the HER2 receptor occurs, where apoptosis of the cancer cells takes place either by the liberation of Ab or the free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran;
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 76169-13555, Iran; (M.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 76169-13555, Iran; (M.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76184-11764, Iran
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Haque M, Santra S, Paul D, Roy AS. Binding of Water‐Soluble CdSe Quantum Dots with Human Serum Albumin: Further Studies into their Effects on Dietary Polyphenol Binding and Sensing of Antibiotic Lomefloxacin. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahabul Haque
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya Shillong 793003 India
| | - Sujan Santra
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya Shillong 793003 India
| | - Debojit Paul
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam 781039 India
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Meghalaya Shillong 793003 India
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Mahle R, Kumbhakar P, Nayar D, Narayanan TN, Kumar Sadasivuni K, Tiwary CS, Banerjee R. Current advances in bio-fabricated quantum dots emphasising the study of mechanisms to diversify their catalytic and biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14062-14080. [PMID: 34549221 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), owing to their single atom-like electronic structure due to quantum confinement, are often referred to as artificial atoms. This unique physical property results in the diverse functions exhibited by QDs. A wide array of applications have been achieved by the surface functionalization of QDs, resulting in exceptional optical, antimicrobial, catalytic, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition properties. Ordinarily, traditionally prepared QDs are subjected to post synthesis functionalization via a variety of methods, such as ligand exchange or covalent and non-covalent conjugation. Nevertheless, solvent toxicity, combined with the high temperature and pressure conditions during the preparation of QDs and the low product yield due to multiple steps in the functionalization, limit their overall use. This has driven scientists to investigate the development of greener, environmental friendly and cost-effective methods that can circumvent the complexity and strenuousness associated with traditional processes of bio-functionalization. In this review, a detailed analysis of the methods to bio-prepare pre-functionalized QDs, with elucidated mechanisms, and their application in the areas of catalysis and biomedical applications has been conducted. The environmental and health and safety aspects of the bio-derived QDs have been briefly discussed to unveil the future of nano-commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reddhy Mahle
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Partha Kumbhakar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Divya Nayar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | | | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Rintu Banerjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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38
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Głowacz K, Drozd M, Ciosek-Skibińska P. Excitation-emission fluorescence matrix acquired from glutathione capped CdSeS/ZnS quantum dots in combination with chemometric tools for pattern-based sensing of neurotransmitters. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:343. [PMID: 34524529 PMCID: PMC8443496 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presented work concerns pattern-based sensing with quantum dots for the identification and quantification of neurotransmitters by means of excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy (2D fluorescence). In the framework of this study, glutathione capped CdSeS/ZnS nanocrystals were used as non-specific nanoreceptors capable of differentiated interaction with neurotransmitters. The pattern-based sensing with QDs was realized by using excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy to provide analyte-specific multidimensional optical information. These characteristic fluorescent response patterns were processed by unfolded partial least squares-discriminant analysis, showing that satisfactory identification of all investigated neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and acetylcholine, can be achieved through the proposed sensing strategy. The impact of the considered fluorescence signal (datum, i.e. zeroth-order data acquired per sample; spectrum, i.e. first-order data acquired per sample; excitation-emission matrix, i.e. second-order data acquired per sample) on the sensing capability of glutathione capped QDs was also verified. The best performance parameters such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity were obtained using excitation-emission matrices (88.9-93.3%, 0.93-0.95, 0.89-0.93, and 0.99-1.00, respectively). Thus, it was revealed that excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy may improve the recognition of neurotransmitters while using only one type of nanoreceptor. Furthermore, is was demonstrated that the proposed excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy assisted QD assay coupled with unfolded partial least squares regression can be successfully utilized for quantitative determination of catecholamine neurotransmitters at the micromolar concentration range with R2 in the range 0.916-0.987. Consequently, the proposed sensing strategy has the potential to significantly simplify the sensing element and to expand the pool of bioanalytes so far detectable with the use of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Głowacz
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) offer bright and robust photoluminescence among several other advantages in comparison to fluorescent dyes. In order to leverage the advantageous properties of QDs for applications in bioanalysis and imaging, simple and reliable methods for bioconjugation are required. One such method for conjugating peptides to QDs is the use of polyhistidine tags, which spontaneously bind to the surface of QDs. We describe protocols for assembling polyhistidine-tagged peptides to QDs and for characterizing the resultant QD-peptide conjugates. The latter include both electrophoretic and FRET-based protocols for confirming successful peptide assembly, estimating the maximum peptide loading capacity, and measuring the assembly kinetics. Sensors for protease activity and intracellular delivery are briefly noted as prospective applications of QD-peptide conjugates.
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40
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Yonet-Tanyeri N, Ahlmark BZ, Little SR. Advances in Multiplexed Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Cancer Diagnosis: A Review of Technological Developments. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 6:2001138. [PMID: 34447879 PMCID: PMC8384263 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide producing estimated cost of $161.2 billion in the US in 2017 only. Early detection of cancer would not only reduce cancer mortality rates but also dramatically reduce healthcare costs given that the 17 million new cancer cases in 2018 are estimated to grow 27.5 million new cases by 2040. Analytical devices based upon paper substrates could provide effective, rapid, and extremely low cost alternatives for early cancer detection compared to existing testing methods. However, low concentrations of biomarkers in body fluids as well as the possible association of any given biomarker with multiple diseases remain as one of the greatest challenges to widespread adoption of these paper-based devices. However, recent advances have opened the possibility of detecting multiple biomarkers within the same device, which could be predictive of a patient's condition with unprecedented cost-effectiveness. Accordingly, this review highlights the recent advancements in paper-based analytical devices with a multiplexing focus. The primary areas of interest include lateral flow assay and microfluidic paper-based assay formats, signal amplification approaches to enhance the sensitivity for a specific cancer type, along with current challenges and future outlook for the detection of multiple cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Yonet-Tanyeri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Benjamin Z Ahlmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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41
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Tran L, Park S. Highly sensitive detection of dengue biomarker using streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15196. [PMID: 34312404 PMCID: PMC8313577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive immunosensor using streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots (QDs/SA) was developed to detect dengue biomarker of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) at very low concentration, so that it can probe dengue infection even in the early stage. The QDs/SA were first bound to biotinylated NS1 antibody (Ab) and the QDs/SA-Ab conjugates were then used to detect the NS1 antigen (Ag) in the Ag concentration range of 1 pM to 120 nM. The formation of QDs/SA-Ab and QDs/SA-Ab-Ag conjugates was confirmed by the measurements of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FF-SEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta-potential. Fluorescence emission spectra of QDs/SA-Ab-Ag conjugates showed that the magnitude of fluorescence quenching was linearly proportional to the NS1 Ag concentration and it nicely followed the Stern-Volmer (SV) equation in phosphate buffer solution. However, in human plasma serum solution, the fluorescence quenching behavior was negatively deviated from the SV equation presumably due to interference by the serum component biomolecules, and it was well explained by the Lehrer equation. These results suggest that the current approach is promising because it is highly sensitive, fast, simple, and convenient, and thus it has a potential of application for point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Sangkwon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea.
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42
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Soysaldı F, Soylu MÇ. The Effect of (3‐Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS) Coating on the Genetic Detection Performance of Quartz Crystal Microbalance‐Dissipation (QCM‐D) Biosensor: Novel Intact Double‐Layered Surface Modification on QCM‐D. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Soysaldı
- Department of Electronic and Automation Vocational School Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University Nevsehir 50300 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çağrı Soylu
- Biological & Medical Diagnostic (BioMeD) Sensors Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri 38030 Turkey
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43
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Li S, Lin H, Huang J, Zhu L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Lin H. Preparation of soybean β-conglycinin epitope antibody and its preliminary application in frozen surimi detection. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Singh G, Kaur H, Sharma A, Singh J, Alajangi HK, Kumar S, Singla N, Kaur IP, Barnwal RP. Carbon Based Nanodots in Early Diagnosis of Cancer. Front Chem 2021; 9:669169. [PMID: 34109155 PMCID: PMC8181141 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.669169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of cancer at an early stage is one of the principal factors associated with successful treatment outcome. However, current diagnostic methods are not capable of making sensitive and robust cancer diagnosis. Nanotechnology based products exhibit unique physical, optical and electrical properties that can be useful in diagnosis. These nanotech-enabled diagnostic representatives have proved to be generally more capable and consistent; as they selectively accumulated in the tumor site due to their miniscule size. This article rotates around the conventional imaging techniques, the use of carbon based nanodots viz Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs), Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs), Nanodiamonds, Fullerene, and Carbon Nanotubes that have been synthesized in recent years, along with the discovery of a wide range of biomarkers to identify cancer at early stage. Early detection of cancer using nanoconstructs is anticipated to be a distinct reality in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joga Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Jing H, Pálmai M, Saed B, George A, Snee PT, Hu YS. Cytosolic delivery of membrane-penetrating QDs into T cell lymphocytes: implications in immunotherapy and drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5519-5529. [PMID: 33688882 PMCID: PMC8029070 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08362c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report single-particle characterization of membrane-penetrating semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in T cell lymphocytes. We functionalized water-soluble CdSe/CdZnS QDs with a cell-penetrating peptide composed of an Asp-Ser-Ser (DSS) repeat sequence. DSS and peptide-free control QDs displayed concentration-dependent internalization. Intensity profiles from single-particle imaging revealed a propensity of DSS-QDs to maintain a monomeric state in the T cell cytosol, whereas control QDs formed pronounced clusters. Single-particle tracking showed a direct correlation between individual QD clusters' mobility and aggregation state. A significant portion of control QDs colocalized with an endosome marker inside the T cells, while the percentage of DSS-QDs colocalized dropped to 9%. Endocytosis inhibition abrogated the internalization of control QDs, while DSS-QD internalization only mildly decreased, suggesting an alternative cell-entry mechanism. Using 3D single-particle tracking, we captured the rapid membrane-penetrating activity of a DSS-QD. The ability to characterize membrane penetrating activities in live T cells creates inroads for the optimization of gene therapy and drug delivery through the use of novel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jing
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
| | - Marcell Pálmai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
| | - Badeia Saed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
| | - Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211, USA
| | - Preston T Snee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
| | - Ying S Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
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46
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Kokorina AA, Ponomaryova TS, Goryacheva IY. Photoluminescence-based immunochemical methods for determination of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Talanta 2021; 224:121837. [PMID: 33379055 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern, sensitive, rapid, and selective analytical methods for the detection of inflammatory markers are a crucial tool for the assessment of inflammation state, efficacy of medical intervention, and the prediction of future diseases. Their development requires understanding of current state for point-of-care testing of inflammatory markers and identification of their crucial drawbacks. This review summarizes the progress in the application of luminescent labels for immunoassays. The luminescent labels became more popular in the latest decade due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and robustness. This review presents a constructive analysis of different luminescent labels such as fluorescent organic dyes, quantum dots, long-lived emissive nanoparticles, and up-converting nanocrystals, as well as a range of the strategies for inflammatory markers determination. The advantages and disadvantages of all classes of luminescent labels are demonstrated, and the strategies of labels modification for their improvement are discussed. The current approaches for the creation of luminescent probes and robust assays are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A Kokorina
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
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47
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Albuquerque GM, Souza-Sobrinha I, Coiado SD, Santos BS, Fontes A, Pereira GAL, Pereira G. Quantum Dots and Gd 3+ Chelates: Advances and Challenges Towards Bimodal Nanoprobes for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:12. [PMID: 33550491 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of multimodal nanoprobes has been growing in recent years. Among these novel nanostructures are bimodal systems based on quantum dots (QDs) and low molecular weight Gd3+ chelates, prepared for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical analyses. MRI is a technique used worldwide that provides anatomic resolution and allows distinguishing of physiological differences at tissue and organ level. On the other hand, optical techniques are very sensitive and allow events to be followed at the cellular or molecular level. Thus, the association of these two techniques has the potential to achieve a more complete comprehension of biological processes. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research concerning the development of potential multimodal optical/paramagnetic nanoprobes based on Gd3+ chelates and QDs, highlighting their preparation strategies and overall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Albuquerque
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Izabel Souza-Sobrinha
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Samantha D Coiado
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
| | - Beate S Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Giovannia A L Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Goreti Pereira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, S/N, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil.
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48
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Razavi M, Kompany-Zareh M, Khoshkam M. PARAFAC study of L-cys@CdTe QDs interaction to BSA, cytochrome c and trypsin: An approach through electrostatic and covalent bonds. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119016. [PMID: 33038854 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing fluorescence spectroscopy, non-covalent and covalent interactions of L-cys@CdTe quantum dots to bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome c and trypsin were investigated. L-cys@CdTe QDs with the emission maximum at 530 nm and an average diameter of 2.6 nm were synthesized in the aqueous medium. Formaldehyde, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and glutaraldehyde was applied as cross-linkers. In the case of both electrostatic and covalent strategies PARAFAC, as a powerful multi-way chemometrics technique, was utilized to analyze fluorescence excitation-emission (EEM) spectra. For non-covalent and covalent bonding, two and three significant components composed the PARAFAC models. Resolved EEM shows that in the presence of formaldehyde, a new component with an emission peak similar to BSA was obtained. Using EDC-NHS cross-linker, the fluorescence peak of the newly formed component was in a distinct wavelength with similar emission intensity, compared to L-cys@CdTe QDs and BSA. Employing glutaraldehyde, a distinguished component was easily detected at emission wavelengths higher than that of L-cys@CdTe QDs and proteins. It was concluded that the choice of cross-linker is a critical step to create different emission spectra when dealing with nano-bio-conjugations. This study shows that glutaraldehyde cross-linker leads to increase sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy of protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohsen Kompany-Zareh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. Box 1500, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Maryam Khoshkam
- Department of Chemistry, ّFaculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 56199-11367, Ardabil, Iran
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49
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Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Paraquat Based on Nanocrystals. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:559-567. [PMID: 33464455 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat is one of the most toxic materials widely applied in agriculture in most countries. In the present study, a simple, innovative and inexpensive nano biosensor which is based on a thioglycolic acid (TGA) - CdTe@CdS core-shell nanocrystals (NCs) to detect paraquat, is suggested. The NCs based biosensor shows a linear working range of 10-100 nM, and limited detection of 3.5 nM. The proposed sensor that has been well used for the detection and determination of paraquat in natural water samples is collected from corn field and a canal located near to the corn field yielding recoveries as high as 98%. According to our findings, the developed biosensor shows reproducibility and high sensitivity to determine paraquat in natural water samples in which the amount of paraquat has low levels. The suggested method is efficiently applied to paraquat determination in the samples of natural water that are collected from a tap water and a canal located near to the cornfield.
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50
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Dong B, Li H, Sun J, Li Y, Mari GM, Yu X, Yu W, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. Magnetic assisted fluorescence immunoassay for sensitive chloramphenicol detection using carbon dots@CaCO 3 nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123942. [PMID: 33254829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods with high sensitivities and short assay times are urgently required for the screening of "zero tolerance" hazardous substances in food. Herein, we propose a fluorescent immunoassay for the highly sensitive and rapid analysis of chloramphenicol (CAP) based on carbon dots (CDs)-encapsulated CaCO3 nanospheres and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The fluorescent immunoprobes were prepared by coupling the anti-CAP antibodies to carboxymethyl cellulose-functional CDs@CaCO3 nanospheres. Chitosan-modified MNPs with "core-shell" structures were prepared and then conjugated to the CAP hapten, acting as the nano-carrier and interface for the immunoreaction. With the assistance of MNPs, the established fluorescent immunoassay achieved the sensitive detection of CAP in chicken with a limit of detection of 0.03 μg kg-1 and recoveries ranging from 83.7%-105.0%. The analysis results of the fluorescent immunoassay were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, having a correlation coefficient of 0.981. Our work provides a rapid, facile, and reliable strategy for the highly sensitive analysis of food contaminants based on "green" fluorescent nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability for Food Poisoning, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Mari
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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