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Srisawat W, Pringproa K, Prachasilchai W, Thongtharb A, Sthitmatee N. Epidemiology and classification for canine and feline mammary gland tumors: a histopathological survey of 437 mammary gland tumor biopsies performed in a secondary care hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2012 to 2019. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17077. [PMID: 38500523 PMCID: PMC10946389 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic disease resulting from mammary gland tumors (MGTs) is a known cause of death among dogs and cats. Keys to successful prevention and management strategies involve the accurate recording of diagnostic data. Methods This retrospective study reviewed the epidemiology and classification of canine mammary gland tumors (CMTs) and feline mammary gland tumors (FMTs), as well as the factors including sex, age, and breed related to the occurrence of these tumors. Accordingly, 1,736 tumor biopsy cases were reported from 2012 to 2019 at Chiang Mai University Small Animal Hospital, Thailand, with 1,639 canine tumor biopsy cases and 97 feline tumor biopsy cases. Results The proportion of CMTs was reported at 24.5% (401/1,639) for all canine tumor biopsy cases. Benign and malignant tumors were reported at 14.5% (58/401) and 85.5% (343/401) for all CMT cases, respectively. The mean age of dogs affected by benign CMTs was 9.0 ± 3.0 years, which was significantly lower than for malignant CMTs at 9.9 ± 2.8 years (P = 0.0239). According to histopathological classification, benign mixed tumors and simple carcinoma types were highest among benign and malignant CMT cases, respectively. Moreover, female dogs were at significantly higher risk of developing mammary gland tumors (OR = 45.8, 95% CI [3.9-86.0], P < 0.0001) than male dogs, as well as older dogs (>8 years) (OR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.2-2.2], P = 0.0001) compared to young ones (≤8 years). The proportion of FMTs was 37.1% (36/97) for all feline tumor biopsy cases. Benign and malignant tumors for all FMTs were reported at 16.7% (6/36) and 83.3% (30/36), respectively. According to histopathological classifications, adenoma and simple carcinoma were present in the highest proportion among benign and malignant FMTs, respectively. Female cats were at a significantly higher risk of developing mammary gland tumors than male cats (OR = 25.7, 95% CI [3.9-272.8], P < 0.0001). Conclusions and clinical importance There was a high proportion of MGT cases compared with other tumor cases reported in a secondary care hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2012 to 2019, and malignant tumor biopsies have been more frequently observed than benign tumor biopsies in both CMT and FMT cases. The resulting data originating from this study can be an aid for veterinary oncologists in better educating clients and planning treatment and prevention strategies and it can be used as a basis for further experimental studies in the oncology section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Srisawat
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Atigan Thongtharb
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Franco PIR, Pereira JX, Ferreira HH, de Menezes LB, Miguel MP. Low-grade mammary gland tumours in dogs have greater VEGF-A and BMP2 immunostaining and higher CD31 blood vessel density. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 53-54:100778. [PMID: 37011834 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is an important process in tumor growth, and different molecules are involved in its regulation including VEGF-A, BMP2, and CD31, which can be considered possible prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to verify whether the VEGF-A and BMP2 immunostaining area, and microvascular density (MVD) might be associated with the degree of malignancy in malignant mammary neoplasms of dogs. For this purpose, samples of mammary malignancies from female dogs embedded in wax were used and separated into four main histomorphological types: tubulopapillary carcinomas, solid, complex, and carcinosarcoma, which were separated based on high and low degrees of malignancy. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue microarray blocks using anti-CD31 antibodies for evaluation of MVD and vascular lumen area, and with anti-VEGF-A and anti-BMP2 to determine the immunostaining area using the DAKO EnVision™ FLEX+ kit. MVD and vascular lumen area were higher in tubulopapillary carcinomas as were the areas stained by VEGF-A and BMP2. Immunostaining for CD31 was higher in low-grade carcinomas as well as in areas immunostained by VEGF-A and BMP2. There was a positive correlation between VEGF and BMP2 in high (r = 0.556, p < 0.0001) and low-grade (r = 0.287, p<0.0001) carcinomas and between MVD and VEGF-A in low-grade carcinomas (r = 0.267, p = 0.0064). Thus, the markers evaluated showed greater immunostaining in canine mammary tumors with a lower degree of malignancy.
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Chen A, Ye S, Zheng J, Li J, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Li S. Establishment and characterization of a HER2-enriched canine mammary cancerous myoepithelial cell line. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:22. [PMID: 36717813 PMCID: PMC9885638 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) have a poor prognosis, along with tumor recurrence and metastasis. Cell lines are vital in vitro models for CMT research. Many CMT epithelial cell lines were reported. However, canine mammary myoepithelial cells, the contractile component of the canine mammary tissue were overlooked. This study aimed at establishing such a cell line. CMT-1 cell line was obtained from a canine mammary tumor CMT-1 and characterized molecularly through qPCR, western blotting, immunochemistry and immunofluorescence. Its doubling time, cytogenetic analysis and migration rate were evaluated using growth study, karyotype analysis and wound healing assay respectively. To determine its tumorigenesis, xenograft transplantation was performed. RESULTS CMT-1 tumor was a complex canine mammary carcinoma that stained negative to estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), but positive to human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER2), defined as HER2-enriched subtype. In this study, a CMT-1 cell line obtained from CMT-1 tumor was immune-positive to vimentin, α-SMA, p63 and negative to E-cadherin (E-cad), indicating CMT-1 cells were myoepithelial cells. It was successfully cultured for more than 50 passages showing the same immunoreactivity to ER, PR, and HER2 as the primary canine tumor. The doubling time of CMT-1 cell line was 26.67 h. The chromosome number of CMT-1 cells ranged from 31 to 64. A potential spontaneous epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was noticed during cell cultures. Potential EMT-induced CMT-1 cells showed no significance in migration rate compared to the original CMT-1 cells. CMT-1 cells was able to grow on a 3D culture and formed grape-like, solid, and cystic mammospheres at different time period. Inoculation of CMT-1 cells induced a complex HER2-enriched mammary tumor with metastasis in mice. CONCLUSIONS A canine cancerous HER2-enriched myoepithelial cell line was successfully established and a canine mammosphere developed from myoepithelial cells was documented in this study. We are expecting this novel cell line and its associated mammospheres could be used as a model to elucidate the role of myoepithelial cells in CMT carcinogensis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolei Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
| | - Jiahui Zheng
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
| | - Jichao Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
| | - Zejia Chen
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
| | - Yashan Zhang
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
| | - Shoujun Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,grid.484195.5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China ,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, No.483 Wushanlu, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642 China
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Papparella S, Crescio MI, Baldassarre V, Brunetti B, Burrai GP, Cocumelli C, Grieco V, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Mariotti F, Millanta F, Paciello O, Rasotto R, Romanucci M, Sfacteria A, Zappulli V. Reproducibility and Feasibility of Classification and National Guidelines for Histological Diagnosis of Canine Mammary Gland Tumours: A Multi-Institutional Ring Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070357. [PMID: 35878374 PMCID: PMC9325225 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumours of the mammary gland are common in humans, as in canine species. They are very heterogenous with numerous morphological variants and different biologic behaviours. In the last few decades, several efforts have been made to classify these tumours histologically and establish the level of malignancy by using histologic grading systems. However, reproducibility and diagnostic agreement of such classification and grading have been only rarely assessed. In this study, we tested the variability in diagnoses performed by 15 pathologists using the same classification and grading system. Prior to the study, pathologists agreed on guidelines regarding how to apply these systems. Pathologists worked blindly on 36 digital histologic slides of canine mammary tumours. The agreement was statistically analysed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient that, when equal to 1, indicates perfect agreement. The overall agreement in the identification of hyperplastic-dysplastic/benign/malignant lesions was substantial (kappa 0.76), while outcomes on morphological classification had only a moderate agreement (k = 0.54). Tumour grade assigned by pathologists was the least concordant and kappa could not be calculated. Although promising, the results underline that each diagnostic/grading system should be assessed and optimized for standardization and high diagnostic agreement. Abstract Histological diagnosis of Canine Mammary Tumours (CMTs) provides the basis for proper treatment and follow-up. Nowadays, its accuracy is poorly understood and variable interpretation of histological criteria leads to a lack of standardisation and impossibility to compare studies. This study aimed to quantify the reproducibility of histological diagnosis and grading in CMTs. A blinded ring test on 36 CMTs was performed by 15 veterinary pathologists with different levels of education, after discussion of critical points on the Davis-Thompson Foundation Classification and providing consensus guidelines. Kappa statistics were used to compare the interobserver variability. The overall concordance rate of diagnostic interpretations of WP on identification of hyperplasia-dysplasia/benign/malignant lesions showed a substantial agreement (average k ranging from 0.66 to 0.82, with a k-combined of 0.76). Instead, outcomes on ICD-O-3.2 morphological code /diagnosis of histotype had only a moderate agreement (average k ranging from 0.44 and 0.64, with a k-combined of 0.54). The results demonstrated that standardised classification and consensus guidelines can produce moderate to substantial agreement; however, further efforts are needed to increase this agreement in distinguishing benign versus malignant lesions and in histological grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenella Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.P.); (V.B.); (O.P.)
| | - Maria Ines Crescio
- National Reference Center for the Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy;
| | - Valeria Baldassarre
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.P.); (V.B.); (O.P.)
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanni P. Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lazio and Toscana M. Aleandri, 00178 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (S.I.); (L.M.)
| | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (S.I.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Mariotti
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Unit of Pathology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.P.); (V.B.); (O.P.)
| | - Roberta Rasotto
- Independent Researcher, Via Messer Ottonello 1, 37127 Verona, Italy;
| | | | | | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272962
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Burrai GP, Baldassarre V, Brunetti B, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Mariotti F, Sfacteria A, Cocumelli C, Grieco V, Millanta F, Paciello O, Papparella S, Rasotto R, Romanucci M, Zappulli V. Canine and feline in situ mammary carcinoma: A comparative review. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:894-902. [PMID: 35735255 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ of the breast is a well-known entity in humans. In veterinary medicine, particularly in canine and feline mammary literature, there is no agreement whether the term in situ should be used to indicate a specific carcinoma histotype or the noninvasive status of a carcinoma of any histotype. Moreover, in the most recent histologic classification of mammary tumors published by the Davis-Thompson Foundation, it is suggested to abandon the term carcinoma in situ given the lack of standardized criteria defining this entity, replacing it with epitheliosis or ductal/lobular hyperplasia with severe atypia. This publication presents a critical review of the term in situ in human and veterinary medicine considering the evolution of the term over the years and its heterogeneous use by different authors, including variations in immunohistochemical markers for classification. This review aims to point out the lack of uniformity in the nomenclature and classification issues in veterinary medicine regarding the use of the term in situ, laying the ground for a process of standardization in future publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
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Massimini M, Romanucci M, De Maria R, Della Salda L. An Update on Molecular Pathways Regulating Vasculogenic Mimicry in Human Osteosarcoma and Their Role in Canine Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722432. [PMID: 34631854 PMCID: PMC8494780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine tumors are valuable comparative models for human counterparts, especially to explore novel biomarkers and to understand pathways and processes involved in metastasis. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a unique property of malignant cancer cells which promote metastasis. Thus, it represents an opportunity to investigate both the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets of a crucial phenotypic malignant switch. Although this biological process has been largely investigated in different human cancer types, including osteosarcoma, it is still largely unknown in veterinary pathology, where it has been mainly explored in canine mammary tumors. The presence of VM in human osteosarcoma is associated with poor clinical outcome, reduced patient survival, and increased risk of metastasis and it shares the main pathways involved in other type of human tumors. This review illustrates the main findings concerning the VM process in human osteosarcoma, search for the related current knowledge in canine pathology and oncology, and potential involvement of multiple pathways in VM formation, in order to provide a basis for future investigations on VM in canine tumors.
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Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in different molecular subtypes of canine mammary carcinoma. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:197. [PMID: 34034728 PMCID: PMC8152340 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular-based classification of canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) has been the focus of much current research. Both in canines and humans, the triple-negative (TN) molecular subtype of mammary cancer is defined by a lack of expression of progesterone receptor (PR), oestrogen receptor (ER) and HER2. It has a poor prognosis; no effective targeted therapy is available. Vitamin D displays anticarcinogenic properties, and the expression of its receptor (VDR) has been found in different molecular subtypes, being about 30-40 % of TN breast cancer (TNBC) positive to it. We assessed the VDR expression in the different molecular subtypes of 58 CMCs from 45 female dogs using an immunohistochemical panel for the molecular classification of included: PR, ER, HER2, cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK14, and Ki67. In addition, we studied the relationship among the molecular subtypes of CMCs and clinicopathologic parameters. RESULTS Investigation showed VDR positivity in 45.0 % of the triple-negative CMCs (TNCMCs), 27.3 % of luminal B and 19.0 % of luminal A. Luminal A was the most molecular subtype represented of the total tumours (36.2 %), followed of TNCMCs (34.5 %), luminal B (20.7 %) and HER2-overexpression (10.3 %). Both HER2-overexpression and TNCMC subtypes were positively related to lymphatic invasion (P = 0.028), simple histologic subtype (P = 0.007), a higher histological grade (P = 0.045) and a trend to higher proliferation index (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS The highest VDR expression was observed in TNCMC, being almost half of them (45 %) positive to this receptor. VDR expression was absent in HER2-overexpression tumours and low in luminal A and B molecular subtypes.
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Deckwirth V, Rajakylä EK, Cattavarayane S, Acheva A, Schaible N, Krishnan R, Valle-Delgado JJ, Österberg M, Björkenheim P, Sukura A, Tojkander S. Cytokeratin 5 determines maturation of the mammary myoepithelium. iScience 2021; 24:102413. [PMID: 34007958 PMCID: PMC8111680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At invasion, transformed mammary epithelial cells expand into the stroma through a disrupted myoepithelial (ME) cell layer and basement membrane (BM). The intact ME cell layer has thus been suggested to act as a barrier against invasion. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the disruption of ME cell layer. We show that the expression of basal/ME proteins CK5, CK14, and α-SMA altered along increasing grade of malignancy, and their loss affected the maintenance of organotypic 3D mammary architecture. Furthermore, our data suggests that loss of CK5 prior to invasive stage causes decreased levels of Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SLUG), a key regulator of the mammary epithelial cell lineage determination. Consequently, a differentiation bias toward luminal epithelial cell type was detected with loss of mature, α-SMA-expressing ME cells and reduced deposition of basement membrane protein laminin-5. Therefore, our data discloses the central role of CK5 in mammary epithelial differentiation and maintenance of normal ME layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Deckwirth
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Eeva Kaisa Rajakylä
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sandhanakrishnan Cattavarayane
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Anna Acheva
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Niccole Schaible
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Pia Björkenheim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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Understanding of tumourigenesis in canine mammary tumours based on cancer stem cell research. Vet J 2020; 265:105560. [PMID: 33129557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumours occur frequently in female dogs, where such tumours exhibit complexity when examined histologically. These tumours are composed not only of proliferative luminal epithelial cells, but also of myoepithelial cells and/or mesenchymal cells with cartilage and osseous tissues in a solitary mass. The origin of this complexed histogenesis remains speculative, but cancer stem cells (CSCs) are likely involved. CSCs possess self-renewing capacity, differentiation potential, high tumourigenicity in immunodeficient mice, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. These cells are at the apex of a hierarchy in cancer tissues and are involved in tumour initiation, recurrence, and metastasis. For these reasons, understanding the properties of CSCs is of paramount importance. Analysis of the characteristics of CSCs may contribute to the elucidation of the histogenesis underlying canine mammary tumours, formulation of novel CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies, and development of biomarkers for early diagnostic and prognostic applications. Here, we review research on CSCs in canine mammary tumours, focusing on: (1) identification and properties of CSCs; (2) hypotheses regarding hierarchal structures in simple type, complex type and mixed tumours of the canine mammary gland; and (3) current and prospective studies of CSC metabolism.
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Emanuelli MP, Kommers GD, Antoniazzi AQ, Bernardes FCS, Lopes STA, Fighera RA. Myoepithelial cells and extracellular matrix in the cytologic differentiation of canine mammary tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:451-458. [PMID: 32966632 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary neoplasms are common tumors in intact female dogs. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a valuable diagnostic tool and has gained some credibility in the diagnosis of mammary tumors in dogs. Prompt classification of canine mammary tumors using cytology would enhance feasibility as a prognostic tool and guide clinical and surgical management. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine background elements to differentiate mammary tumors using FNAC. We proposed to distinguish simple from complex and mixed tumors by identifying myoepithelial (ME) cells and different types of extracellular matrix. Additionally, we determined the accuracy of FNAC to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. METHODS One hundred and one mammary tumors from female dogs were included in this study. We compared FNAC using histopathology as the gold standard. Cellular and background components were evaluated and identified. The cytologic accuracy, sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for diagnosing malignancy were determined, excluding inadequate samples. RESULTS The cytologic-histologic agreement was 92.5% for simple carcinomas, 57.9% for complex-type carcinomas, 57.1% for mixed-type carcinomas, 27.3% for carcinosarcomas, and 100% for osteosarcomas. Myoepithelial cells were successfully identified using FNAC. Myxoid and chondroid/osteoid matrix were satisfactorily recognized. Cytologic accuracy, Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV for diagnosing malignancy were 99%, 100%, 83%, 99%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Chondroid/osteoid matrix was noted in mixed tumors but not in complex tumors. Myxoid matrix, often associated with ME cells, was noted in complex and mixed tumors. Mesenchymal cells were differentiated from ME cells, allowing the distinction of simple carcinomas with scirrhous reaction from complex and mixed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauren P Emanuelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Glaucia D Kommers
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Q Antoniazzi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia T A Lopes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Fighera
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Tanaka Y, Koyama K, Horiuchi N, Watanabe K, Kobayashi Y. Relationship between Histological Grade and Histopathological Appearance in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:59-64. [PMID: 32958149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinomas are common tumours in female dogs and histopathological examination has an important role in identifying whether they are benign or malignant. The latest and most commonly used histological grading system was established by Peña et al. (2013) and is based on the extent of tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and number of mitoses. Before the establishment of this grading system, tumour size and classical histological indicators of malignancy such as lymphovascular invasion, infiltration into surrounding tissue, necrosis and presence of a micropapillary pattern were important predictors of biological behaviour. However, the system of Peña et al. does not consider tumour size or these histological features. Clarifying the association of these features and histological grade, especially in grade II and III carcinomas, is important. In this study, we confirmed that the system of Peña et al. is effective for predicting biological behaviour and that evaluation of histological features of malignancy reinforced histological grade, as determined by the system of Peña et al., especially in grade II carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Horiuchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
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12
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Terzaghi L, Banco B, Groppetti D, Dall'Acqua PC, Giudice C, Pecile A, Grieco V, Lodde V, Luciano AM. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression in canine mammary tumors: A preliminary study. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:101-107. [PMID: 32544632 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMT) represent the most common neoplasms in female dogs and their diagnosis and classification relies on histopathological examination. Recently, PGRMC1 has been considered to be a putative biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in many human cancers as it is expressed in a wide variety of tumors. This study represents the first description of PGRMC1 expression in CMT. PGRMC1 expression was initially assessed by immunohistochemistry in healthy or hyperplastic tissues and in four major histopathological types of CMT: simple and complex adenomas and carcinomas. PGRMC1 staining was represented by a scoring system that considered the percentage of positive cells and staining intensity. PGRMC1 expression was defined as either weak, moderate or strong. In healthy and hyperplastic tissues almost 100% of the epithelial cells stained intensely for PGRMC1. Adenomas showed similar features but with a more variable intensity. In tubular areas of adenocarcinomas, a lower percentage of epithelial cells (30-60%) stained for PGRMC1 with a weak intensity. Both the percentage of cells and intensity of PGRMC1 staining became progressively negative in the solid parts of the tumor. Western blot analysis of healthy and neoplastic mammary tissue (carcinomas samples) revealed the presence of the 25 kDa PGRMC1 band in both types of tissue, while the 50 kDa form was mainly detected in the healthy counterpart. This study reveals that PGRMC1 is expressed in CMT and its expression pattern changes depending on the pattern of growth of CMT. Further studies are now needed to determine PGRMC1's putative role and usefulness for typing and prognosis of different CMT subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Terzaghi
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Banco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Priscila C Dall'Acqua
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Lodde
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto M Luciano
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Sammarco A, Finesso G, Zanetti R, Ferro S, Rasotto R, Caliari D, Goldschmidt MH, Orvieto E, Castagnaro M, Cavicchioli L, Zappulli V. Biphasic Feline Mammary Carcinomas Including Carcinoma and Malignant Myoepithelioma. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:377-387. [PMID: 32100640 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820908792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive carcinomas. Most cases are simple monophasic carcinomas (1 epithelial population), and additional phenotyping is usually not needed. In this study, we describe 10 malignant mammary tumors from 9 female cats that had unusual histomorphology: they appeared biphasic, with 2 distinct cell populations. Initially, they were morphologically diagnosed as either carcinosarcoma (1/10) or malignant pleomorphic tumor (9/10) of the mammary gland, as the latter did not match any previously described histological subtype. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for pancytokeratin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, cytokeratin 14, cytokeratins 5 and 6, vimentin, p63, calponin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, Ki-67, ERBB2, estrogen receptor alpha, and progesterone receptor. In 7 of 10 cases, the biphasic nature was confirmed and, on the basis of the IHC results, they were classified as carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma (4/10), ductal carcinoma (1/10), and carcinosarcoma (2/10). The other 3 of 10 cases were monophasic based on IHC. In the cases of carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma, the malignant myoepithelial cells were 100% positive for vimentin (4/4) and variably positive for p63, calponin, and cytokeratins (4/4). These findings show that, although rare, biphasic mammary carcinomas do occur in cats. In dogs and humans, tumors composed of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells have a less aggressive behavior than certain simple carcinomas, and therefore, their identification might also be clinically significant in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Finesso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rossella Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Michael H Goldschmidt
- Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Orvieto
- Pathology Department ULSS5 Polesana, Viale Tre Martiri, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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14
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Rogez B, Pascal Q, Bobillier A, Machuron F, Toillon RA, Tierny D, Chopin V, Le Bourhis X. Expression and Prognostic Significance of Neurotrophins and Their Receptors in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:507-519. [PMID: 32351171 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820921813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating data highlight the role of neurotrophins and their receptors in human breast cancer. This family includes nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), both synthetized as proneurotrophins (proNGF and proBDNF). (pro)NGF and (pro)BDNF initiate their biological effects by binding to both their specific receptors TrkA and TrkB, respectively, and the common receptor p75NTR. Currently, no data are available about their expression and potential role in canine mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of proNGF and BDNF as well as their receptors TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR in canine mammary carcinomas, and to correlate them with clinicopathological parameters (grade, histological type, lymph node status, recurrence, and distant metastasis) and survival. Immunohistochemistry was performed on serial sections of 96 canine mammary carcinomas with antibodies against proNGF, BDNF, TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR. Of the 96 carcinomas, proNGF expression was detected in 71 (74%), BDNF in 79 (82%), TrkA in 94 (98%), TrkB in 35 (37%), and p75NTR in 44 (46%). No association was observed between proNGF, BDNF, or TrkA expression and either clinicopathological parameters or survival. TrkB and p75NTR expression were associated with favorable clinicopathological parameters as well as better overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rogez
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,OCR (Oncovet Clinical Research), Parc Eurasanté, Loos, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- OCR (Oncovet Clinical Research), Parc Eurasanté, Loos, France
| | | | | | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Valérie Chopin
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Contributed equally to this work
| | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- University of Lille, INSERM U908 "Cell Plasticity and Cancer," Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,Contributed equally to this work
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15
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Chocteau F, Abadie J, Loussouarn D, Nguyen F. Proposal for a Histological Staging System of Mammary Carcinomas in Dogs and Cats. Part 1: Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:388. [PMID: 31788485 PMCID: PMC6854021 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Staging of mammary carcinomas of dogs and cats is not only important for prognostic purposes, but also to guide therapy, in particular regarding adjuvant chemotherapy. The classical staging system relies on T, the clinical tumor size, N, the clinical nodal stage, and M, distant metastasis, evaluated by the clinician. However, a more precise and reliable staging system is applied to human stage I–III breast cancer, i.e., without distant metastasis, in which T is replaced by the pathologic tumor size (pT), and N is replaced by the pathologic nodal stage (pN), both evaluated by the pathologist. This staging system is strongly associated with patient outcomes, and is used to select treatment options. The purpose of this study was to design a histologic staging system for Canine Mammary Carcinomas (CMCs, part 1 of this article), and Feline Mammary Carcinomas (part 2), inspired from human oncology, and to assess its association with patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 433 female dogs with a surgically removed CMC. Patient outcomes were recorded over a 2-years follow up period. CMCs were staged according to pT (greatest diameter in millimeters on histological slides), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and pN (confirmed by cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunohistochemistry). The histological stages were defined as: Stage 0 (CMCs in situ, surrounded by a continuous layer of p63+ myoepithelial cells), Stage I (pT1 ≤ 20 mm, LVI–, pN0–pNX, where pNX refers to the absence of lymph node sample), Stage II (pT2 > 20 mm, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage IIIA (pT1, LVI+, and/or pN+), and Stage IIIB (pT2, LVI+, and/or pN+). Results: Disease-free-interval, overall survival and specific survival significantly differed by histological stage. For specific survival, median survival times and hazard ratios (HR) by Cox proportional hazards regression (p < 0.0001) were: Stage 0 (median survival not reached; HR = 1.00; N = 89; 21% of the dogs), Stage I (1,720 days; HR = 3.05; p = 0.0018; N = 81; 19%), Stage II (1,181 days; HR = 4.39; p < 0.0001; N = 79; 18%), Stage IIIA (348 days; HR = 10.59; p < 0.0001; N = 79; 18%), and Stage IIIB (163 days; HR = 16.59; p < 0.0001; N = 105; 24%). Conclusion: The proposed histological staging system (invasiveness, pT, LVI, pN) is a very strong prognostic factor for CMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chocteau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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16
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Benavente MA, Bianchi CP, Aba MA. Expression of Oxytocin Receptors in Canine Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:26-33. [PMID: 31375156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were: (1) to investigate the presence of oxytocin receptors in benign and malignant canine mammary tumours (CMTs) and to evaluate the possible association between oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression and the expression of oestrogen receptor (OR) α and ORβ, and (2) to examine associations between receptor expression and tumour size, clinical stage, histological subtype, tumour grading and lymph node status. Forty-three canine mammary tumour samples (19 benign, 24 malignant) were examined by immunohistochemistry to detect OTR, ORα and ORβ expression. Results were expressed as total score for each receptor, calculated as the sum of the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of immunolabelling. In all of the evaluated mammary tumour samples, OTRs were identified and their expression tended to be higher in benign tumours than malignant tumours. Among the malignant tumours, the expression of OTR was significantly higher in grade I and II lesions than in grade III lesions. ORα-positive tumours had a tendency towards a higher OTR total score than ORα-negative tumours. These results report for the first time that CMTs express OTRs and their expression is associated with the presence of ORα. An interaction between oxytocin and the OTR might play a role in the development and progression of this type of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Benavente
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - C P Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Aba
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Łopuszyński W, Szczubiał M, Millán Y, Guil-Luna S, Sánchez-Céspedes R, Martin de Las Mulas J, Śmiech A, Bulak K. Immunohistochemical expression of p63 protein and calponin in canine mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:232-238. [PMID: 30685648 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the expression of p63 protein and calponin in terms of their affinity and specificity for myoepithelial cells in canine mammary tumours. The studied material included 10 benign and 32 malignant mammary tumours from female dogs treated with mastectomy. Primary mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against p63 protein clone 4A4 and calponin clone CALP were used in single- and doublestain system of immunohistochemical reaction. The investigations have shown that majority of myoepithelial cells in benign tumours and carcinomas in situ exhibited strong positive labelling for both markers. In other malignant tumours strong immunoreactivity was observed in resting myoepithelial cells (MECs) and hypertrophic myoepithelial cells (HMECs), while the immunoreactivity in spindle-stellate myoepithelial cells (SMECs) and rounded myoepithelial cells (RMECs) was moderate. The granular-diffuse nuclear expression of p63 protein was observed only in myoepithelial cells. In terms of calponin, diffuse cytoplasmic expression was noted not only in myoepithelial cell but also in some stromal fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. The epithelial cells did not exhibit specific expression of the investigated markers. The obtained results indicate that p63 is a sensitive and more specific marker of myoepithelial cells in canine mammary tumours compared with calponin. These findings suggest that the immunohistochemical analysis peformed with the use of p63 can be a valuable complement of routine histological examinations of canine mammary tumours facilitating identification of tumours with myoepithelial component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łopuszyński
- Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Yolanda Millán
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Córdoba University, Spain
| | - Silvia Guil-Luna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Córdoba University, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Śmiech
- Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Bulak
- Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
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18
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Alonso-Diez Á, Ramos A, Roccabianca P, Barreno L, Pérez-Alenza MD, Tecilla M, Avallone G, Gama A, Peña L. Canine Spindle Cell Mammary Tumor: A Retrospective Study of 67 Cases. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:526-535. [PMID: 30857503 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819829522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine spindle cell mammary tumor (CSCMT) is an infrequent canine mammary tumor (CMT) composed of spindle or fusiform cells, which represents a challenge for pathologists and clinicians. Mammary tumors submitted for histopathology from 1998 to 2013 and compatible with CSCMTs were retrospectively selected. The tumors were diagnosed based on the hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained section; malignant tumors were graded using a canine soft tissue sarcoma grading scheme and a canine mammary tumor grading scheme, and they were further assigned a diagnosis based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) for pancytokeratin, cytokeratin 14, p63, calponin, vimentin, Ki-67, CD31, desmin, myosin, smooth muscle actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and S-100. The origin of the tumors was assessed as mammary, skin, or unknown. The prevalence of CSCMT was 1% of all CMTs. CSCMTs included 3 benign tumors (1 angioma and 2 benign myoepitheliomas) and 67 malignant tumors that after IHC were diagnosed as malignant myoepithelioma (64%), carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma (19%), hemangiosarcoma (8%), undifferentiated sarcoma (5%), peripheral nerve sheath tumor (3%), and fibrosarcoma (2%). The diagnosis based on the HE-stained section differed from the diagnosis after IHC in 75% of the malignant cases. The majority of malignant CSCMTs were solitary (57%) large tumors (6.42 ± 3.92 cm) with low metastatic potential and high survival rate (8% tumor-related mortality). Higher sarcoma grade was associated with older age (P = .034) and greater tumor size (P = .037). Malignant CSCMTs need to be evaluated by IHC to ensure the histotype and the relatively benign clinical behavior, despite their large size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Alonso-Diez
- 1 Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- 2 Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Lucía Barreno
- 1 Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- 1 Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Adelina Gama
- 2 Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Laura Peña
- 1 Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Leonel EC, Falleiros LR, Campos SG, Taboga SR. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the Mongolian gerbil's mammary gland during gestation, lactation and involution. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:273-283. [PMID: 28238410 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The morphological description of normal tissues is fundamental for making comparisons and in order to identify injuries and lesions. The aim of this work was to describe the morphological characteristics of the female Mongolian gerbil's (Meriones unguiculatus) normal mammary gland, the average expression of hormone receptors, and the average proliferation rates in the epithelial cells during the periods of lactation, pregnancy and involution. Dams were euthanized on the 14th and 21st gestational days, 7 and 14days after parturition, and 3 and 5days after weaning. The dams' mammary tissues were processed and were submitted to haematoxylin and eosin staining, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, and Gomori's Reticulin staining. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed for the characterization of myoepithelial cells with α-actin, the proliferation rates with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the estrogen hormonal receptors (ESR1 and ESR2), and progesterone receptor (PR) quantifications. It was observed that the abundant adipose tissues were replaced by glandular epithelia and there was an increase in the epithelial cell's height (from 5.97 to 32.4μm in 14th and 21st gestational days and from 20.64 to 25.4μm in 7th and 14th lactational days, respectively) and the acini diameters (from 24.88 to 69.92μm in 14th and 21st gestational days and from 139.69 to 118.59μm in 7th and 14th lactational days, respectively) with the progression of gestation and lactation. The PAS staining intensity varied throughout the glands and between the stages that were evaluated. The extracellular matrix showed different phenotypes too, with more of a presence of the Type I collagen during the early gestation and involution and with more reticular fibers (Type III collagen) during the late gestation period and lactation. The myoepithelial layers showed alterations in their distribution with thick patterns as verified by the α-actin labeling. The PCNA showed higher rates of the marked cells in 14th and 21st gestational days (40.25 and 60.28%) and in 7th and 14th lactational days (64.08 and 65.08%). The hormone receptor quantifications showed a high variation in the rates: the average PR staining decreased from 14th to 21st gestational days (from 42.3 to 8.54%), from 7th to 14th lactational days (from 59.83 to 23.18%) and from 3rd to 5th days after weaning (from 39.98 to 12.72). There were higher averages of ESR1 staining in gestational days 14 and 21(from 58.06 to 30.02%). ESR2 staining decreased during gestation (25.7 and 12.94% in 14th and 21st gestational days)and involution (from 50.97 to 30.18% in 3rd and 5th days after weaning). The Mongolian gerbils showed similar morphological characteristics when they were compared to mice and rats. However, the higher proliferation rates with a smaller involution period compared to other murine characterized this species as being adequate for mammary pathologies studies.
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20
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Rasotto R, Berlato D, Goldschmidt MH, Zappulli V. Prognostic Significance of Canine Mammary Tumor Histologic Subtypes: An Observational Cohort Study of 229 Cases. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:571-578. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817698208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology is considered the gold standard diagnostic method for canine mammary tumors. In 2011, a new histologic classification for canine mammary tumors was proposed. The present study was a 2-year prospective study that validated the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator with multivariate analysis in a population of 229 female dogs, identifying subtype-specific median survival times (MST) and local recurrence/distant metastasis rates. Dogs with benign tumors and carcinoma arising in benign mixed tumors all had an excellent prognosis. Dogs with complex carcinoma and simple tubular carcinoma also experienced prolonged survival. Those with simple tubulopapillary carcinoma, intraductal papillary carcinoma, and carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma had a more than 10-fold higher risk of tumor-related death. The prognosis was even worse for adenosquamous carcinoma (MST = 18 months), comedocarcinoma (MST = 14 months), and solid carcinoma (MST = 8 months). The most unfavorable outcome was for anaplastic carcinoma (MST = 3 months) and carcinosarcoma (MST = 3 months), which also had the highest metastatic rates (89% and 100%, respectively). Adenosquamous carcinoma exhibited the highest local recurrence rate (50%). In the same canine population, the tumor diameter was recognized as a strong predictor of local recurrence/distant metastasis and an independent prognosticator of survival in the multivariate analysis. Excision margins were predictive only of local recurrence, whereas lymphatic invasion and histologic grade were predictive of local recurrence/distant metastasis and survival, although only in univariate analyses. In conclusion, this study validated the 2011 classification scheme and provided information to be used in the clinical setting and as the basis for future prognostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Berlato
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, New Market, Suffolk, UK
| | - Michael H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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